Traditionally, the language of interethnic communication is called the language through which they overcome the language barrier between representatives of different ethnic groups within one multinational state. The exit of any language beyond the boundaries of its ethnic group and its acquisition of the status of an international one is a complex and multifaceted process, including the interaction of a whole complex of linguistic and social factors. When considering the process of becoming a language of interethnic communication, priority is usually given to social factors, since the functions of the language also depend on the characteristics of the development of society. However, only social factors, no matter how favorable they may be, are not able to put forward this or that language as an interethnic one, if it lacks the necessary linguistic means proper. Rus. a language that belongs to the number of widely spoken languages ​​of the world (see Russian language in international communication), satisfies the language needs of not only Russians, but also people of other ethnic origins living both in Russia and abroad. It is one of the most developed world languages. It has a rich vocabulary and terminology in all branches of science and technology, expressive brevity and clarity of lexical and grammatical means, a developed system of functional styles, and the ability to reflect the diversity of the surrounding world. Rus. the language can be used in all spheres of public life, the most diverse information is transmitted through the second language, the subtlest shades of thought are expressed; in Russian language, world-renowned artistic, scientific and technical literature has been created.

Maximum completeness of public functions, relative monolithic Rus. language (the obligatory observance of the norms of the lit. language for all its speakers), writing, containing both original works and translations of everything valuable that has been created by world culture and science (in the 80s of the 20th century, about a third of of the entire number of printed materials in the world) - all this ensured a high degree of communicative and informational value of Russian. language. Its role in the transformation of Russian. ethno-linguistic factors also played a role in the means of interethnic communication. From the beginning of formation grew. Statehood Russians were the most numerous nation, the language of which was spread to one degree or another throughout the entire state. According to the data of the 1st All-Russia. Population censuses in 1897, out of 128.9 million inhabitants of Ros. empire in Russian the language was spoken by two-thirds, or ca. 86 million people According to the All-Union Population Census of 1989, in the USSR out of 285.7 million. person ok. 145 million - Russians, Russian. 232.4 million people spoke the language. Linguistic, ethno-linguistic and social factors, taken separately, are not sufficient to promote a particular language as a means of interethnic communication. They testify only to the readiness and ability of the language to perform this function, as well as to the existence of favorable conditions for the spread of the language throughout the state. Only the combination of all factors - linguistic, linguistic and social - leads to the formation of a language of interethnic communication.

In any multinational state, there is an objective need to choose one of the most developed and widespread languages ​​in order to overcome the language barrier between citizens, to maintain the normal functioning of the state and all its institutions, to create favorable conditions for the joint activities of representatives of all nations and nationalities, for the development of the economy, culture, science and art. The language of interethnic communication common to all provides every citizen of the country, regardless of nationality, with the possibility of constant and varied contact with representatives of other ethnic groups. Promotion, formation and functioning of Rus. languages ​​as a means of interethnic communication took place in different historical conditions and at different stages of the development of society. The use of Russian language as a non-native to overcome the language barrier between representatives of different sthocod has more than one century, therefore, in the history of Russian. language as a means of interethnic communication can be conditionally divided into three periods, each of which is characterized by its own specific features: the first period - before the beginning. 20th century in Russia and Ros. Empire; the second period - to the end. 80s in USSR; the third period - from the beginning. 90s in the Russian Federation and neighboring countries. 11beginning of the spread of Russian. language among representatives of other ethnic groups coincides, judging by the data of comparative historical linguistics and annalistic information, with the development of new territories by the ancestors of Russians; this process developed more intensively in the 16th-19th centuries. during the period of formation and expansion grew. states, when Russians entered into various economic, cultural and political contacts with the local population of a different ethnicity. In Ros. Russian empires. the language was state. language.

Reliable data on knowledge of Russian. non-Russian language population of the country as a whole and the breadth of its use in interethnic communication in Russia con. 19 - beg. 20th century no. However, the ratio of the volume of the functional load Rus. language as a state language and other national languages ​​in various fields, data on the study of Rus. language in Russian-native (according to the then accepted terminology) schools and other educational institutions in certain regions of the state, written testimonies of contemporaries and some other materials confirm the use of Russian. language as a means of interethnic communication, although the level of proficiency in it in most cases was low. The second period is characterized by features that are due to changes in the national language policy in the USSR at different stages of its existence. After 1917, compulsory state registration was abolished in the country. language. In 1919, the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR" was adopted, in accordance with the Crimea "the entire population ... aged from 8 to 50 years old, who cannot read and write, is obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language at will" .

Initially Russian. the language was not a compulsory subject in schools with a national language of instruction: its spread as a language of interethnic communication was objectively promoted by cultural, educational, economic, and sociopolitical transformations in the country. However, existing in the 20-30s. the rate of distribution of Russian. language in the middle of Russian. the population of the country did not satisfy the needs of a centralized state in a common language of interethnic communication for all citizens. In 1938, a resolution was adopted by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On the compulsory study of the Russian language in the schools of the national republics and regions." There is no direct indication in the resolution of the privileged position of the Rus. language, the nose of its practical implementation in the regions gradually began to limit the scope of the functioning of some native languages ​​of the citizens of the USSR. Since 1970, the materials of the All-Union population censuses contain data on the number of non-Russians. nationality, fluent in Russian. language as a second (non-native) language. Between 1970 and 1989 this number increased from 41.9 to 68.8 million; in 1989 in the USSR as a whole the number of non-Russian persons. nationality, fluent in Russian. language, amounted to 87.5 million people.

From Ser. 80s, when the Russian. the language continued to perform the function of the language of interethnic communication, the attitude towards Russian. the language in this capacity began to change, which was a natural result of the costs of the national language policy pursued in the USSR from the end. 30s, as well as a consequence of certain socio-political processes in the country. Some politicians began to call the Russian language “the imperial language”, “the language of totalitarianism”, “the language of the occupiers”; in the resolutions of some conferences on national language problems (for example, in Ukraine, 1989) national-Russian. bilingualism has been characterized as "politically popular" and "scientifically untenable". During this period, the officially prescribed narrowing of the spheres of functioning of the Russian began in the former union and autonomous republics. language as a means of interethnic communication, a significant reduction in the number of hours devoted to the study of Russian. language in national schools, and even the exclusion of the subject “Russian. language” from school and university programs. However, conducted in the early 90s. sociolinguistic research in Russia. republics and a number of CIS countries testify to the recognition by the majority of society of the fact that in modern. stage to solve the problem of interethnic communication without Russian. language is difficult.

A feature of the third period is the functioning of the Rus. language as a means of interethnic communication not only in the Russian Federation. but also in the group of sovereign states. In the Russian Federation, according to the 1989 census, out of 147 million people, approx. 120 million people are Russian, more than 50% are non-Russian. The population of the country is fluent in Russian. language as a second. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993) | and the "Law on the Languages ​​of the Peoples of the RSFSR" (1991)] Rus. language is state. language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory. The constitution provides that the functioning of the Russian. language as a state and international language should not hinder the development of other languages ​​of the peoples of Russia. Spheres of application rus. language as a state and international language is subject to legal regulation; at the same time, no legal norms for the use of Russian are established. Language in interpersonal informal relationships, as well as in the activities of public and religious associations and organizations. Rus. language as state the language of the Russian Federation performs numerous diverse functions in society, which determines the social need for its study by the entire population of Russia. All R. 90s 20th century Russian the language retains its position as the language of interethnic communication in the CIS countries due to a number of objective circumstances, as well as in view of the historically established traditions of its use by the population of these countries. The materials of the 1989 census show that 63.8 million people are non-Russian. population of the former Soviet republics of the USSR (except for the RSFSR) speak Russian. language as a mother tongue or as a second language. Linguistic aspects of the study of Russian. languages ​​as a means of interethnic communication are characterized by certain specifics. Expanding the ethnic base of users Rus. language as non-native, the functioning of Russian. language in a foreign language environment leads to the appearance of phonetic, grammatical, lexical and semantic features in it. According to some scientists (N. M. Shansky, T. A. Bobrova), the totality of such features, which are not the same in different regions of the existence of Rus. Language as a means of interethnic communication, contributes to the formation of national (in other terminology - regional) variants of Russian. language.

Other scientists (V. V. Ivanov, N. G. Mikhailovskaya) believe that meeting the needs of interethnic communication is one of the functions of Russian. lit. language, the violation of the norms of which by foreign users is due to interference (see). There is also a point of view (T. Yu. Poznyakova), according to which the language of interethnic communication is a functional variety of Russian. language, the distinguishing feature of which is the specialization of grammatical and lexical means of Russian adapted to the conditions of interethnic communication. lit. language: an increase in the number of analytical structures for expressing grammatical meanings, the frequency and stability of the use of syntactic models for expressing the category of gender, etc. In the language of interethnic communication there is a selection and consolidation of morphological forms and syntactic constructions, lexical units, evaluated primarily as communicatively significant and sufficient. Studying Russian. language in terms of various types of national-Russian. bilingualism confirms the presence of a number of common specific features in the language of interethnic communication, regardless of the region of its existence. However, in Russian In the language of non-Russians, linguists also noted such features that are characterized as purely regional, not represented in other foreign-speaking regions. On this basis, a conclusion is made about the regional variation of non-native Russian. Speeches (not native Russian speech - a set of texts, both written and oral, produced by people for whom Russian is not their native language). However, the maximum permissible qualitative and quantitative levels of regional variation remain unknown, allowing to qualify the language of interethnic communication as precisely Russian. language, and not some pidgin-mixed language resulting from the interaction of languages ​​(in a pidgin, the grammar of one language is often represented, and the vocabulary of another). Identification of the essential linguistic characteristics of Rus. The language as a means of interethnic communication is connected with the study of its different levels, the study of the results and forms of interlingual contacts, the consideration of the processes of interaction between the language of interethnic communication and national languages ​​in conditions of specific typical and multilingualism, the areal characteristics of Russian. speeches of non-Russians but in relation to Cruz. lit. language. The results of such studies are important for practical actions to optimize the learning process Rus. language as a non-native language in the amount that provides the communicative competence of users.

1. Language as a means of communication

• - a socially processed, historically changeable sign system that serves as the main means of communication.

Language is defined as a means of human communication. This one of the possible definitions of language is the main one, because it characterizes the language not from the point of view of its organization, structure, etc., but from the point of view of what it is intended for.

Thus, language is the most important means of communication. What qualities must he possess to become just that?

1. First of all, the language must be known to all who speak it. There is, as it were, some general agreement that the table will be called the word table, and running is a word run. It is impossible to decide now how it happened, because the paths are very different. For example, here is the word satellite in our time has acquired a new meaning - "a device launched with the help of rocket devices." The date of birth of this value can be indicated absolutely exactly - October 4, 1957, when the radio announced the launch in our country of the first artificial satellite of the Earth. "This word immediately became known in this sense and entered into the everyday life of all the peoples of the world.

Here is the "agreement" for you. Everything is simple here, although such a meaning itself was already prepared by the Russian language: in the XI-XIII centuries it had the meaning of “comrade on the road” and “accompanying in life”, then - “satellite of the planets”. And from here it is not far to a new meaning - "a device accompanying the Earth."

2. The second quality on which communication depends is that the language should cover everything that surrounds a person, including his inner world. This, however, does not mean at all that the language should exactly repeat the structure of the world. We really have "words for every essence," as A. Tvardovsky said. But even that which does not have a one-word name can be successfully expressed by combinations of words.

It is much more important that the same concept in the language can have, and very often has, several names. Moreover, it is believed that the richer such rows of words - synonyms, the richer the language is recognized. This shows an important point; language reflects the external world, but is not absolutely adequate to it.

Language plays an essential role in public life, is the basis of mutual understanding, social peace and development. It has an organizing function in relation to society.

The presence of a language is a necessary condition for the existence of society throughout the history of mankind. Any social phenomenon in its existence is limited in chronological terms: it is not originally in human society and is not eternal. So, according to most experts, the family did not always exist; there was not always private property, the state, money; different forms of social consciousness - science, law, art, morality, religion - are also not original. Unlike non-original and / or transient phenomena of social life, language is primordial and will exist as long as society exists.

The presence of a language is a necessary condition for material and spiritual existence in all spheres of social space. Any social phenomenon in its distribution is limited by its “place”, space. Of course, everything in society is interconnected, however, let's say that science or production does not include (as a component, conditions, prerequisites, means, etc.) art, and art does not include science or production. Another thing is language. It is global, ubiquitous. The spheres of language use cover all conceivable social space. Being the most important and basic means of communication, language is inseparable from all and any manifestations of human social existence.

2. (Basic language functions)

"Being the most important means of communication, language unites people, regulates their interpersonal and social interaction, coordinates their practical activities, participates in the formation of worldview systems and national images of the world, ensures the accumulation and storage of information, including information related to the history and historical experience of the people and personal to the experience of the individual, dismembers, classifies and consolidates concepts, forms the consciousness and self-consciousness of a person, serves as a material and form of artistic creativity "(N.D. Arutyunova. Functions of language. // Russian language. Encyclopedia. - M .: 1997. P. 609) .

Language functions.

1. Communicative function

The communicative function of language is related to the fact that language is primarily a means of communication between people. It allows one individual - the speaker - to express his thoughts, and the other - the perceiver - to understand them, that is, to somehow react, take note, change his behavior or his mental attitudes accordingly.

1. Cognitive (cognitive) function

The cognitive, or cognitive, function of language (from the Latin cognition - knowledge, cognition) is connected with the fact that human consciousness is realized or fixed in the signs of the language. Language is a tool of consciousness, reflects the results of human mental activity.

1. nominative

The nominative function of language follows directly from the cognitive one. Known must be called, given a name. The nominative function is associated with the ability of language signs to symbolically designate things.

1. accumulative

The accumulative function of the language is associated with the most important purpose of the language - to collect and store information, evidence of human cultural activity. Language lives much longer than a person, and sometimes even longer than entire nations. The so-called dead languages ​​are known, which survived the peoples who spoke these languages. Nobody speaks these languages, except for specialists who study them. Living or dead languages ​​keep the memory of many generations of people, the evidence of centuries. Even when oral tradition is forgotten, archaeologists can discover ancient writings and use them to reconstruct the events of bygone days. Over the centuries and millennia of mankind, a huge amount of information has been accumulated, produced and recorded by man in different languages ​​of the world.

Stages of formation and development of the Russian language.

Russian language is the language of the Russian nation, in which it creates its culture in the broadest sense of the word.

The Proto-Slavic (general Slavic) language goes back to the Indo-European parent language - the first language of all Slavs, which existed for three millennia and collapsed in the 6th - 7th centuries.

All Eastern Slavs until the 4th century used the Old Russian language. Before the spread of writing, the Old Russian language already had rich traditions of use: folklore texts, embassy speeches, appeals of princes and governors to the people, speeches at the veche, as well as in the formulas of customary law.

The first Slavic alphabet was created in 863 by Constantine the Philosopher to translate Greek church literature. This is how it started Old Slavonic language(basically the language of the southern Slavs). This language gradually narrowed its scope only from the second half of the 16th century, but it is still used as a language of worship.

X century - Kievan Rus . Distribution of texts in Old Church Slavonic. Not a single manuscript of the 9th century has survived, the texts are known only in later copies (from the 11th century).

Gradually, a common language, the so-called koina, is being developed in Kyiv. It was based on the speech of the southern Slavs. During the period of feudal fragmentation, the influence of the southern principalities weakens and the difference between southern Russian and northern Russian dialects increases. At the same time, the Old Russian language disintegrated, and Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages ​​stand out from it.

State of Moscow Russia. Moscow was located not only in the center, but also at the junction of different dialect groups. The ethnic diversity of its population led to the fact that different sections of society spoke differently. In general, it is generally accepted that the southern and northern features of the dialect are combined in the Russian orthoepic norm. Consonantism is North Russian, vocalism is South Russian.

In order for the Muscovite state to become stronger, it was necessary to spread the language of administration as actively as possible in the new territories. The Moscow command language became such a language.

In the 17th century the Great Russian nationality is transformed into the Russian nation and the era of the formation of the national Russian language begins, which will end at the beginning of the 19th century in the work of Pushkin.

Thus, the competition of the Moscow command language with Church Slavonic is already revealed, but there could not yet be any equality between them, because. until the middle of the 17th century, fiction was not created in the command language.

In Peter's time. Despite the revolution of language transformations, stylistically the language was not organized. Thus the question arose of a national standard of literary usage, of certain general modes of expression.

The time is coming for an outstanding personality in the field of linguistic concepts, whose activities complemented each other, and so the oppositions of Tredikovskiy, Lomonosov, Karamzin, Shishkov, significant for the history of the national Russian language, arose.

The line of Karamzin and Shishkov, as opposing each other in terms of innovation and archaism, new and old style, was united in his work by Pushkin. His fruitful activity, both in prose and in poetry, in historiography, significantly developed the genre differentiation of Russian texts. It was with his work that the division of genres into high and low ceased. Words ceased to be perceived in themselves as deliberately rude or deliberately refined. Pushkin did not distinguish between stylistically reduced and stylistically high vocabulary in his work. it was used depending on the characteristics of the context and the characteristics of the characters. It is from Pushkin that ideas about the need for the existence of a speech characteristic of a character are completely determined. He introduced a colossal number of prosaisms (everyday vocabulary) into the literary language. In his work, a literary language took shape, from that time it began to be recognized as a stably existing system.

(Russian as a state language, as a language of interethnic development and as a world language. Russian language among other languages ​​of the world.)

Modern Russian is the national language of the Russian people. It is called Russian because its creator and main bearer is the Russian people. RY is a historically established linguistic community, genetically belongs to the group of East Slavic languages, which go back to one source - the common Slavic language, common and uniform for all Slavic tribes. RJ performs the following functions:

1) the state language of the Russian Federation, i.e. languages ​​of official documents, laws, office work legitimized in this status by the Constitution.

2) the language of interethnic communication, i.e. language chosen in a multinational state voluntarily as the language of communication. It is used by people of different nationalities in everyday life, science, culture, art, economics, etc.

3) world language - it is one of the six world languages, it is globally distributed, it has been chosen as the working language of the UN and a number of international organizations.

The Russian language is one of the most widely spoken languages ​​in the world. On the globe, it is spoken by about 250 million people. In terms of prevalence, the Russian language ranks fifth in the world, second only to Chinese (it is spoken by over 1 billion people), English (420 million), Hindi and Urdu (320 million) and Spanish (300 million).

The concept of a world language was formed in the modern era, the era of the scientific and technological revolution and the further development of a mature socialist society in the USSR. The strengthening of ties between peoples in the development of scientific and technological progress, in the struggle for the preservation of peace, led by the Soviet Union, determined the need for the promotion of intermediary languages ​​that would help bring peoples closer together and develop their mutual understanding. Naturally, one of these languages ​​turned out to be Russian. Its status as a world language is determined by its wide distribution outside our country, active study in many countries, the great prestige of Russian science and culture, the progressive role of our country in the process of international, universal development in the 20th century, historical richness, expressiveness, which was noted by many, writing about the Russian language. Even F. Engels pointed out that the Russian language "in every possible way deserves to be studied in itself, as one of the most powerful and richest of living languages, and for the sake of the literature it reveals" *.

The world significance of the Russian language is manifested not only in the wide spread of its study in the modern world, but also in the influence, primarily of its lexical composition, on other languages. The growth of the prestige of the Soviet state in world public, scientific and cultural life leads to an ever wider penetration of words from the Russian language into other languages. Everyone knows and understands the Russian word satellite, which is already included in the dictionaries of many languages. Following the word satellite, other words and expressions related to space exploration began to be used in the languages ​​of other countries: lunar, soft landing, lunar rover, astronaut, spaceport. The Russian language also introduced the word orbit (from Latin orbis - circle, wheel, wheel track) into international wide use in expressions to go into orbit, put into orbit and under. New words associated with the space age have become so firmly established in the speech of a number of countries that they began to be used both as proper names and as common nouns.

Intercultural communication

Intercultural communication - interaction of communication partners belonging to different ethnic cultures and linguistic communities. It is impossible without the support of principle of tolerance .

In 1995, the UN adopted a declaration of principles of tolerance, in which tolerance defined as "Respect, acceptance and proper understanding of the diversity of cultures in our world, our forms of self-expression and ways of expressing human individuality.

IV. Intercultural communication and the principle of tolerance.

In our world, the processes of globalization are actively going on, as a result of which the borders between states are being erased, representatives of different cultures are increasingly close to each other and come into contact.

Communication - an act of communication, a connection between two or more individuals based on mutual understanding; communication of information by one person to another or a number of persons.

Intercultural communication - adequate mutual understanding of two participants in a communicative act belonging to different national cultures . Intercultural communication involves communication, during which at least one of the participants can speak a non-native language.

Successful communication with foreigners, i.e. intercultural communication is possible only if there is respect for the cultures of all participants in communication, as well as sufficient knowledge about a particular culture.

The main goals of intercultural communication:

• exchange and transfer of information;
• formation of skills and abilities for successful socio-cultural activity;
• formation of attitude towards oneself, towards other people, towards society as a whole;
• exchange of activities, innovative methods, means, technologies; 4, change the motivation behavior;
• exchange of emotions.

The communication process includes verbal and non-verbal communication, as well as encoding and decoding information when it is transmitted from the source to the receiving side.

All intercultural communication is based on the principle of tolerance, which is the key to peaceful and effective communication, so the success of human interaction is determined precisely by the level of tolerance.

Tolerance - a sociological term denoting tolerance for someone else's way of life, behavior, customs, feelings, opinions, ideas, beliefs. Tolerance is necessary in relation to the characteristics of different peoples, nations and religions, and also implies the equality of the parties in expressing their views.

Tolerance as a complex structure of the socio-cultural life of an individual is an indispensable component of the process of social and intercultural communication, the key to and mechanism for achieving success in communication. Intercultural communication, in turn, plays an important role as a link between different nations, ensures the unity of seemingly different cultures.

It can be concluded that intercultural interaction is ensured by mutual tolerance, mutual responsibility, the priority of mutually acceptable ways of resolving conflicts, including interethnic ones.

Russian is the language of interethnic communication. The importance of the Russian language is great. This is explained by the fact that it acts in different conditions both as the native language of the Russian people, and as the state language of the Russian Federation, and as one of the world's languages ​​of communication in the near and far abroad.

"World languages ​​are some of the most common languages ​​used among themselves by representatives of different peoples outside the territories inhabited by people for whom they were originally native." In determining the composition of world languages, the number of speakers in it both in the country where native speakers live and abroad, authority, the role of the country of this language in history and modernity are taken into account; the formation of the national language, which has a long written tradition; established norms, well researched and described in grammars, dictionaries, textbooks.

World languages ​​cover international spheres - diplomacy, world trade, tourism. Scientists from different countries communicate on them, they are studied as "foreign languages" (that is, as a compulsory subject in universities and schools in most countries of the world). These languages ​​are the "working languages" of the United Nations (UN).

The United Nations recognizes English, French, Spanish, Russian, Arabic, Chinese and Hindi as official world languages. Any document in the UN is distributed in these languages.

The Russian language has become a universally recognized world language since the middle of the 20th century. Its global significance is due to the fact that it is one of the richest languages ​​in the world, in which the greatest fiction was created. Russian is one of the Indo-European languages, related to many Slavic languages. Many words of the Russian language entered the languages ​​of the peoples of the world without translation. These borrowings from the Russian language or through it have been observed for a long time. Back in the 16th-17th centuries, Europeans learned such words as the Kremlin, tsar, boyar, Cossack, caftan, hut, verst, balalaika, penny, pancake, kvass, etc. through the Russian language. Later, the words Decembrist, samovar, sundress spread in Europe , ditty, etc. As evidence of attention to changes in the socio-political life of Russia, words such as perestroika, glasnost, etc. have entered the languages ​​of the peoples of the world.

The richness of the Russian language and the literature created on it arouses interest in this language all over the world. It is studied not only by students, schoolchildren, but also by adults. In order to assist in teaching the Russian language outside our country, back in 1967, the International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature was established in Paris. MAPRYAL publishes in our country for foreign teachers of the Russian language and literature magazines, methodological literature, holds international Olympiads in the Russian language among schoolchildren from different countries.

ID: 2016-01-231-A-6014

Original article (free structure)

Kochetkova T.V., Rempel E.A.

State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Saratov State Medical University im. IN AND. Razumovsky Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Summary

The article deals with a number of issues related to modern language policy. The focus is on the role of the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation, as a means of interethnic communication and international integration.

Keywords

Russian language, Russian world, Russian literature, Russian education

Article

The great destiny of the Russian language throughout the history of the development of our state has excited the best minds. Thinkers, scientists, poets, writers tried to give an exact definition of language. Language was interpreted both as an image of business, and as the art of controlling the minds of people, and as an indicator of intelligence, and as a manifestation of the strength and power of the human character, and as the key to all knowledge. The whole history of the spiritual life of the people is truly reflected in the depths of the Russian language.

Petr Andreevich Vyazemsky, Russian poet, translator, critic, publicist, historian, statesman, literary colleague of A.S. Pushkin, comparing the language with the difficulty of mastering the violin, warned his compatriots that mediocrity on one or another instrument is intolerable.

The Russian language is the core of the Russian world. The nation is brought up and strengthened on it. A person, his active citizenship, his tastes, passions, habits are formed by his native language. Language allows a person to realize himself as a person, to feel his belonging to his native country, to learn the laws of human interaction. In Russia, the upbringing of a person and a citizen by the word has always been unobtrusive and penetrating throughout his life. Despite any everyday trials, it is important for a Russian person to keep the verbal symbols of the Motherland in his soul. They can be a mother's lullaby, the first Russian books for the little ones, Russian folk tales, Russian literary classics, drinking songs that unite people in sorrow and joy, a greeting from the first teacher, a parting word from a professor, support from a coach, and many others. A person and his worldview are formed under the influence of historical, literary and cultural sources.

The importance of the Russian language in our time is great. This is the state language of the Russian Federation, the language of science, culture, education, state and public institutions, the language of the entire mass media complex, the language of professional diplomacy and international cooperation.

Good knowledge of the Russian language, literate and appropriate Russian speech is necessary for the prosperity of the whole country and each of its inhabitants.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the language policy of Russia has undergone significant changes. However, in recent years, a number of different successful attempts to create a new language policy can be noted, taking into account the latest realities of the time.

Since 1985, on May 24, Russia has widely and solemnly celebrated the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture, glorifying the creators of the Slavic alphabet, the great enlighteners, Orthodox saints Cyril and Methodius. This date is extremely significant for Russia and for all Slavic countries.

Today, the international holiday Day of Slavic Literature and Culture has been filled in Russia with new content. On this day, in the very heart of Moscow, on Red Square, a kind of demonstration of the national unity of our country takes place through the mass performance of songs loved by the people. The whole history of the Fatherland clearly comes through in the sounding songs. All those present on Red Square enthusiastically join the performances of choirs, favorite artists - veterans, military personnel, students, children, Muscovites and numerous guests of the capital from other cities of our country. The people perfectly know the words of the songs that have become significant for different stages of the life of our Motherland. People selflessly sing, supporting with their sincere singing thousands of consolidated professional and amateur choirs, various creative teams, their favorite artists.

The festive concert on this day becomes all-Russian. It is picked up by many large and small cities of Russia: St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Saratov, Samara, Orel, Bryansk, Ryazan, Kaluga, Novy Urengoy, Nizhnevartovsk, Krasnodar, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Ussuriysk, Arkhangelsk, Pskov, Veliky Novgorod, Krasnoyarsk, Omsk, Yalta, Sevastopol. A single nationwide concert is broadcast by various state television channels.

On this day, the consolidation of our society around the fundamental, moral principles and age-old domestic traditions is especially noticeable, without which neither the individual, nor the family, nor society, nor the great state can exist. The simple words of Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia are close and understandable to the people: “Enlightenment is the enlightenment of the mind and heart, Saints Cyril and Methodius insisted on this. The combination of knowledge, intellect and spirituality is the strength of the nation, the strength of the people!

Before our eyes, language education is gradually turning into an important strategic task for the development of modern Russian society. In this direction, the country's leadership, and public organizations, and professional communities of philologists are taking various measures. For example, 2007 went down in history as the Year of the Russian Language. In this regard, the Russian language was considered as a powerful social factor in the interaction of different countries and peoples, an incentive for the development of cultural, legal, economic and political relations in the modern world. With the help of the Russian language, upbringing by the word, introduction to reading, the spiritual unity of the Great Country continues.

In 2011, the Day of the Russian Language becomes a new Russian and international public holiday, which is celebrated on June 6, the birthday of the pride of Russian culture A.S. Pushkin, poet, writer, playwright, creator of the modern literary Russian language. The works of A.S. Pushkin are loved by every person living in Russia and representing the Russian world abroad.

2015 has been declared the Year of Literature in Russia. The purpose of its holding is to remind people of the exceptional importance of Russian literature and its special mission in the history of our country. The year is designed to return to Russia the status of the most reading power, to instill in the younger generation a love for real literature, to acquaint young people with the masterpieces of Russian classics and journalism, and the latest in modern literature. With the help of books, more than one generation of Russians was brought up, their artistic taste was formed, moral guidelines were determined, and linguistic flair was honed.

The role of the lessons of the Russian language and literature in the spiritual and moral development of schoolchildren and students is great. The well-known words of Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky have not lost topicality: "... that literary work is moral, which makes the child fall in love with a moral act, a moral feeling, a moral thought expressed in this work." The book in Russia has always been perceived as the opening of the world, the path to high thoughts and great feelings. On the books they learned good Russian speech, patterns of behavior, the basics of education, the norms of morality and conscience. As you know, the basis of writing is the alphabet. The Russian alphabet, like no other in the world, can be represented in full by the names of great writers and poets: BUT Khmatova A.A., B unin I.A., AT eresaev V.V., G Ogol N.V., D Erzhavin G.R., E Senin S.A., F ukovsky V.A., W Amyatin E.I., And lf I.A., To Rylov I.A., L ermontov M.Yu., M Ayakovsky V.V., H Ekrasov N.A., O strovsky A.N., P asternak B.L., R Adishchev A.N., With Altykov-Shchedrin M.E., T Urgenev I.S., At Shinsky K.D., F onvizin D.I., X Lebnikov V.V., C Vetaeva M.I., H ukovsky K.I., W Melev I.S., SCH Ipachev S.P., E Renburg I.G., YU gov A.K., I Zykov N.M.

The whole world recognizes Russian geniuses of the word: Lomonosov M.V., Pushkin A.S., Tolstoy L.N., Dostoevsky F.M., Chekhov A.P., Sholokhov M.A.

Ways of development and improvement of modern philological education are outlined in a comprehensive document - "The Concept of School Philological Education".

On June 9, 2014, in order to ensure the development, protection and support of the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation, the Russian Language Council under the President was established.

The tasks of the Council include determining priority areas for supporting the Russian language in Russia and abroad, coordinating the activities of public associations and organizations; analysis of the implementation of supervised programs and projects aimed at protecting the Russian language and literature. The great-great-grandson of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy, Vladimir Ilyich Tolstoy, was appointed Chairman of the Russian Language Council.

The post-perestroika period has radically changed the usual and natural conditions for the functioning of the Russian language. Traditionally, for many years, the Russian language was considered as a native language for a certain category of students, it was studied in national schools and used in the USSR as the language of interethnic communication. For foreign citizens there was a subject "Russian as a foreign language".

After global social changes, an increase in the scale of migration flows, social transformations, the language picture of the country has changed before our eyes. Teaching the Russian language in schools and universities cannot be conducted in the old fashioned way. Today more than ever it is necessary to use the latest teaching methods and techniques. So, for example, in the modern student environment in recent years, the heterogeneity of the level of proficiency in the Russian language has clearly come out. Currently, different categories of students study at Russian universities: students for whom Russian is their native language; students for whom Russian is not their native language, but they are citizens of Russia; students from other countries for whom Russian is a foreign language. However, among foreign students there are more and more often those who are fluent in Russian and understand Russian well, and among Russians there are already frequent cases when students do not speak Russian well and misunderstand the content of Russian speech.

Polyethnicity has firmly established itself as a characteristic feature of the young Russian state. The work to support and preserve the Russian language acquires a special status, since the Russian language contributes to the effective dissemination of the spiritual, cultural and historical heritage of our multinational and multi-confessional state. The Russian language is the basis of interethnic interaction and unity of the peoples of our country.

Russian is the third most widely spoken language in the world. It is spoken by over 500 million people. Throughout the globe, it is perceived as the language of science, progress and culture. Representatives of different peoples willingly communicate in Russian outside the main territory of its distribution, speaking not only with native speakers of the Russian language, but also among themselves.

The Russian language is one of the most developed world languages. It has an extensive vocabulary fund, rich and developed terminology in all existing branches of science and technology. The Russian language is characterized by brevity and clarity of lexical and grammatical means, a developed system of functional styles, the ability to embody all the diversity of the surrounding world in oral and written form. The Russian language is flexible and expressive, it is possible to convey the subtlest shades of thoughts. Most of the world's scientific works and works of art have been translated into Russian.

The activity for the preservation and development of the Russian language is, first of all, a large and systematic work to spread the Russian language and popularize Russian culture in the world. This is what well-known public organizations have been doing for many years - MAPRYAL (International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature, from 1967 to the present) and ROPRYAL (Russian Society of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature, from 1999 to the present).

Among organizations that contribute to strengthening the position of the Russian language, the Russkiy Mir Foundation deserves special attention at present. The priority in the activities of this foundation is the creation of Russian centers abroad, offices of the "Russian World", the conduct of educational programs, trainings, the implementation of information projects, the organization of festivals of Russian culture. As of 2015, about 90 Russkiy Mir centers were registered in more than 40 countries.

The Russian world is not only Russians, not only our compatriots in the countries of near and far abroad, but also emigrants of all waves, immigrants from Russia and their descendants. These are also foreign citizens who speak Russian, study or teach it, that is, all those who know Russia and are sincerely interested in it, who care about its present and future. Through awareness of involvement in Russia, the term "Russian World" was born, which absorbed polyethnicity, multi-confessionalism, social and ideological heterogeneity, multiculturalism, territorial affiliation and geographical segmentation.

Having formed Russkiy Mir as a large-scale project, Russia has acquired a new identity, new opportunities for fruitful cooperation with other countries, and additional incentives for its own development.

Literature

1. Karasik V.I. The language of social status. - M .: ITDGK "Gnosis". — 333 p.

2. Kochetkova T.V. Fluency in the state language of Russia is a guarantee of high quality professional education and career growth. // Medical education 2013: collection of abstracts. - M.: Publishing house of the First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M. Sechenova, 2014. S. 236.

3. Kochetkova T.V., Barsukova M.I. The word in the work of a doctor (Culture of speech of a doctor) To be understood: The culture of Russian speech and speech culture of a person. / Ed. ABOUT. Sirotinina. - M .: Book house "LIBROKOM", 2009. - S. 155-165.

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Traditionally, the language of interethnic communication is called the language, through which they overcome the language barrier between representatives of different ethnic groups within one multinational state. The exit of any language beyond the boundaries of its ethnic group and its acquisition of the status of an international one is a complex and multifaceted process, including the interaction of a whole complex of linguistic and social factors. When considering the process of becoming a language of interethnic communication, priority is usually given to social factors, since the functions of the language also depend on the characteristics of the development of society. However, only social factors, no matter how favorable they may be, are not able to put forward this or that language as an interethnic one, if it lacks the necessary linguistic means proper. Rus. a language that belongs to the number of widely spoken languages ​​of the world (see Russian language in international communication), satisfies the language needs of not only Russians, but also people of other ethnic origins living both in Russia and abroad. It is one of the most developed world languages. It has a rich vocabulary and terminology in all branches of science and technology, expressive brevity and clarity of lexical and grammatical means, a developed system of functional styles, and the ability to reflect the diversity of the surrounding world. Rus. the language can be used in all spheres of public life, the most diverse information is transmitted through the second language, the subtlest shades of thought are expressed; in Russian language, a world-renowned artistic, scientific and technical literature was created.

Maximum completeness of public functions, relative monolithic Rus. language (the obligatory observance of the norms of the lit. language for all its speakers), writing, containing both original works and translations of everything valuable that has been created by world culture and science (in the 80s of the 20th century, about a third of artistic and scientific-technical literature from the total number of printed materials in the world) - all this ensured a high degree of communicative and informational value of Russian. language. Its role in the transformation of Russian. ethno-linguistic factors also played a role in the means of interethnic communication. From the beginning of formation grew. statehood, Russians were the most numerous nation, the language of which was spread to one degree or another throughout the entire state. According to the data of the 1st All-Russia. population census in 1897, out of 128.9 million inhabitants of Ros. empire in Russian the language was spoken by two-thirds, or ca. 86 million people According to the All-Union Population Census of 1989, out of 285.7 million people in the USSR, approx. 145 million - Russians, Russian. 232.4 million people spoke the language. Linguistic, ethno-linguistic and social factors, taken separately, are not sufficient to promote a particular language as a means of interethnic communication. They testify only to the readiness and ability of the language to perform this function, as well as to the existence of favorable conditions for the spread of the language throughout the state. Only the combination of all factors - linguistic, ethno-linguistic and social - leads to the formation of a language of interethnic communication.

In any multinational state, there is an objective need to choose one of the most developed and widespread languages ​​in order to overcome the language barrier between citizens, to maintain the normal functioning of the state and all its institutions, to create favorable conditions for the joint activities of representatives of all nations and nationalities, for the development of the economy, culture, science and art. The language of interethnic communication common to all provides every citizen of the country, regardless of nationality, with the possibility of constant and varied contact with representatives of other ethnic groups. Promotion, formation and functioning of Rus. languages ​​as a means of interethnic communication took place in different historical conditions and at different stages of the development of society. The use of Russian language as a non-native to overcome the language barrier between representatives of different sthocod has more than one century, therefore, in the history of Russian. language as a means of interethnic communication can be conditionally divided into three periods, each of which is characterized by its own specific features: the first period - before the beginning. 20th century in Russia and Ros. empires; the second period - to the end. 80s in USSR; the third period - from the beginning. 90s in the Russian Federation and neighboring countries. 11beginning of the spread of Russian. language among representatives of other ethnic groups coincides, judging by the data of comparative historical linguistics and annalistic information, with the development of new territories by the ancestors of Russians; this process developed more intensively in the 16th-19th centuries. during the period of formation and expansion grew. states, when Russians entered into various economic, cultural and political contacts with the local population of a different ethnicity. In Ros. Russian empires. the language was state. language.

Reliable statistical data on knowledge of Russian. non-Russian language population of the country as a whole and the breadth of its use in interethnic communication in Russia con. 19 - beg. 20th century no. However, the ratio of the volume of the functional load Rus. language as a state language and other national languages ​​in various fields, data on the study of Rus. language in Russian-native (according to the then accepted terminology) schools and other educational institutions in certain regions of the state, written testimonies of contemporaries and some other materials confirm the use of Russian. language as a means of interethnic communication, although the level of proficiency in it in most cases was low. The second period is characterized by features that are due to changes in the national language policy in the USSR at different stages of its existence. After 1917, compulsory state registration was abolished in the country. language. In 1919, the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR" was adopted, in accordance with the Crimea, "the entire population ... aged from 8 to 50 years old, who cannot read and write, is obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language optional".

Initially Russian. the language was not a compulsory subject in schools with a national language of instruction: its spread as a language of interethnic communication was objectively promoted by cultural, educational, economic, and sociopolitical transformations in the country. However, existing in the 20-30s. the rate of distribution of Russian. language among non-Russians. the population of the country did not satisfy the needs of a centralized state in a common language of interethnic communication for all citizens. In 1938, a resolution was adopted by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On the compulsory study of the Russian language in the schools of the national republics and regions." There is no direct indication in the resolution of the privileged position of the Rus. language, but with its practical implementation in the regions, the limitation of the spheres of functioning of some native languages ​​of citizens of the USSR gradually began. Since 1970, the materials of the All-Union population censuses contain data on the number of non-Russians. nationality, fluent in Russian. language as a second (non-native) language. Between 1970 and 1989 this number increased from 41.9 to 68.8 million; in 1989 in the USSR as a whole the number of non-Russian persons. nationality, fluent in Russian. language, amounted to 87.5 million people.

From Ser. 80s, when the Russian. the language continued to perform the function of the language of interethnic communication, the attitude towards Russian. the language in this capacity began to change, which was a natural result of the costs of the national language policy pursued in the USSR from the end. 30s, as well as a consequence of certain socio-political processes in the country. Rus. some politicians began to call the language “imperial language”, “the language of totalitarianism”, “the language of the occupiers”; in the resolutions of some conferences on national language problems (for example, in Ukraine, 1989) national-Russian. bilingualism has been characterized as "politically harmful" and "scientifically untenable". During this period, the officially prescribed narrowing of the spheres of functioning of the Russian began in the former union and autonomous republics. language as a means of interethnic communication, a significant reduction in the number of hours devoted to the study of Russian. language in national schools, and even the exclusion of the subject “Russian. language” from school and university programs. However, conducted in the early 90s sociolinguistic research in Russia. republics and a number of CIS countries testify to the recognition by the majority of society of the fact that in modern. stage to solve the problem of interethnic communication without Russian. language is difficult.

A feature of the third period is the functioning of the Rus. language as a means of interethnic communication not only in the Russian Federation. but also in the group of sovereign states. In the Russian Federation, according to the 1989 census, out of 147 million people, approx. 120 million people are Russian, more than 50% are non-Russian. The population of the country is fluent in Russian. language as a second. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993) | and the "Law on the Languages ​​of the Peoples of the RSFSR" (1991)] Rus. language is state. language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory. The constitution provides that the functioning of the Russian. language as a state and international language should not hinder the development of other languages ​​of the peoples of Russia. Spheres of application rus. language as a state and international language is subject to legal regulation; at the same time, legal norms for the use of Russian are not established. language in interpersonal informal relationships, as well as in the activities of public and religious associations and organizations. Rus. language as state the language of the Russian Federation performs numerous and diverse functions in society, which determines the social need for its study by the entire population of Russia. All R. 90s 20th century Russian the language retains its position as the language of interethnic communication in the CIS countries due to a number of objective circumstances, as well as in view of the historically established traditions of its use by the population of these countries. The materials of the 1989 census show that 63.8 million people are non-Russian. population of the former Soviet republics of the USSR (except for the RSFSR) speak Russian. language as a mother tongue or as a second language. Linguistic aspects of the study of Russian. languages ​​as a means of interethnic communication are characterized by certain specifics. Expanding the ethnic base of users Rus. language as non-native, the functioning of Russian. language in a foreign language environment leads to the appearance of phonetic, grammatical, lexical and semantic features in it. According to some scientists (N. M. Shansky, T. A. Bobrova), the totality of such features, which are not the same in different regions of the existence of Rus. language as a means of interethnic communication, contributes to the formation of national (in other terminology - regional) variants of Russian. language.

Other scientists (V. V. Ivanov, N. G. Mikhailovskaya) believe that meeting the needs of interethnic communication is one of the functions of Russian. lit. language, violation of norms to-rogo by foreign-language users is caused by an interference (see). There is also a point of view (T. Yu. Poznyakova), according to which the language of interethnic communication is a functional variety of Russian. language, a distinctive feature of which is the specialization of grammatical and lexical means of Russian adapted to the conditions of interethnic communication. lit. language: an increase in the number of analytical structures for expressing grammatical meanings, the frequency and stability of the use of syntactic models for expressing the category of gender, etc. In the language of interethnic communication, the selection and consolidation of morphological forms and syntactic meaningful and sufficient. Studying Russian. language in terms of various types of national-Russian. bilingualism confirms the presence of a number of common specific features in the language of interethnic communication, regardless of the region of its existence. However, in Russian In the language of non-Russians, linguists have also noted such features, which are characterized as purely regional, not represented in other foreign-speaking regions. On this basis, a conclusion is made about the regional variation of non-native Rus. speech (non-original Russian speech - a set of texts, both written and oral, produced by people for whom Russian is not a native language). However, the maximum permissible qualitative and quantitative levels of regional variation remain unknown, allowing to qualify the language of interethnic communication as precisely Russian. language, and not a certain pidgin - a mixed language resulting from the interaction of languages ​​(in a pidgin, the grammar of one language is often represented, and the vocabulary of another). Identification of the essential linguistic characteristics of Rus. language as a means of interethnic communication is associated with the study of its different levels, the study of the results and forms of interlingual contacts, the consideration of the processes of interaction between the language of interethnic communication and national languages ​​in the context of specific types of bilingual and multilingualism, the areal characteristics of Russian. speeches of non-Russians but in relation to Russian. lit. language. The results of such studies are important for practical actions to optimize the learning process Rus. language as a non-native language in the amount that provides the communicative competence of users.