Xia return suffix sent. Verbal state category

In some intransitive and reflexive verbs formed from them, we are talking about the same situation, for example: something blackens in the distance and something blackens in the distance. True, in the vast majority of situations, you can understand what an irrevocable verb means and how it looks “in life” by paying attention to the fact that the verbs reflexive and irrevocable denote completely different moments.

The division of verbs into reflexive and irrevocable has developed in the Russian language completely irrespective of their division into transitive and intransitive, collateral and non-collateral. It does not coincide with either one or the other one hundred percent, but is in a certain connection with the categories of transitivity and voice: -sya represents the intransitiveness of the verb, but only the reflexive form can provide the voice correlation.

dress up, dress up, bathe(action is directed at oneself);
See each other, hug, quarrel(reciprocal action that is performed by several subjects in relation to each other);
Rejoice, be sad, upset(physical or mental state of the subject);
The fabric is wrinkled, the cat scratches, the nettle burns(permanent property, quality of the subject);
Build up, tidy up, settle down(indirectly recurrent action performed by the subject in his own interests);
I want it to get dark(impersonal action).

Reflexivity of verbs- a grammatical category of verbs, indicating the direction (or non-direction) of the action or state called by the verb on the subject. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian are conjugated forms of verbs that differ in the presence or absence of reflexive postfixes -sya / -sya, as well as shades of meaning.

Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs

The division of verbs into irrevocable and reflexive was established in the Russian language, regardless of the division of verbs into transitive and intransitive, voice and non-voice. It does not completely coincide with either one or the other, although it is associated with the categories of transitivity and voice: the affix -sya is an indicator of the intransitivity of the verb, and only reflexive forms of the verb give voice correlation.

The category of voice is one of the most difficult problems of Russian grammar. Linguistic scholars define the content of this category in different ways, and therefore solve the issue of the number of collaterals in different ways: some count up to 17 collaterals, others generally deny the existence of collaterals.

What are reflexive and non-reflexive verbs

All reflexive verbs are intransitive. This is their common grammatical property. Therefore, like other intransitive verbs (irreflexive), they cannot control the accusative case of nouns with the meaning of a direct object and do not form passive participles.

Contents What is recurrence of verbs. Reflexive verbs Shades of the meaning of reflexive verbs Formation of reflexive verbs Non-reflexive verbs Test What is reflexivity of verbs. Reflexivity of verbs is a grammatical category of verbs, indicating the direction (or non-direction) of the action or state called by the verb on the subject. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian are conjugated forms of verbs that differ in the presence or absence of reflexive postfixes -sya / -s, as well as in shades of meaning.

Returnable and non-returnable forms- 1. Variants like the sail is whitening in the distance - the sail is whitening in the distance (with the reflexive and irrevocable forms of the verb having the same meaning “to be visible in its color, to stand out by it”) differ in that in the reflexive verb the indicated sign ... ... Spelling and Style Guide

Participle forms- 1. Of the options wandered - wandered, acquired - acquired, dragged - dragged in - the first is used in book speech, the second - in colloquial speech. 2. Non-prefixed verbs with the suffix well like go out, get wet, dry (see § 172 ... ... Spelling and Style Guide

Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian

What is the correct fireman or firefighter? In modern Russian, the words fireman and fireman, denoting a firefighter, are synonymous. The adjective firefighter is derived from the noun fire. The word firefighter denotes a detachment, a signal, a hose - everything that relates to extinguishing fires.

How do you spell the word nostalgic? The spelling of unstressed vowels in the word nostalgic should be remembered or checked against the spelling dictionary. The verb to nostalgic has a number of unstressed vowels at the root of the word. The suffix of the verb is stressed: In its formation, this verb went through a series of steps: nostalgia - nostalgic - nostalgic.

What are significant parts and how to determine a reflexive or non-reflexive verb

Let's figure out what are the significant parts of verbs? It's simple, these are all its constituent morphemes. One of such important particles of any verb will be suffixes: XYA, XY, TH, CH, L; as well as the basics: infinitive, present tense. (Splashing - toiling, SITTING - CROWDING, DRINK - CRY, LIE - FLOW, Podudel - licked; speak - speak, spit - spit- - the basis of the infinitive; carry - carried, draw - drawing - the basis of the present tense).

Two words are given: run and walk. We produce breakdown by composition. 1st chapter: beige - root; -at - ending, suffixes СЬ and СЯ out of stock. 2nd ch.: pro- - prefix; hum-root; -yat - ending; -sya - postfix (which speaks of recurrence). Also, all irrevocable are both transitive and intransitive, and their “brothers” are only intransitive.

What is irrevocable and returnable

Since the entry into force of the new amendments, passengers have become familiar with a new term - "non-refundable tickets", for which prices have been reduced (note - for domestic destinations) by almost ¼. You will not be able to return such a ticket before departure - after all, most likely, the airline simply will not have time to sell it, which means an empty seat on the plane and losses for the carrier.

Life doesn't always go according to plan. There are frequent cases when she makes her own adjustments to the planned events, and even hits the pocket. For example, when you have to cancel a flight with non-refundable tickets. On the one hand, such tickets are much more profitable, on the other hand, it is impossible to return them in case of "force majeure".

Morphology of the Russian literary language*

Depending on the presence or absence of grammatical features in verbs that indicate the intransitivity of the process, verbs in Russian are divided into two categories: reflexive and non-reflexive verbs. In other words, the division of verbs into reflexive and irrevocable is determined by whether or not the very form of the verb indicates that the process it denotes is not reversed, not directed to a direct object, which is expressed by nouns in wine. pad. without a suggestion.

passive meaning, denoting that the action is directed from the side of some actor to the object defined by the verb, which, therefore, is the object of the action. With this meaning, reflexive verbs are used mainly with inanimate nouns, and the protagonist in this case is expressed by animate nouns in the instrumental case: the house is painted by painters, the locomotive is controlled by the driver, the problem is solved by the students, the model is designed by engineers etc. It should be noted, however, that such phrases with the instrumental case of the protagonist are rather artificial literary formations and are relatively unused. More commonly, the use of reflexive verbs in a passive sense without indicating the producer of the action, in abstraction from him: Soon the fairy tale is told, but the deed is not soon done, The floors are washed once a week, New cities are built etc., but in this case the passive meaning is not so clearly revealed and may be completely lost, cf.: Problem solved by students and Problem solved(can be solved) Linen is washed by a laundress and Linen doesn't wash well(does not become clean, white), etc.

What you need to know about refundable and non-refundable tickets

Return tickets are always more expensive. For example, to book a flight from Moscow to Rome on August 11 at Aeroflot at a non-refundable fare, you will have to pay 14,890 rubles. For comparison, the airline has two return fares - "Economy Optimum" worth 18,155 rubles (with 70 euros for the return) and "Economy Premium" worth 22,640 rubles (in this case, the return and exchange will be free).

After the start of the changes in the Air Code, the so-called non-refundable tickets were introduced. The authorities believed that the innovations would create fertile ground for the development of low-cost airlines in Russia. However, all carriers have made the cheapest flights non-refundable. In addition, the fares on the market have become more flexible - not only non-refundable and non-exchange tickets have appeared, but also those providing for a flight without luggage. As a result, flying to domestic destinations has become about 25% cheaper.

Reflexive verbs are called -sya. They can be non-derivative, reflexiva tantum (to be afraid, to laugh), and formed from both intransitive and transitive verbs (trade - bargain, wash - wash).

Some intransitive and reflexive verbs formed from them can denote the same situation (Something blackens in the distance and Something blackens in the distance). But in most cases, reflexive and irrevocable verbs refer to different situations, for example, to trade means “to sell something”, and to bargain means “to try to buy cheaper”, to wash refers to a situation with two participants (Mother washes the girl), and to wash - a situation with one participant (the Girl washes her face); in the sentences Misha hit Kolya and Misha and Kolya hit a tree, we are talking about two boys, but the situations in which they are participants are not the same. In this regard, the components of meaning (except for the meaning of the passive voice), introduced into the word by the postfix -sya, are considered word-forming. -Xia is a multi-valued affix (A. A. Shakhmatov counted 12 meanings for him). The most common grammars are:

1) self-return meaning: wash, dress, put on shoes, take off shoes, comb your hair, powder, blush;

2) reciprocal meaning: hug, swear, quarrel, kiss, put up, correspond, meet;

3) mean return value: to admire, to be angry, to be angry, to have fun, to rejoice, to be horrified, to be frightened;

4) indirectly recurrent meaning: to fit, collect, pack, build, stock up;

5) active-objectless meaning: butt, spit, swear (pronounce obscene words), bite;

6) passive-qualitative meaning: bend, tear, heat up, cool down, expand, narrow, erase;

7) passive-reflexive meaning: to remember, to remember, to appear (= to seem).

A reflexive verb can be formed with the help of -sya in combination with other morphemes (to run, to get tired, to wink).

Reflexivity is associated with voice (when voice is determined at the morphemic level, reflexive verbs formed from transitive verbs are combined into the so-called reflexive-medial voice). Affix -sya is a sign of intransitivity. The combinations encountered in the colloquial language, such as I'm afraid of my mother, I obey my grandmother, are non-normative and not numerous.

Irrevocable verbs are called verbs without the postfix -sya; returnable- verbs with the postfix -sya. Historically, the formation of reflexive verbs is associated with the pronoun Xia, which was originally attached only to transitive verbs ( wash + sya ("yourself") = to wash).

All verbs in Russian can be divided into several groups:

irrevocable verbs,

from which returnable

irrevocable

returnable

a) wash

build + xia education return

forms

meet + xia

b) turn white + sya

darken + sya - morphological synonyms

c) look - look at verbs

work - work out SD

d) write - impersonal is not written

sleep - can't sleep verbs

respond

lunch

fight

laugh

balk

Thus, we can conclude that the postfix –sya in Russian can perform several functions:

Form reflexive forms of verbs ( wash, bleach);

Form reflexive verbs that differ from producing non-reflexive verbs in lexical meaning ( to forgive - to say goodbye, to finish off - to achieve).

It should be noted that some -sya verbs have a synonymous reflexive combination ( to lose - to deprive oneself, to cover - to cover oneself).

Collateral category

In Russian linguistics, there are the following definitions of voice:

1) pledge means “an act that passes from one thing to another, and an act that does not pass from one thing to another” (Lomonosov);

2) voices are such verb forms that denote a difference in relation to the verbal action to its subject. On this basis, it is possible to allocate a refundable deposit ( the book is being read) and non-refundable deposit ( read a book) - Aksakov, Fortunatov;

3) pledge is the relation of the action to the object (Buslaev, Shapiro);

4) pledge is an expression of the asset and liability of the subject (Isachenko, AG-70);

5) pledge - is the relation of action to subject and object(Vinogradov, Golovin, Gvozdev, Shansky).

In all these definitions of voice, there is a common criterion - the relation of the action to the subject and object. This feature is indeed important in the voice content, since the voice, like other verbal categories, manifests itself primarily as a certain grammatical relation - the relation of the action to its source and to the object. The category of pledge reflects objectively ongoing processes, the implementation of which is possible in the presence of an actor and an object of application of the action.

The mother (subject) washes (action) of the child (object).

The child (subject, object) washes (action).

But in Russian there are verbs that name such actions, for the implementation of which only the doer, the subject of the action is needed:

Clouds (subject) float silently across the sky.

Thus, all verbs in Russian can be divided into two groups:

1) verbs capable of conveying voice relations (voice verbs);

2) verbs that do not convey voice relations (non-voice verbs).

In our language, there are a huge number of words, which, in turn, consist of morphemes. Each of these bricks contains special information which sometimes we don't even think about. This article will allow you to decipher some linguistic codes by analyzing small parts of a word such as postfixes. The rule, the main elements of which will be these morphemes, will allow us to determine whether it is recurrent or irrevocable in front of us.

In contact with

What is a verb

The verb in is one of the significant parts of speech, denoting the action or state of an object. Verb can change in tenses, persons and numbers, that is, conjugate. Also, verbs can be defined recurrence, transitivity, pledge, gender (in the past tense). In a sentence, the verb is connected to the subject and acts as a predicate.

What are verbs made of?

Let's figure out what are the significant parts of verbs? It's simple, these are all its constituent morphemes. One of such important particles of any verb will be suffixes: XYA, XY, TH, CH, L; as well as the basics:, present tense. (Splashing - toiling, SITTING - CROWDING, DRINK - CRY, LIE - FLOW, Podudel - licked; speak - speak, spit - spit- - the basis of the infinitive; carry - carried, draw - drawing - the basis of the present tense).

Based on this, you should understand what reflexive verbs are. These are those that include the postfix SA. Absence of this morpheme speaks of irreversibility.

Important! It is easy to determine a reflexive or irrevocable verb, it is enough to disassemble it by composition and trace the presence of the above element. This rule allows you to distinguish this feature of this part of speech.

How to determine in practice recurrence and non-returnability

Conclusion: 1st - irrevocable, 2nd - returnable.

All return suffixes have certain shades of meaning:

To wash, shave, dress, wipe, admire, be ashamed - the action is turned to oneself.
Fighting, calling names, hugging - several subjects perform relative to each other.
Get upset, rejoice, pout, laugh - a psycho-emotional state.
The nettle stings, the cat scratches, the flower blossoms - a constant action.
Tidy up, get hold of - actions taken in your favor.
The door swung open, water spilled - an event that happens by itself.

Often reflexive verb- derived from the irrevocable (wash - wash).

Important! It is necessary to distinguish from reflexive verbs verb forms with passive (Wallpaper is chosen by the buyer. Doors are closed with a key.) and impersonal meaning (It is getting dark. Frowning. It will clear up.).

Features of the use of the key morpheme:

SA- is added to the stem of the verb, which ends in a consonant (washed, scratched, caught fire, hoped, ate, crap, drank, nailed, dressed up);
CL- joins the stem ending in a vowel (unraveled, stomped, itched, became familiar, vanished, put on makeup, cheered up, feathered, lingered).

Variants of use within a literary text

Let's look at sentences with reflexive verbs with specific examples.

Evening (non-returnable). The reeds on the pond are earing (return), the ducks started a roll call, anticipating twilight. The river surface lays down (return) like a smooth glass canopy over the entire visible space, closely approaches (return) to the banks.

Slowly, a (non-returning) small boat approaches a wooden bridge, knocks (returns) barely audibly on its nose, barely protruding from the water.

The bittern begins to hoarsely (irrevocability) scream (irrevocability) in the distant swamp, as if he is unwell today (impersonal form). The bloody streak of the departing sun has already turned red (non-return) in the sky, which is about to hide (return) from the human world and will bask all night (return) in the coolness of curly clouds.

Between the boughs, roots, swaying blades of grass seeps (return.) Fog, enveloping everything and everything that touches (return.) His shy hand, a veil of coolness and bewitching smoky bliss.

A herd of horses is driven (passive form) from pastures before dawn. In the tangled manes of free animals, bluebells and daisies live (unreturned) the last seconds of their lives, inadvertently finding themselves (returning) under their hooves.

The last cry of a rooster interrupts (non-return.) the reign of the past day, and the first star lights up (return.) in the sky, the cries of an owl, the chirping of grasshoppers and the quiet purring of a cat that sleeps (non-return.) near the stove are seen. And with the arrival of the first glare of the sun in this world, everything is covered (irrevocable) awe, in every living being, an irresistible desire for life lights up (return).

And there is (non-return.) In all this mess there is a special charm that you are also a direct participant in all this action.

Definition of a verb. Reflexive / non-reflexive verbs. The grammatical meaning of the verb

Russian lessons Reflexive form of the verb

Conclusion

Often, having a theory, a person cannot easily apply it for practical purposes. Now you know how to determine the recurrence and irreversibility of verbs. It is for this purpose that the article gives a number of examples of both single words and entire syntactic constructions related to the topic of study “Reflexive and non-reflexive verb”. Offers from reflexive verbs, taken out as a separate block, can be a great option practical task one of the thematic works in both higher and secondary schools.

The main postfix values \u200b\u200b-sya

AT depending on the presence or absence of the return postfix -sya- verbs are divided into returnable and non-refundable.

Refundable are verbs with a postfix -sya- (-s-).

For example:

swim, smile, hope

Non-refundable are verbs without a postfix -sya- (-s-).

Some verbs in the modern Russian language have correlative pairs according to the category of reflexivity - irrevocability.

Exercise:

Compare:

dress - dress, bathe - swim, see - see

Other verbs do not have such correlative pairs.

Exercise:

Compare:

smile, hope, somersault;

go, sit down, freeze

Return postfix -sya- (-s-) can give the verb form different semantic meanings :

1) self-return value when the subject and the object to which the action is directed coincide in one person ( wash, bathe, dress).

For example:

I wash my face

2) Reciprocal value when each of the two actors acts both as a subject and as an object.

For example:

1. Friends met and fraternally embraced.

2. And new friends, well, hugging, well, kissing

3) Return value when the action does not pass on to anyone, but closes in the subject himself.

For example:

He got angry.

We were offended

Such verbs, as a rule, express the internal mental state of a person.

4) Objectless return value e, when the action referred to is a property of the subject.

For example:

The dog bites.

The cow butts.

The cat scratches.

Nettle stings

End of work -

This topic belongs to:

Grammatical classes of words in modern Russian

The place of discipline in the educational process .. the discipline belongs to the cycle of general professional disciplines of the opd and .. the main provisions of the discipline should be used in the future when studying the following disciplines of stylistics and ..

If you need additional material on this topic, or you did not find what you were looking for, we recommend using the search in our database of works:

What will we do with the received material:

If this material turned out to be useful for you, you can save it to your page on social networks:

All topics in this section:

Explanatory note
In the section "Modern Russian: Morphology", according to the State Educational Standard, the following topics should be studied: - Introduction to modern morphology

Disciplines
Type of work Labor intensity, hours Total labor intensity Classroom work

Discipline
Grammar is one of the oldest sciences on Earth (like mathematics, geometry, physics, logic). It originated in the 4th century BC. (over 2500 years ago) in Ancient

In Russian
In traditional Russian grammar, it was customary to distinguish 10 parts of speech: 6 independent, 3 auxiliary and a special part of speech - interjection. Part of speech is characterized by: 1) general meaning, 2) morphological

Grammar (from the Greek Grammatike) is a section of linguistics that studies the structure of the word and sentences of a particular language. Grammar consists of two parts: morphology

A noun is a word that has the lexical and grammatical meaning of objectivity. For example: house, horse, youth, walking, sleep, white

value
According to their lexical meaning, nouns in the Russian language are usually divided into four categories: - specific; - real; - collect

The concept of a noun as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Rewrite, inserting instead of dots the nouns you need in meaning. 1. Solemn celebrations were arranged for those who were leaving for the army.

Noun ranks by lexical meaning
Exercise 5 Find among the given words nouns of a certain category and distribute them into groups: - specific; - thing

Common nouns and proper nouns
Exercise 6 Explain why the names of the months: January, February, March, etc. are not proper names. Exercise 7 Mars has two lou

A noun is a word that has the lexical and grammatical meaning of objectivity. Specific nouns

Qualitative adjectives and their features
Qualitative adjectives denote the qualities and properties of objects directly. For example: wide river, capable student

Relative adjectives and their signs
Relative adjectives denote the attributes of objects not directly, but according to their relationship to other objects. They may have different meanings.

Their signs
Possessive adjectives denote that an object belongs to a particular person or animal. For example: fathers (home), mother's

Transition of adjectives from one category to another
Adjectives can move from one category to another. For example: relative adjectives can become qualitative: stone house

Their signs
Qualitative adjectives can have two forms - full and short. short form

Qualitative adjectives have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative. Positive degree - e

And their signs
Exercise 5 It is not always easy to draw a clear line between qualitative and relative adjectives, since relative adjectives, used figuratively

Possessive adjectives and their signs
Exercise 8 Find possessive adjectives with suffixes -in, -ov. Indicate in what case and what number they are, what is their ending. Is it like the endings of being

Full and short adjectives and their signs
Exercise 21 Read and indicate the short and full adjectives used in the compound nominal predicate. Mark instances of inappropriate use

Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Exercise 33 Rewrite, forming from adjectives given in brackets, forms of degrees of comparison, simple or compound. (As you do this exercise, keep in mind that simple shapes are

An adjective is a part of speech that denotes any sign of an object (color, quality, size, age, material from which the object is made, etc.).

A numeral is a part of speech that expresses the meaning of a quantity (number). For example: one, one hundred, forty, seven Names number

In grammar, two categories of numerals are distinguished: quantitative and ordinal. cardinal numbers

Declension of numerals
The quantitative numeral one, which reveals a number of grammatical features that bring it closer to the adjective as a part of speech, is declined using the ending

The concept of a numeral as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Which of the highlighted words are numerals? 1. Wit, my dear, deal! Full glass of leisure! And pour a hundred epigrams on foe and friend

Lexico-grammatical categories of numerals
Exercise 5 Task: Read the following note and comment on it. Note: In

Declension of numerals
Exercise 8 Prove that the seventh one changes in the same way as gray-haired, big, blue. Exercise 9 Rewrite, choosing the necessary numbers and putting them in with

The numeral is a part of speech expressing the meaning of quantity (number); these are words that answer the question how many?) or the order of objects when counting (they answer n

The problem of pronouns is one of the most difficult problems in grammar. Pronouns are traditionally defined as the part of speech that refers to things

Pronouns
By the nature of the functions performed (i.e. by meaning), pronouns are divided into eight functional-semantic categories: 1.

According to grammatical properties, pronominal words are usually divided into three categories: 1. Subject-personal pronouns (m

Declension of pronouns
Pronominal adjectives are declined like ordinary adjectives (which - like old; which - like factory). Pronominal numerals decline

The concept of a pronoun as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Read and indicate what mistakes are made in the use of 3rd person pronouns. Correct and rewrite. 1. Kalashnikov

Functional-semantic categories of pronouns
Exercise 9 Read and indicate if the plural forms of personal pronouns of the 3rd person are used correctly. Rewrite with necessary corrections. &n

Grammar categories of pronouns
Exercise 14 Who, what - pronominal nouns; which, which, whose - pronominal adjectives. Prove it. Exercise 15 How much and

Declension of pronouns
Exercise 17 Negative pronouns are combined with prepositions in this way: there was no one - there was no one, he didn’t tell anyone - he didn’t go to anyone, he wasn’t noticed by anyone -

Pronouns are traditionally defined as a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them (who, you, this, some, several).

Topic outline
one. . 2. . 3. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs. Basic Postfix Values

The concept of the verb as a part of speech
The term "verb" itself is of Old Slavonic origin. In the Old Russian language, the verb means “Word” in its meaning. The verb is the largest part

Infinitive as the initial form of the verb
If the initial form of a noun is the nominative singular, then the initial form of the verb is the infinitive

The category of transitivity-intransitivity is a constant grammatical category of the verb. It expresses the relation of the action denoted by the verb to the object. All

Mood category of the verb
Unlike the verbal categories we have considered, the mood category is a non-permanent grammatical category of the verb, i.e. according to moods verb in Russian ism

Category of the person of the verb. Impersonal verbs
The category of the person of the verb expresses the relation of the action performed by the subject to the speaking person. Only present and future tense verbs change according to faces. Past verbs

Conjugation of verbs
Changing present and future tense verbs according to persons in singular and plural is called conjugation. Past tense verbs in s

In addition to the infinitive, participles and gerunds are special non-conjugated forms of the verb. Participle

The concept of the verb as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Explain why it is necessary to consider that skillful is an adjective (short form), and skillful is a verb. Compare:

Infinitive as the initial form of the verb
Exercise 5 Read the fairy tale-joke "Infinitive". He looks at the Infinitive, how the verbs are conjugated, and says: - Oh, you, is it really necessary to conjugate? - A to

Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs.
The main meanings of the postfix - xia Exercise 10 Turnovers with the instrumental case of the actor are sometimes stylistically inappropriate

Transitive and intransitive verbs
Exercise 21 Read the text. From hunting stories It happened on the bank of the river. My dog ran into a hare. The coast was rough

Verb aspect category
Exercise 25 The grammatical meaning of the species will become clearer if it is associated with the phenomena of reality. The student (student) will understand what the meaning of the perfect form is, if it is clear to him

Verb tense category
Exercise 99 Compare the formation of the past tense for different groups of verbs. From what basis do they form? With what affixes? What verbs have the past tense

Conjugation of verbs
Exercise 109 The verbs want, run most of the endings of II conjugation. What endings violate this order for the verbs want and run?

Participle as a non-conjugated form of a verb
Exercise 115 Find participles in the text. Choose one of them and prove that it has the features of a verb and an adjective. Think of a sentence with this participle so as to change

The participle as a non-conjugated form of the verb
Exercise 150 Two sentences are given for each participle with explanatory words. Choose which of these sentences can be associated with a gerund. Make a proposal and write it down.

The verb is the largest part of speech in the grammatical system of the modern Russian language. This is a significant part of speech denoting an action or state to

The concept of an adverb as a part of speech
An adverb is a part of speech that expresses the grammatical general categorical meaning of a sign of an action, state or other sign (write quickly and beautifully,

Lexico-grammatical categories of adverbs
When classifying adverbs, two features are taken into account: - function in a sentence; - the type of meaning of the adverb.

Degrees of comparison of adverbs
As with adjectives, the category of degrees of comparison of adverbs is formed by the opposition of three forms: positive, comparative and superlative. Forms of degrees of comparison

Exercises for independent work
Note: the exercises are performed at the choice of the teacher, can be used in practical classes and are recommended for homework. Pack

An adverb is a part of speech that expresses the grammatical general categorical meaning of a sign of an action, state or other sign (to write quickly and beautifully, the child is very

Features of the category of state as a part of speech
The category of state (impersonal predicative words) is a part of speech that expresses the general categorical meaning of the state of living beings, nature, environment in grammatical

Status Categories
Qualitative impersonal predicative words denote the state of living beings and the environment: the emotional and mental state of a person (sad,

Invariable parts of speech
In modern Russian, along with the previously considered seven changeable independent parts of speech, which have a more or less developed inflectional paradigm (including

Pretext

Particles
Particles are usually called the service part of speech, which conveys shades of lexical and syntactic meanings, clarifying and concretizing the meaning of lexical and

Pretext
Exercise 1 Think about why the words but, or cannot be considered prepositions. Exercise 2 Prepositions are used with the dative case:

Particles
Exercise 14 Read. Highlight the particles that serve: a) to form word forms; b) to convey different shades of meaning of the whole sentence or its member

A preposition is a service part of speech used as a means of syntactic subordination of nouns (as well as pronouns) to other words in a sentence and phrase

Unproductive part of speech
Interjections are called a relatively unproductive part of speech, which in itself constitutes, like modal words, a special structural-semantic type of words and expresses (n

Modal words are a special part of speech, the general categorical meaning of which is to convey a variety of subjective-modal relations of the speaker to what and how

students
The final form of control of knowledge, skills and abilities in the discipline "Modern Russian: Morphology" is an exam. The exam is conducted orally, the student is offered two

Fund of control tasks by discipline
"Modern Russian language: Morphology" (for students of the specialty "Journalism") Note: The fund of control tasks is intended for control

List of conditional abbreviations
Abr. - F. Abramov Azh. – V. Azhaev Aks. – S.T. Aksakov A.K.T. – A.K. Tolstoy Andr. – L. Andreev A.N.S. – A.N. So

Information about the researchers of the Russian language
BUSLAEV Fedor Ivanovich (13 (2514.1818, Kerensk, now the village of Vadinsk, Penza region, - 31.7 (12.8). 1897, the village of Lyulino, Moscow province, now within the boundaries of Moscow) - Russian philologist, academician of St. Petersburg. Academy of Sciences

The main stages of the study of morphology
In the study of the morphological structure of the Russian language, four periods can be conventionally distinguished. The first period (mid-18th - mid-19th century) is associated with the name

V. V. Vinogradov
"Russian language (Grammatical doctrine of the word)" (excerpt) 1. It is necessary to pay attention to the subordination of some parts of speech to others, which in school

Parts of speech problem
(From the book by P.S. Kuznetsov “On the Principles of Studying Grammar”) 1. An essential issue in morphology is the question of parts of speech,

adjective
I. In modern Russian, short forms of qualitative adjectives are used only in the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate and are belonging

Yuri Dolin
The “insidious” part of speech in the speech of TV journalists First, it should be said that in recent decades the very problem of “Russian on the air” has become one of the most urgent

The problem of pronouns as a special part of speech
Given the obvious grammatical heterogeneity of pronouns, F.F. Fortunatov, A.M. Peshkovsky, L.V. Shcherba and many other scholars came to the conclusion that pronouns did not form at all.

How many categories of persons in modern Russian
1. In the system of grammatical categories, in their content and structure, in the ways and forms of their expression, the essence and specificity of the grammatical structure of the language is reflected.

Yu.T. Dolin
On the question of the grammatical nature of forms such as "clap" in modern Russian Forms such as clap, grab, bam, both in Russian and in other Slavic languages, etc

Some tips on how to improve your
literacy Both jokingly and seriously 1. Check your literacy according to the talkative slavarian. 2. Between us speaking, case of place