Rural settlements, their classification. How to make carved platbands for windows in a wooden house

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Types of rural settlements

In the first type, the "core" of the settlement is a square with a church, a market, etc., located on it, from which streets and alleys diverge in a radial direction. In a street village, the layout is most often based on several streets intersecting with each other at different angles. Houses in such a village are located on both sides of the street and face each other.

In a linear village, the houses are arranged in a single line - along a road, a river, or some fold in the terrain - and often only on one side of the road; sometimes there could be several such streets in a village: for example, in mountainous areas, courtyards often consisted of two rows, one of which runs at the foot of the slope, the other parallel to it, but somewhat higher. In the cumulus village, the houses are randomly scattered and connected with each other by lanes and driveways.

No less diverse options for small settlements. Usually, settlements are considered to be farms, in which there are 10-15 households (in Scandinavia - up to 4-6 households). However, these yards can either be concentrated around some center (square, street), or lie quite far from each other, being connected only by a common pasture, plowing, administration, etc. Even individual buildings require their own classification: after all, large , in several floors, the farms of the flat places are incomparable with the small huts of the mountain dwellers.

Finally, the decisive role in many cases was played by the historical features of the development of each area and, first of all, the nature of its settlement. For example, military colonization explains the predominance of large settlements in East Germany and in the central regions of the Iberian Peninsula. The development of the former forest, swamps, low-lying coastal territories led to the spread of small forms of settlements - farms, settlements, zaimok with separate buildings. The nature of the settlements was also influenced by the orders characteristic of the former population of this area (Celts, Slavs, etc.).

However, all these regularities did not always manifest themselves; for example, in Frioul, whose relief represents the whole gamut of landscapes from the Alpine mountains to the lagoon lowlands, the distribution of settlement types was the opposite of that indicated above: in the mountains - compact multi-yard villages, on the plain - isolated houses. It should also be taken into account that the character of the dominant type of settlement could change several times during the Middle Ages. So, in England in the Celtic era, small settlements prevailed, but already the first wave of the Anglo-Saxon invasion led to an increase in the proportion of large villages, since the conquerors preferred to settle in large tribal groups.

In general, during the early Middle Ages, compact villa-communities in Central, Southern and East Anglia were predominant. Further resettlement of the population proceeded by branching off small settlements from large settlements; their number increased even more during the period of internal colonization. As a result, in many rural areas of the country by the 15th century. small scattered settlements became the dominant type of settlements. Later, as a result of fencing, many villages were abandoned and the number of small farms and individual farms increased even more.

In Germany, the border between different types of settlements was the Elbe. To the west of it dominated cumulus villages, small settlements of irregular shape, farmsteads and separate buildings, sometimes having some kind of common center or, conversely, located around an arable massif. Small villages and farms were also common in the eastern lands (Lausitz, Brandenburg, Silesia, Czech territories); here their presence is often explained by the form of the previous Slavic settlements.

In the main, East Germany is an area dominated by large villages of a street or linear type, as well as smaller settlements that have grown up on forest clearings or in mountainous areas, but are of the same orderly character.

In the north and northeast of France, large villages were the dominant type; here the line between a small town and such a village was small. In the rest of the country (Massif Central, Maine, Poitou, Brittany, the eastern part of Ile-de-France), small settlements and farms dominated. In Aquitaine, the Toulouse region, Languedoc, since the time of developed feudalism, the picture has become somewhat different: centuries-old wars have brought to life a different type of settlements - bastides, fortified centers built according to a certain plan; the inhabitants of the former settlements began to flock to them.

The pattern of Spanish settlements also changed as the Reconquista progressed. From time immemorial, the north and north-west of the peninsula was a territory occupied by small farms and buildings scattered one by one, however, by the beginning of the Reconquista, in the lands of Leon and Old Castile, which bordered on the Arabs, there was a process of enlargement of settlements. On the conquered lands of New Castile, rare but large villages or, in the north of the region, small farms grouped around a fortified castle became the dominant type of settlements. Similar large villages dominated Portugal south of the Tagus; however, to the north of it, hamlets remained the most common type of settlement.

The picture of Italian settlements is no less diverse. Most of the south of the peninsula was occupied by large villages, sometimes mixed with small settlements and farms; only in Apulia and Calabria did scattered small farms dominate. Large villages and semi-agricultural towns also dominated south-central Italy. In the northern part of Lazio, Marche, Tuscany, Emilia, a significant part of Lombardy, Veneto and Piedmont, the most common type of settlements were small villages, farms and individual farms - podere.

The presence of a dominant type of settlements in each of the regions of the continent did not at all deny the existence of settlements of a different type in it. As a rule, in almost every locality there were large rural settlements, and small settlements, and even separate houses - farms. We are talking only about the predominant type of settlement, which determines the face of this territory.

There are dozens of options for classifying the rural settlements of medieval Western Europe. From all their diversity, two main types of settlements can be distinguished - these are large compact (villages, villages, semi-agricultural towns) and small scattered ones (farms, settlements, separately located farm houses). Compact settlements, villages differ greatly in their planning from each other; so, for example, they distinguish between "nuclear", cumulus, linear and other types of villages. In the first type, the “core” of a settlement is a square with a church, a market, etc. located on it, from which streets and alleys branch off in a radial direction. In a street village, the layout is most often based on several streets intersecting with each other at different angles. Houses in such a village are located on both sides of the street and face each other. In a linear village, the houses are arranged in a single line - along a road, a river, or some fold in the terrain - and often only on one side of the road; sometimes there could be several such streets in a village: for example, in mountainous areas, courtyards often consisted of two rows, one of which runs at the foot of the slope, the other parallel to it, but somewhat higher. In the cumulus village, the houses are randomly scattered and connected with each other by lanes and driveways.

No less diverse options for small settlements. Usually, settlements are considered to be farms, in which there are 10-15 households (in Scandinavia - up to 4-6 households). However, these yards can either be concentrated around some center (square, street), or lie quite far from each other, being connected only by a common pasture, plowing, management, etc. Even individual buildings require their own classification: after all, large, several-storey farms of the plains are incomparable with the small huts of mountain dwellers.

A diverse picture of the settlements of the medieval era has survived to this day: the vast majority of the settlements of the continent, it is believed, arose even before the 15th century. At the same time, certain regularities can be observed in their occurrence. Thus, the system of open fields was most often combined with compact settlements. The Mediterranean economic system allowed the existence of different types of settlements, but starting from the 15th century. in places of greatest development of agrarian relations (Central Italy, Lombardy), individual farm houses became dominant. Geographical factors also influenced the distribution of one or another type of settlements: as a rule, large villages predominated in the flat areas, and small farms dominated in the mountainous areas. Finally, the decisive role in many cases was played by the historical features of the development of each area and, first of all, the nature of its settlement. For example, military colonization explains the predominance of large settlements in East Germany and in the central regions of the Iberian Peninsula. The development of the former forest, swamps, low-lying coastal territories led to the spread of small forms of settlements - farms, settlements, zaimok with separate buildings. The nature of the settlements was also influenced by the orders characteristic of the former population of this area (Celts, Slavs, etc.). However, all these regularities did not always manifest themselves; for example, in Frioul, whose relief represents the whole gamut of landscapes from the Alpine mountains to the lagoon lowlands, the distribution of settlement types was the opposite of that indicated above: in the mountains - compact multi-yard villages, on the plain - isolated houses. It should also be taken into account that the character of the dominant type of settlement could change several times during the Middle Ages. So, in England in the Celtic era, small settlements prevailed, but already the first wave of the Anglo-Saxon invasion led to an increase in the proportion of large villages, since the conquerors preferred to settle in large tribal groups. In general, during the early Middle Ages, compact villa-communities in Central, Southern and East Anglia were predominant. Further resettlement of the population proceeded by branching off small settlements from large settlements; their number increased even more during the period of internal colonization. As a result, in many rural areas of the country by the 15th century. small scattered settlements became the dominant type of settlements. Later, as a result of fencing, many villages were abandoned and the number of small farms and individual farms increased even more.

In Germany, the border between different types of settlements was the Elbe. To the west of it dominated cumulus villages, small settlements of irregular shape, hamlets and separate buildings, sometimes with some kind of

Rural settlements of Central Europe:
1 - cumulus and nuclear villages; 2 - farms and small villages; 3 - individual farms; 4 - small cumulus and nuclear villages of a more ordered type (colonization areas); 5 - large street and nuclear villages; 6 - farmsteads; 7 - later forms of settlements

a common center or, conversely, located around an arable array. Small villages and farms were also common in the eastern lands (Lausitz, Brandenburg, Silesia, Czech territories); here their presence is often explained by the form of the previous Slavic settlements. In the main, East Germany is an area dominated by large villages of a street or linear type, as well as smaller settlements that have grown up on forest clearings or in mountainous areas, but are of the same orderly character.

Types of rural settlements in Italy:
1 - large villages and agricultural towns; 2 - farms and mountain villages; 3 - separate houses and households; 4- mixed forms of settlements

The presence of a dominant type of settlements in each of the regions of the continent did not at all deny the existence of settlements of a different type in it. As a rule, in almost every locality there were large rural settlements, and small settlements, and even separate farm houses. We are talking only about the predominant type of settlement, which determines the face of this territory.

Settlements are the most important element of the area and are of great economic and military importance. The number, nature and size of settlements located in a particular territory determine its habitability, as well as the degree of economic and cultural development.

The reference value of settlements is great. All this places great demands on their depiction on maps. In particular, on maps of scales 1: 10,000-1: 200,000, the following is required:

Display the type, population and administrative significance of settlements;

Highlight main streets, squares, landmarks and natural barriers;

To convey the nature of the layout and building density of settlements;

Depict vegetation inside settlements;

Clearly show the external outlines of settlements and the nature of the approaches to them.

The key to the correct generalization of the image of settlements is the preliminary study by the compiler of the features of their layout and building density, connection with the relief, river network and roads, as well as the establishment of their names, type and administrative significance. When studying large settlements, if necessary, various additional and reference materials are involved: city plans, descriptions, reference books, photographs, etc.

Selection and generalization of the image of settlements

The selection of settlements is made in accordance with the instructions of the manual (instruction) for compiling a map of a given scale and editorial plan.

On maps of scales 1:10000, 1:25000, 1:50000 and 1:100000 all settlements are depicted. On a map of scales 1:50,000 and 1:100,000, with a large number of small settlements with a dispersed nature of the settlement, it is allowed to exclude some buildings in places of their dense accumulation. Small settlements that are not the centers of village councils and do not have a reference value are partially excluded from the content of the map at a scale of 1:200,000. On a map at a scale of 1:500,000 and smaller, settlements are shown with significant selection.

The generalization of the image of settlements is aimed at highlighting the most important among them, clearly conveying the characteristic features of the structure, layout and external outlines, as well as giving characteristics that determine the type, population and administrative significance of all settlements.

Generalization of the image of settlements is carried out in a certain sequence. First of all, images of large cities are summarized, then other cities and urban-type settlements, then large and important settlements of dacha and rural types (for example, located at road junctions) and, finally, all others.

Work on the image of each individual settlement is carried out in the following order:

Selection and image of landmarks;

Depiction of railroads and selection and depiction of main streets;

Selection and image of secondary streets;

Image of the internal structure of the quarters of the settlement;

Image of the external outlines of the settlement;

Filling the contours of the lands with conditional icons.

After the image of the settlement, its name is signed. The order of the image of the settlement is shown in fig. one.

The features of each of the above stages of work are discussed below.

Some objects in settlements stand out well on the ground, are visible from great distances, and therefore are widely used for orientation. This obliges when depicting settlements to accurately maintain the position of such landmarks.

Fig 1. The order of the image of the settlement (scale 1: 100,000).

However, the display of outstanding objects (with the corresponding conventional signs), as a rule, makes it necessary to violate the shape and size of the quarters of the settlement closest to them when depicting the latter on the map. Therefore, with a large number of landmarks, not all should be shown, but only individual, most prominent ones: factories with chimneys, towers, churches, monuments, etc. In the absence of appropriate instructions in the editorial plan, the significance of landmarks is established using additional materials: photographs, descriptions, and reference books. If it is impossible to establish the meaning of various landmarks, those that are located on squares, hills or on the outskirts of villages are applied.

All railways passing through the settlement are shown.

The main streets (through passages, highways) are distinguished by the fact that they are shown wider than the rest of the streets.

If the main streets are not identified on the cartographic materials, then the streets that coincide with the highways or improved dirt roads passing through the settlement are depicted as such.

Fig.2 Shift of quarters due to the image of the railway and the expansion of the image of the main street

When drawing the main streets, it is necessary to clearly convey their style: straightness, turning points, roundings. The expansion of the image of the main streets, as well as the display of railways passing through the settlement, necessitates the displacement of blocks. In order not to distort the shape of the quarters closest to the main street or the railway, the displacement value is distributed over several quarters; if possible, the outer blocks are not shifted in order to avoid an unjustified increase in the size of the image of the settlement. On fig. 2 solid lines show the image of the settlement before generalization, and broken lines show the position of the displaced road lines and block boundaries (for clarity, the image is given on an enlarged scale).

The selection and depiction of secondary streets should give a correct and visual representation of the nature of the layout of the settlement.

Ravines, hills and other objects that are serious obstacles and violate the layout of the settlement or individual quarters, are applied before the image of the streets. The generalization of the image of settlements with narrow and curvilinear streets, with quarters of irregular shape is associated with great difficulties. Even a small mistake (unjustified straightening of the streets, widening them, etc.) leads to a violation of the nature of the layout. In such cases, with the exclusion of individual passages and minor streets, care must be taken not to violate the street patterns and forms of quarters characteristic of a given settlement.

Attempts to show all the streets of the settlement depicted on the cartographic material usually lead to a reduction in the image of the quarters, which generally makes the image of the settlement excessively fragmented and unreadable (Fig. 3 a, b, c).

Figure 3a shows an image of a settlement on a scale of 1:50,000. 3 b and c are respectively incorrect (all streets are shown) and correct images of the same settlement on a scale of 1: 200,000

Figure 3 Generalization of the image of the settlement: a) the original image at a scale of 1:50000, b) incorrect and c) the correct image at a scale of 1:200000.

The main requirement when depicting the internal structure of the quarters of a settlement is to maintain the ratio of built-up and non-built-up areas. This is achieved by eliminating some buildings and combining others.

The division of buildings into fire-resistant and non-fire-resistant or the allocation of quarters with a predominance of the corresponding buildings is carried out only on maps at a scale of 1: 10,000-1: 50,000.

Simultaneously with the image of the development of quarters, a generalization of the image of green spaces and plots of agricultural land is carried out. At the same time, it is necessary to display the presence of orchards, vineyards, parks, vegetable gardens as fully as possible and correctly convey the ratio of the areas of built-up plots and green spaces.

When depicting quarters of dacha-type settlements, it is necessary to preserve their inherent fragmentation of buildings and the presence of green spaces inside the quarters, i.e. in this case, it is impossible to combine buildings, showing them as flooded stripes, and to exclude forest areas located inside the quarters.

When drawing icons of gardens, vineyards, various plantations, etc., if necessary, they resort to reducing both the size of these icons and the distances between them.

The outer contour of a settlement is usually ditches, roads, fences, walls, rivers, or the boundaries of household lands. The planned position and form of the image of the external outlines of the settlement on the map must correspond to nature. Separate buildings and local objects, as well as clearly defined contour turns on the outskirts of villages, which are of great orientation, should be shown on maps of scales 1:10000-1:100000, if possible, all.

The image of the external outlines begins with the drawing of road exits, then they show individual buildings, local objects located along the contour of the settlement, and, finally, the boundaries of household plots.

Signature of the names of settlements

On maps of scales 1:10000-1:50000 the names of all settlements are signed; on maps of scales 1:100,000 and 1:200,000 of densely populated areas, part of small settlements

Fig. 4 Placement of signatures of names of settlements (scale 1 200000) a) incorrect, b) correct.

Rural type, having no orienting value, is left without signatures of names.

Before signing the name of the settlement, you must set its correct spelling, the desired font and select a place for the signature.

The establishment of the correct spelling of the name is carried out on the basis of cartographic materials in accordance with the instructions of the editorial plan. The character and size of the font are taken according to the type, administrative significance of the settlement and the number of inhabitants or houses in it.

Locality name labels inevitably obscure some of the content of the map, so their placement must be done very carefully.

On fig. 4 a and b are examples of respectively incorrect and correct placement of signatures of the names of settlements when compiling a scale map

1:200 000. Fig. 68 "a", has the following shortcomings: the signatures of the names closed the entrance to the village and the intersection of roads 2, the conditional sign of the railway 3 was interrupted, it is not clear which settlement the name 4 refers to.

In addition to their own names of settlements, so-called explanatory signatures are placed on the map indicating the number of houses, the specialization of industrial enterprises, MTS, hospitals, etc.

Image of settlements - 4.4 out of 5 based on 5 votes

Types of settlements on the territory of the Russian North

The earliest form of rural settlements is the churchyard, which is an association on the basis of communal land tenure of a significant number of peasant households-families. In cadastral books, the term "pogost" is mentioned already in the 12th century. and has two meanings: the central settlement and the administrative district.

The administrative center - "pogost-volost" was a rural community, over time, the boundaries of the community narrowed, and several communities could be located within one graveyard. The community was a taxable unit in the system of the ancient Russian state.

In the central settlement - "graveyard-place" a church or a temple complex was built, secular gatherings and congresses took place here, merchants came here - "trading guests" (hence the term "graveyard").

The term "freedom" (sloboda) characterizes the settlement of artisans, people from the community. The development of settlements reflects the process of decomposition of the rural community, the separation of crafts from agriculture.

The term "village" appeared in Russian chronicles in the 10th century. and denoted a princely country estate, later a settlement of peasants on the master's land and a central village, to which villages gravitate. In the 19th-20th centuries, a village is understood as a large settlement with a church. The village becomes the administrative, commercial and social center of nearby villages.

The village is the main type of settlement for Russian peasants; the first mention dates back to the 11th century. Initially, the villages consisted of 1-3 households, later 10-15.

A one-yard settlement was called - repairs, an exhibition, or about. Pochinok was often the starting point for a future village or village. In the XVIII-XIX centuries. in the North, small settlements that spun off from a village or village in search of better lands are called a repair or an exhibition. Gradually, this process led to the formation of nests (groups) of villages in the North.

There are three main principles for the development of northern villages:

1. Free - the villages consist of rarely standing peasant households with an arbitrary orientation (the villages of Taratino).

2. Closed - villages of various shapes with the location of courtyards around a square, lake, etc. (village Kuzminskoe)

3. Ordinary - these are villages with single-row, two-row, three-row or multi-row buildings, having a rectilinear or curvilinear shape, with one or two-row street buildings (Bulkino village). Huts in such villages stretch along the coast or the road.

Houses in the villages were placed on the sunny side, south or east, so that the sun warmed and illuminated the house for as long as possible. In the old villages, they tried to put houses of the second line in the intervals between the houses of the first order, so that the sun would fall into these huts.

Development scheme of the village of Taratino. Lensky district. Arhangelsk region

Scheme of building the village of Kuzminskoe. Tarnogsky district. Vologda Region

Scheme of building the village of Bulkino. Charozersky district. Vologda Region

Scheme of the development of the village of Paluga. Leshukonsky district. Arhangelsk region

Survey and measurements carried out by Yu.S. Ushakov on the territory of the Russian North, and the reconstructions of villages and their nests, which were formed by the 18th-19th centuries, carried out on this basis, allow us to speak of the high compositional skill of folk architects in organizing the habitat, the skill that gave birth to individual and diverse villages, like nature itself.

These studies made it possible to classify the methods of the architectural and spatial organization of northern Russian villages and their nests in relation to external visual perception and according to natural and geographical features.

The basis of the classification regarding visual perception is the degree of disclosure of the settlement to the main routes (water and land):

1- centric composition when the village is perceived from many directions. Depending on the latitude of disclosure, they can be - with circular perception (approximately 50%) and semicircular (approximately 30%).

2- Linear composition these are villages perceived from two sides (approximately 10%).

3- Frontal composition when villages with frontal perception (approximately 5%).

4- Multicenter composition, these are villages with equivalent compositional accents, perceived mutually (about 5%). There are paired and with three or more centers.

According to natural and geographical features, architectural and natural complexes are divided into groups and subgroups:

1. River villages:

a. at a small river;

b. by the big river.

2. Lakeside villages:

a. lakeside-coastal;

b. peninsular open;

in. peninsular closed;

g. island open.

3. Seaside:

a. seaside-coastal;

b. coastal and riverine.

Settlements with a centric composition with a circular perception

Riverside

1. Riverside with a small river

The village of Verkhovye (Verkhny Mudyug) in the Onega district of the Arkhangelsk region, the village of Ratonavolok in the Yemetsky district of the Arkhangelsk region, the village of Kuliga Drakovaya in the Krasnoborsky district of the Arkhangelsk region, the village of Bestuzhevo in the Oktyabrsky district of the Arkhangelsk region, the village of Ust-Kozha (Makarino) in the Onega district - in the Arkhangelsk region.

Verkhovye village. (Upper Mudyug). Onega district. Arkhangelsk region

Plan and panoramas

The village of Turchasovo, Plesetsk District, Arkhangelsk Region, the village of Rakuly, Kholmogory District, Arkhangelsk Region, the village of Zaostrovye, Bereznekovsky District, Arkhangelsk Region, the village of Konetsdvorie, Primorsky District, Arkhangelsk Region.

Zaostrovye village. Bereznekovsky district. Arkhangelsk region Plan and panoramas

Lakeside

1. Lakeside coastal

The village of Lyadiny, Kargapolsky District, Arkhangelsk Region, the village of Vegoruksy, Medvezhyegorsky District, Karelia, the village of Tipinitsy, Medvezhyegorsky District, Karelia, the village of Shcheleyki, Podporozhsky District, Leningrad Region.

Lyadin village. Kargapol district. Arkhangelsk region Plan and panoramas

2. Lakeside peninsular

Kolodozero village, Pudozhsky district, Karelia, Yandomozero village, Medvezhyegorsky district, Karelia, Pochozero (Filipovskoye) village, Plesetsky district, Arkhangelsk region.

The village of Koldozero. Pudozhsky district. Karelia. Plan and panoramas

3. Lakeside peninsular closed

The village of Semenovo in the Plesetsk district of the Arkhangelsk region, the village of Glazovo in the Plesetsk district of the Arkhangelsk region.

The village of Glazovo Plesetsky district. Arkhangelsk region Plan and panorama

4. Lakeside island open

Kizhi churchyard of the Medvezhyegorsk region of Karelia, Vodlozersko-Ilyinsky churchyard of the Pudozh region of Karelia, the village of Lychny Ostrov of the Kondopoga region of Karelia.

The village of Lychny Ostrov. Kondopoga district. Karelia.

Plan and panorama

seaside

1. Primorsko coastal

The village of Kovda, Kandalakshinsky District, Murmansk Region, the village of Purnema, Onega District, Arkhangelsk Region, the village of Kandalaksha, Kandalaksha District, Murmansk Region.

The village of Kovda. Kandalakshinsky district. Murmansk region

Plan and panoramas

2. Primorsko riverside

The village of Maloshuyka, Onega District, Arkhangelsk Region, the village of Shueretskoye, Belomorsky District, Arkhangelsk Region, the village of Nenoksa, Severodvinsky District, Arkhangelsk Region.

Maloshuyka village. Onega district. Arkhangelsk region Plan and panoramas

Villages with a centric composition with semi-circular perception

Riverside

1. Riverside with a small river

The village of Nizhmozero, Severodvinsky District, Arkhangelsk Region, the village of Sulanda, Shenkursky District, Arkhangelsk Region, the village of Pocha, Tarnogsky District, Vologda Region, the village of Pelyugino, Plesetsky District, Arkhangelsk Region.

The village of Nizhmozero. Severodvinsky district. Arkhangelsk region Plan and panoramas

2. Riverside with a large river

The village of Podporozhye, Onega District, Arkhangelsk Region, the village of Yuroma, Mezensky District, Arkhangelsk Region, the village of Bolshoi Posad (Kevrola), Pinega District, Arkhangelsk Region, the village of Pirinem, Pinega District, Arkhangelsk Region, the village of Chekuyevo, Onega District, Arkhangelsk Region.

Podporozhye village. Onega district. Arkhangelsk region Plan and panoramas

Lakeside

1. Lakeside coastal

The village of Porzhenskoe, Plesetsk District, Arkhangelsk Region, the village of Gimreka, Podporozhsky District, Leningpad Region, the villages of Maselga and Guzhovo, Kargapol District, Arkhangelsk Region.

The village of Porzhenskoye. Plesetsky district. Arkhangelsk region Plan and panoramas

2. Lakeside peninsular

The village of Kondopoga, Kondopoga district, Karelia, the village of Small Lizhmozero, Kandopoga district, Karelia, the village of Ust-Yandoma, Medvezhyegorsk district, Karelia.

The village of Kondopoga. Kondopoga district. Karelia. Plan and panoramas

Settlements with linear composition

1. Riverside with a small river

The village of Sogintsy, Podporozhsky District, Leningrad Region, the village of Shuya, Prionezhsky District, Karelia, the village of Astafyevo, Kargapolsky District, Arkhangelsk Region.

Sogintsy village. Podporozhsky district. Leningrad region. Plan and panoramas

2. Riverside with a large river

The village of Berezhnaya Dubrava in the Plesetsk district of the Arkhangelsk region, the village of Piyala in the Onega district of the Arkhangelsk region, the village of Chukhcherma in the Kholmogory district of the Arkhangelsk region.

Piyala village. Onega district. Arkhangelsk region Plan and panoramas

Settlements with frontal composition

Lakeside coastal

The village of Vershinino, Plesetsk district, Arkhangelsk region, the village of Big Lizhmozero, Kondopoga district, Karelia.

Vershinino village. Plesetsky district. Arkhangelsk region Plan and panoramas

Villages with a multi-center composition,with two centers

1. Lakeside

The villages of Gorbachikho and Tyryshkino in the Plesetsk District of the Arkhangelsk Region, the villages of Novinka and Pertiselga in the Olonetsky District of Karelia, Zekhnovo-Spitsino in the Plesetsky District of the Arkhangelsk Region, and Minino-Ershovo in the Plesetsky District of the Arkhangelsk Region.

The villages of Tyryshkino and Gorbachykha. Plesetsky district. Arkhangelsk region Plan and panoramas

2. Riverside

The village of Varzuga, Kirovsky district, Murmansk region.

Varzuga village. Kirovsky district. Murmansk region Plan and panorama

Settlements with a multi-center composition with three or more centers

1. Riverside

The village of Oshevenskoye, Kargopolsky district, Arkhangelsk region.

Oshevenskoe village. Kargopolsky district. Arkhangelsk region Plan and panoramas

2. Lakeside

Kizhi churchyard of the Medvezhyegorsk district of Karelia.

Kizhi churchyard. Medvezhyegorsk district. Karelia. Plan and panoramas

“The natural environment - a great teacher of folk architects - prompted the planning and compositional device for the location of the village. Here, one of the most important qualities of folk architecture comes into play - the harmony of the architectural environment and the natural environment as the closest and most understandable to the person who grew up in it.

Literature:

1. Makovetsky I.V. Architecture of the Russian folk dwelling: the North and the Upper Volga region. - M .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1962. - 338 pp.: - ill.

2. Ushakov Yu.S. Ensemble in the folk architecture of the Russian North (spatial organization, compositional techniques, perception) .- L .: Stroyizdat. Leningrad. department, 1982. - 168 p., ill.

Villages of rural type They differ from cities in smaller sizes, a small number of inhabitants, less dense buildings, and a relatively simple layout. In rural settlements, a built-up part and household land are distinguished. Rural settlements in flat areas are most characterized by an ordinary layout, and in mountainous areas - unsystematic. The planning of settlements in rural areas is significantly influenced by the presence of significant transport routes (tract type), terrain features (ravine-beam, valley, watershed and other types), swampiness of the territory, the nature of water bodies (coastal type of planning), and sometimes the history of development.

When depicting settlements, if possible, the ratio of built-up and non-built-up areas (building density) is preserved, the main streets and driveways are distinguished by exaggerating their width, blocks are combined, while maintaining the nature of the layout.

Industrial facilities: factories, factories, mines, quarries, oil and gas wells, oil and gas pipelines, power plants and power lines, water towers, etc. are depicted on maps as off-scale conventional signs with a qualitative characteristic in the form of an explanatory caption. For example, near the sign of the plant, they show the type of production: torment.- flour mill boom.- paper mill, etc. Next to the quarry sign, they give the depth of the quarry and the name of the mineral: dog.- sand, Izv.- limestone, etc.

The specialization of agricultural enterprises and their type are displayed with an explanatory inscription under the name of the settlement ( grains.- grain, sheep- sheep breeding, etc.). Apiaries, cattle pens, cattle burial grounds are especially shown.

From means of communication radio stations, radio and television masts, communication lines, television centers, outside settlements - telephone and radiotelephone offices.

To social and cultural facilities include universities, schools, research institutions, meteorological stations, observatories, hospitals, sanatoriums, rest houses, sports facilities, monuments, religious buildings, cemeteries, fortresses, etc. Many of them are shown with a building sign with the corresponding explanatory inscription: school - school , bol. - hospital, etc. A clear representation of the named objects on the maps is also necessary because many of them stand out well on the ground and can serve as landmarks.

Land communications (railways and roads) are extremely important for the country's economy and defense.

Topographic maps convey the location, density, operational condition of roads, reflect their capacity, show roadside facilities.

Roads are depicted as a linear sign, in the form of one or more lines of different patterns, often with a stripe color between them. The width of the road sign is always exaggerated, and it reflects the type of road, not its actual width.