Russian vocabulary in terms of origin. Vocabulary of the modern Russian language from the point of view of the sphere of use

To common vocabulary include words used (understood and used) in different linguistic areas by native speakers, regardless of their place of residence, profession, lifestyle: these are the majority of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs ( blue, bonfire, grumble, good), numerals, pronouns, most function words.

To restricted vocabulary include words whose use is limited to some locality (dialectisms), profession (special vocabulary), occupation or interests (slang vocabulary).

Dialectisms - these are features of dialects, dialects that do not correspond to the norms of the literary language. Dialectism is a dialectal inclusion in the Russian literary language. People's speech can reflect the phonetic, word-formation, grammatical features of the dialect, but for lexicology, the most important are dialectisms associated with the functioning of words as lexical units - lexical dialectisms, which are of several types Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Culture and art of speech. modern rhetoric. Rostov-on-Don. 2001. S. 33..

Firstly, dialectism can denote realities that exist only in a given locality and do not have names in the literary language: tyes- "vessel for liquid from birch bark", crumbs- "a wooden shoulder device for carrying weights."

Secondly, dialectisms include words used in a certain locality, but having words with the same meaning in the literary language: hefty - very, pitching - duck, peplum - beautiful.

Thirdly, there are such dialectisms that coincide in spelling and pronunciation with the words of the literary language, but have a different meaning that does not exist in the literary language, but is characteristic of a particular dialect, for example, plow -"revenge the floor" firefighter -"burnt out" thin in the meaning of "bad" (this meaning was also inherent in the literary language in the past, hence the comparative degree worse from adjective bad) or weather- "bad weather."

Special vocabulary associated with people's work. It includes terms and professionalisms.

Terms- these are the names of special concepts of science, art, technology, agriculture, etc. The terms are often artificially created using Latin and Greek roots and differ from the "ordinary" words of the language in that they, ideally, are unambiguous in this terminology and do not have synonyms , that is, each term should correspond to only one object of this science. Each word-term has a strict definition, fixed in special scientific studies or terminological dictionaries.

Distinguish between general terms and highly specialized terms. Meaning commonly understood terms are also known to a non-specialist, which is usually associated with the study of the basics of various sciences at school and with their frequent use in everyday life (for example, medical terminology) and in the media (political, economic terminology). highly specialized terms are understood only by specialists. Let us give examples of linguistic terms of various types Zemsky A.M. Russian language. M., 1994. S. 37.:

common terms: subject, predicate, suffix, verb;

highly specialized terms: predicate, phoneme, submorph, suppletivism.

The terms belong to the literary language and are recorded in special terminological dictionaries and explanatory dictionaries with a mark special.

It is necessary to distinguish from terms professionalism- words and expressions that are not scientifically defined, strictly legalized names of certain objects, actions, processes associated with the professional, scientific, industrial activities of people. These are semi-official and unofficial (sometimes called professional jargon) words used by people of a certain profession to refer to special objects, concepts, actions, often having names in the literary language. Jargon professionalisms exist exclusively in the oral speech of people of this profession and are not included in the literary language (for example, among typographical workers: a cap- large header turn- "marriage in the form of a square"; for drivers: bagel- "steering wheel", brick- sign forbidding passage). If professionalisms are included in dictionaries, they are accompanied by an indication of the scope of use ( in the speech of sailors, in the speech of fishermen etc.).

Limited vocabulary also includes jargon- words used by people of certain interests, occupations, habits. So, for example, there are jargons of schoolchildren, students, soldiers, athletes, criminals, hippies, etc. For example, in student jargon tail- "failed exam, test", hostel- "hostel", spur, bomb- "varieties of cheat sheets", in the jargon of schoolchildren laces, ancestors, rodaky- parents, cupcake, baby doll, bump, pepper, people, dude, cartilage, shnyaga- boy. Words included in different jargons form interjargon ( schmuck, funny, cool, party) Zemsky A.M. Russian language. M., 1994. S. 39.

In addition to the term slang, there are also the terms "slang" and "slang". Argo is a specially classified language. In previous centuries, in Russia there were slang of wandering merchants - peddlers, professional fundraisers, etc. Now we can talk about thieves' slang ( feather- knife, a gun- gun). Slang- this is a linguistic environment of oral communication that is different from the norm of the literary language, uniting a large group of people. A significant difference between slang and jargon is the increased emotionality of slang and the lack of selectivity of objects for naming using special words: slang is used in almost all speech situations in informal oral communication of people. So, we can talk about youth slang - a means of informal communication of young people aged approximately 12 to 30 years. Slang is updated quite quickly, and jargon units are the sources of constant slang renewal (over the past few years, youth slang has switched from thieves' jargon as the main "supplier" of vocabulary to jargon of drug addicts),

Words related to the vocabulary of limited use are often used in fiction for the speech characterization of characters, creating a certain color.

Obsolete words are opposed neologisms - new words, the novelty of which is felt by the speakers.

Language neologisms- these are words that arise as names for new objects, phenomena, concepts that do not yet have names in the language, or as new names for already existing objects or concepts.

Language neologisms arise in the following ways:

1) a new word, a new lexical unit appears in the language. It appears through borrowing ( shop tour, charter, shaping, image) or the emergence of a new word according to the word-formation models existing in the language from the “old” word ( geography moonography) or neologism-borrowing ( marketing marketing, computer computer, geek, computerization) Beloshapkova V.A. Modern Russian language. M., 1998. S. 29.;

2) a word already existing in the language has a new meaning, for example, teapot- “non-specialist with weak skills in something”, hatch- "paste for correcting the text", round- negotiation phase pirate- "Unlicensed" shell- "garage". In the future, this meaning can come off and form a new homonym word.

If an object, concept, phenomenon called neologism quickly becomes irrelevant, neologism may not have time to become a commonly used word, get used to the language, and this word can immediately go into a passive vocabulary, becoming historicism. Such a fate befell many neologisms from the time of NEP, the first years of perestroika ( cooperator, gekachepist, voucher).

Language neologisms are used by native speakers in their everyday speech, are known and understood by many. If the existence of a linguistic neologism is justified, pretty soon the neologism enters the active vocabulary and ceases to be recognized as a new word. However, the creation of new words, word creation is also possible in other situations: an artistic word, a situation of friendly communication, the speech of a child who has not yet fully mastered the vocabulary of the Russian language. An adult, poet, writer consciously resorts to word creation in order to make his speech more expressive or to play on the rich word-building possibilities of the language, the child does this unconsciously. The results of such word creation are called individual (contextual, author's) neologisms. So, we find in A. S. Pushkin the words burnished, küchelbeckerno, from V. V. Mayakovsky: lyubenochek, hurry, turn blue, lightning.

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-1.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Russian vocabulary in terms of its origin and use">!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-2.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Formation of Russian vocabulary"> Формирование русской лексики Словарный состав русского языка складывался в течение многих веков. Существует два основных пути формирования лексики: 1) прямой путь, при котором из имеющихся в языке элементов возникают исконно русские слова (каменщик) 2) путь заимствования, при котором новые слова приходят со стороны, из других языков (кино)!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-3.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its origin Originally"> Лексика русского языка с точки зрения её происхождения Исконно русская Заимствованная!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-4.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Native Russian vocabulary (words that were formed directly in Russian) Common Slavic words"> Исконно русская лексика (слова, которые образовались непосредственно в русском языке) Общеславянские слова Восточнославянские (сущ. до V-VI вв.) (древнерусские) слова 1. Названия лиц по родству (возникли в XI – XIV вв.) (мать) Входят слова, общие для 2. Названия занятий, людей русского, украинского и по роду деятельности белорусского языков (пастух) (дядя, кошка, цветок) 3. Названия жилища, одежды, домашней Собственно русские слова утвари (дом, свеча) (появились с XIV в. после 4. Названия пищи, деления восточных славян продуктов (молоко, каша) на русских, украинцев, белорусов) ребёнок, 5. Названия предметов с/х, ласточка, сказка… растений, животных (берёза) 6. Названия предметов и явлений природы (гора)!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-5.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Borrowed vocabulary (words that came into Russian from other languages) Old Church Slavonicisms"> Заимствованная лексика (слова, пришедшие в русский язык из других языков) Старославянизмы Слова из других (слова, пришедшие из языков: старославянского- * из греческого древнейшего языка * из латинского славян) – * из тюркского распространился в конце * из скандинавских X века после принятия христианства на Руси (шведского, норвежского) * из западноевропейских (голландского, немецкого, французского, английского, итальянского, испанского…)!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-6.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Vocabulary by origin">!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-7.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Differences of Old Church Slavonic words from native Russian"> Отличия старославянских слов от исконно русских Старославянизмы Исконно русские Град Город Здравствуй Здоровый Злато Золото Брег Берег Ладья Лодка Растение Рост Вождь Вожак Хождение Хожу Освещение Свеча Единый Один Есень Осень!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-8.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Signs of Old Church Slavonicisms Phonetic: Derivational:"> Признаки старославянизмов Фонетические: Словообразовательные: Приставки воз-, из-, низ- -ра- /оро град (город) пре-, пред-, чрез- (изнемогать, воздать) -ла-/оло власть (волость) -ре-/ере бремя (беремя) Суффиксы -ени-, -енств-, -еств, -знь, -изн-, -ни(е), - Начальное ра-/ло-/ ла-/ло- тель, -ч(ий), -ын(я) (лодка) (единение, жизнь, -жд/-ж чуждый (чужой) кормчий) -щ/-ч освещение (свеча) -айш-, -ейш-, -ащ-, -ющ, - Начальные а-, е-, ю – в ущ-, им-, -ом-, -енн- начале слова (добрейший, ведомый) агнец(ягненок), един(один) юродивый (уродливый) Части сложных слов: зло- благо-, бого-, велико-, грехо-(богобоязненный)!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-9.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Loanwords Old Church Slavonicisms Abstract concepts (goodness, generosity, time, mercy , compassion) Scientific concepts"> Заимствованные слова Старославянизмы Отвлечённые понятия (благо, великодушие, время, милосердие, сострадание) Научные понятия (вселенная, искусство, истина, сознание, правило) Церковно-религиозные понятия (Воскресение, храм, порок, жертва)!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-10.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Languages ​​of borrowings 1 option. Greco-Latin borrowings 2 option. Türkic and Scandinavian loanwords 3"> Языки заимствований 1 вариант. Греко-латинских заимствования 2 вариант. Тюркские и скандинавские заимствования 3 вариант. Голландские, немецкие и французские заимствования 4 вариант. Английские, итальянские и испанские заимствования!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-11.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Greek borrowings From the 9th to 11th centuries from the field of religion (angel,"> Греческие заимствования В период с IX по XI в. из области религии (ангел, икона), научные термины (философия), бытовые наименования (баня, фонарь), наименования растений и животных (кедр, крокодил), из области искусства и науки (хорей, комедия, физика)!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-12.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Signs of Greekisms 1. Sound f (philosophy) 2. Initial e (ethics) 3. Combinations ps,"> Признаки грецизмов 1. Звук ф (философия) 2. Начальное э (этика) 3. Сочетания пс, кс (психика, икс) 4. Корни авто-, -логос, фото-, аэро-, антропо-, фило- и др. (философия) 5. Приставки а-, анти-, пан- и др. (антитеза)!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-13.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Latin borrowings"> Латинские заимствования Латынь – язык Древнего Рима (5 – 6 века до н. э.) Пришли в период с XVI по XVIII в. Приметы латинских слов– конечные - ум, -ус, -ция, -тор, -ура, -ент: пленум, корпус, конституция, автор, новатор, документ, конус, цензура, диктатура.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-14.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Turkic borrowings"> Тюркские заимствования Большая часть слов тюркско- татарского происхождения заимствована во время татарского нашествия (13 – 14 века). Тюрксизмы вошли в наш язык устным путем. Это названия одежды: тулуп, сарафан, чулок, башлык; слова, связанные с хозяйством, бытом: амбар, сарай, очаг, чугун, карандаш. названия кушаний: изюм, балык, шашлык, арбуз, баклажан, лапша; «торговые слова»: деньги, безмен, аршин, товар.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-15.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Signs of Turkisms Vowel harmony (vowel harmony) - regular use in one word only one vowel"> Признаки тюркизмов Гармония гласных (сингармонизм) - закономерное употребление в одном слове гласных только одного ряда: заднего [а], [у] или переднего [э], [и]: атаман, караван, сундук, каблук, мечеть, бисер.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-16.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Scandinavian loanwords (Swedish, Norwegian) vocabulary, u"> Заимствования из скандинавских языков (шведские, норвежские языки) Слова ü торговой лексики, ü морские, бытовые (сельдь, пуд, якорь), ü собственные имена (Игорь, Олег, Рюрик)!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-17.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>From the Dutch language with"> Из голландского языка Во времена Петра I пришли в основном слова, связанные с морским делом: гавань, боцман, лоцман, компас, крейсер, буксир, матрос. Другие слова: брюки, зонт, ситец, кабель, трос, квитанция.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-18.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>From the German language In the 17th-18th centuries in connection with the reforms Peter I German"> Из немецкого языка В XVII –XVIII вв. в связи с реформами Петра I Немецкие слова пополнили русскую военную лексику: штык, фронт, солдат, шомпол, штурм. Немало слов пришло из языка немецких ремесленников: слесарь, рубанок, стамеска, верстак, планка, клейстер.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-19.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Signs of Germanisms 1. Combinations of th, sht, xt, sh, ft: mail, fine,"> Признаки германизмов 1. Сочетания чт, шт, хт, шп, фт: почта, штраф, вахта, шпроты, ландшафт; 2. Начальное ц: цех, цинк 3. Сложные слова без соединительной гласной: бутерброд, лейтмотив 4. Конечное – мейстер: концетрмейстер!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-20.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>From the French language"> Из французского языка В XVIII – XIX вв. Бытовые слова и из области искусства (браслет, пальто, туалет, пьеса, афиша)!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-21.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Signs of French borrowings: 1. Emphasis on the last syllable: marmalade, pavilion 2. Final -o,"> Признаки французских заимствований: 1. Ударение на последнем слоге: мармелад, павильон 2. Конечные -о, -и, -е в неизменяемых словах: пюре, манто 3. Сочетание уа: вуаль, эксплуатация 4. Сочетания бю, рю, вю, ню, фю: трюмо, пюпитр, гравюра 5. Сочетания он, ан, ен, ам: медальон, контроль, антракт конечные -ер, -аж, -анс, -ант: пейзаж, режиссер, ренессанс, дебютант!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-22.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>From the English language Under Peter I, our maritime vocabulary was also replenished: avral ,"> Из английского языка При Петре I также пополнили нашу морскую лексику: аврал, яхта, мичман, трал, танкер, катер. В XIX – XX вв. из общественной жизни, технические и спортивные: митинг, клуб, вокзал, плед, кекс, футбол, волейбол, нокаут, рекорд, тайм, раунд, теннис, хоккей, финиш!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-23.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Signs of anglicisms: 1. Combinations tch, j: match, jazz 2. Combinations wa,"> Признаки англицизмов: 1. Сочетания тч, дж: матч, джаз 2. Сочетания ва, ви, ве: ватман, виски, вельвет 3. Конечные -инг, -мен, -ер: брифинг, бизнесмен, таймер!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-24.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>From Italian and Spanish 1. From Italian mostly musical terminology( aria, tenor,"> Из итальянского и испанского 1. Из итальянского в основном музыкальная терминология(ария, тенор, карнавал), бытовые слова (макароны, вермишель) 2. Из испанского заимствований небольшое количество, связанная с искусством и продуктами питания (гитара, серенада, мантилья, карамель, томат)!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-25.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Determine the borrowing language 1. Bazaar, fog, beads, caravan , chest, shoe 2. Bet, chassis, blinds,"> Определите, язык заимствования 1. Базар, туман, бисер, караван, сундук, башмак; 2. Пари, шасси, жалюзи, павильон, манто, резервуар, тротуар, силуэт, авеню, пилотаж, макияж 3. Митинг, прессинг, пудинг, бриджи, бюджет, киллер, брокер 4. Факт, форма, автограф, антибиотик, панорама!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-26.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>1. vowel harmony is a phonetic sign of Turkic languages. 2. final shock -e, -e, -o"> 1. сингармонизм гласных – фонетическая примета тюркских языков. 2. конечное ударное -е, -э, -о при неизменяемости слов, сочетания –уэ, - уа, конечное –аж во французском 3. конечное –инг, -ер, сочетание –дж- - приметы английского языка 4. из греческого!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-27.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Common vocabulary is words whose use is not limited by any territory"> Общеупотребительная лексика – это слова, использование которых не ограничено ни территорией распространения, ни родом деятельности людей, ни их социальной принадлежностью. Она составляет основу словарного состава русского языка. Слова понятны и доступны каждому носителю языка и могут быть использованы в самых разных условиях, без какого бы то ни было ограничения (вода, земля, хлеб, сад)!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-28.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Vocabulary of limited scope is common within a certain area or"> Лексика ограниченной сферы употребления распространена в пределах определённой местности или в кругу людей, объединяемых профессией, социальными признаками, общими интересами, времяпрепровождением и т. д. (пимы, орфография, зачётка)!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-29.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Obsolete words Historicisms Archaisms (obsolete,"> Устаревшие слова Историзмы Архаизмы (вышли из употребления, т. к. (названия вытеснены исчезли предметы и синонимами) явления ими обозначаемые) Примеры: сей –этот, Примеры: армяк, уста- губы, выя -шея крепостной, пасадник!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-30.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Russian vocabulary from the point of view of its use"> Лексика русского языка с точки зрения её употребления Общеупотребительная Лексика ограниченного употребления!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-31.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Russian vocabulary from the point of view of its"> Лексика русского языка с точки зрения её употребления Общеупотребительная Лексика ограниченного употребления Диалектизмы Профессиона Жаргонизмы лизмы Термины!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-32.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Dialectisms (from Greek diaλextos - dialect, adverb) are words that belong"> Диалектизмы (от греч. diaλextos – говор, наречие) – это слова, свойственные местным говорам и стоящие за пределами нормированного литературного языка!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-33.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Professionalisms are words and expressions that are not strictly legal, scientific definitions"> Профессионализмы - слова и выражения, которые не являются строго узаконенными, научными определениями тех или иных профессиональных понятий, но широко используются специалистами в той или иной области!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-34.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> jargon vocabulary (jargonisms) are artificial, sometimes conditional words, used"> жаргонная лексика (жаргонизмы) - это искусственные, иногда условные слова, используемые членами какой-то социальной или иной группы, объединённой общими интересами!}

The Russian language, by the similarity of roots, affixes, words, phonetic, grammatical and other linguistic features, is included in the modern Slavic family of languages, which is divided into three groups:

East Slavic (Ukrainian, Belarusian, Russian languages),

West Slavic (modern Czech, Slovak, Polish, Kashubian, Serbolusatian and dead Polabian languages),

South Slavic (modern Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian languages, as well as the dead Old Church Slavonic language, which is conditionally included in this group, since it has features of groups of other languages).

Such a classification of the Slavic languages ​​is based on the commonality of their origin and historical development. Modern Slavic languages ​​are rooted in the distant past, when they were united by an ethnic and linguistic community. This period (until about the 7th century AD) includes the existence of a single common Slavic (or Proto-Slavic) language, which, in turn, goes back to an even earlier functioning single Indo-European proto-language, which gave rise to the modern Indo-European family of languages ​​with numerous groups and subgroups.

The questions of the origin of Russian vocabulary, the ways of its development are closely connected with the origin and history of the Russian people. In addition to the words that appeared in the Russian language relatively recently and appear at the present time, there are many such language units in it, the history of which takes us to the distant past of the Slavic tribes. These words (and more often their bases) are an integral part of the modern Russian vocabulary as one of the original groups, i.e. existing long (primordially) vocabulary. There are several more groups of native vocabulary of the Russian language, as well as words that came from other languages ​​(i.e. borrowed vocabulary). Given all this, lexicology names two main ways of vocabulary development: 1) the existence and constant emergence of native words and 2) borrowing words from other languages.

The original vocabulary of the Russian language. In accordance with the relatively established chronology of the development of the vocabulary of the Russian language, several tiers of native vocabulary are distinguished in it: Indo-European, Common Slavonic, East Slavonic (or Old Russian), Russian proper.

Indo-European words are called that, after the collapse of the Indo-European ethnic community (the end of the Neolithic era), were inherited by the ancient languages ​​\u200b\u200bof this language family, including the common Slavic language. Thus, some terms of kinship will be common to many Indo-European languages. : mother, brother, daughter; names of animals, foodstuffs: sheep, bull, wolf, meat, bone etc.

Common Slavic (or Proto-Slavic) are words inherited by the Old Russian language from the language of the Slavic tribes.

For example, common Slavic in Russian vocabulary are names associated with the plant world: oak , linden, spruce, pine, maple, ash, mountain ash, bird cherry, forest, boron, tree, leaf, branch, twig , bark, bough, root ; names of cultivated plants : millet, barley, oats, wheat , peas, poppy ; names of labor processes and tools: weave, forge, whip , hoe, shuttle ; names of the dwelling and its parts: house, canopy, floor, shelter ; names of domestic and forest birds: chicken, rooster, goose, nightingale, starling, crow, sparrow ; food names: kvass, kissel, cheese, lard etc.

East Slavic (or Old Russian) words are called that, starting from the VI - VII centuries. arose in the language of the Eastern Slavs (ancestors of modern Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians), united by the ninth century. and formed a large state - Kievan Rus.

Such words include, for example, the names of various properties, qualities of an object, actions: dark, brown, gray, good , rumble; kinship terms, household names: stepdaughter, uncle, nephew , bast shoes, lace, hook, churchyard; names of birds, animals: bullfinch, squirrel ; count units: forty, ninety ; a series of words, with a common temporary meaning: today, after , now b and etc.

Proper Russian all words are called (with the exception of borrowed ones) that appeared in the language already when it was first formed as the language of the Great Russian people (from the 14th century), and then as the national Russian language (from the 17th century).

Actually Russian will be, for example, the names of household items, food: spinning top, fork, wallpaper, cover, jam, cabbage rolls, cake , kulebyaka; names of natural phenomena, as well as plants, fruits, animals, birds, fish: blizzard, ice, swell, bad weather, shrub, antonovka, muskrat, rook, chicken; action names: coo, influence, meet, explore , to uproot, loom, thin out; the name of the sign of the object, as well as the sign of the action, state, etc.: convex, idle, flabby, painstaking , special, close; suddenly, in front, in earnest, completely, by the way, briefly, in reality, once; names of persons by occupation: carter , racer, bricklayer, stoker, pilot, compositor, adjuster and many others; names of abstract concepts: experience, bluntness, deceit, total, damage, neatness, caution and many other words with suffixes -ost, -stvo etc.

Borrowed words in Russian. Since ancient times, the Russian people entered into cultural, trade, military, political relations with other states, which could not but lead to linguistic borrowings. Gradually borrowed words were assimilated (from lat. assimilare- strengthen, liken) in a borrowing language, became one of the commonly used words and were no longer perceived as foreign.

Currently, words like bus, automatic, activist or sugar, beets, bath and others are considered Russian, although they came: the first - from the German language, the second and third - from the French, and the last three from the Greek language. Words such as school(from Latin via Polish), artel(from Turkic languages) and many others. The national identity of the Russian language did not suffer at all from the penetration of foreign words into it, since borrowing is a completely natural way of enriching any language.

So, in turn, many words of the Russian language entered the languages ​​of other peoples.

Depending on which language certain words came from, two types of borrowings can be distinguished from Slavic languages ​​(i.e. related) and from non-Slavic languages.

The first type includes borrowings from the Old Slavonic language (sometimes in the linguistic literature it is called Old Bulgarian), as well as from other Slavic languages ​​(for example, Polish, Bulgarian, Czech, etc.). To the second type - from the Greek, Latin languages, as well as Turkic, Scandinavian, Western European (Romance, Germanic, etc.) borrowings, etc.

By the time of their appearance in the Russian language, borrowings are also heterogeneous: some of them are early (they spread either during the period of common Slavic linguistic unity or during the development of the East Slavic language), others are later and (already replenished the proper Russian vocabulary).

Borrowings from Slavic languages. From related Slavic languages, many words entered the original vocabulary of the Russian language in different historical periods of its development.

One of the earliest, which played the most significant role in the subsequent formation and development of the Russian literary language, was borrowings from the Old Church Slavonic language, i.e. Old Slavonicisms.

Old Slavonic they call the language that, starting from the IX century, was used as a literary written language for translating Greek liturgical books and introducing the Christian religion in Slavic countries (for example, in Moravia, Bulgaria, Serbia, in Ancient Russia). It was based on two Greek missionaries, the brothers Konstantin (who took the name of Cyril in monasticism) and Methodius, prominent scientists of their time, based on the Macedonian dialect of the ancient Bulgarian language. The composition of the Old Slavonic language included elements from many of the living Slavic languages ​​​​of that time known to the Greek enlighteners, as well as from Greek, Latin and other languages.

Modern researchers note that it was a "sacred" language, i.e. normalized, functionally different from the vernacular language. Like any literary language, it was to a certain extent artificial; was a kind of "Slavic Latin", opposed to Latin itself - the ancient Latin language, in which worship was held in many European countries, including some Slavic ones (for example, Moravia), for which this language was alien, incomprehensible.

The Old Church Slavonic language, which was used from the very beginning as the language of the church, is also called Church Slavonic.

In Russia, the Old Church Slavonic language became widespread at the end of the 10th century, after the adoption of Christianity.

The boundaries of the use of this language (or rather, its Church Slavonic version) gradually expanded. He was influenced by the original Russian language. In the monuments of Old Russian writing (especially in the chronicles), cases of mixing of Old Slavonic and Russian languages ​​are not uncommon. This testified that the Old Slavonicisms were not alien borrowings, and many of them were firmly established in the Russian language as closely related.

For example, church terms came from the Old Slavonic language to Russian: priest, cross, rod, sacrifice, etc .; many words denoting abstract concepts: power, grace, harmony, the universe, impotence, wandering, disaster, virtue, etc.

Old Slavonicisms borrowed by the Russian language are not all the same: some of them are Old Slavonic variants of words that still existed in the common Slavic language (smooth, enemy and etc.); others are actually Old Church Slavonic (cheeks, mouth,percy, lamb etc.), and the existing original words of the Russian language, synonymous with them, are different in their phonetic structure (cheeks, lips) chest, lamb). Finally, the so-called semantic Old Slavonicisms are distinguished, i.e., the words are common Slavic by the time of their appearance, however, they received a special meaning in the Old Slavonic language and with this meaning became part of the Russian vocabulary (sin, lord etc.).

Old Church Slavonicisms differ in phonetic, morphological and semantic features.

So, to the main phonetic features include:

1) disagreement, i.e. the presence of combinations –ra-, -la-, -re-, -le -, in place of the Russians -oro-, -olo-, -ere- -olo- within one morpheme: gate, gold, line , captivity (cf. Russians: gate, gold, turn , obsolete full );

2) combinations ra-, la- at the beginning of words in place of Russians ro-, lo -: equal,rook (cf.: straight, boat );

3) under known conditions, combination railway in place of the Russian well (from the Common Slavonic dj): walking (I go), rein denie (I drive);

4) consonant sch in place of the Russian h (from the Common Slavonic tj): lighting(candle);

5) sound e under stress before hard consonants and in place of Russian e (o): sky (sky), finger (thimble);

6) sound e at the beginning of a word in place of Russian about: esen (autumn), ezero (lake), unit (one).

The morphological features are Old Slavonic word-formation elements:

1) prefixes air-( give back, return), from- (pour out, expel, banish ),down- (overthrow, fall down), through- ( excessive), pre-(despise, successor),pre-(deliberate);

2) suffixes -stvi (e) (prosperity, disaster),-h(s) (stalker), -zn ( punishment, life), -those(a) ( battle), -usch-, -yusch-, -ashch-, -yashch- ( knowledgeable, melting, lying, talking);

3) the first parts of compound words characteristic of the Old Church Slavonic language: good-, god-, good-, evil-, sacrifice-, single and etc. (grace, God-fearing, virtue, malevolence, sacrifice, uniformity ).

Old Church Slavonic words also have some semantic and stylistic features. For example, in comparison with similar original words of the Russian language, many Old Slavic words retained their abstract meaning, that is, they remained in the sphere of book words, possessing a stylistic tinge of solemnity, elation.

Wed: shore (Russian shore), eke out (Russian drag), hands (Russian palms) gate (Russian gates), temple (Russian mansions) etc. Words of this type are some researchers, for example, prof. G. O. Vinokur, are called “Slavisms in the stylistic sense”, i.e. “Slavonicisms in use”, clearly separating them from “genetic” Slavisms, i.e. origin (gr. genetikos- pertaining to origin).

If we compare Old Slavonicisms with Russian variants, then we can distinguish three groups of words:

a) Old Slavonic words, the Russian versions of which, although recorded in ancient monuments, are not commonly used: good - bologo, moisture - vologa etc.;

b) Old Slavonicisms, used along with the Russian version, which has a different meaning: citizen - city dweller, chief - head, dust - gunpowder;

c) Old Church Slavonicisms, rarely used in the modern language and having Russian variants with the same meaning: voice - voice, vlas - hair, gate - gates, evil then - gold, young - young and. others

The words of the last group are Slavonic both in origin and in stylistic use.

The role of stylistic Old Slavonicisms in the language is not the same. In poetic and prose works, they serve as a means of stylizing the era (that is, helping to recreate the color of the time being described) or archaizing the style in a biblical gospel way. For example, in this function A.S. Pushkin widely used Old Slavonicisms in “Boris Godunov”, A.K. Tolstoy in historical dramas, A.N. Tolstoy in “Peter I”, etc.

Old Slavonicisms can serve as a means of speech characterization of heroes (monks, ministers of the church). A vivid example of this is the language of Pimen from "Boris Godunov" by A.S. Pushkin.

Old Slavonicisms can be used as a means of conveying freedom-loving ideas. This technique was used by Radishchev in his Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow. He found a lively response in the civil lyrics of A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov and other poets.

Old Slavonicisms are often used in poetic and prosaic (for example, journalistic) speech as a means of creating a general emotional elation, special solemnity in A.S. Pushkin's poem "The Bronze Horseman", in the verses of M.Yu. Lermontov, V. Bryusov, A. Blok. It is for this purpose that M.Yu. Lermontov uses Slavicisms this(the same one) young, threshold, caustic.

Vocabulary in terms of meaning, origin and usage.

The use of different lexical groups of words in speech.

Medical terminology and professional vocabulary.

Origin, structure and meaning of phraseological units;

Lexical errors and their correction,

elimination of lexical errors in speech;

Vocabulary of the Russian language from the outside areas of application.

Common words form the basis of the vocabulary of the literary language. On their basis, further improvement and enrichment of the vocabulary of the national Russian language takes place.

But in different places there are words that are understandable only to the inhabitants of a particular area. Such words are called dialectisms. The national Russian language has two main dialects (dialects) - northern and southern, which include independent dialects. A special group is made up of Central Russian dialects, which have features of both the North Russian and South Russian dialects.

In addition, in each profession, in addition to commonly used words, special words are used - professionalism.

The words used in the speech of certain social groups, for example, schoolchildren, students, are also limited in use. Such words are argotisms (or jargonisms) and, unlike dialectisms and professionalisms, have a pronounced emotional and expressive character.

Thus, the national Russian language includes national, commonly used words and words of limited use (dialect words, professional words, vernacular and jargon).

Sometimes words of limited use can be found in works of fiction. What do you think is the purpose of using them.

(To create speech coloring, speech individuality of the characters).

Let's once again turn to the video material to observe the speech of the characters regarding the use of such words (dialectisms, vernacular, jargon).

The dictionary of the language includes active vocabulary, that is, the words used by all speakers in a given period of time and passive vocabulary, that is, words that people either stop using or are just starting to use.

Passive vocabulary is divided into two groups: obsolete words and new words.

The division of the language into active and passive vocabulary is justified in a strictly defined historical time: each era has its own active and passive vocabulary.

Vocabulary in terms of origin

1 .Originally Russian are words that appeared in the Russian language at any stage of its development.

Native Russian vocabulary forms the main array of the vocabulary of the Russian language, which determines its national specificity. The original Russian words include 1) Indo-Europeanisms; 2) common Slavic words, 3) words of East Slavic origin, 4) proper Russian words.

2.Indo-Europeanisms - these are the most ancient words preserved from the era of Indo-European unity. The Indo-European linguistic community gave rise to many European and some Asian languages. The Indo-European language is also called the proto-language. For example, the words mother, son, daughter, moon, snow, water, new, sew, etc. go back to the parent language.

Common Slavic vocabulary- these are words inherited by the Russian language from the common Slavic (Proto-Slavic) language, which became the basis of all Slavic languages., Words of common Slavic origin are most commonly used in speech (field, sky, earth, river, wind, rain, maple, linden, elk, snake , already, mosquito, fly, friend, face, lip, throat, heart, knife, sickle, needle, grain, oil, flour, bell, cage; black, white, thin, sharp, evil, wise, young, deaf, sour ; throw, nod, boil, put; one, two, ten; you, he, who, what; where, then, there; without, about, at, for; but, yes, and, whether, etc.)

East Slavic Vocabulary - these are words inherited by the Russian language from the East Slavic (Old Russian) language, which is the common language of all Eastern Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians). A significant part of the words of East Slavic origin is known in Ukrainian and Belarusian, but is absent in West Slavic and South Slavic languages, for example: bullfinch (Russian), stgur (Ukrainian), snyagur (Belarusian) - wintering (Serbian). Words of East Slavic origin include, for example, the words dog, squirrel, boot, ruble, cook, carpenter, village, nag, palm, boil, etc.

Proper Russian vocabulary- these are the words that appeared in the Russian language during its independent existence, when the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages ​​began to develop in parallel. The entire previous lexical and derivational material became the basis of Russian words proper. Properly Russian in origin include, for example, the words visor, sorcerer, spinning wheel, child, timid, etc.

3. Signs of Old Slavism:

1. Phonetic

a) non-vowel combinations ra, la, re, le correlative with Russian full-vowel oro, olo, ere (gate - gate).

b) initial combinations ra, la correlative with Russian ro, lo (rook - boat)

c) consonant u, alternating with t, with Russian h (lighting - shining - candle)

d) initial e with Russian o (single - one)

e) e under stress before hard consonants in Russian e (cross - godfather)

f) a combination of railway in the root with Russian f (clothes - clothes)

2. Word-building

a) prefixes pre-, through- with Russian re-, through- (to transgress - to cross)

b) prefixes from- with Russian you- (pour out - pour out)

c) suffixes of abstract nouns – action, -e, -zn, -ynya, -tva, -dream (life, prayer)

d) parts of compound words with good, good, sacrifice, evil

3. Morphological

a) superlative suffixes -eysh, -aysh

b) participial suffixes -ashch (yashch), -usch (yushch) with Russians -ach (yach), -uch (yuch) (burning - hot)

In one word there may be several signs that make it possible to attribute it to Old Slavonicism.

Sometimes the presence of an Old Church Slavonic element does not mean that a later borrowing was made from Old Church Slavonic (pre-Olympic).

The fate of the Old Slavs:

1) Old Slavonicisms completely replaced the original Russian words (captivity - full)

2) Old Slavonicisms are used along with native Russian words (ignorant - ignorant). In such pairs, Old Slavic words denote abstract concepts or have a touch of solemnity, bookishness, have different compatibility and differ lexically (hot - burning).

Old Church Slavonicisms can be:

1. Stylistically neutral (artist, time, clothes, power)

2. Bookish, having a touch of solemnity (shudder, dry out)

3. Obsolete (young, breg, hand).

Old Slavonicisms are used in the YaHL for stylistic purposes to convey solemnity, a parodic reduction in style, a comic effect, to create a temporary color and archaic style.

4. With direct contact of peoples, borrowing took place orally (Scandinavian, Finnish and Turkic). Latinisms were borrowed in writing, Greekisms were borrowed orally and in writing.

1. Scandinavian - Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish - the earliest borrowings (herring, brand, whip, blizzard, Igor, Oleg).

2. Turkic - (11-17 centuries) sash, shoe, brocade, barn.

3. Greek - penetrated into the Russian language even before the adoption of Christianity, when Russia traded with Greece, with the adoption of Christianity (end of the 10th century) they were borrowed through liturgical books (altar, pulpit, doll, cucumber, ship). The Greek language was enriched with scientific terminology, Greek terms were borrowed from other languages ​​or created according to Greek patterns (alphabet, apostrophe, grammar).

4. Latinisms - a large number in the terminological vocabulary (accent, hyphen, predicate). Latinisms penetrated through the Greek-Byzantine, Polish and Ukrainian (15-17 centuries) media. From the 18th century great influence on the Russian language (author, student, dean, coin, constitution).

5. Germanic languages

a) German - the beginning of penetration dates back to ancient times (Gothic), most active since the beginning of the 18th century. (Peter 1), these include military terms (soldier, officer), craft terms (jigsaw, workbench), names of animals and plants, objects, medical terms (tie, tunic, potato, paramedic, huntsman)

b) Dutch - in the era of Peter 1, mainly the terms of maritime affairs (raid, pennant, yacht, frigate, office)

c) English - in the 16th century, borrowings of the terms of maritime affairs. Since the 19th century terms technical, sports, socio-political, agricultural (wagon. Rails, steak, sports, tennis, club, leader)

6. Romance languages

a) French - penetrate from the 17th-19th centuries. and cover various areas of life (leotard, corset, partisan, dugout, fleet, parliament, play, plot)

b) Italian - mostly art history terms (aria, solo, impresario, piano, barricade, pasta, paper, newspaper)

c) Spanish - guitar, serenade, caramel

5. Signs of borrowing:

1) Turkisms are characterized by synharmonism

2) French - final stressed vowels (coat), combinations ue, wa in the middle of a word (silhouette), final -age (massage).

3) German - combinations of pieces, xt (pate, watch)

4) English - a combination of j (jazz, budget)

5) Latinisms - final -mind, -us, -ura, -tion, -ent (plenum, president, degree)

II. Vocabulary in terms of active and passive stock

1. The dictionary of the Russian language in the process of its historical development is constantly changing and improving. Changes in the vocabulary are directly related to the production activity of a person, with the economic, social, political development of society. The vocabulary reflects all the processes of the historical development of society. With the advent of new objects, phenomena, new concepts arise, and with them, words for naming these concepts. With the death of certain phenomena, the words that call them go out of use or change their meaning. Given all this, the vocabulary of the national language can be divided into two large groups: active dictionary and passive dictionary.

2. In active vocabulary includes those everyday words, the meaning of which is clear to all people who speak this language. The words of this group are devoid of any signs of obsolescence.

3. K passive vocabulary include those that either have a pronounced color of obsolescence, or, conversely, due to their novelty, have not yet received wide popularity and are also not in everyday use.

The words of the passive stock are divided, in turn, into obsolete and new (neologisms).

4. One group of obsolete words consists of those that have already completely fallen out of use due to the disappearance of those concepts that denoted: boyar, veche, archer, guardsman, vowel (member of the city duma), burmistr, etc. The words of this group are called historicisms. Another group of obsolete words are archaisms, i.e. words that, in the process of language development, were replaced by synonyms, which are other names for the same concept. This group includes, for example, the words barber - hairdresser; this - this; better - because; guest - trade; eyelids - eyelids; piit - a poet; komon - horse; lanitis - cheeks; incite - incite; cod - bed, etc. Both those and other obsolete words are used in the language of fiction as a means of recreating a certain historical era. They can be a means of giving speech a comic or ironic tone. Archaisms are part of the traditional sublime poetic vocabulary (for example, the words: breg, cheeks, lad, this, eyes, this, etc.). The use of historicisms and archaisms in special scientific and historical literature is already devoid of a special stylistic predestination, since it allows lexically to accurately characterize the described era.

5. New words that appear in the language as a result of the emergence of new concepts, phenomena, qualities are called neologisms (from rp. neos - new + logos - word). A neologism that arose along with a new object, thing, concept is not immediately included in the active composition of the dictionary. After a new word becomes commonly used, publicly available, it ceases to be a neologism. Such a path was followed, for example, by the words soviet, collectivization, collective farm, link, tractor driver, Komsomol member, Leninist, pioneer, Michurinist, metro builder, virgin lands, lunar, cosmonaut and many others. Over time, many of these words also become obsolete and pass into the passive of the language.

6. In addition to neologisms, which are the property of the national language, new words formed by one or another author stand out. Some of them entered the literary language, for example: a drawing, a mine, a pendulum, a pump, attraction, a constellation, etc. (by Lomonosov); industry, falling in love, absent-mindedness, touching (in Karamzin); fade away (in Dostoevsky), etc. Others remain part of the so-called occasional author's formations. They perform figurative and expressive functions only in an individual context and, as a rule, are created on the basis of existing word-formation models, for example: mandolin, smile, sickle, hammer, chamberlain and many others by Mayakovsky; turned stormy, roared at B. Pasternak; mokhnatinki, Ant Country and Muravskaya country by A. Tvardovsky; magic, cellophane, etc. from A. Voznesensky; broad-bodied, unfamiliar, above the world, inflexibility and others in E. Yevtushenko. A.I. has many non-usual words. Solzhenitsyn, especially among the adverbs: he turned around ready, rushed kiddingly, grinned chestily.

From the point of view of use, there are:

Neutral vocabulary is intended for ascertaining, non-judgmental, non-terminological designation of objects, concepts of everyday life, natural phenomena, periods of a person’s life and states of his life, lengths of time, measures of length, weight, volume, etc. It is devoid of expression, emotional and social assessments.
For example: window, south, work
What style is characterized by the use of neutral vocabulary?

Book vocabulary, is characterized by thematic diversity - in accordance with the breadth and diversity of the problems of the texts.
For example: cheeks, broadcast, gratuitous
What style is characterized by the use of book vocabulary?

Vocabulary. The vocabulary of oral speech includes words characteristic of oral varieties of communicative activity. The vocabulary of oral speech is heterogeneous. It can be distinguished:
Jargons are words that are used in a certain social and age environment.
For example: telly - TV, spur - cheat sheet, swim - bad answer

Argotisms- words and figures of speech borrowed from this or that Argo and used as a stylistic means (more often to characterize the speech of a character in a work of art).
For example: grandmother - money, huckster - businessman, lads - criminal group

Dialectisms - words characteristic of a particular area
For example: beetroot - beets, stew - dissuade, shat - smolder

What style is characterized by the use of spoken language vocabulary?

Professionalisms- words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a particular profession.
For example: billhook - welder's hammer, ramps - wheel tires, noodles - two-wire wire

Terminological vocabulary- words and phrases that name objects and concepts related to various areas of human labor activity, and are not commonly used
For example: hydroponics, holography, cardiac surgery, cosmobiology
What is the difference between terminological vocabulary and professionalism?
In what style is terminological and professional vocabulary used?

The vocabulary of the modern Russian language has come a long way of development. Our vocabulary consists not only of native Russian words, but also of words borrowed from other languages. Foreign sources replenished and enriched the Russian language throughout the entire process of its historical development. Some borrowings were made in antiquity, others - relatively recently.

Replenishment of Russian vocabulary went in two directions.

1. New words were created from word-forming elements available in the language (roots, suffixes, prefixes). Thus, the original Russian vocabulary expanded and developed.

2. New words poured into the Russian language from other languages ​​as a result of the economic, political and cultural ties of the Russian people with other peoples.

The composition of Russian vocabulary in terms of its origin can be schematically represented in the table.

Aboriginal vocabulary

The words of the original vocabulary are genetically heterogeneous. In them, Indo-European, common Slavic, East Slavic and Russian proper are distinguished. Indo-European are words that, after the collapse of the Indo-European ethnic community (the end of the Neolithic era), were inherited by the ancient languages ​​of this language family, including the common Slavic language. So, for many Indo-European languages, some terms of kinship will be common (or very similar): mother, brother, daughter; names of animals, plants, food products: sheep, bull, wolf; willow, meat, bone; actions: take, carry, command, see; qualities: barefoot, dilapidated and so on.

It should be noted that even during the period of the so-called Indo-European linguistic community, there were differences between the dialects of different tribes, which, in connection with their subsequent settlement, moving away from each other, all increased. But the obvious presence of similar lexical layers of the very basis of the dictionary allows us to conditionally speak of a once single basis - the parent language.

Common Slavic (or Proto-Slavic) are words inherited by the Old Russian language from the language of the Slavic tribes, who by the beginning of our era occupied a vast territory between the Pripyat, Carpathians, the middle reaches of the Vistula and the Dnieper, and later moved to the Balkans and to the east. As a single (conventionally called) means of communication, it was used approximately until the 6th-7th centuries of our era, that is, until the time when, due to the settlement of the Slavs, the relative linguistic community also broke up. It is natural to assume that during this period there were territorially isolated dialect differences, which later served as the basis for the formation of separate groups of Slavic languages: South Slavic, West Slavic and East Slavic. However, in the languages ​​of these groups, words are distinguished that appeared in the common Slavic period in the development of language systems. Such in Russian vocabulary are, for example, names associated with the plant world: oak, linden, spruce, pine, maple, ash, mountain ash, bird cherry, forest, boron, tree, leaf, branch, bark, root; cultivated plants: peas, poppy, oats, millet, wheat, barley; labor processes and tools: weave, forge, whip, hoe, shuttle; dwelling and its parts: house, canopy, floor, shelter; with domestic and forest birds: rooster, nightingale, starling, crow, sparrow; food products: kvass, jelly, cheese, lard; names of actions, temporary concepts, qualities: mutter, wander, share, know; spring, evening, winter; pale, near, violent, cheerful, great, evil, affectionate, mute, and so on.

East Slavic, or Old Russian, are words that, starting from the 6th-8th centuries, appeared only in the language of the Eastern Slavs (that is, the language of the Old Russian people, the ancestors of modern Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians), who united by the 9th century into a large feudal Old Russian state - Kievan Rus . Among the words known only in the East Slavic languages, names of various properties, qualities, actions can be distinguished: blond, selfless, lively, cheap, musty, sharp-sighted, brown, clumsy, gray-gray, good; flounder, seethe, wander, fidget, start, shiver, boil, shovel, sway, while away, rumble, swear; terms of relationship: uncle, stepdaughter, nephew; household names: hook, twine, rope, stick, brazier, samovar; names of birds, animals: jackdaw, chaffinch, kite, bullfinch, squirrel, viper, cat; counting units: forty, ninety; words with a temporary meaning: today, after, now and many others.

Actually, all words (with the exception of borrowed ones) are called Russian, which appeared in the language after it became, first an independent language of the Russian (Great Russian) people (from the 14th century), and then the language of the Russian nation (the Russian national language was formed during the 17th century). -XVIII centuries).

Properly Russian are many different names of actions: to coo, to influence, to explore, to loom, to thin out; household items, food: top, fork, wallpaper, cover; jam, cabbage rolls, kulebyaka, flatbread; natural phenomena, plants, fruits, animals, birds, fish: blizzard, ice, swell, bad weather; bush; antonovka; desman, rook, chicken, chub; the names of the sign of the object and the sign of the action, state: convex, idle, flabby, painstaking, special, intent; suddenly, in front, in earnest, completely, briefly, in reality; names of persons by occupation: driver, racer, bricklayer, stoker, pilot, compositor, adjuster; the names of abstract concepts: total, deceit, bluff, neatness, caution and many other words with suffixes -ost, -stvo and so on.