The smallest people of the Angara region. Indigenous peoples in the Angara region shared their many problems

Svetlana Kulikova
Peoples living in the Irkutsk region

History of population formation Irkutsk region begins with the ancient and new stone ages. The proof is the archaeological finds of tools, household items, jewelry, as well as the presence of settlements, rock paintings with hunting scenes. These finds were found in the city Irkutsk at the former military hospital, in Malta, Bureti, Krasny Yar. They made it possible to establish the features of the life and life of the people of the ancient Stone Age, their occupation by hunting mammoth, rhinoceros, reindeer, wandering through the forests and steppes of the Angara and Prilenye.

In the new stone age (IV-III millennium BC) on the banks of the Angara, Lena more tribes lived who left numerous monuments in the form of burial grounds, rock paintings. Their main occupation was hunting not for mammoths, but for moose, deer, bears, wild boars and fishing. These tribes noticeably improved the tools of production, a bow, arrowheads, and an ax made of jade were invented.

In the copper-bronze age (IV-I millennium BC) the number of tribes grows, articles made of copper and bronze, knives, fishhooks, needles, and awls appear.

In the VI-X centuries. n. e. on the banks of Lake Baikal, in the Angara valley, in the upper reaches of the Lena. Tunkinskaya valley lived kurykans - the most numerous and strongest people from an ancient Turkic tribe. They left numerous rock paintings on the banks of the Lena near the village of Shishkin, on Mount Mankhai on the Kuda River, in the Ityrkhei Bay on Lake Baikal, on the Unga River. The main occupations of the Kurykans were cattle breeding, especially horse breeding, and hunting. They led a nomadic lifestyle. Tall and strong horses were presented as a gift to the Chinese court, according to the Chinese chronicle.

Kurykans were engaged in agriculture (as evidenced by the found cast-iron coulter, traces of arable land found during aerial photography, irrigation of hayfields. Traces of irrigation ditches of Kurykans can now be found in the basin of the Kuda River near the villages of Akhin, Bazoy, Kharazargay, Ust-Orda, Kapsal.

According to A.P. Okladnikov, from the 11th century. Mongolian nomadic tribes moved to the Baikal region, to the expanses of the Angara and Prilenye. These Mongol-speaking tribes assimilated the Kurykans and became the ancestors of today's Buryats, as evidenced by the presence of many Turkic words and geographical names in the Buryat language.

Part of the Kurykans, pressed by the Mongols, moved to the north areas, and these groups subsequently formed the Yakut and Evenk nationalities.

By the arrival of the Russians on the territory Buryats lived in the Irkutsk region, Evenks and Tofalars.

The Buryats made up the majority of the population. They were divided into tribal and tribal groups, which did not always get along with each other. Numerous of the Buryats were the Bulagats, who occupied the left-bank part of the Angara from Baikal to Balagansk, and the Ekhirites - in the basin of the Kuda and Upper Lena rivers, the Khorintsy occupied the region of Bolshaya and Malaya Buguldeyka and Olkhon Island. Most of the Khori Buryats lived in Transbaikalia.

The Buryats led a semi-nomadic lifestyle, raising cattle, sheep and goats, and horses. Herds of horses grazed throughout the year along the Angara, Kudinsky, Olkhon steppes and copses.

An auxiliary occupation of the Buryats was hunting for goats, bears and fur-bearing animals. From the Kurykans, the Buryats adopted the high skill of blacksmithing and the system of irrigation of hayfields.

Evenks occupied the northern regions region and Eastern Siberia, the Evenk population was small. They occupied river valleys, bred deer, hunted large animals and fur animals. (sable, squirrel, etc.). They led a nomadic life, lived in childbirth.

In the mountainous regions of the Eastern Sayan, a small, but ancient nationality - Tofalars(tofs, the main occupation of which is still reindeer herding, hunting, and fishing.

17th century became a new stage not only in the development and settlement of territories areas, it is characterized by a marked increase in population. The explorers were followed by industrialists, merchants, entrepreneurs, and peasants in Eastern Siberia to develop the near-prison lands. Local governors and clerks sent recruiters to the Yenisei jail to call people to develop the Ilim, Angara and Lena lands.

The government issued a Decree, according to which the governor obliged each migrant to provide “three good geldings, and three cows, and two goats, and three pigs, and five sheep, and two geese, and five chickens, and two ducklings, yes, for a year of bread, and a plow for everything for arable land, and a cart, and a sleigh, and all sorts of everyday junk, and, moreover, it was ordered to issue 25 rubles for each family. money."

Not all settlers, by order, could take advantage of this benefit. However, the flow of immigrants did not decrease. We went to Siberia from the central and northern regions of European Russia at our own peril and risk.

The main influx of population into Eastern Siberia, including Irkutsk province, was associated with the completion of the construction of the Moscow land route (1760) and the Trans-Siberian Railway (1898, linking Irkutsk province with the European part of Russia. Stations, towns and villages that arose during the construction of communication lines subsequently became large settlements and cities.

Population Irkutsk province has grown significantly due to the exiles and political prisoners.

Moscow overland route and the Trans-Siberian railway, which reached Irkutsk province, strengthened its economic ties with the central regions of Russia. In this regard, the influx of population increased markedly, villages and villages grew.

In the second half of the XIX century. The county's population has doubled. Two thirds of the population were Russians and one third were Buryats, Evenks and Tofalars. concept "Russians" generalized, in reality they were representatives of different nationalities. The bulk of the settlers were from the European part of Russia. However, not all settlers and volunteers took root in the harsh conditions of Eastern Siberia. About a quarter of those who arrived in Siberia later returned to their homelands.

As a result of the adaptation of the Russian population to local Siberian conditions, the process of assimilation took place "siberianization" arriving population.

The territorial community of people who settled in the Siberian regions, the historical past and some psychological factors determined the formation of the Siberian character of people: endurance, goodwill, national open-mindedness and devotion to the motherland.

During the Soviet period, a significant influx of population continued into Irkutsk region for great construction projects, predominantly young people, from all parts of the former Soviet Union. A significant part of the youth remained in areas for permanent residence (Angarsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Sayansk, etc.).

Population formation Irkutsk region lasted for many centuries. The population increased due to natural growth and migration from other regions, especially from regions of European Russia. So formed in area people multinational, prefabricated, but, as Tvardovsky wrote, selective, who proved himself in work and in the battle with Nazi Germany during the Great Patriotic War.

Population Irkutsk region, according to the All-Russian population census of 2002, amounted to 2581.7 thousand people, including the Ust-Orrdinsky Autonomous Okrug (135.3 thousand people). This accounted for 1.9% of the population of the Russian Federation and about 30% of the population of the East Siberian economic region. By population region surpasses the Republic of Buryatia and Chita region, yielding to the Krasnoyarsk Territory (3.1 million people). In the Siberian Federal District Irkutsk region in terms of population it ranks 5th, in the Russian Federation - 14th.

According to current account Irkutsk Regional statistical office, population regions in 2004. amounted to 2560.9 thousand people, as of 01.01.2005 - 2545.3 thousand people, as of 01.01.2006 - 2526.7 thousand people, as of 01.01.2007 - 2513, 8 thousand people

Population areas, like other administrative units, depends on a number of factors. First of all, from birth and death rates, that is, from natural increase - the excess of births over deaths. It depends on socio-economic conditions: material security, housing conditions, culture, education, employment of women in production, industrialization, urbanization. Secondly, from the mechanical movement of the population - entry and exit.

Population increase area was: in 1959-1970 by 17%, in 1970-1979 - 10%, in 1979-1989. - 10.4%.

Population growth area has been tied, firstly, with increased natural growth, i.e., the excess of the birth rate over the death rate. Secondly, with the influx of population in connection with the ongoing industrialization, when a large amount of labor was needed for great construction projects and the operation of factories and enterprises.

An important replenishment of the population was Komsomol construction, when young people came from all over the former Soviet Union to build Irkutsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimskaya HPP, Angarsk petrochemical plant, "Sayanskhimprom", Usolsky chemical plant and other construction sites. The youth who came to the construction sites, started families, remained permanently, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Zheleznogorsk, Angarsk, Sayansk were the youngest cities in terms of age.

Data from the 2010 All-Russian Population Census show a sharp decline in population Irkutsk region for the last 15 years. Comparing the results, we see a decrease in the population areas on 243.2 thousand people, or by 8.6%.

Population decline area is explained, firstly, a decrease in natural increase, that is, an increase in mortality and a decrease in the birth rate. Secondly, the migration of the population outside areas in search"better life".

Placement of the population. Distribution of the population by territory Irkutsk region is not uniform. It depends on natural conditions, their diversity, specificity, history of development and development of productive forces.

Average population density area is 3.5 people per square kilometer. This is more than two times lower than in the Russian Federation (8 people/km2, for example, in the Novosibirsk regions - 13 people / km2, in Kemerovo - 29 people / km2.

The most populated and developed territory is the southern, southwestern part areas, adjacent to the East Siberian Railway. Moscow tract. The adjacent part of the territory is inhabited Irkutsk-Kachug, occupied by the steppe expanses of the Kudinsky, Ust-Ordynsky, Olzonovsky, Bayandaevsky, Khogotovsky steppes and forest-steppes. The Angara steppes, the valleys of the rivers flowing into the Angara are inhabited. The number of population along the Taishet-Lena railway lines is increasing, the western section of the Baikal-Amur Mainline is being settled.

Weakly populated northern regions areas, where there is not even one person per 1 km2. These are the Katangsky, Kazachinsko-Lensky districts, part of the Kirensky, Ust-Kutsky districts. In the future, these areas will be settled in as the development of mineral deposits, which they are rich in.

National composition. The All-Russian population census of 2010 provided updated data not only on the size and location of the population, but also on the national composition of the population areas. According to its results, areas lived representatives of 140 different nationalities.

Of the total population, Russians accounted for 1,581 thousand people. (89.9%, the second place in terms of numbers was occupied by the indigenous population - the Buryats - 80.6 thousand people (3.1%, the third place was Ukrainians, their number was 53.6 thousand people). (2,1%) . Fourth - Belarusians - 14.2 thousand people. (0.5%) . AT regions are inhabited by Armenians(6.8 thousand people, Germans (6.2 thousand people, Poles (1.8 thousand people), Chinese (1.3 thousand people, gypsies (1.6 thousand people) and etc.

In the north areas few live peoples: Evenks (1431 people, Yakuts (922 people). Tofalars (tophi) (723 people) reside in the Nizhneudinsky district of the Eastern Sayan.

Urban and rural population. Irkutsk province 1913. was an agricultural administrative unit of Eastern Siberia. In the cities then 70 thousand lived. people, or 10.2% of the total population, and in rural areas 617 thousand people, or 89.8%.

According to the All-Russian population census of 2010 in Irkutsk region in the cities lived 2047 thousand. people, or 79.3%, in rural areas, including the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug, 534.1 thousand people, or 20.7%. By the high proportion of the urban population Irkutsk region ranks first in Eastern Siberia, second in Siberia after Kemerovo areas and twelfth in Russia. A high percentage of the urban population is characteristic of highly developed industrial administrative units of Russia, which has become Irkutsk region in the east of the country.

This is explained by the rapid development of industry in areas and migration from rural to urban areas. The influx of population into industrial centers was accompanied by the growth of cities and workers' settlements. If before 1913 in the territory Irkutsk There were 7 cities in the province, but now their number has increased to 22, urban-type settlements 55, rural settlements 1503.

The total number of settlements in areas 1503 united in 33 administrative districts. 55 village councils and 365 rural administrations, including 6 districts, 77 rural administrations and 322 settlements in the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug.

Gender composition. In the gender composition of the population areas there is a disparity. The number of females exceeds the number of males. What is it in area as a whole as well as urban and rural populations.

According to the 1989 census, there were 1,065 women for every 1,000 men. In the 2010 census, this figure rose to 1,135 women per 1,000 men. AT

G. Irkutsk- amounted to 1205 women per 1000 men, however, statistics show that the superiority of the male over the female remains until the age of 41, but then loses this advantage due to higher mortality, accidents, and death in hostilities. At the age older than the working age, there are significantly more women than men,

Average life expectancy of the population regions since 1990., according to statistics, decreased by 5.8 years and amounted to 61.5 years, which is 3.3 years lower than in Russia. men in regions live 55 years, women - 69.3 years. In Russia, respectively - 58 years and 72 years.

Labor resources. Human Resources areas are people of working age from 16 to 55 (women) and up to 60 (men, as well as adolescents, pensioners employed in production. The most efficient are people aged 25 to 50 years. Labor resources are directly dependent on the population and its structure. Importance in the structure of the population have Keywords: age, gender, professionalism, education. These indicators determine the composition and demand for the use of labor resources in the economy areas.

Population areas and its natural increase does not satisfy the needs of production in the labor force. So Irkutsk region, like the whole of Eastern Siberia, has always felt a shortage of labor. Population migration to region has always been high. The working-age population who arrived in region found employment in a growing industry.

Population in Irkutsk region from the beginning of its entry into market relations decreased in the period from 1992 to 2006 by 280.9 thousand people.

The reason for this rapid population decline area is that the natural increase has fallen and the departure of people from the borders has increased areas.

Labor resources from 1992 to 1998 were practically not replenished. Since 2000, they began to grow noticeably in connection with the development of production.

Employment of labor resources by industry areas, as well as in general areas changed little over the years. The largest number of labor resources is employed in industry. On the second place - trade, public catering, supply, preparations, on the third - transport.

In the manufacturing sector, labor resources in industry occupy 24.6%, in trade and public catering - 16.7%, transport and communications - 9.3%, in agriculture - 8.1%, construction - 6.1%. Least of all in forestry - 0.7%.

From these indicators should: on areas the number of unemployed increased more than three times, in UOBAO - almost 10 times. This is due to the reduction of jobs in enterprises and the closure of some of them. In rural areas - with the dissolution of state farms, the dismemberment of collective farms and the liquidation of some of them.

The few peoples of the region, Evenks, the average per capita income is low - 65-70% of needs, poor living conditions, a high degree of morbidity. All this requires a lot of attention and care. Not in the best conditions are tofs, living in the taiga of the Eastern Sayan.

Labor population Irkutsk region needs improvement in material condition, care and attention, without which it is impossible to expect a noticeable increase in natural growth.

• Previous Records of the Irkutsk region: Wooden architecture
• Next Records of the Irkutsk region: "Delicious" festivals

Erdyn games, Tofalars and the Flower of Baikal.

"The Book of Records of the Irkutsk Region" and "IrkSib" tell about that and about those who the Irkutsk Region can be proud of. Project “Irkutsk region. The Book of Records is an annual summary of all the interesting, outstanding, creative things that happen in the Irkutsk region. These are the natural features of the Baikal region, historical and cultural events, sports records of the inhabitants of the region, achievements of enterprises in the economy, significant events worthy of being captured in the annual chronicle of our region. The release of the book of records in 2017 became an "jubilee" - it is dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Irkutsk region.

Erdyn Games - the largest ethnic festival of the peoples of Asia

Erdyn games, Erdyn naadan in Buryat, have been held since ancient times around two hills - Ehe Erd and Baga Erd, located in the valley of the Anga River. They were timed to coincide with the sacred tailgan, called "Delhei daidyn murgel", a religious and cult rite with sacrifices and prayers. At the same time, a general holiday was held with song, dance and sports competitions, which brought together representatives of many Buryat clans and tribes, as well as other peoples of Eastern Eurasia.

In the twentieth century, the Erdyn Games were not held, and only at the turn of the century - past and present - the festival was revived by the efforts of the public. In 2001, the first games were held at the former, sacred place for all the peoples of Siberia, near Mount Erd.
Today, the Erdyn Games are a kind of Olympiad of the peoples of Eurasia. In recent history, they have already been held six times: in 2001, 2005, 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017. The frequency of their holding is established - once every two years.
In 2013, the Erdyn Games were included in the calendar of UNESCO events. In 2016, the festival became a laureate at the All-Russian competition of event tourism - the winner in the nomination "Folk traditions", as a result of which it entered the national calendar of cultural and tourist events of the country.
In 2017, more than 10 thousand people took part in the VI International Ethnocultural Festival "Erdyn Games". Now its founders are the Irkutsk Region, the Republic of Buryatia, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Trans-Baikal Territory. The event was attended by delegations from these regions, as well as representatives of the Altai Territory, the republics of Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Kalmykia.
According to tradition, on the opening day of the Erdyn Games, the shamanic rite “Ekhe (big) tailagan” was held with the participation of shamans and elders of the clans.
For the first time, the festival of ethnic costume "Threads of Time" and the festival of ethnic music were included in the cultural program of the festival. A traditional festival of the circle dance of the Eurasian peoples was held, which brought together more than 400 participants from different regions. 47 craftsmen took part in the exhibition-fair of folk art products.
The culmination of the holiday was the contest "Beauty of the Erdyn Games". Ten girls from the Irkutsk region, the republics of Buryatia, Sakha (Yakutia) and Mongolia took part in it.
In the sports part of the Erdyn Games, competitions in national sports were held, which Asian peoples have been engaged in for many centuries. These are shatar chess, archery, Yakut national jumps, mass wrestling (stick pulling), traditional wrestling and all-around "Baator Games of the Middle World".
The main event at the Erdyn Games has always been the circle dance ekhor around the Yekhe Erd hill. To cover the hill completely around the perimeter of the dancers, it was necessary to have at least 700 participants. When so many people did not gather for the holiday, the games were considered unsuccessful and those who arrived quickly dispersed. In accordance with this, the year as a whole was recognized as unsuccessful, not bringing happiness and blessings to people.
The total prize fund of sports competitions of the VI International Ethnocultural Festival "Erdyn Games" amounted to 1.4 million rubles. Prizes were received by 74 sportsmen. The largest - 150 thousand rubles - at the closing ceremony of the VI international ethno-cultural festival "Erdyn Games - 2017", the governor of the Irkutsk region Sergey Levchenko handed over to the representative of the Republic of Buryatia Baldan Tsyzhipov, the winner of the all-around competition "Baator Games of the Middle World".

Tofalars are the smallest people in Russia

Tofalars are the indigenous people of Southern Siberia, who historically lived in the valley of the Uda River and on the northeastern slopes of the Eastern Sayan Mountains. Until 1934, Tofalars were officially called Karagas - "black geese", according to their tribal totem. And "tofa" in translation from their language simply means "man".

For the first time this tribe is mentioned in the Chinese chronicles of the 5th century. In the 17th century, Tofalaria became part of the Muscovite state. Now Tofalaria is located within the Nizhneudinsky district. It is a remote area that can only be reached by air.
The traditional dwelling of the Tofalars was a cone-shaped tent, made of poles, covered with rovduga (suede from the skin of deer or elk) in winter, and birch bark in summer. The chum was divided into female and male halves. The camp of Tofalars usually consisted of two to five chums, in summer - up to ten. From the beginning of the 19th century, log houses became widespread among the Tofalars.
According to religious beliefs, the Tofs were shamanists. Their shamanism, like that of other peoples of Siberia, was and is based on the idea of ​​the shaman's ability to mediate between the world of living people and the supernatural forces of the Upper and Lower worlds. Each ulus had its own shaman, whose duties included treating people and domestic animals, searching for missing items, predicting the future, and initiating domestic deer.
A century and a half ago, the Tofalars lived in a tribal system. However, in the 20th century, their lives changed dramatically. They completely switched to settled life, settling in villages with schools, hospitals and cultural and educational institutions. At the same time, most Tofalars are engaged in traditional types of economy - cattle breeding and hunting.
In the village of Alygdzhyor there is the Ethnocultural Center of Tofalaria. The pride of the village is the folklore ensemble "Dyyrak ibiller", which translates as "swift deer". The creative team took part in the All-Russian Exhibition-Fair "Northern Civilization" in Moscow, once became a diploma winner in all-Russian competitions.
The number of Tofalars according to the 2002 census was 837 people. Almost all of them currently live in the villages of Alygdzher, Nerkha and Upper Gutora. This is the smallest people in Russia, which is on the verge of extinction.

"Flower of Baikal" - the largest international beauty contest in the Angara region

The beauty contest "Flower of Baikal" is unique in that it provides an opportunity for representatives of all peoples living in the Irkutsk region to participate in it. And there are about 130 of them in our region. However, not everyone delegates their participants to the podium.

At first, representatives of only the Buryat people took part in the competition, organized by the Center for the Culture of the Indigenous Peoples of the Baikal Region and the Ministry of Culture of the Irkutsk Region. But about ten years ago, the event was made international.
“Flower of Baikal” is an unusual beauty contest. Its peculiarity is that in order to win a particular girl, it is not enough just to have a pleasant appearance. The participant, among other things, needs to know the traditions of her people, be able to talk about them and show them.
In April 2017, the 11th regional interethnic beauty contest "Flower of Baikal" took place. This time, nine girls of Chuvash, Buryat, Tatar, Yakut and Tuvan nationalities climbed onto the stage of the Theater of the Young Spectator. They represented the Buryat national-cultural autonomy "Irkut", the Tatar-Bashkir center "Baikal Dulkyny", the national-cultural autonomy of the Chuvash of the Irkutsk region "Yultash", the Irkutsk Tuva community "Aldyn Ue", the regional youth association "Tuskul" of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Buryat national-cultural autonomy of the Olkhon region.
Alexander Amagzaev, director of the Center for the Culture of the Indigenous Peoples of the Baikal Region, intends to work with the national centers of the region to increase representation at the beauty contest: “My task is to take the contest to a new level so that it becomes popular among young people; so that every national center knows that it is imperative to participate, show the beauty of your people and win.”
In 2017, Veronika Petonova from the Osinsky district won the beauty contest "Flower of Baikal". In addition to the main prize - a crown encrusted with emeralds, sapphires, pearls and garnet - the winner got the opportunity to represent the Irkutsk Region at the Erdyn Games.

Irkutsk, December 19 - AiF-Sun. These are very special people: shy and silent when it comes to defending their legal rights in bureaucratic offices, but at the same time fearless on the hunt and incredibly strong in spirit in the fight against everyday difficulties against the backdrop of fifty-degree frosts and piercing wind. From time immemorial, they took only the most necessary from nature, without requiring help from the state. And now, due to the active development of deposits in the northern territories, the local population has to leave their ancestral lands and wait for the next social "handouts".

The conditions of existence of the Evenks and Tofs in the taiga outback of the city dwellers are easily shocked: it doesn’t fit in our head that in the 21st century, it turns out, they only give light for a few hours a day, you need to get food, and you can only get to the nearest hospital by helicopter .

Hunter without gun and game

Local fishers who kill animals not for fun or enrichment for the sake of, but for the sole purpose of survival, cannot sell their products at market prices. The federal law (Article 19 of the Federal Law “On Hunting ...”) states that they do not require hunting permits in the amounts necessary to meet their personal needs. At the same time, at the regional level, quotas for a family or one person have not been established. Try to explain to the officials that you need to get enough animals to not only have enough for food, but also left for sale, because this is the only way to earn money for essential goods. In fact, it turns out that it is unrealistic to take furs out of your settlement without documents: at the exit from the same Tofalaria, as local residents say, there is a cordon. So the peasants have to sell game to cunning dealers for nothing.

Licenses, of course, are issued. Won last year in Katanga for indigenous peoples set the bar for about 5600 sables, and for Tofalaria - 100 red deer. Only not a single local hunter received permission, because all the documents were bought up by Irkutsk companies, and only for those species of animals that bring enormous profits, for example, musk deer, - Vladimir KECHIN, a hunter from Nizhneudinsk, complained. - Of course, they themselves will not go hunting to the north, they will simply buy products from the locals for a penny by any means, and then resell them for big money. In my opinion, papers should be issued on the spot, and then the hunter will decide who to sell to, or he will go to the auction himself.

A no less painful issue for fishermen is the lack of weapons: departmental ones are taken away by police officers, and acquiring them for personal use is not an easy task. So, to become the owner of a rifled hunting rifle, you need five years of experience in owning a smoothbore (pensioners simply will not live to see this happy day!), And even computer tests for knowledge of the laws are forced to pass.

For some reason, officials think: give free rein to the natives, so they will shoot all the animals in the forest and deplete natural resources, - the Evenki woman is perplexed Nina VEYSALOVA. - But among our people it is considered a sin to take too much from nature. These are amateur hunters or vacationers who kill as many moose as they see, and then even on their modernized machines they cannot take out all the prey, half is immediately abandoned.

So you can’t find better users of nature than the local population, it is thanks to them that so far it is possible to preserve the ecosystem of the northern territories

On the shoulders of enthusiasts

Traditions and customs are gradually forgotten: native speakers can be counted on the fingers, and they can speak and read (although books and dictionaries are practically not published), for example, in Tofalar, children are taught from the second to the fourth grades, and classes are held once a week. The reasons for such a deplorable situation are rooted in Soviet times, when the authorities decided to resettle all nomads from the taiga to special settlements, creating more civilized living conditions for them. True, by force - sometimes forbidding to speak their native language and wear national clothes.

I am not a choreographer and I do not have a musical education, but I had to master the basics of these professions, because I cannot allow children to forget our culture, Nina Veysalova said further. - At first, the guys were even embarrassed to go on stage in Evenk costumes.

Meanwhile, in the Katanga region there is a public organization "Evenk National Cultural Center". It functions only thanks to sponsors and the efforts of activists.

- The municipal administration remembers its existence only when it is necessary to hold demonstrative events for the arrival of distinguished guests or organize an outdoor exhibition, - says Natalia MONGO. The girl returned to her native village of Hamakar from Ulan-Ude in the summer and immediately formed a family community here.

At the same time, things are going more or less in the district centers, in contrast to hard-to-reach settlements. There, the houses of culture are housed in crumbling wooden buildings, where there are no tables, chairs on three legs - like after the war! There is a catastrophic shortage of specialists, so true enthusiasts work in such institutions, acting for a nominal fee as a teacher, and a methodologist, and a supply manager, and technicians. And with the money that is allocated under various regional programs, as a rule, the offices of local officials are furnished.

Nina Veysalova is convinced that only the people themselves determine the fate of the people, others can only help them:

The state, with its social programs, taught people to dependency. We are not disabled and do not belong to the category of incompetent citizens, and any talk about benefits and material assistance leads away from fundamental problems. We need the right to use the lands on which we have lived for centuries, and priority access to natural resources. It is necessary to create conditions for the sustainable development of the economy and traditional types of management. That is, we do not ask for fish, but for a fishing rod.

Do indigenous youth believe in a bright future, AiF v VS told Maria BAKANAEVA- a young resident of the Tofalar village of Alygzher.

I graduated from high school there, then went to Ulan-Ude to get a higher education, but eventually returned to my homeland. True, not for long. For some time she taught the Tofalar language at school. But since there was no housing, no prospects, I moved to Irkutsk, although I still live with the problems of Tofalaria, - Maria sighs. - It's a shame for our students, among whom there are so many talents! After all, they are not taken anywhere: neither to the Olympics, nor to the conference, they do not see an interesting life. The classrooms are cold, just like the airport in Nizhneudinsk, where women sit with babies - the maternity ward is only in the city. I'm not talking about the fact that the guys don't know what fruits look like. It is in Irkutsk that they put them on you at every corner, and there is a real slaughter for them. Sending children to university is practically unrealistic, because there is no money in families, so the boys, when they are still in high school, grab a gun and run to hunt, and the girls pick mushrooms and berries, embroider, and then keep the family hearth. And if someone is lucky enough to get to Irkutsk to study, they are like blind kittens: no one helps them! By the way, there are a lot of ours in the pedagogical department, since there is only work in schools. But people still live, give birth to children, try to revive traditions. Here the authorities say: your maintenance is too expensive for the budget, it is better to take everyone to the city. But they do not understand that outside of Tofalaria and the traditional way of life, we will simply die.

Competently:

In the story of the girl, in fact, the main troubles that the Evenks and Tofs spoke about at the II Congress of Indigenous Minorities are concentrated.

The problem of lack of jobs is extremely acute. Mining companies that enter settlements densely populated by small peoples are in no hurry to employ the locals (addiction to alcohol and insufficient level of education affect), they do not even take on auxiliary staff, admitted the head of the Evenki community of the village of Khamakar, Katanga district, Marina KOSTUCHENKO. But it was thanks to their ancestors, who became full-time employees of the expeditions, that the reserves of oil, gas and other minerals were explored. Some territories are even sold “with giblets”. As Svetlana MALYUTINA, a resident of the village of Vershina Tutury (Kachugsky district), said, almost all of their land was leased to logging enterprises for a period of 49 years. It is clear that large-scale deforestation will lead to the extinction of hunting and fishing industries.

Meanwhile, the legislation dictates the priority right of indigenous peoples to use natural resources, - said the president of the regional public organization "Union for the Promotion of Indigenous Minorities of the North of the Irkutsk Region", adviser to the governor and an Evenk by nationality Nina VEISALOVA.

In recent years, all positive norms have been washed out of the laws, and the conflict of interests of local residents and industrialists is aggravated every day. No one is obliged to ask the population for permission before laying roads and destroying the food base of deer, even mayors do not always agree on such actions.

Number language:

Indigenous peoples of the Irkutsk region live in 40 settlements in the territory 8 districts: Katangsky, Bodaibo, Kirensky, Mamsko-Chuysky, Ust-Kutsky, Kazachinsko-Lensky, Kachugsky and Nizhneudinsky.

According to the 2010 census, there are 1950 person, including 678 tofs and 1272 Evenka. For comparison, in 2002 the total number of IP representatives reached 2154 man, of which tofs - 723 , Evenks - 1431 .

AT 88% settlements of indigenous peoples do not have stable year-round communication with the regional center.

Almost 48% (936 people) representatives of indigenous peoples have only primary and incomplete secondary education, and 17% (near 330 people) do not even have an initial.

By the way:

The government of the Angara region is developing a long-term target program "The main directions of the social and economic development of the indigenous peoples of the Irkutsk region for 2013-2016" (for the first time representatives of indigenous peoples were involved in the preparation process). It should replace the document that has been in force in the region over the past two years. The total amount of financing for it amounted to 32.8 million rubles. With these funds, it was possible, in particular, to educate several students, purchase warm clothes for reindeer herders and spare parts for outboard motors, help 46 families to purchase essential goods, and 11 more to allocate subsidies for housing construction.

Competently:

The diagnosis is disappointing

To date, there are no official statistics on the state of health of the population representing small nationalities. It is known that the incidence rate among them is 2-2.5 times higher than in the region as a whole. Nadezhda BOYARSHINA, dentist of the Katanga Central District Hospital based on the data that she managed to get from colleagues (mainly from the settlements of her native region), she conducted her own analysis and came to rather sad conclusions.

Experts are worried, first of all, by the demographic situation, which is caused by two negative trends: a decrease in the birth rate and an increase in mortality. If in 2010 there was a natural increase in the population, now there is a natural outflow. The indicators of average life expectancy are also frightening: for Tofs - 42.7 years, while in 2010 it was 54, for Evenks - 39.5 (52). If we consider separately the Katangese Evenks, then among them men live longer on average than women: 41 years (in recent years, plus ten years) against 35.5 (minus 27.5). Among the causes of death in the first place are injuries, suicides, drownings, poisoning due to low-quality alcohol (the lion's share of food delivery is vodka) and frostbite, in the second - cardiovascular diseases and in the third - tuberculosis. The dispensary registers mainly consist of residents of district centers. In adults, diseases of the cardiovascular system, respiratory organs and alcoholism are most often detected, and children suffer mainly from diseases of the respiratory organs and the gastrointestinal tract.

Most of the indigenous population does not undergo examination and is not registered with general practitioners or pediatricians simply because they live far away. Health care facilities are not available in all settlements. They often turn to doctors only in emergency cases, and sometimes it’s too late to help, - states Nadezhda Boyarshina.

The situation is aggravated by the lack of necessary equipment in remote villages, in particular a mobile fluorograph, and where there is enough equipment, there is no one to work on it: there are no phthisiatricians, radiologists, ultrasound specialists.

According to local doctors, it is necessary to allocate funds for organizing visits of medical teams not only to regional centers, but also to hard-to-reach villages and villages, as well as to pay for the road for children who need to undergo treatment in Irkutsk. In addition, it would be a good idea to adopt a program to combat alcoholism among indigenous peoples, which would provide for restricting the import of such products for the period of the hunting season.

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1 LESSON 16. Irkutsk region on the verge of centuries. Know: characteristics of the Irkutsk region in the period of its historical development. Be able to: analyze the historical information presented in the tests; present the results of the study in the form of written responses. Questions and tasks: Option I 1 Task 1: choose the correct answer to the questions. Write down the answer as a combination of two numbers (question number and answer number). (Maximum score 26). 1. The smallest people of the Angara region are called: 1) Buryats; 2) tofalars; 3) Russians 4) Evenks. 2. Which people owns the dwelling in the photo? 1) tofalaram; 2) Kurykans; 3) Evenki; 4) Buryats. 3. The disappeared tribal community that lived in the lower reaches of the Selenga, the Barguzin valley, the Tunka valley, the Angara region and the upper reaches of the Lena River was called: 1) Kurykans; 2) tofalars; 3) Evenks; 4) Buryats. 4. The construction of which prison was of decisive importance for the future advancement of the Russians deep into Eastern Siberia? 1) Irkutsk; 2) Ilimsky; 3) Yenisei; 4) Verkhnelensky. 5. Fraternal prison was set up by: 1) Yakov Pokhabov; 2) Dissolute Potapov; 3) Maxim Perfilyev; 4) Archpriest Avvakum. 6. The first "hungry man for arable land" in the Bratsk prison was: 1) Maxim Perfilyev; 2) Rasputa Potapov;

2 3) Archpriest Avvakum; 4) Yakov Pokhabov; 7. The Irkutsk prison was founded in: 1) 1620; 2) 1661; 3) 1672; 4) 1682. 8. What is the name of furs - one of the most significant types of tribute? 1) jewel; 2) sable fur; 3) soft gold; 4) yasak. 9. Explain the etymology of the name "Tulun": 1) guilt, misconduct; 2) cold; 3) dirt; 4) bag. 10. In 1710, the following lived in the Baikal region: 1) 10 thousand people; 2) 40 thousand people; 3) 102 thousand people; 4) 247 thousand people. 11. Geologists received the State Prize for the discovery of which mineral deposit? 1) magnesite; 2) lapis lazuli; 3) jade; 4) fluorite. 12. The governor of the Irkutsk province was: 1) Zimin N.N.; 2) Dagurov G.V.; 3) Tolstoy A.I.; 4) Nagel L.T. 13. Which of the Irkutsk governors led an expedition along the Amur, signed the Aigun border treaty with China? 1) Muravyov-Amursky N.N.; 2) Selifontov I.O.; 3) Pestele I.B.; 4) Korsakov M.S. 14. Which German scientist was invited by Peter I to Russia in 1716 to study “all three kingdoms of nature” in Siberia. 1) Messerschmidt D.; 2) Miller G.; 3) Gmelin I.; 4) Rosen G. 2

3 15. Which of the Irkutsk merchant travelers was called the "Russian Columbus"? 1) Shelekhova G.I.; 2) Nikitin A.; 3) Sibiryakov M.V.; 4) Shastin A.I. 16. Who owned the estate? 3 1) Volkonsky S.G.; 2) Sukachev V.P.; 3) Trubetskoy S.P.; 4) Shastin A.I. 17. Whose house has been listed as a world heritage site? 1) mayor V.P. Sukachev; 2) merchant a.i. Shastina; 3) Prince S. G. Volkonsky; 4) Prince S. P. Trubetskoy. 18. What river is the Vitim a tributary of? 1) Lena; 2) Hangars; 3) Enchantment; 4) B. Chui. 19. Execution of the Supreme Ruler of Russia, Admiral A.V. Kolchak was produced in: 1) 1917; 2) 1918; 3) 1919; 4) 1920 20. Center, which received the status of a city after the Great Patriotic War: 1) Slyudyanka; 2) Shelekhov; 3) Bodaibo; 4) Tulun.

4 21. The first industrial enterprise in the region was: 1) Taltsinsky glass factory; 2) Nikolaev railway plant; 3) Ust-Kutsky salt plant; 4) Telma cloth factory. 22. The Sukhoi Log gold deposit is located in the area: 1) Nizhneudinsky; 2) Kazachinsko-Lensky; 3) Bodaibo; 4) Mamsko-Chuysky. 23. How many years was the Trans-Siberian built? 1) for 10 years; 2) for 15 years; 3) for 20 years; 4) for 25 years. 24. A novel by an Irkutsk writer awarded the State Prize in 1950. 1) Markov G. "Strogovs"; 2) Vampilov A. "Elder son"; 3) Rasputin V. "Money for Mary"; 4) Sergeev D. "Behind the front." 25. Vampilov A. was born in the maternity hospital of the city: 1) Irkutsk; 2) Angarsk; 3) Usolye-Siberian; 4) Cheremkhovo. 26 To whom is the monument dedicated? 4 1) Pokhabov Y. 2) Bugor V.; 3) PyandeP; 4) Kolesnikov V..

5 Option II Task 1: choose the correct answer to the questions. Write down the answer as a combination of two numbers (question number and answer number). (Maximum score 26). 1. To increase the productivity of pastures, the first in Eastern Siberia to use artificial irrigation were: 1) Evenks; 2) Kurykans; 3) tofalars; 4) Buryats. 2. Which people owns the dwelling in the photo? 5 1) tofalaram; 2) Kurykans; 3) Evenki; 4) Buryats. 3. Place of settlement of Tofalars: 1) about. Olkhon; 2) river bank Angara; 3) Nizhneudinsky district; 4) Verkhnelensky district; 4. In the VIII-IX centuries. the Baikal region was part of: 1) the Arab Caliphate; 2) State of Zhou; 3) Shang states; 4) Uighur Khanate. 5. Fraternal prison was established in: 1) 1620; 2) 1631; 3) 1685; 4) The Irkutsk prison was founded by: 1) Maxim Perfilyev; 2) Rasputa Potapov; 3) Archpriest Avvakum; 4) Yakov Pokhabov. 7. When was Irkutsk prison given the status of a city? 1) in 1631;

6 2) in 1620; 3) in 1685; 4) in 1686. 8. What goods were brought from China through Baikal? 1) tea; 2) coffee; 3) corn; 4) tobacco. 9. Explain the etymology of the name "Kirensk": 1) bag; 2) cold; 3) guilt, misconduct; 4) dirt. 10. According to the 1897 census, Little Russians lived in the Irkutsk province; 2) Great Russians; 3) Buryats; 4) Evenks. 11. Large reserves of salt are located in the area: 1) Bratsk; 2) Katangese; 3) Bodaibo; 4) Usolsky. 12. The idea of ​​creating navigational schools in the east of Russia belonged to: 1) Lagu L.; 2) Bering V.; 3) Tatarinova M.; 4) Pestel I. 13. When was the Siberian Department of the Russian Geographical Society established in Irkutsk? 1) in 1851; 2) in 1861; 3) in 1871; 4) in 1881. 14. The first governor of the Irkutsk province in 1764 was: 1) Karl Lvovich von Frauendorf; 2) Adam Ivanovich Bril; 3) Ivan Varfolomeevich Jacobi; 4) Ivan Bogdanovich Zeidler. 15. Siberian educator and publisher at the beginning of the 20th century: 1) Makushin P.; 2) Smith D.; 3) Nikitin I.; 4) Kolchak A. 16. Who owned the estate? 6

7 7 1) Sukachev V.P.; 2) Volkonsky S.G.; 3) Trubetskoy S.P.; 4) Shastin A.I. 17. With the money of which merchant was this shelter built? 1) Shastina A.I.; 2) Sibiryakoav M.V.; 3) Bazanova I.; 4) Medvednikova E. 18. In the west, the Irkutsk region borders: 1) the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Republic of Buryatia; 2) Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Tuva; 3) Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Yakutia; 4) Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Khakassia. 19. The Irkutsk region within its present borders was formed: 1) August 15, 1920; 2) November 15, 1928; 3) September 26, 1937; 4) October 26, 1948 20. The largest district in terms of area and the smallest in terms of population:: 1) Mamsko-Chuysky; 2) Bodaibo; 3) Nizhneudinsky; 4) Katangese. 21. What industry unites the cities: Zima, Usolye-Sibirskoye, Angarsk? 1) woodworking; 2) chemical; 3) shipbuilding;

8 4) microbiological. 22. Indicate the largest reservoir in terms of area: 1) Mamakanskoye; 2) Fraternal; 3) Irkutsk; 4) Ust-Ilimsk. 23. When was the Trans-Siberian built? 1) in 1900; 2) in 1905; 3) in 1915; 4) in 1920. 24. In 1968 the Joseph Utkin Regional Prize was awarded to: 1) V. Rasputin; 2) Shastin A.; 3) V. Sokolov; 4) Kobenkov A. 25. Which famous writer is named after the Irkutsk Theater for Young Spectators? 1) Sedykh K.; 2) Markova G.; 3) Rasputin V.; 4) Vampilova A. 26. To whom is the monument dedicated? 8 1) Volkonskaya M.; 2) Annenkova P.; 3) Borozdina M.; 4) Muravyova A.

9 Option III Task 1: choose the correct answer to the questions. Write down the answer as a combination of two numbers (question number and answer number). (Maximum score 26). 1. To increase the productivity of pastures, the first in Eastern Siberia to use artificial irrigation were: 1) Evenks; 2) Kurykans; 3) tofalars; 4) Buryats. 2. Which people owns the dwelling in the photo? 9 1) tofalaram; 2) Kurykans; 3) Evenki; 4) Buryats. 3. Place of settlement of Tofalars: 1) about. Olkhon; 2) river bank Angara; 3) Nizhneudinsky district; 4) Verkhnelensky district; 4. The construction of which prison was of decisive importance for the future advancement of the Russians deep into Eastern Siberia? 1) Irkutsk; 2) Ilimsky; 3) Yenisei; 4) Verkhnelensky. 5. Fraternal prison was established in: 1) 1620; 2) 1631; 3) 1685; 4) The first "eager man for arable land" in the Bratsk prison was: 1) Maxim Perfilyev; 2) Rasputa Potapov; 3) Archpriest Avvakum; 4) Yakov Pokhabov; 7. When was Irkutsk prison given the status of a city?

10 1) in 1631; 2) in 1620; 3) in 1685; 4) in 1686. 8. What is the name of furs - one of the most significant types of tribute? 1) jewel; 2) sable fur; 3) soft gold; 4) yasak. 9. Explain the etymology of the name "Kirensk": 1) bag; 2) cold; 3) guilt, misconduct; 4) dirt. 10. In 1710, the following lived in the Baikal region: 1) 10 thousand people; 2) 40 thousand people; 3) 102 thousand people; 4) 247 thousand people. 11. Large reserves of salt are located in the area: 1) Bratsk; 2) Katangese; 3) Bodaibo; 4) Usolsky. 12. The governor of the Irkutsk province was: 1) Zimin N.N.; 2) Dagurov G.V.; 3) Tolstoy A.I.; 4) Nagel L.T. 13. When was the Siberian Department of the Russian Geographical Society established in Irkutsk? 1) in 1851; 2) in 1861; 3) in 1871; 4) in 1881. 14. The first governor of the Irkutsk province in 1764 was: 1) Karl Lvovich von Frauendorf; 2) Adam Ivanovich Bril; 3) Ivan Varfolomeevich Jacobi; 4) Ivan Bogdanovich Zeidler. 15. Which of the Irkutsk merchant travelers was called the "Russian Columbus"? 1) Shelekhova G.I.; 2) Nikitin A.; 3) Sibiryakov M.V.; 4) Shastin A.I. ten

11 16. Who owned the estate? 11 1) Sukachev V.P.; 2) Volkonsky S.G.; 3) Trubetskoy S.P.; 4) Shastin A.I. 17. With the money of which merchant was this shelter built? 1) Shastina A.I.; 2) Sibiryakoav M.V.; 3) Bazanova I.; 4) Medvednikova E. 18. What river is the Vitim a tributary of? 1) Lena; 2) Hangars; 3) Enchantment; 4) B. Chui. 19. The Irkutsk region within its present borders was formed: 1) August 15, 1920; 2) November 15, 1928; 3) September 26, 1937; 4) October 26, 1948 20. Center, which received the status of a city after the Great Patriotic War: 1) Slyudyanka; 2) Shelekhov; 3) Bodaibo; 4) Tulun. 21. What industry unites the cities: Zima, Usolye-Sibirskoye, Angarsk? 1) woodworking; 2) chemical; 3) shipbuilding;

12 4) microbiological. 22. The Sukhoi Log gold deposit is located in the area: 1) Nizhneudinsky; 2) Kazachinsko-Lensky; 3) Bodaibo; 4) Mamsko-Chuysky. 23. When was the Trans-Siberian built? 1) in 1900; 2) in 1905; 3) in 1915; 4) in 1920. 24. A novel by an Irkutsk writer awarded the State Prize in 1950. 1) Markov G. "Strogovs"; 2) Vampilov A. "Elder son"; 3) Rasputin V. "Money for Mary"; 4) Sergeev D. "Behind the front." 25. What famous writer is the Irkutsk Theater for Young Spectators named after? 1) Sedykh K.; 2) Markova G.; 3) Rasputin V.; 4) Vampilova A. 26 Who is the monument dedicated to? 12 2) Pokhabov Y. 5) Bugor V.; 6) PyandeP; 7) Kolesnikov V..

13 13 Criteria for evaluating test tasks The level of preparation is estimated in points. Each correctly completed task when calculating the results is estimated at 1 point. The maximum number of points is 20. The mark "5" is set for points (90-100%); "4" for points (89-79%); "3" - for points (78-68%). A student cannot receive a positive assessment if the level of his knowledge and training is below 68% of the standards indicated above.

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P/n Name of the medical organization 10/31/2017 Monitoring November 28, 2017 11/07/2017 11/10/2017 11/14/2017 11/16/2017 11/20/2017 11/23/2017 11/28/2017 Ust-Ilimskaya 1 city polyclinic

I APPROVE Director GBPOU AATT N.F. Argany 018 Order WORKING PROGRAM OF THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE History of the Irkutsk region Angarsk, 018 AGREED at the meeting of the DCC 018. Minutes Chairman of the Commission L.A. Shkineva

WHAT IS COMPULSORY HEALTH INSURANCE (CHI) Compulsory health insurance is a type of social insurance, which is a system of measures aimed at ensuring guarantees of free provision of medical care to the insured person.

Together with my colleagues we created a wonderful project "Indigenous peoples of the Irkutsk region". We found out which peoples lived in the region in ancient times, what they did. The present day of the region: the indigenous peoples of the Buryats, Evenks, Tofalars, together with Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians and other peoples, create and improve our Irkutsk land.

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"Indigenous peoples of the Irkutsk region».

Problem:

We often think:

Is it necessary to preserve and convey to new generations known information about ancestors, their culture, way of life?

In connection with the celebration of the 80th anniversary of the region, we decided to continue the work begun by us, the current ninth graders, in elementary school to study our small homeland. Students of different ages and institutions were involved in this work. Expand our knowledge and share it with you.

Our beloved Irkutsk is getting taller, more beautiful, richer every day. We, young people, love our city very much and dream of participating in its construction and development in the future. (Slides 5,6)

But how did it all start? This question interests everyone! What happenedearlier on the site of Irkutsk and the region?It's clear, taiga! (Slides 7,8) But what was the vegetation, fauna like? People? Were they at all? (Slide 9) They say that once upon a time, our wonderful Lake Baikal did not exist for a long time. Is it so? We decided to find out, explore, make sure, clarify!

Since the main the purpose of our work: (Slide 10)

To find, study and convey to the audience information about the indigenous peoples of the Irkutsk region, we set ourselves the following tasks: (Slide 11 with tasks)

Of course, the Internet was first opened.

The film "The Legend of Baikal".(Slide 12)

Wonderful miracle! Indeed, there was no Baikal.But life on the territory of the Irkutsk region, which was not yet called that way, WAS. We know something about modern life, so we assigned roles to search for information about the indigenous inhabitants of the Siberian Territory - Buryats, Evenks, Tofalars and the most ancient - Kurykans. We divided into groups and the work began to boil. Everyone has found something. Now this is not difficult to do. Books, atlases - a great thing! And also the Internet. Adults helped us.

Vika Pigaleva's grandmother, Irina Methodyevna Pigaleva, introduced us to the book "Evenk Tales", Larisa Anatolyevna suggested reading the Buryat ones. Semyon and Natalya Alekseevna found a film about Baikal. Dima Farshanev and Elya Konovalenko drew a lake.We've got a plan: (Slides 13,14)

search, read, visit the museums of the region to consolidate information, sing, dance (we invited Albina Maksimovna with students of the 39th school and students of the pedagogical school - teacher Revyakina V.V.) draw, cut, glue ...And we did it.(Slides 15,16,17,18)

All material, we have collected together. Everyone re-read everything that was researched. They organized a lesson in which they summarized what they had learned with slides. We thought about how it would be more interesting to convey such a large amount of information to the audience. And they started painting! Created paintings. Prepared fairy tales, a song. Made a presentation. Now we present our work to your attention.

In the Baikal region, man appeared in the Old Stone Age, about 25 thousand years ago in the territoryUst - Orda Buryatautonomous region.ancient settlements found the same in Bokhansky and Osinsky districts, in Malta, Bureti, in the valleys of the Kuda and Angara rivers, on the Lena, on the island of Olkhon.

Oh well The lives of ancestors are told by preserved sites, burials, rock paintings.

The nature of the Baikal region at that time resembled the northern tundra, in which herds of mammoths, rhinoceroses, and reindeer lived. Hunting for these animals, which means the presence of a large supply of food, allowed people to stay in one place for a long time. Don't roam. They built dwellings from stone, wood, animal skins and bones. Tools were also made from bones, stone and wood.

Ancient inhabitants of the Baikal region- KURYKANS.

They led a semi-sedentary lifestyle. The main occupation is cattle breeding, which gave them more animal products than hunting and fishing. Kurykans bred goats, bulls, excellent horses and even camels. They were engaged in hunting. They knew how to tame and domesticate wild animals.

To increase the productivity of their pastures, Kurykanswere the first in Eastern Siberia to use artificial irrigation of hayfields.

They also sowed wheat, millet, hemp. They collected edible plants.

There is evidence that they used iron spatulas with a wooden handle to harvest the roots of plants.

Where did the ancient inhabitants get iron shovels?

We learned that the Kurykans were a highly developed people for their time. They mastered various trades.But the main one was blacksmithing. Ancient metallurgists - Kurykans smelted ore. Frommade iron and cast ironknives, shovels, arrowheads and spears, stirrups,sickles, millstones, othershousehold items and decorations.

The Kurykans maintained extensive political and cultural ties with other peoples of the Baikal region, Southern Siberia and Central Asia.

Over time, due to the war with the ancient Turkic tribe, they were forced to leave into the woods and on the territory of present-day Yakutia. Fromthese groups subsequently formed the Yakut and Tunguska (Evenki) peoples.And Mongols, Khitans, Turks came to their territory. The folding process has begunsingle Buryat ethnic group, who retained in his memory the high culture of his ancestors, and in appearance Mongoloid features.

B URYATS.

The Buryats made up the majority of the population. Initially, they were called Barguts - "forest people". Subsequently, this word turned into the word "Buryats".The Buryats led a semi-nomadic lifestyle, raising cattle, sheep, goats, and horses; hunting for goats, bears and fur-bearing animals.

Among the Buryats, age-old traditions were strictly observed:

• If the cattle breeder cut livestock, then all the nearest neighbors were invited to the fresh meat.
• Hunters took part of their prey to a neighbor if he could not come to him for a treat.
• The Buryats are famous for theirhospitality and honor the poor who are generously given alms. They do not deprive visiting guests either, allocating them, if necessary, both a table and a house.

One of the oldest traditions guest, when guests gather and go around the nearby uluses. They eat, they dance, they sing. This usually happens in the summer during a religious holiday - T ailagan.

(“Buryat song”. Performed by the vocal group of school No. 39 under the direction of Khripkova Viktoria Vladimirovna).

The life of a Buryat cattle breeder was not monotonous. They had fun, arranging choral singing, dancing, games. Games were mainly an expression of hunting traditions:

"Hurayn Naadan" (grouse dance);

"Baabgain naadan" (bear game);

"Step Naadan" (dice game)

The performers tried to reproduce the movements, habits and voices of the depicted animals as accurately as possible.

Like all peoples, the Buryats have lyrical songs and folk dances.

(Buryat dance. Performed by students of the pedagogical college, music department. Leader: Razgulyaeva Tamara Valentinovna).

Shamanism is still practiced by many Buryats, and such traditional Buryat holidays asSagaalgan and Surkharbanare celebrated at the regional level and not only by the Buryats - representatives of all nationalities are invited to the celebrations in honor of the holidays. Sagaalgan - holiday of the White month, Eastern New Year starts from the first spring new moon. Comes early in the morning, right after sunrise.

Among traditional Buryat dishes , which are put on the festive table, white dishes: milk, cottage cheese, salamat and all white dishes. The white color among the Buryats symbolizes well-being, purity of thoughts, health, prosperity. To seat a guest on white felt means to honor him.

In the customs of the Buryats there is an interesting rule - the "rule of sufficiency", which is not observed only in Sagaalgan.
The rule of sufficiency is very simple: do not take more than you need; do not eat more than you need in order to be satisfied. And only during the celebration of the White month, it is customary to break the rule of sufficiency and simply overeat.

On this holiday, the ancient dance Yohor is necessarily performed, symbolizing a circle in time and space. (NON-ENDING)

The main thing in the meeting of Sagaalgan- This is getting rid of resentment, anger and envy. The white month is met with a pure soul and a heart free from negative emotions.

(Buryat folk tale "How the owner found out his worth").

Surkharban - "three games of husbands".

It is celebrated at the beginning of summer once a year, on Sunday. - The word "surkharban" literally means "shooting at the sur". Sur is a target made of a peg, which is wrapped with a leather strap and stuck into the ground. The word "harban" is translated as "competition". Initially, the purpose of the holiday was to honor the spirits of the Earth, but later it became a kind of military review, where the best warriors were selected. A huge number of people gathered for the celebration, each clan exhibited its best wrestlers (bators), well-aimed shooters (mergens), the most dexterous riders and the fastest stallions. Archery was the most important type of martial art of the Buryats, so at the festival it was in this competition that everyone tried to show the best result. The most spectacular was the fight. And the third type of competition was horse racing.Children from childhood were taught to shoot a bow, ride a horse and engage in wrestling.

(Buryat folk tale "The Lark and the Monkey".))

Traditions and customs of the Buryats teach peacefulness, patience, nepotism, and most importantly, acceptance of the world as it is, a positive way of thinking: they first of all thank for what is, and do not complain about what is not.

E WREATHS on the territory of the Irkutsk region.

The Evenki originated from the mixing of the tribes of Eastern Siberia with the Tungus who came from Transbaikalia. And they used to be called Tungus.The Evenk population was small. They led a nomadic life, lived in childbirth.

Evenki - e the people are brave, cheerful and kind. They have always been distinguished by endurance, they could and can navigate the outback. Very observant.

Since ancient times, the Evenks hunted deer, elk, musk deer and bear, were engaged in fur hunting, bred horses and deer, or were engaged in fishing. All these activities gave them everything they needed for life.

Russians with Irkutsk Evenks first met at the end of the 16th century. They learned from the Evenks how to hunt and the secrets of survival in the harsh conditions of the north, while the Evenks borrowed some technologies for the production of household items from the Russians.

Evenk culture.

Evenks are a people who worship Spirits. There is the spirit of the taiga, the spirit of water, the spirit of fire, etc.They are particularly fond of fire. According to customs, one cannot spit into the fire, throw sharp objects, bones from animals and fish, and swear near the fire. You can not put one log. Put at least three. If you move to a new dwelling, you must definitely take the ashes from the old hearth. According to Evenki beliefs, fire has supernatural power and is the guardian of family well-being: it can read people's thoughts and predict events.

The people of this ethnic group believe that Spirits should be treated with respect: give them gifts (they tie multi-colored shreds, ribbons on trees, feed the fire, throwing pieces of meat into it, splashing blood, fat.). Spirits, in turn, bestow rich prey of fish, deer, and elk for respect. They give health, good luck, expel illnesses, misfortunes.

At each holiday, rites of exile, fumigation, purification are performed.Fumigation is carried out by the most respected Evenk woman among the elders - sengkire with the help of fat and smoke of the sacred juniper. After fumigation, everyone passes through a split tree (chichipkan)

Evenks preach shamanism (the word "shaman" is Tungus). A shaman is an intermediary between people and spirits, in the form of an animal or his spirit - an ancestor, he flies around the worlds of the Universe, trying to cure diseases, find the lost, find out the future, ensure a good offspring of animals, help the birth of a child or lead the soul of the deceased to the world of the dead. For this purpose, he has spirits - helpers, the figures of which are carved from wood, made from iron and fur.

Evenks have the most reverent attitude towards the bear. According to the beliefs of the Evenks, this is the progenitor.

(Tale of a girl and a bear))

Once upon a time there lived a hunter. He had a daughter. She was his assistant. One day the girl got lost. Her father was looking for her for a long time. But he never found his daughter. Once, the whole camp was looking for .. They see, in the distance, something huge, black. “I haven’t seen anything like that,” says the father. They began to shoot and hit this object. They came up, they see: some kind of animal. They began to peel off the skin, the skin on the neck is not cut in any way .. They looked, and there was a metal decoration. The hunter recognized his daughter's necklace.

This is my daughter! he exclaimed.
So the bear was born.The bear used to be a girl.

The whole culture of the Evenks was built on such legends..

The Evenks have a Bear Festival, which is held on the occasion of the capture of a bear. Accompanied by songs, dances, games and continues until the evening.

Previously, Evenk hunters used amulets made from bear and squirrel paws, from sable noses. Evenk families had keepers of the hearth - amulets in the form of a Sevek doll, which were consecrated by fumigating fat. Sevek amulets were dressed up in beautiful clothes. They were not to be shown to strangers. The woman kept them. When a man went hunting, she took out Sevak and asked her for good luck in hunting.

Just like the Buryats, they have a custom (Nimat) to share with their relatives the meat and fish they have obtained. Lonely women, sick old people are never left without food.

This custom is based on kindness, mutual assistance, mutual assistance.

T OFALARY on the territory of the Irkutsk region.

Tofalars are considered the smallest indigenous people of the Irkutsk region. Less than 700 representatives. They call themselves tofy, tokhi, which simply means “man”, “mountain dweller”. Tofs inhabit the mountainous taiga regions of the Eastern Sayan - Tofalaria, which is located on the territory of the Nizhneudinsky region in the basins of the Biryusa, Gutara, Iya, Uda rivers. (MAP),

In ancient Chinese chronicles, it is said that the Turkic tribe of Tofs was divided into 5 clans. They were subordinate to the common tribal leader "olukban" - "Great Head". Each clan was headed by an elder. One of the genera was called "black geese" - karagasy. Over time, the whole tribe began to be called Karagas. And it was called that until 1934

By origin, language and many elements of culture, the Karagas-Tofs are close to the Tuvans living in the Todzha region.

The basis of the traditional economy of the Tofalars is hunting and reindeer herding. Reindeer are used for riding and transporting packs, they give milk. Hunting is done not only by men, but also by women. Fishing objects - squirrel, sable, otter, elk, maral, roe deer.

Tophs are great trackers! And collectors of medicinal herbs. The ability to read the taiga book is passed down from generation to generation.

Although Tofalars currently live in villages with schools, hospitals, cultural and educational institutions, they prefer herbs in treatment, they drink green tea and only boiled water (they don’t drink raw water).

In Soviet times, education in schools was conducted only in Russian, so only 2% of Tofalars now speak their native language.

In the past, Tofalars led a nomadic lifestyle. They lived in the plague. (A conical frame made of poles, covered with skins in winter, birch bark in summer, which could be easily disassembled and transported from place to place). During the construction of the collective farm, the Tofalars forcibly settled down, they had to restructure the management of the economy. 3 villages were built for them: Adygzher, Nerkha and Upper Gutara, in which they still live. This is exactly the place where, as the famous song says, "only by plane can you fly." And contact - on the radio.

Subsequently, the collective farms were transformed into fur farms.

Today, the Tofalars have moved from reindeer herding and fur hunting to agriculture, livestock breeding and gathering pine nuts. Walnut extraction and individual fishing activities are the main income of many Tofalar families. And yet - humanitarian aid food.

Despite the decline of the traditional economy and the crisis of ethnic development, the Tofalars retain their customs and traditions, passing down legends, fairy tales and songs from generation to generation.

This is the Orthodox people. But they have preserved traditional beliefs in spirits, masters of mountains, taiga.

Today Irkutsk regionis considered the most densely populated and ethnically rich region of Eastern Siberia. According to the most conservative estimates, about 136 nationalities live on its territory, most of which moved to the territory of the region from other regions of the country and even from neighboring countries.

In our plans to continue work on studying the development of the Irkutsk region, starting from the 17th century, when the Russians came to the Siberian land.

Is it necessary to preserve and convey to new generations known information about ancestors, their culture, way of life? So we answered our own question and think:

Necessary! The next generations should know and love their small homeland, protect and preserve nature. To be worthy of our fathers and grandfathers, to actively participate in the development of our native Irkutsk region.