Anna ANASTASI
(1908–2001)

AT So many books on psychology have been written in the 20th century that even the most diligent student who sets himself the task of studying this subject as deeply as possible and reading as much as possible is involuntarily lost in front of their abundance and diversity. This is probably why review, generalizing works are so successful, allowing at least a first approximation to consider a certain extensive problem and, relying on knowledge of basic terms, concepts and patterns, to select specific sources for in-depth study. If, moreover, such a work is written in an interesting and understandable way, then it is simply doomed to become a bestseller and an invariable lifesaver for many generations of students.

In psychology, “Psychological Testing”, written by Anna Anastasi, is rightfully considered such a world bestseller. This book was published by the New York Macmillan publishing house in 1954, went through several reprints, updated every time (the last one came out in 1996) and was translated into many languages, including Russian (in 1982 in publishing house "Pedagogy" published a translation of the fifth American edition, and in 2003 in "Peter" - the seventh). And several generations of psychologists - American, Russian, and not only - could say, paraphrasing well-known lines: "We say - Anastasi, we mean - tests ..."

Anna Anastasi, one of the most famous American psychologists, lived to be 92 years old. Even if in her long life she did not create anything other than "Psychological Testing", this capital work alone would perpetuate her name. True, she did not write so much: in addition to the one named, she wrote two more major monographs, as well as about one and a half hundred articles (often co-authored) in scientific journals. Sometimes an uninformed domestic reader has an opinion about her as a talented compiler who managed to talk about other people's achievements in an accessible way (which in itself is also no small art and deserves high recognition). But if this were so, it is unlikely that her American colleagues would have honored her with the national award "Outstanding Scientist" and elected her president of their professional association (1971). Her "Psychological Testing" is not just a competent review, but a real encyclopedia, which only a major specialist in this field can create. Such a specialist - truly one of the leading ones - is Anna Anastasi.

START

She was born December 19, 1908 in New York to Sicilian immigrant parents. She did not know her father - he died when the girl was barely a year old. His mother decided not to maintain relations with his family, so Anna never met her paternal relatives. The upbringing of the girl was actually carried out by one grandmother. What are the fruits of such a pedagogical situation, at all times can be seen in many sad examples. But Anna, probably due to her natural abilities and inclinations, managed to become a brilliant exception to this pattern.

Anna's grandmother was very distrustful of the school. The windows of their modest apartment overlooked the school yard, and the daily observed behavior of the students irritated the grandmother so much that she preferred to teach her granddaughter herself in order to protect her from the bad influence of her peers. Under her leadership, Anna studied until the age of 9, and when she finally entered school, she immediately entered the third grade, and after a couple of months she was transferred to the fourth - home schooling was not in vain. Subsequently, Anna once again "jumped over the step" and eventually graduated from school at the age of 15.

At school, she was the first student (in the literal sense of the word - a clear ranking is accepted in the American school), in 1924 she entered the prestigious Barnard College, intending to devote herself to mathematics (it was in this area that she showed high talent from childhood).

The article was published with the support of the Internet resource "Alliance medical service". Organization of treatment in Germany - diagnostics, operations, quality services abroad, payment in any currency. University Hospital Hamburg, Stuttgart Hospital, Baden Baden Germany Hospital and other leading clinics. Medical care, how to come for treatment, a list of clinics, an online application, contacts - all this you will find on the website, which is located at: http://www.lecheniegermaniya.ru/.

Her interest in psychology arose under the influence of Ch. Spearman's work on factor analysis. The application of mathematical methods to subtle spiritual matters fascinated her so much that it largely determined her scientific research for many years to come.

After graduating from college (a bachelor's degree - at 19!) she entered the graduate school of Columbia University and in 1930 defended her doctoral dissertation. At the university, Anna met her future husband, John Peter Foley, who was also preparing his doctoral dissertation in psychology at that time (later he gained some fame in the field of industrial psychology). In 1933 they got married and, as they say in the novels, they lived their whole lives in love and harmony. (It is characteristic that Anna retained her maiden name in marriage.)

True, a year after her marriage, Anna was diagnosed with cancer. Irradiation, prescribed to her for medicinal purposes, helped to cope with the disease, but infertility became its side effect. This test did not break Anna. In her autobiography, written in her declining years (1988), she says: “You can respond to the blows of fate in different ways - with despondency, depression, even suicide, or by exerting all your strength in order to prove to fate that she cannot defeat you.” Deprived of the joy of motherhood, she devoted herself entirely to work.

DETERMINANTS OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

The first major scientific work of Anastasi - the monograph "Differential Psychology" - was published in 1937, and despite the huge amount of empirical facts accumulated since then, continues to this day to be a valuable source in this field of science.

In a bitter twist of fate, this book was published in America almost simultaneously with the official ban on any psychometric research in the Soviet Union. In the light of the infamous party directive, the very formulation of the problem of individual psychological differences was recognized as ideologically alien. This atavism turned out to be surprisingly tenacious, and to this day many of our educators and psychologists shudder nervously at the slightest hint of the obvious fact that not all people are equally smart.

In the USA, "Differential Psychology" immediately promoted its author to the ranks of the leading experts in this field. Suffice it to say that nine years later, in 1946, thirty-eight-year-old Anna Anastasi was elected president of the Eastern Psychological Association by her colleagues. In fact, her work was the first major work on this topic since V. Stern in 1911 proposed the very concept of "differential psychology".

In our country, for the reasons mentioned, this work and its author were not soon known, at the end of the sixties. B.M. Teplov (almost the only Soviet psychologist at that time who dared to develop the problem of individual differences) managed to familiarize himself with the third edition of this book (1958) in the original and compiled a detailed annotated summary of it, which was published in the collection Problems of Differential Psychophysiology (vol. VI. M., 1969), and then in the second volume of his selected works (1985).

Teplov in Anastasi's essay was impressed by her skepticism about the theory of innate abilities, her close attention to the social determinants of individual differences. In some places, he even finds a direct echo with the theoretical provisions of Soviet psychology: "Anastasi, who has no idea about the work of Soviet researchers, however, claims the same thing."

UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISM

In fact, one of Anastasi's important merits can be considered an objective analysis of the role of social factors in the formation of human traits, which openly contradicted the pre-war Western psychology orientation towards the test assessment of the innate and unchanging. However, the assessment of the possibilities of psychometric methods was undertaken by her not only for this purpose. According to Anastasi, “the main goal of differential psychology, as well as psychology in general, is to understand behavior. Differential psychology approaches this problem through a comparative analysis of behavior in changing conditions ... "After half a century, she will write:" If we can explain why some individuals react differently from others, then we are already far advanced in understanding why each person reacts so, and not otherwise. the data of differential psychology, therefore, should help to elucidate the basic mechanisms of behavior.

Anastasi's many years of research were devoted to this issue in a wide variety of its aspects. Her works on the study of gender differences in the manifestations of intelligence, the influence of sociocultural factors (in particular, the family atmosphere and schooling) on ​​the formation of mental abilities have become classics. In the third of her monographs, "Spheres of Applied Psychology" (1964), she again returns to the questions of the actual psychological content of psychometric methods and their results, tries to overcome the opposition between experimental and psychometric orientations in psychology.

Against the background of these works, "Psychological Testing", perhaps, really acts more like a large-scale abstract than a scientific study. But even here (which becomes clear upon closer examination), her idea is constantly carried out that the use of an instrument (which is any test) necessarily requires awareness of the purpose of this procedure. Sorting, ranking, labeling - goals are absolutely useless. In addition, any specialist manipulating psychometric methods should be aware of the nature of the differences being detected, and not just state the result. These ideas will remain relevant for a long time to come, and the world is likely to see more than one reprint of Anastasi's classic works. Maybe we are too.

CONFESSION

For more than half a century, Anastasi devoted herself to teaching, mainly at New York's Fordham University, where she joined in 1947 as an assistant professor and from where she retired in 1979 as an honorary professor. During her life, she was awarded many scientific regalia, in particular, she received the Medal for Scientific Merit from the hands of President R. Reagan in 1987 (in the same year, B.F. Skinner and the world-famous cardiac surgeon Michael DeBakey were awarded this award). In 1971, she became the third woman in the history of American psychology - after Mary Calkins (1905) and Margaret Washburn (1921), who was elected president of the American Psychological Association and thereby violated a half-century male monopoly.

On May 4, 2001, Anna Anastasi died at her home in New York. Obituaries have appeared all over the world, even in Sicily, where she is proud as a compatriot. Russian scientific publications did not seem to notice this loss. Until now, Anastasi is sometimes mentioned as living.

However, maybe this is the real confession?

(12/19/1908, New York, - 05/04/2001, ibid) - American psychologist, specialist in the field of general, clinical and educational psychology, statistics and methods of assessment and measurement, industrial and organizational psychology. Developer of many psychometric tests. Distinguished Doctor of Education (Villanova University, 1971), Distinguished Doctor of Science from Sadre-Crest College (1971), Honorary Doctor of Science from La Salle University (1979). President of the APA (American Psychological Association) (1971). Awarded the ARA Prize: "Outstanding Scientist" (1971); received the Testing and Educational Service Award (1977). In addition, she was awarded the Thorndike Medal (APA, 1983) and the APF (American Psychological Foundation) Gold Medal (1984). She was educated at Barnard College (1924-1928, B.A.) and Columbia University (Ph.D., 1930). She began her professional career as a teacher at Columbia University (1930). Later she taught at a number of other universities, including the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at Fordham University (1947). Initially she intended to study mathematics, but she was attracted to psychology, partly because of the works by Ch. Spearman on correlation coefficients. The standard psychometric tests she developed arose from courses she taught during her university career (Differential Psychology, 1937). Anastasi's interpretation of developing psychological characteristics was based on models developed in animal experiments, in the study of child behavior and in the psychology of learning ("Psychological testing", 1954). In the book "Fields of Applied Psychology" (1964), she considered the widest range of applications of the developed psychological principles. Dealing with the problem of the formation of abilities long before the models of these processes began to spread widely, she made a significant contribution to the problem of the genesis of characteristic features, to understanding the relationship between life history, education and differences at the family level, to the problem of creativity, to the analysis of drawings of mentally ill people. This generalized approach had a number of advantages. In addition, the most important of Anastasi's merits was her attention to the psychological content of psychometric measurements, to the connection between psychometric tests and other areas of psychology, to the social subtext of testing ("The gap between experimental and psychometric orientations". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 1991). Anastasi showed how thoughtful, carefully calibrated and well-founded mental tests can be valuable both in theoretical and applied terms, providing a complete understanding of socio-cultural and cognitive processes. The name Anastasi has become synonymous with psychometrics for generations of students and professional psychologists. In Russian translation, the two-volume Anastasi "Psychological Testing" (1982, 2001) and the fundamental work of 1937 - "Differential Psychology", co-authored, 2001, were published.

I. R. Hayrapetyan, S. V. Ilyina

(1908–2001)

So many books on psychology have been written in the 20th century that even the most diligent student who has set himself the task of studying this subject as deeply as possible and reading as much as possible is involuntarily lost in front of their abundance and diversity. This is probably why review, generalizing works are so successful, allowing at least a first approximation to consider a certain extensive problem and, relying on knowledge of basic terms, concepts and patterns, to select specific sources for in-depth study. If, moreover, such a work is written in an interesting and understandable way, then it is simply doomed to become a bestseller and an invariable lifesaver for many generations of students. In psychology, “Psychological Testing” by Anna Anastasi is rightfully considered such a world bestseller. This book was published by the New York Macmillan publishing house in 1954, went through several reprints, updated every time (the last one came out in 1996) and was translated into many languages, including Russian (in 1982 in publishing house "Pedagogy" published a translation from the fifth American edition, and in 2003 in "Peter" - the seventh). And several generations of psychologists - American, Russian, and not only - could say, paraphrasing well-known lines: "We say - Anastasi, we mean - tests ..."

Anna Anastasi, one of the most famous American psychologists, lived to be 92 years old. Even if in her long life she did not create anything other than "Psychological Testing", this capital work alone would perpetuate her name. True, she did not write so much: in addition to the one named, she wrote two more major monographs, as well as about one and a half hundred articles (often co-authored) in scientific journals (many manage to print several times more in a shorter period of time). Sometimes an uninformed domestic reader has an opinion about her as a talented compiler who managed to talk about other people's achievements in an accessible way (which in itself is also no small art and deserves high recognition). But if this were so, then it is unlikely that her American colleagues would have honored her with the national award "Outstanding Scientist" and elected her president of their professional association (1971). Her "Psychological Testing" is not just a competent review, but a real encyclopedia, which only a major specialist in this field can create. Such a specialist - truly one of the leading ones - is Anna Anastasi.

She was born December 19, 1908 in New York to Sicilian immigrant parents. She did not know her father - he died when the girl was barely a year old. His mother decided not to maintain relations with his family, so Anna never even met her paternal relatives. The upbringing of the girl was actually carried out by one grandmother. What are the fruits of such a pedagogical situation, at all times can be seen in many sad examples. But Anna, probably due to her natural abilities and inclinations, managed to become a brilliant exception to this pattern.

Anna's grandmother was very distrustful of the school. The windows of their modest apartment overlooked the school yard, and the daily observed behavior of the students irritated the grandmother so much that she preferred to teach her granddaughter herself in order to protect her from the bad influence of her peers. Under her leadership, Anna studied until the age of 9, and when she finally entered school, she immediately entered the third grade, and after a couple of months she was transferred to the fourth - home schooling was not in vain. Subsequently, Anna once again "jumped over the step" and eventually graduated from school at the age of 15.

At school, she was the first student (in the literal sense of the word - a clear ranking is accepted in the American school), in 1924 she entered the prestigious Barnard College, intending to devote herself to mathematics (it was in this area that she showed high talent from childhood). Her interest in psychology arose under the influence of Ch. Spearman's work on factor analysis. The application of mathematical methods to subtle spiritual matters fascinated her so much that it largely determined her scientific research for many years to come. After graduating from college (a bachelor's degree at age 19!) she entered graduate school at Columbia University and in 1930 defended her doctoral dissertation. At the university, Anna met her future husband, John Peter Foley, who at that time was also preparing his doctoral dissertation in psychology (later he gained some fame in the field of industrial psychology). In 1933 they got married and, as they say in the novels, they lived their whole lives in love and harmony. (It is characteristic that in marriage Anna retained her maiden name). True, a year after her marriage, Anna was diagnosed with cancer. Irradiation, prescribed to her for medicinal purposes, helped to cope with the disease, but infertility became its side effect. This test did not break Anna. In her autobiography, written in her declining years (1988), she says: “You can respond to the blows of fate in different ways - with despondency, depression, even suicide, or by exerting all your strength in order to prove to fate that it cannot defeat you.” Deprived of the joy of motherhood, she devoted herself entirely to work.

The first major scientific work of Anastasi - the monograph "Differential Psychology" - was published in 1937, and despite the huge amount of empirical facts accumulated since then, continues to this day to be a valuable source in this field of science.

In a bitter twist of fate, this book was published in America almost simultaneously with the official ban on any psychometric research in the Soviet Union. In the light of the infamous party directive, the very formulation of the problem of individual psychological differences was recognized as ideologically alien. This atavism turned out to be surprisingly tenacious, and to this day many of our educators and psychologists shudder nervously at the slightest hint of the obvious fact that not all people are equally smart.

In the USA, "Differential Psychology" immediately promoted its author to the ranks of the leading experts in this field. Suffice it to say that nine years later, in 1946, thirty-eight-year-old Anna Anastasi was elected president of the Eastern Psychological Association by her colleagues. In fact, her work was the first major work on this topic since V. Stern in 1911 proposed the very concept of "differential psychology".

In our country, for the reasons mentioned, this work and its author were not soon known, at the end of the sixties. B.M. Teplov (almost the only Soviet psychologist at that time who dared to develop the problem of individual differences) managed to familiarize himself with the third edition of this book (1958) in the original and compiled a detailed annotated summary of it, which was published in the collection Problems of Differential Psychophysiology (vol. VI, M., 1969), and then in the second volume of his selected works (1985). Teplov in Anastasi's essay was impressed by her skepticism about the theory of innate abilities, her close attention to the social determinants of individual differences. In some places, he even finds a direct echo with the theoretical provisions of Soviet psychology: "Anastasi, who has no idea about the work of Soviet researchers, however, claims the same thing."

In fact, one of Anastasi's important merits can be considered an objective analysis of the role of social factors in the formation of human traits, which openly contradicted the pre-war Western psychology orientation towards the test assessment of the innate and unchanging. However, the assessment of the possibilities of psychometric methods was undertaken by her not only for this purpose. According to Anastasi, “the main goal of differential psychology, as well as psychology in general, is to understand behavior. Differential psychology approaches this problem through a comparative analysis of behavior in changing conditions ... "After half a century, she will write:" If we can explain why some individuals react differently from others, then we are already far advanced in understanding why each person reacts so, and not otherwise. the data of differential psychology, therefore, should help to elucidate the basic mechanisms of behavior.

Anastasi's many years of research were devoted to this issue in a wide variety of its aspects. Her works on the study of gender differences in the manifestations of intelligence, the influence of socio-cultural factors (in particular, the family atmosphere and schooling) on ​​the formation of mental abilities have become classics. In the third of her monographs, "Spheres of Applied Psychology" (1964), she again returns to the questions of the actual psychological content of psychometric methods and their results, tries to overcome the opposition between experimental and psychometric orientations in psychology.

Against the background of these works, "Psychological Testing", perhaps, really acts more like a large-scale abstract than a scientific study. But even here (which becomes clear upon closer examination), her idea is constantly carried out that the use of an instrument (which is any test) necessarily requires awareness of the purpose of this procedure. Sorting, ranking, labeling - goals are absolutely useless. In addition, any specialist manipulating psychometric methods should be aware of the nature of the differences being detected, and not just state the result. These ideas will remain relevant for a long time to come, and the world is likely to see more than one reprint of Anastasi's classic works. Maybe we are too.

For more than half a century, Anastasi devoted herself to teaching, mainly at Fordham University in New York, where she joined in 1947 as an assistant professor and from where she retired in 1979 as an honorary professor. During her life, she was awarded many scientific regalia, in particular, she received the Medal for Scientific Merit from the hands of President R. Reagan in 1987 (in the same year, B.F. Skinner and the world-famous cardiac surgeon Michael DeBakey were awarded this award). In 1971, she became the third woman in the history of American psychology—after Mary Calkins (1905) and Margaret Washburn (1921)—to be elected president of the American Psychological Association, breaking a half-century male monopoly.

On May 4, 2001, Anna Anastasi died at her home in New York. Obituaries have appeared all over the world, even in Sicily, where she is proud as a compatriot. Russian scientific publications did not seem to notice this loss. Until now, Anastasi is sometimes mentioned as living. However, maybe this is the real recognition?

Psychological Dictionary

Anastasi Anna

Anastasi Anna (born 1908, New York) is an American psychologist. In 1930 she received a degree from Columbia University. She worked as a psychologist - instructor at Bernard College. Since 1947, she worked at Fordham University, where she was a professor (1951) and head (1968) of the Faculty of Psychology. President of the American Psychological Association (1971 - 72). She dealt with the problems of differential psychology, the formation of abilities, psychological diagnostics. She considered creativity in the context of an individual's life, in particular the conditions of his upbringing. Developed a number of psychological tests.
Works.
Differential Psychology. 1937;
psychological testing. 1954; in Russian Per.: Psychological testing. T. 1 - 2, M., 1982;
Fields of Applied Psychology.

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ANASTASI Anna ANASTASI Anna

ANASTASI (Anastasi) Anna (b. 1908, New York), American psychologist.
She was educated at New York's Barnard College (1924-1928); PhD (Columbia University, 1930). Professor of psychology (since 1947). Received awards and prizes from the American Psychological Association and the American Psychological Foundation.
She made a significant contribution to "psychometrics" by developing a series of standard tests to measure mental characteristics. In addition, she dealt with the problems of the genesis of characteristic features, the formation of abilities, the problem of the relationship of life history, education and differences at the family level.

encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .

See what "ANASTASI Anna" is in other dictionaries:

- (p. 1908). The name of Anna Anastasi is closely connected with the creation and development of differential psychology. Her main research topics are: factor analysis, problems of test design and interpretation of test scores… Psychological Encyclopedia

- (born 1908, New York) American psychologist. In 1930 she received a degree from Columbia University. She worked as an instructor psychologist at Bernard College. Since 1947, she worked at Fordham University, here she is a professor (1951) and leader ... ... Psychological Dictionary

Anastasi Anna- (born 1908, New York) American psychologist. Biography. In 1930 she received a degree from Columbia University. She worked as an instructor psychologist at Bernard College. Since 1947 she worked at Fordham University, here is a professor (1951) and ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

ANASTASI- (Anastasi) Anna (b. 1908) American psychologist, specialist in general, clinical and educational psychology, statistics and methods of assessment and measurement, industrial and organizational psychology. Developer of many psychometric tests... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

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Joshua Lederberg (right) receives the National Medal of Science from US President George W. Bush List ... Wikipedia

Festival in San Remo, Italy. Festival della canzone italiana di Sanremo ... Wikipedia

There are many types of T. and. with. or, in other words, the ability to learn. General tests, such as measures of intelligence, evaluate a wide range of cognitive abilities (capacities) and predict, in general terms, the degree of success in most ... ... Psychological Encyclopedia

- (APA) (English American Psychological Association, APA) is one of the most influential associations of professional psychologists in the world, including specialists from the USA and Canada, associate members from other countries. It consists of the order ... ... Wikipedia