The Sami language belongs to the language group. Sami languages

There is such a people in the north of Europe - the Sami, or Lapps. And they speak the Sami language, which is quite logical. Scientists insist that Sami is not a language, but a whole group of languages, and even brought out an intra-Sami classification of languages. Taking into account that the Saami live in four different states (Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia), it would be more logical to assume that such diversity is due to the influence of the dominant cultures and, accordingly, to consider all these Saami languages as different dialects of one Sami language. But the problem of "language and dialect" is the perpetum mobile of linguistics, so let's leave it to the linguists themselves.

So, the Sami languages (as this linguistic community is commonly called) are native to 50 thousand people scattered throughout the north of Scandinavia, Lapland and the Kola Peninsula. Their closest relative is the Finnish language.

In general, Lapps do not live compactly at all. So, in Norway there are about 27 thousand people (or more than half of the total number), in Sweden - 17 thousand people, in Finland - 4 thousand people, and in the territory of the Russian Federation the 2002 census counted as many as 787 self-speaking residents. All Sami languages are usually divided into two large groups: Western and Eastern Sami.

Western Sami languages include:

South Sami- distributed in Norway and Sweden, where it is spoken by about ... 500 people, while the South Sami language is one of the 6 (!) Sami languages \u200b\u200bthat officially have a written language. This writing is based on the Latin alphabet using Norwegian (Æ/æ and Ø/ø) and Swedish (Ä/ä and Ö/ö) letters, with Æ/æ = Ä/ä and Ø/ø = Ö/ö, just the first letters are used in written South Sami in Norway, and the second in Sweden. Further - more: the South Sami language is divided into two dialects - northern and southern, which differ in phonetic structure. This language has 8 cases, three numbers and three genders.
Ume Sámi language, or uume, unfortunately, is almost lost, because only 10 native speakers of this language remain. They live along the Ume Elv River, in two states at once - Sweden and Norway.
Lule Sami, or luule (juvlesábme), is native to 2,000 Sámi in the same countries as the previous languages. By the number of speakers, it is the second among the Sami languages. Since 1983, the standardization of the language has been carried out, thanks to which it has been possible to preserve it for future generations. Luule has 8 cases, three numbers, 4 tenses and the same number of verb moods.
On the Piet Sami, or bidumsámegiella, is spoken today by only 10 people in Sweden. Due to the lack of written language, this language is most likely doomed to extinction. Unlike the previous example, this language still has 9 cases and 5 verb moods (besides the usual ones, this is optative and potential).
Northern Sami(Davvisámegiella, Sámegiell) is the most spoken Sámi language today. It is spoken, according to various estimates, from 15 to 25 thousand people in Norway, Sweden and Finland, and in a number of Norwegian administrative-territorial units it even has an official status.

East Sami languages are spoken in Finland and Russia:

Babin Sami language- rested in a Bose in 2003, along with his last bearer. It was distributed in the central part of the Kola Peninsula in Russia.
Kemi Sami language also remained in the past, it was spoken in the southernmost part of Finnish Lapland, however, this happened at the end of the 19th century. All that remains of this language are two poems “Guldnasas” and “Moarsi favrrot”, written down in the last third of the 17th century and a translation of the Christian prayer “Our Father” into the Kemi-Sami language, the record is dated to the first half of the 19th century, for which linguists should thank the missionaries.
Inari Sami language(anarâškielâ), the language of 400 Lapps living in Inari (Finland), where it has official status along with Finnish, Koltta Sami and Northern Sami. This is the only Sami language that is not found outside the Finnish Republic. The history of literature in this language is connected mainly with Lutheran writings, more precisely with their translations into the language, and only in recent years, with the support of the Finnish government and the Sami parliament, the range of literature published in Inari-Sami has expanded. Today the newspaper Kierâš online is published in this language, since 1986 the Inari-Sami Language Association (Anarâškielâ servi) has been operating. Considering the language immersion program, when children aged 3-6 years old can attend a kindergarten with a native language of instruction, Inari Sami is in the best conditions for development and resuscitation.
Yokang Sami, or the Terek-Sami language (saa´mekiill), was distributed in the northeast of the Kola Peninsula, which makes it the most eastern of the Sami languages, or rather, did. Already in 2004, there were ten native speakers of this language, and 6 years later there were only two of them - the dynamics and prospects for the development of the language are extremely clear. The situation is further complicated by the insufficient knowledge of the language and the lack of written language.
Kildin language(Kӣllt s±m kіll) - 750 people in the very center of the Kola Peninsula today speak it as their native language. After long experiments with the writing of this language (in the 30s of the 20th century, either Latin or Cyrillic was introduced alternately for the Kildin language), in the 80s, the Cyrillic alphabet was finally introduced, which is still valid to this day. Since 2003, Sami radio has been operating in the Murmansk region of the Russian Federation.
Koltta Sami(sääˊmǩiõll) - common in Finland (about 400 speakers) and Russia, where 20-30 people speak its Notozero dialect (Njuõˊttjäuˊrr). Previously, the Saami who spoke this language also lived in Norway, but this language ceased to exist there. On the territory of Finland, the same measures are applied to Koltto Sami as to the Inari Sami language, so the prospects for its development seem quite rosy.

So, most of the Sami languages have either died out or are rapidly approaching the status of dead, only thanks to coordinated actions to preserve the cultural and linguistic diversity of the Sami, Europe can preserve an important part of its heritage, because without the culture of the northern outskirts of the continent, the mosaic of Europe will become incomplete.

SAMI LANGUAGE

—ONE OF THE Finno-Ugric languages, constituting a special branch of this family. Close to the Baltic-Finnish languages. Distributed in sowing. part of Norway (the number of speakers is about 27 thousand people), Sweden (about 17 thousand people), Finland (about 4 thousand people), as well as on the Kola Peninsula in the USSR (about 2 thousand . pers.). It has 2 dialects: Western (dialects in the territory of Norway, Sweden and part of Finland) and Eastern (part of the dialects in the territory of Finland and dialects in the territory of the USSR). S. i. are characteristic of several dec. vowel and consonant duration steps. In S. I. a large number of consonant phonemes. The system of alternating vowels in quality, and consonants in quality and quantity has a morphonological. meaning and pervades the entire structure of the language. K 430 RUTUL grammatical. features include the presence in most dialects of dv. numbers. In syntax, in contrast to the Baltic-Finnish. languages, there is no coordination of adjectives-definitions with nouns in number and case. S. i. Sweden, Norway, Finland has been written since the 17th century, based on lat. charts; S. Ya. is being taught at primary schools. In the early 30s, writing was introduced among the Saami of the USSR based on Latin graphics (later it was translated into Russian graphics; it existed until 1937). In the 80s The script was recreated on the basis of Russian graphics, a primer and a dictionary for schools were published. Fundamentals of Finno-Ugric language knowledge, Baltic-Finnish, Sami and Mordovian languages, M., 1975; Nielsen K., Laerebok i lappisk, Bd 1-3, Oslo, 1926-29; Bergsland K.. Reros-lappisk grammatikk, Oslo, 1946; I t k o n e n T. G., Koltan-ja kuolanlapin sanakirja, Hels., 1958; Itkonen ?., Lappische Chrestomathie mit grammatikalischem Abriss und Worter-vereeichnis, Hels., 1960. Saami-Russian dictionary, M., 1985. G. M. Kert.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is the SAami LANGUAGE in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

SAMI LANGUAGE
SAMI LANGUAGE
language, Lapp language, the language of the Saami (Lapps) living on the Kola Peninsula (about 1.9 thousand people; 1970, census), in northern Norway (about ...
SAMI LANGUAGE
belongs to the Finno-Ugric family of languages, in which it forms a special branch. In Sweden, Norway, Finland, writing is based on Latin graphics. AT …
LANGUAGE in the Wiki Quote:
Data: 2008-10-12 Time: 10:20:50 * Language is also important because we can use it to hide our …
LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of thieves' jargon:
- investigator, operative ...
LANGUAGE in Miller's Dream Book, dream book and interpretation of dreams:
If in a dream you see your own language, it means that soon your acquaintances will turn away from you. If in a dream you see ...
LANGUAGE in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
a complex developing semiotic system, which is a specific and universal means of objectifying the content of both individual consciousness and cultural tradition, providing the opportunity ...
LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
- a complex developing semiotic system, which is a specific and universal means of objectifying the content of both individual consciousness and cultural tradition, providing ...
LANGUAGE
OFFICIAL - see OFFICIAL LANGUAGE...
LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
STATE - see STATE LANGUAGE ...
LANGUAGE in the Encyclopedia of Biology:
, an organ in the oral cavity of vertebrates that performs the functions of transportation and taste analysis of food. The structure of the tongue reflects the specifics of animal nutrition. At…
LANGUAGE in the Concise Church Slavonic Dictionary:
, tongues 1) people, tribe; 2) language, ...
LANGUAGE in the Bible Encyclopedia of Nicephorus:
like speech or adverb. "The whole earth had one language and one dialect," says the chronicler (Genesis 11:1-9). The legend of one...
LANGUAGE in the Lexicon of Sex:
multifunctional organ located in the oral cavity; pronounced erogenous zone of both sexes. With the help of Ya, orogenital contacts of the most diverse ...
LANGUAGE in Medical terms:
(lingua, pna, bna, jna) a muscular organ covered with a mucous membrane located in the oral cavity; participates in chewing, articulation, contains taste buds; …
LANGUAGE in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
..1) natural language, the most important means of human communication. Language is inextricably linked with thinking; is a social means of storing and transmitting information, one ...
LANGUAGE in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
LANGUAGE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
1) natural language, the most important means of human communication. Language is inextricably linked with thinking, it is a social means of storing and transmitting information, one ...
LANGUAGE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
2, -a, pl. -i, -ov, m. 1. A historically established system of sound ^ vocabulary and grammatical means, objectifying the work of thinking and being ...
Sami in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, th, th. 1. See Saami and Saami. 2. The same as the Saami (in 2 meanings). C. language (Finno-Ugric family ...
LANGUAGE
MACHINE LANGUAGE, see Machine language ...
LANGUAGE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
LANGUAGE, natural language, the most important means of human communication. I. is inextricably linked with thinking; is a social means of storing and transmitting information, one ...
LANGUAGE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
LANGUAGE (anat.), in terrestrial vertebrates and humans, a muscular outgrowth (in fish, a fold of mucous membrane) at the bottom of the oral cavity. Participates in …
Sami in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
The SAMI LANGUAGE belongs to the Finno-Ugric family of languages, in which it forms a special branch. In Sweden, Norway, Finland, writing based on lat. …
LANGUAGE
languages"to, languages", language", language"in, language", language"m, language", language"in, language"m, language"mi, language", ...
LANGUAGE in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
languages"to, languages", language", language"in, language", language"m, languages"k, languages", language"m, language"mi, language", ...
Sami in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
saa "msky, saa" msky, saa "msky, saa" msky, saa "msky, saa" msky, saa "msky, saa" msky, saa "msky, saa" msky, saa "msky, saa" msky, saa " msky, saa "msky, saa" mskoe, saa "msky, saa" msky, saa "msky, saa" mskoe, saa "msky, ...
LANGUAGE in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- the main object of study of linguistics. Under I., first of all, they mean natures. human self (in opposition to artificial languages and ...
LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
1) The system of phonetic, lexical and grammatical means, which is a tool for expressing thoughts, feelings, expressions of will and serving as the most important means of communication between people. Being…
LANGUAGE in the Popular explanatory-encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language.
LANGUAGE
"My Enemy" in...
LANGUAGE in the Dictionary for solving and compiling scanwords:
Weapon …
LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of synonyms of Abramov:
dialect, adverb, dialect; syllable, style; people. See people || talk of the town See spy || to be fluent in the tongue, temperate in the tongue, ...
Sami in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
lobar, ...
Sami in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
adj. 1) Relating to the Saami, associated with them. 2) Inherent to the Saami, characteristic of them. 3) Owned...
Sami in the Dictionary of the Russian language Lopatin.
Sami in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language.
Sami in the Spelling Dictionary.
LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Ozhegov:
1 mobile muscular organ in the oral cavity, perceiving taste sensations, in humans also involved in the articulation Lick with the tongue. Try on…
LANGUAGE in the Dahl Dictionary:
husband. a fleshy projectile in the mouth, which serves to line the teeth with food, to recognize its taste, and also for verbal speech, or, ...
LANGUAGE in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
,..1) natural language, the most important means of human communication. Language is inextricably linked with thinking; is a social means of storing and transmitting information, one ...
LANGUAGE
language (language of bookish obsolete, only in 3, 4, 7 and 8 meanings), m. 1. An organ in the oral cavity in the form of ...
Sami in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language Ushakov:
Sami, Sami. App. to the Saami and to the Saami. Sami …
Sami in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
Sami adj. 1) Relating to the Saami, associated with them. 2) Inherent to the Saami, characteristic of them. 3) Owned...
Sami in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language Efremova:
Sami in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
adj. 1. Related to the Saami, associated with them. 2. Inherent to the Saami, characteristic of them. 3. Owned…
THE USSR. POPULATION in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
The population of the USSR in 1976 was 6.4% of the world population. The population of the territory of the USSR (within modern borders) changed as follows (million people): 86.3 ...
KNIFE The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons:
LAPLANDIAN - Sami national knife, outwardly resembling a Finnish knife. It is carried in a wooden, often leather-covered scabbard with a curved ...
CORPORATE AUTONOMY in the One-volume large legal dictionary:
- one of two types of extraterritorial (cultural-national) autonomy; a relatively new way to resolve the national issue and protect the interests of indigenous peoples. …

Sami language

According to the peculiarities of their grammatical structure, the S. language, in particular the Kola-Sami, are not agglutinative, as they are traditionally considered in science (together with other Finno-Ugric languages), but the same, if not more inflectional, than any of the Indo-European languages , including Russian. In the Kola-Sami language. e.g. the stem of the word changes with declension and conjugation. Even borrowed words in most cases are no exception. In all S. yaz. one can find ancient borrowings from Finnish and Scandinavian languages, as well as partly Lithuanian-Latvian (through Finnish). This circumstance is of great importance in the study of the history of both the Sami and the Finnish and Scandinavian languages. In addition, in each of the S. languages. new vocabulary borrowings from the languages of the surrounding neighbors were reflected. In particular, in the Kola-Sami language. many Russian borrowings. The problem of the origin of S. yaz. or Sami languages is still waiting for its permission.
Bibliography:
Frils J.A., Formenlehre der lappischen Sprache in kurzer Fassung, Christiania, 1887; print from his book: Lexikon Lapponicum Christiania, 1887; Wiklund K.B., Larobok i lapska spraket, 2 revid. uppl., Uppsala, 1915; NielsenK., Laerebok i lappisk, utarbeidet pa grunnlag av dialektene i Polmak, Karasjok og Kautokeino. I. Crammatik, Oslo, 1926; His own, Lappisk ordbok, grunnet pa dialektene i Polmak, Karasjok og Kautokeino. bd. I A - F, Oslo, 1932. A detailed bibliography on the Sámi languages can be found in "Bibliographie der lappischen Litteratur" von J.Qvigstad und K.B.Wiklund, Helsingfors, 1899 (Memoires de la Societe Finno-Ougrienne, XIII) and in the list "Publications de la Societe Finno-Ougrienne, Helsinki, 1925, and subsequent eds.

Literary Encyclopedia - V.M. Fritsche., 1929-1939. SIE - A.P. Gorkin., SLT-M. Petrovsky.

SAMI LANGUAGES(in the Russian tradition, they usually talk about a single Sami language and its many dialects; earlier it was also called the Lappish language) belong to the Finno-Ugric group of Uralic languages. The speakers of the Saami languages are the Saami, or Lapps (the first word is a Russified self-name, which sounds slightly different for different Saami groups; the second is a variant of the name given to the Saami by their neighbors, cf. Old Russian lop, Finnish lappy, Swedish lapp), which make up the indigenous population of northern Scandinavia (Lapland) and the Kola Peninsula. Among the Sami languages, there are Uume, Piite, Luule, Inari, Skold (Kolta-Sami), Babin (Akkala), Kildin, Ter (Yokang) and other languages. The number of Saami speakers is approximately 53 thousand people, of which less than 30 thousand (according to other estimates - 20) thousand live in the northern part of Norway, about 17 thousand in Sweden, and 4.4 thousand in Finland. In the USSR, according to the 1989 census, there were only 1890 people, of which 1835 people were in the Russian Federation. In Russia, 42% of people consider their native language of their nationality, and Russian - 56.5%. 40.8% are fluent in Russian as a second language; the proportion of the Saami who speak Russian (as a native or second language) is 97.3% (1989). Most foreign Sámi are also bilingual: they speak Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish depending on where they live; Sami-Swedish-Finnish trilingualism is noted in the north of Sweden. Missionary writing for foreign Saami originated in the 17th century. in Sweden based on uume; This was the old Swedish-Sami literary language. In the first half of the 18th century writing appeared for the Norwegian Sami, and at the beginning of the 19th century. - for Finnish. In 1978, a commission was created that worked out a single spelling for the northern foreign Sami languages. In the 1880s–1890s, books for the Kola Saami were published on a Cyrillic basis. In 1933, a new alphabet was approved for the Kola Saami, which had been developed since 1926 on the basis of the Latin alphabet. In 1937 it was changed to Cyrillic and a new primer was published, but in the same year teaching in the Sami language in schools ceased. A new version of writing in the Sami language has existed in the Russian Federation since 1982.

The origin of the Proto-Sami people and their language is subject to much debate; It is assumed that the ancestors of the modern Saami in ancient times switched from a language of unknown genetic affiliation to the Proto-Baltic-Finnic language, and then were strongly influenced by neighboring languages that are not Finno-Ugric.

The phonetics and phonology of the Sami languages is very complex: there are long and short vowels and consonants, diphthongs and triphthongs; the system of alternating vowels and consonants (in which several steps of the quantity and quality of sounds differ) plays a morphological role; the stress falls on the first syllable, the secondary one - on subsequent odd syllables (but not on the last one); quite numerous restrictions on the use of phonemes. There are archaic features in the morphology, for example, the partial preservation of the dual number. The genus is absent; case meanings are expressed not only by cases, but also by postpositions and prepositions. In addition to the main one, there is a personal-possessive declension. The verb has four tenses and four moods, affirmative and negative conjugations. Impersonal verb forms are represented by the infinitive, participles, gerunds and verbal nouns. Syntax is characterized by a non-union relationship, in which temporal, causal, conditional, investigative, etc. the dependence between sentences is expressed by sequential enumeration of simple sentences. Word order is relatively free. Definitions precede the word being defined, juxtaposition is typical (the use of two nouns in the nominative, which corresponds to the defining construction). In the vocabulary, borrowings from the Samoyedic, Germanic languages are noted (in addition to the Baltic-Finnish and Russian).

Sami language

SAMI LANGUAGE - better known as Lappish, belongs to the Finno-Ugric languages (see). The Lapps speaking it, or Laplanders - the indigenous population of the north of Scandinavia, Finland and the Kola Peninsula - call themselves samek, sabmelazat (in Scandinavia), as well as saami, saame (Kola Lapps), from where the names of the Saami (Saami) and the Saami language come from. adopted now with us after the revolution. The Saami live within four different states: Norway, Sweden, Finland and the USSR. The total number of the Saami is about 33,000 people. Approximately 68.9% live in Norway, 21% in Sweden, 4.9% in Finland and 5.2% in the USSR 806 people). State-territorial fragmentation, along with other factors, had a strong influence on S. lang. Actually, there is not one, but several S. languages. with sharply different dialects within each of them. The Norwegian-Sami language has dialects: polmak, karasok, kautokeino, etc.; Swedish-Sami - lule, pite, mind and so on. called south loparsky; Finnish-Sami - Enare dialect and finally Kola-Sami - dialects of Kilda, Tuloma and Iokangsky. The Kilda dialect is the basis of the literary language of the Kola Saami as a dialect spoken by the relative majority of the Saami living in the USSR (over 47%), central in its geographical position and intermediate in its constituent characteristics between Tuloma (Western) and Yokanga (Eastern ) dialects.
According to the peculiarities of their grammatical structure, the S. language, in particular the Kola-Sami, are not agglutinative, as they are traditionally considered in science (together with other Finno-Ugric languages), but the same, if not more inflectional, than any of the Indo-European languages , including Russian. In the Kola-Sami language. e.g. the stem of the word changes with declension and conjugation. Even borrowed words in most cases are no exception. In all S. yaz. one can find ancient borrowings from Finnish and Scandinavian languages, as well as partly Lithuanian-Latvian (through Finnish). This circumstance is of great importance in the study of the history of both the Sami and the Finnish and Scandinavian languages. In addition, in each of the S. languages. new vocabulary borrowings from the languages of the surrounding neighbors were reflected. In particular, in the Kola-Sami language. many Russian borrowings. The problem of the origin of S. yaz. or Sami languages is still waiting for its permission. Bibliography:
Frils J.A., Formenlehre der lappischen Sprache in kurzer Fassung, Christiania, 1887; print from his book: Lexikon Lapponicum Christiania, 1887; Wiklund K.B., Larobok i lapska spraket, 2 revid. uppl., Uppsala, 1915; NielsenK., Laerebok i lappisk, utarbeidet pa grunnlag av dialektene i Polmak, Karasjok og Kautokeino. I. Crammatik, Oslo, 1926; His own, Lappisk ordbok, grunnet pa dialektene i Polmak, Karasjok og Kautokeino. bd. I A - F, Oslo, 1932. A detailed bibliography on the Sámi languages can be found in "Bibliographie der lappischen Litteratur" von J.Qvigstad und K.B.Wiklund, Helsingfors, 1899 (Memoires de la Societe Finno-Ougrienne, XIII) and in the list "Publications de la Societe Finno-Ougrienne, Helsinki, 1925, and subsequent eds.

- the Lapp language, the language of the Saami living on the Kola Peninsula, in northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, see Lapland. Belongs to the Finno-Volga branch of the Finno-Ugric languages...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- refers to the Finno-Ugric family of languages, in which it forms a special branch. In Sweden, Norway, Finland, writing is based on Latin graphics ...
Big encyclopedic dictionary
- The language from which, in the situation of the post-Creole continuum, this Creole language originated. Usually it is the language of the former colonial power...
- Language processed in accordance with linguistic norms Codified forms of language: 1) literary language; 2) terminology. Non-codified forms of language existence: 1) dialects; 2) vernacular; 3) jargon...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- The language used in religious communication...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- 1. The functional type of language formations, to which belong: 1) the languages of national minorities in a multinational state ...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- ...
merged. Apart. Through a hyphen. Dictionary-reference
- TOUCH, -her, -eat; nesov., in what. To stay, to be in severe, precarious condition. K. in ignorance. K. in vices. K. in debauchery...
Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
- SAAM, th, th. 1. See Saami and Saami. 2. The same as the Saami. C. tongue. Sami...
Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
- Saami adj. 1. Related to the Saami, associated with them. 2. Inherent to the Saami, characteristic of them. 3. Owned by the Sami...
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova
- ...
- ...
Spelling Dictionary
- ...
Spelling Dictionary
- sa"...
Russian spelling dictionary
- ...
Word forms
- Lappish, Lapland, ...
Synonym dictionary

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