Diagram of a German sentence in geometric shapes. Geometric terms in English

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All German grammar in human language!

The most important topics of German grammar (topics are best studied in the order in which they are published):

1. Building a sentence:

In German, there are 3 schemes for constructing simple sentences. One way or another, any sentence of the German language fits into one of these schemes. First, let's remember a couple of terms: Subject - a noun in the nominative case (answering the question who? what?). The predicate is a verb. Circumstance - answers the question how, where, when, why, .... In other words, the circumstance refines the sentence. Examples of circumstances: today, after work, in Berlin, ...

And here are the proposals themselves:

1. Subject -> predicate -> circumstances and everything else -> second verb, if present in the sentence.
2. Adverb -> predicate -> subject -> everything else -> second verb, if any
3. (Interrogative word) -> predicate -> subject -> everything else -> second verb, if any

2. Times:

There are 6 tenses in German (1 present, 3 past and 2 future):

Present tense (Präsens):

This is the simplest tense in German. To build the present tense, you just need to put the verb in the correct conjugation:

Example: machen - to do

Examples:
Hans geht zur Arbeit. - Hans goes to work.
Der Computer arbeitet nicht. - Computer does not work.

Past tenses:

There are 3 past tenses in German. However, in fact, 2 times will be enough for you. The first is called "Präteritum" and the second "Perfekt". In most cases, both times are translated in the same way into Russian. In official correspondence and books, "Präteritum" is used. In oral speech, "Perfekt" is usually used, although "Präteritum" sometimes slips.

Prateritum:

Here we first encounter the concept of regular (strong) and irregular (weak) verbs. The forms of regular verbs change in a clear pattern. Forms of irregular verbs need to be memorized. You will find them in.

Correct verb: machen (Infinitiv) -> machte (Präteritum)
Conjugations of the verb machen in Präteritum:

Examples:
"Du machtest die Hausaufgabe!" - "You did your homework!"
"Du spieltest Fussball" - "You played football"

Irregular verb gehen (Infinitiv) -> ging (Präteritum)

Example:
"Du gingst nach Hause!" - "You were going home!"

Future tenses:

In German, the future tense is "Futur l" and "Futur ll". The Germans do not use "Futur ll" at all, and "Futur l" they usually replace with the present tense (Präsens) with the future as a clarification.

Example: "Morgen gehen wir ins Kino." - "Tomorrow we're going to the cinema."

If you indicate the circumstance of the future tense (tomorrow, soon, next week, etc.), then you can safely use the present tense to express plans for the future.

If, nevertheless, we consider the time "Futur l", then it is built as follows:

Subject -> auxiliary verb "werden" -> everything else -> semantic verb in the form "Infinitiv".

Example: "Wir werden ins Kino gehen." - "We'll go to the cinema."(verbatim: "We'll go to the cinema.")

Conjugations of the verb "werden"

3. Cases:

Cases]

4. Complex and compound sentences:

In everyday life, we constantly use words related to geometry. I don't mean terms like hypotenuse or bisector, and common words, for example: circle, square, length, width, volume. From this collection you will learn the most necessary geometric terms in English and you can repeat or learn them with the help of voiced flashcards.

Basic geometric terms in English

When I was in school, we started our acquaintance with geometry with such elementary concepts as a point (point), straight (straight line), line segment (line segment), Ray (ray), then moved on to geometric shapes (plane shapes) and geometric bodies (solid shapes).

The list and cards below show these and other key terms. I note that the most insidious are two terms:

• Angle- injection. Easily confused with corner. But if corner is a corner in a general sense, for example, the corner of the room (corner of the room), then angle- this is an angle as a geometric concept (right angle - right angle).
• point- dot. In Russian, any point is called a point: like a point in a decimal fraction or the end of a sentence. There are several names in English for different points: point, dot, period, full stop. Here is the difference between them:
  • point- point in geometry, in: 3.14 reads as three point one four.
  • dot- dot in website addresses. For example, www.google.com reads like: double u double u double u google dot com. By the way, it's funny that www is the abbreviation for the world wide web, but the abbreviated form when read is much longer than the full one.
  • period(US) or full stop(Great Britain) - a dot at the end of a sentence. There is even an English expression “period” or “full stop”, an analogue of the Russian “dot” in the meaning of “the conversation is over, no objections are accepted”: You are not going to the party. period. You are not going to the party. Dot.

point	dot
line segment	line segment
ray	Ray
line	straight
plane shape	geometric figure
solid shape	geometric body
volume	volume
area	square
perimeter	perimeter
diagonal	diagonal
size	the size
side	side
angle	injection
length	length
width	width
height	height
depths	depth
right angle	right angle
obtuse angle	obtuse angle
acute angle	sharp corner
vertical line	vertical line
horizontal line	horizontal line
curved line	curved line
broken lines	broken line
parallel lines	parallel lines
perpendicular lines	perpendicular lines
radius	radius
diameter	diameter
base	base
vertex	vertex
edge	edge
convex	convex
concave	concave

Geometric solids and figures

Remember, geometric figures two-dimensional, and body- voluminous. A square, a triangle are figures, and a cube, a pyramid are bodies. Some difficulties may arise with adjectives formed from the names of bodies and figures, because they are different:

• with suffixes: rectangle(rectangle) - rectangular(rectangular).
• denoted by another word: circle(a circle) - round(round).
• formed without changing the word: oval(oval) - oval(oval).

From the word circle also forms an adjective circular- round, but it is usually used when talking about something flat and usually perfectly round. Round can be applied to flat and voluminous objects, this word is much more common in everyday speech: round table - a round table, round building - a round building. About spherical objects, too, most likely they will say that they round(round ball - round ball), although technically they spherical. But in Russian we don't call the ball "spherical" either.

circumference	circle
square	square
circle	a circle
triangle	triangle
rectangle	rectangle
rhombus	rhombus
trapezium (US - trapezoid)	trapezoid
oval	oval
cylinder	cylinder
cube	cube
prism	prism
sphere	sphere
horse	cone
pyramid	pyramid
pentagon	pentagon
hexagon	hexagon
pentagram	pentagram
square (adjective)	square
round	round
triangular	triangular
rectangular	rectangular
oval (adjective)	oval
cubic (-al) (adjective)	cubic
spherical	spherical

What are models for? We do not know how to read in English yet, we will start learning to read from the second half of the year. Children are not yet familiar with parts of speech and sentence members, even in their native language. The construction of the English sentence is very different from the Russian one - the English sentence has a strict word order. Second graders can't explain it. Therefore, words in models are represented by icons. You can get acquainted with the conventions on the spread of the textbook.

The English affirmative sentence has a strict word order. This means that the English sentence is built only like this:
Subject| predicate| addition | place circumstance | circumstance of time.
The subject and predicate are obligatory members of the English sentence, secondary members may be absent. In the studied (Russian) sentences, the predicate is absent. In this case, a linking verb comes to the rescue. For example: in Russian we ask: "Who are you?" and the British ask: "Who there is you?". In Russian we answer: I am Tom. And the British answer: "I there is Volume." Therefore, in English sentences there are three words, and not two, as in Russian. (About the verb link to be You will read below)

Model #1

I'm a dog.
I am Jack.
I am two years old.

Iam a dog.(I am a dog.)
I am Jack.(I am Jack.)
I am 2.(I am a two year old.)

The white square indicates the actor, answers the question Who what?(subject).
- a colored square indicates a quality or an object, answers a question Who? What? Which?.
- white triangle with an arrow - linking verb to be (to be, to be, to be). For each person, singular and plural, this verb has its own form, i.e. changes in faces. - am(is / am / am) - is(is/is/is) and are(is / are, are, are, are / are, are, are, are).

Model #2

I can swim .
I can swim.
The parrot can fly.
The parrot can fly.

Who? What?)
I can, I can, I can etc.
What to do?)

Model #3

You can swim? (Can you swim?)
Can you swim?
Yes, I can.
No, I can't.
Can a parrot fly?
Can the parrot fly?
Yes, he can.
No, he can't
Can she jump?
Can she skip?
Yes, she can.
No, she can't.

The colored triangle stands for the word I can, I can, I can etc.
- a white square indicates the person who performs the action ( Who? What?)
- white triangle indicates action ( What to do?)
- not- negative particle not

Model No. 4

I can not swim.
I can't swim.

Model No. 5

I have a book (I have a book)
I have got a book.

White square- who performs the action;
triangle divided into two halves(separated because it consists of two words - have got) - have, have;
filled triangle- who, what I have.

Model No. 6
I have not got a bag.
I don't have a portfolio
(I don't have a portfolio)

Model No. 7

Have you got a pen?.
Do you have a pen?
(Do you have a pen?)

Model No. 8

He/She has got a pen.
(He/she has a pen.
He/she doesn't have a pen.)

Model No. 9

He/She has not got a bag.
(He/she doesn't have a pen.
He/she doesn't have a pen.)

Model No. 10

Has he/she got a pen?
Yes, he/she has .
No he/she has not.
(Does he/she have a pen? Does he/she have a pen?)
(Yes, it has )
(No it doesn't)