The scale of subjective well-being m in Sokolov's description. Testing scale of subjective well-being

The subjective well-being scale is a screening psychodiagnostic tool for measuring the emotional component subjective well-being(SB) or emotional comfort(EC). The definition of subjective well-being includes three criteria criteria.

Well-being is determined by external criteria, such as a virtuous, “correct” life. Such definitions are called normative. According to them, a person feels well-being if he possesses some socially desirable qualities; the criterion of well-being is the system of values adopted in a given culture.

The definition of subjective well-being is reduced to the concept of life satisfaction and is associated with the respondent's standards of what constitutes a good life.

The third meaning of the concept of subjective well-being is closely related to the ordinary understanding of happiness as the superiority of positive emotions over negative ones. This definition emphasizes pleasant emotional experiences that either objectively predominate in a person's life, or a person is subjectively prone to them.

Instructions for the test

Please indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statements below using the following scale:

1 - fully agree;
2 - agree;
3 - more or less agree;
4 - find it difficult to answer;
5 - more or less disagree;
6 - disagree;
7 - Completely disagree.

test material

I've been in a good mood lately.
My work puts pressure on me.
If I have problems, I can turn to someone.
I've been sleeping well lately.
I rarely get bored during my daily activities.
I often feel lonely.
I feel healthy and vigorous.
I enjoy being with family and friends a lot.
Sometimes I get restless for some unknown reason.
In the morning it is difficult for me to get up and work.
I look to the future with optimism.
I would be less willing to ask others for anything.
I enjoy my daily activities.
Lately, I've been overreacting to minor setbacks and setbacks.
I've been feeling in great shape lately.
I feel the need for privacy more and more.
I've been very distracted lately.

Key to the test

"Direct" items (the number of the selected answer directly corresponds to the score received) - No. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15.

Evaluation of "direct" items

Evaluation of "reverse" items

« Reverse» items (assigning points to answer numbers is reversed) - No. 2, 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17.

The final score of the test subject on the test is equal to the sum of the scores for the "direct" and "reverse" items.

Processing and interpretation of test results

The scale consists of 17 items, the content of which is related to emotional state, social position and some physical symptoms. According to the content, the items are divided into six clusters:

Tension and sensitivity (2, 12, 16).
Signs accompanying the main psycho-emotional symptoms (9, 14, 17).
Mood changes (1, 11).
Significance of the social environment (3, 6, 8).
Self-reported health (7, 15).
Degree of satisfaction with daily activities (5, 10, 13).

The average score on the test, converted to a standard score on the wall scale (mean - 5.5, standard deviation - 2), is the basis for interpreting the test results.

Table for converting "raw" scores to standard scores

"Raw" score	Walls	"Raw" score	Walls	"Raw" score	Walls
25	1	52	4	77	7
26	1	53	4	78	8
27	1	54	4	79	8
28	1	55	4	80	8
29	1	56	5	81	8
30	1	57	5	82	8
31	1	58	5	83	8
32	1	59	5	84	8
33	1	60	5	85	8
34	2	61	5	86	9
35	2	62	5	87	9
36	2	63	6	88	9
37	2	64	6	89	9
38	2	65	6	90	9
39	2	66	6	91	9
40	2	67	6	92	9
41	3	68	6	93	10
44	3	69	6	94	10
45	3	70	6	95	10
46	3	71	7	96	10
47	3	72	7	97	10
48	3	73	7	98	10
49	4	74	7	99	10
50	4	75	7	100	10
51	4	76	7

Sources

Subjective well-being scale/ Fetiskin N.P., Kozlov V.V., Manuilov G.M. Socio-psychological diagnostics of personality development and small groups. - M., Publishing House of the Institute of Psychotherapy. 2002. C.467-470

Scales: tension and sensitivity, psycho-emotional symptoms, mood changes, significance of the social environment, self-assessment of health, satisfaction with daily activities

Purpose of the test

The Subjective Well-Being Scale is a screening psychodiagnostic tool for measuring the emotional component of subjective well-being (SB) or emotional comfort (EC). The definition of subjective well-being includes three criteria criteria.

The definition of subjective well-being is reduced to the concept of life satisfaction and is associated with the respondent's standards of what constitutes a good life.

Instructions for the test

Please indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statements below using the following scale:

1 - fully agree;
. 2 - agree;
. 3 - more or less agree;
. 4 - find it difficult to answer;
. 5 - more or less disagree;
. 6 - disagree;
. 7 - completely disagree.

Test

1. Lately I have been in a good mood.
2. My work puts pressure on me.
3. If I have problems, I can turn to someone.
4. I have been sleeping well lately.
5. I rarely get bored during my daily activities.
6. I often feel lonely.
7. I feel healthy and alert.
8. I enjoy being with my family or friends a lot.
9. Sometimes I get restless for an unknown reason.
10. It is difficult for me to get up and work in the morning.
11. I look to the future with optimism.
12. I would be less willing to ask others for anything.
13. I enjoy my daily activities.
14. Recently, I overreact to minor obstacles and setbacks.
15. Recently, I feel in great shape.
16. I feel the need for solitude more and more.
17. Lately I have been very distracted.

Processing and interpretation of test results

Key to the test

"Direct" items (the number of the selected answer directly corresponds to the score received) - No. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15.

Evaluation of "direct" items

Point assigned to the number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Evaluation of "reverse" items

The number of the subject's answer to item 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Point assigned to the number 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

"Reverse" items (assigning points to answer numbers is reversed) - No. 2, 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17.

The final score of the test subject on the test is equal to the sum of the scores for the "direct" and "reverse" items.

Processing and interpretation of test results

The scale consists of 17 items, the content of which is related to the emotional state, social status and some physical symptoms. According to the content, the items are divided into six clusters:

1. Tension and sensitivity (2, 12, 16).
2. Signs accompanying the main psycho-emotional symptoms (9, 14, 17).
3. Mood changes (1, 11).
4. Significance of the social environment (3, 6, 8).
5. Self-assessment of health (7, 15).
6. Degree of satisfaction with daily activities (5, 10, 13).

The average score on the test, converted to a standard score on the wall scale (mean - 5.5, standard deviation - 2), is the basis for interpreting the test results.

Table for converting "raw" scores to standard scores

"Raw" Wall score
25 1 52 4 77 7
26 1 53 4 78 8
27 1 54 4 79 8
28 1 55 4 80 8
29 1 56 5 81 8
30 1 57 5 82 8
31 1 58 5 83 8
32 1 59 5 84 8
33 1 60 5 85 8
34 2 61 5 86 9
35 2 62 5 87 9
36 2 63 6 88 9
37 2 64 6 89 9
38 2 65 6 90 9
39 2 66 6 91 9
40 2 67 6 92 9
41 3 68 6 93 10
44 3 69 6 94 10
45 3 70 6 95 10
46 3 71 7 96 10
47 3 72 7 97 10
48 3 73 7 98 10
49 4 74 7 99 10
50 4 75 7 100 10
51 4 76 7

Sources

Scale of subjective well-being / Fetiskin N.P., Kozlov V.V., Manuilov G.M. Socio-psychological diagnostics of personality development and small groups. - M., Publishing House of the Institute of Psychotherapy. 2002. C.467-470

FACTORS AFFECTING SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING

This review lists only some of the factors for which there is research evidence of their impact on SB.

1. Income (level of material well-being)

There is a lot of evidence that income and WB are positively correlated, but the absolute value of the correlation is not very large. Researchers explain this by the fact that the main impact of income is not direct, but indirect: for example, through improving living conditions and promoting health.

Studies conducted in this area have revealed several patterns of the impact of income on the level of WB:

a) the impact of income is large only at a relatively low level of well-being; as soon as basic needs are satisfied, the influence of income falls sharply;

b) the impact of income on SB is mediated by factors such as status and power - they are relative in society and do not increase in direct proportion to income growth;

c) the influence of income can be direct, but depends on social comparison: people can determine how satisfied they are only by comparing their state with the state of others;

d) income is not only a direct benefit, but also difficulties that reduce the overall positive impact of income on SB: for example, high incomes can be associated with increased responsibility, stress, etc.

2. Employment

Some studies have found that the unemployed have the lowest levels of satisfaction, but there is no evidence of this. that, for example, housewives are less happy than working women.

3. Education

A number of studies suggest that education affects SB (generally, more educated people report higher subjective well-being, but this effect is small and is associated with other factors, such as income. For example, higher education can serve as a source of increased income, which enhances the positive impact of education on the WB, but at the same time, education also increases the level of needs, which can adversely affect subjective well-being.

4. Religion

Since religiosity is understood in different ways, the data in this area are contradictory. Faith and religious traditionalism usually have a positive effect on WB. Although it was also found that religiosity is negatively correlated with good mood. It was revealed that religion has a significant impact on people under 65 years old, but not on older people. In general, there is still a lot of uncertainty about the influence of religion on subjective well-being.

5. Marriage and family

Although publications on subjective well-being do not report whether marriage has a statistically significant effect on SB, almost all correlations are positive. It was found that although married women may report more stress than unmarried women, they also report greater life satisfaction. We also found that marital status is a strong determinant of SB levels, even when education, income, and employment are controlled.

6. Behavior and lifestyle

Social contacts. In most studies, positive correlations between SB and various indicators of serial activity, both objective and subjective, were found. Longitudinal studies have found that changes in subjective well-being are directly related to the increase or decrease in social contacts, with formal contacts more influential than informal ones.

Types of activity. Studies conducted on samples of older people support the view that being active contributes to happiness. In these studies, some activities were found to have a significant effect on SW, while others did not: the relationship between activity and SW depends on the respondent's personality. The ambiguity of the results is largely due to the uncertainty of the concept of activity itself: it meant such different characteristics as physical activity, hobbies, and participation in formal organizations.

7. Gender

As a rule, women report more intense feelings: they experience more joy and more depression compared to men. There is evidence that satisfaction is not only related to gender, but also to age: young women are happier than young men, and older women are less happy than older men.

8. Biological factors

Many researchers have found significant correlations between health and SB, but they have also found that when these links are mediated by other factors, such as leisure activities, the impact of health on SB can be significantly reduced. For example, a person with poor health leading an active lifestyle. may be characterized by greater subjective well-being. Therefore, the influence of health from subjective well-being is not simply the influence of how people feel physically, but also of the opportunities that are associated with their state of health. The relationship between health and SB was stronger in women and when subjective health measures were used.

Several other biological factors are also associated with SB. Poor sleep is associated with a feeling of unhappiness, this connection is most likely two-way. Physical exercise is associated with an increase in mood, although data on this topic is still scarce. Finally, seasonal mood variations have been found, although it is not clear whether these changes are biological in nature. Weather also affects mood, although this effect is short-lived.

9. Personality

The results of a number of studies suggest that stable personality traits, such as temperament, have the greatest influence on SW. Extraversion was found to be associated with a tendency to positive affects, and neuroticism was found to be associated with a tendency to negative affects.

One of the most significant determinants of the degree of SB is self-report, and the relationship between these two variables can be bidirectional.

Another personality trait that is closely related to the level of SA is internality. The nature of this connection can be both positive and negative, depending on cultural norms.

It could be assumed that intelligence should be significantly correlated with the level of SA, since it is a socially desirable quality. However, this hypothesis was confirmed only in some works; in the rest, the correlation between the valueIQand subjective well-being was either absent or negative. It is possible that there are some factors closely related to intelligence that can reduce the level of SP (for example, higher needs). Individuals have been found to experience the greatest well-being when the situation matches their personality, although this effect is not very pronounced.

Thus, we can say that the problem of the relationship between personality traits and the level of subjective well-being requires further study. For example, it is unclear whether personality traits such as optimism are the cause or effect of favorable events.

10. Subjective satisfaction with certain aspects of life

As the results of research show, subjective judgments of a person about satisfaction with certain aspects of life have a closer correlation with the level of SB than objective conditions. At the same time, subjective well-being is most influenced by a person’s satisfaction with himself, satisfaction with lifestyle and family is also highly correlated with SB, while correlations with job satisfaction are more moderate, and with satisfaction with health and society (social environment) - even lower.

It should be taken into account that in some approaches subjective satisfaction with certain aspects of life is not considered at all as a factor influencing SA. It is assumed that there should be a direct relationship between objective external conditions and subjective well-being.

Thus, various data concerning the influence of various factors on the level of subjective well-being allow us to draw a number of conclusions:

1. Not a single variable, be it demographic data or personality traits, completely determines the level of SA, but only makes its own, more or less pronounced contribution.

2. Almost all research in this area suffers from the lack of clear experimental conditions; carefully designed longitudinal studies are required to differentiate the effects of variables.

3. It is necessary to further develop both the theoretical basis for the study of SD and the tools for diagnosing it.

THE STRUCTURE OF SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING

The creation of diagnostic tools to measure subjective well-being has raised the question of its structure, which, although it may not be universal.

First of all, researchers distinguish cognitive (judgment about life satisfaction) and affective (positive and negative emotions) components in subjective well-being. Positive and negative emotions included in the affective component are in a complex relationship with each other. As the first, so the latter correlate with general subjective well-being, but their correlations among themselves can be different depending on a number of conditions:

First, positive and negative effects are not independent at any particular moment in time: each type of affect has a clear tendency to overwhelm the other type. As a result, the two types of affect are negatively correlated with each other in terms of frequency, i.e. the more often a person experiences one affect, the less often he experiences another;

Second, positive and negative affects are positively correlated with respect to intensity, i.e. a person who experiences more intense positive emotions in life tends to experience more intense negative emotions as well;

Thirdly, when measuring the average levels of positive and negative affects over long periods of time, low correlations between them are revealed, since average levels are the result of both the frequency and the intensity of the affect.

Thus, the components of subjective well-being are: a judgment about life satisfaction, positive emotions, different in frequency and intensity, negative emotions, different in frequency and intensity. Methods developed in line with the diagnosis of subjective well-being can be aimed at measuring both all its components simultaneously, and one or more of them.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING SCALE

The subjective well-being scale (SB scale) was created in 1988 by French psychologists.Perrudet- badoux, MendelsohnandChiche. The reason for its creation was the expansion of research in the field of the psychology of stress and its impact on the health of the individual. Studying the impact of chronic diseases on the emotional state of the individual, the authors of the methodology were faced with the need to have a small screening tool that reflects the assessment of the individual's own emotional state. As a result, a scale was developed that measures the emotional component of subjective well-being.

The scale consists of 17 items, the content of which is related to the emotional state, social behavior and some physical symptoms. According to the content, the items are divided into six clusters:

1. INTENSITY AND SENSITIVITY (points 2. 12, 16) 2. SIGNS ACCOMPANYING THE MAIN PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS, such as depression, drowsiness, absent-mindedness, and the like (points 4, 9,14,17)

3. MOOD CHANGES (points: 1.11)

4. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT (points 3, 6, 8)

5. SELF-ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH (paragraphs 7.15)

6. DEGREE OF SATISFACTION WITH DAILY ACTIVITIES (clauses 5,10.13)

The subject must evaluate each statement on a seven-point scale, where "1" means "strongly agree", "7" - "strongly disagree", intermediate points have the appropriate values. Some items are "straight", ie. if the subject answers "1", he is assigned 1 point, if the answer is "2", -2 points, etc. Other items are "inverse", ie. if the subject answers "1", he is assigned 7 points, if the answer is "2" - 6 points, etc. The sum of the scores for all items is the final score for the test. The final score is an indicator of the presence and depth of the individual's emotional discomfort, and according to the answers to individual items, the researcher can identify areas of particular tension or conflict.

The scope of the SA scale is quite wide. It can be successfully used to control the general condition of the client during treatment, to detect problem areas in psychological counseling, to assess emotional well-being in the selection and recruitment of personnel, and in other situations where it is required to assess the characteristics of the psycho-emotional sphere of the individual.

In the SPC "Psychodiagnostics" the scale of subjective well-being went through the entire procedure of adaptation and psychometric testing on a Russian-speaking sample, including standardization of the results. (See "Subjective Well-Being Scale" Manual of the Scientific and Practical Center "Psychodiagnostics", Yaroslavl, 1993.)

The technique assesses the quality of the subject's emotional experiences in the range from optimism, cheerfulness and self-confidence to depression, irritability and a feeling of loneliness. Differentiation of items in six clusters, along with a quantitative, qualitative analysis of the answers of the subject. The scale requires minimal time to conduct and process and can be applied in various situations for both practical and research purposes.

The advantages of this technique are its brevity and the screening nature of the information received, which makes it possible to outline directions for further research into the personality of the subject.

NORMS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE FINAL SCORE

The standardization sample of the questionnaire consisted of 215 subjects, of which 118 were men and 97 were women aged 18 to 60 (the majority were aged 18 to 25).

The maximum test score in our sample was 100 points, the minimum 25 points (mean value - 59.14, standard deviation - 14.81). Checking the distribution using the Kolmogorov criterion confirmed its normality, and the data obtained were used to construct local test norms (see Appendix).

In parallel, the dependence of test scores on the gender of the subject was studied. A comparison was made of the average final scores in the samples of men and women: i. The average score in the male sample was 58.73, and in the female - 60.03 points, the difference is not statistically significant. Therefore, the calculation of norms was carried out for a generalized sample.

The raw score on the test, converted to a standard score on the wall scale (mean - 5.5, standard deviation - 2), is the basis for interpreting the test results.

Average grades (4-7 walls) indicate a low degree of quality: persons with such grades are characterized by moderate subjective well-being, they have no serious problems, but one cannot speak of complete emotional comfort.

Estimates that deviate towards subjective ill-being (8-9 walls) are typical for people who are prone to depression and anxiety, pessimistic, withdrawn, dependent, who do not tolerate stressful situations.

10 Extremely high scores (10 walls) indicate significant emotional discomfort. Persons with such assessments may have an inferiority complex, they are most likely not satisfied with themselves and their position, lack trust in others and hope for the future, have difficulty in controlling their emotions, are unbalanced, inflexible, constantly worry about real and imagined troubles.

Estimates deviating towards subjective well-being (2-3 walls) indicate a moderate emotional comfort of the subject: he does not experience serious emotional problems, he is quite self-confident, active, successfully interacts with others, adequately controls his behavior.

Extremely low scores on the SA scale (1 sten) testify to the complete emotional well-being of the subject and his denial of serious psychological problems. Such a person, most likely, has a positive self-esteem, is not inclined to complain about various ailments, is optimistic, sociable, confident in his abilities, acts effectively under stress, and is not prone to anxiety.

"KEYS" TO THE SCALE OF SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING

"Direct" items (the number of the selected answer directly corresponds to the score received): No. 1,3,4,5,7,8, 11, 13, 15.

Point assigned to the number

"Reverse" items (assigning points to answer numbers is reverse): No. 2, 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17.

The number of the subject's answer to the item

Point assigned to the number

The final score of the test subject on the test is equal to the sum of the scores on the "direct" and "reverse" items.

TABLE OF CONVERSION OF "RAW" POINTS TO STANDARD SCORE

"Raw" score

Walls

"Raw" score

Walls

25-33

63-70

34-40

71 -77

41 -48

78-85

49-55

86-92

56-62

93 - 100

QUESTIONNAIRE "SCALE OF SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING",

ADAPTATION A.A. RUKAVISHNIKOVA

Instruction

Please indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statements below using the following scale:

1 - fully agree;

2 - agree;

3 - more or less agree;

4 - find it difficult to answer;

5 - more or less disagree;

6 - disagree;

7 - completely disagree.

For each statement, put a cross in the box corresponding to the number of the answer you have chosen.

Content of the question

Lately I've been in a good mood

My work puts pressure on me

If I have problems, I can turn to someone

I've been sleeping well lately

I rarely get bored in my daily activities

I often feel lonely

I feel healthy and alert

I enjoy being with my family or my friends

Sometimes I get restless for no reason

I find it hard to get up and work in the morning

I am an optimist about the future

I would be less willing to ask others for anything

I enjoy my daily activities

Lately, I've been overreacting to minor obstacles and setbacks.

I've been feeling great lately

I increasingly feel the need for solitude

Lately I've been very distracted

Detection of problem areas in psychological counseling, assessment of emotional well-being in the selection and selection of personnel and other situations where it is required to assess the characteristics of the psycho-emotional sphere of the individual.

The technique assesses the quality of the subject's emotional experiences in the range from optimism, cheerfulness and self-confidence to depression, irritability and a feeling of loneliness.

Average marks (from 48 to 77 points) – persons with such assessments are characterized by moderate subjective well-being. They have no serious problems, but one cannot speak of complete emotional comfort.

Estimates that deviate towards subjective distress (from 78 to 92 points) characteristic of people prone to depression and anxiety, pessimistic, withdrawn, dependent, intolerant of stressful situations.

Extremely high scores (from 93 to 100 points) indicate a significantly pronounced emotional discomfort in people with such assessments, they may have an inferiority complex, they are most likely not satisfied with themselves and their position, lack trust in others and hope for the future, have difficulty in controlling their emotions, are unbalanced, inflexible, constantly worried about real and imagined troubles.

Estimates that deviate towards subjective well-being (from 34 to 47 points), talk about the moderate emotional comfort of the subject. He does not experience serious emotional problems, he is quite self-confident, active, successfully interacts with others, adequately manages his behavior.

Extremely low scores on the SA scale (from 25 to 33 points) testify to the complete emotional well-being of the subject and his denial of serious psychological problems. Such a person, most likely, has a positive self-esteem, is not inclined to complain about various ailments, is optimistic, sociable, confident in his abilities, acts effectively under stress, and is not prone to anxiety.

3. I feel that nothing good awaits me in the future, and that nothing can be changed.

0. I don't feel like a failure.

1. I feel like I have more failures than other people.

2. When I look back at my life, it seems to me a chain of failures.

3. I feel like a total failure.

0. I am not particularly dissatisfied.

1. I never get as much satisfaction from anything as I used to.

2. I stopped enjoying anything.

3. I am dissatisfied with everything

0. I don't feel particularly guilty.

1. I feel guilty

2. Most of the time I feel like a bad or unworthy person.

3. I feel that I am a very bad (unworthy) person.

0. I am not disappointed in myself.

1. I am disappointed in myself.

2. I'm disgusted with myself

3. I hate myself

0. It doesn't occur to me to hurt myself.

1. I feel like I would be better off dead.

2. I would kill myself if I could.

3. I have a specific plan to commit suicide.

0. I have not lost interest in people

1. People interest me less than before.

2. I almost completely lost interest in people and became indifferent to them.

3. I have completely lost interest in people and do not think about them.

0. I make decisions as easily as before.

1. I try to delay decisions.

2. It is extremely difficult for me to decide anything.

3. I lost the ability to make any decisions.

0. I don't feel like I look any worse than before.

1. I'm worried about looking unattractive.

2. I feel that my appearance is deteriorating and I look more and more unattractive.

3. I feel like I look ugly or repulsive.

0. I can work just as easily as before

1. I have to make some effort to take on something.

2. It is very difficult for me to force myself to take on something.

3. I can't do anything at all

0. I am no more tired than usual.

1. I get tired faster than before.

2. I get tired of everything

3. Fatigue keeps me from doing anything.

0. My appetite is as good as ever

1. My appetite is not as good as it used to be.

2. My appetite has become much worse.

3. I have no appetite at all

Key

All response numbers circled by the subject are summarized.

Interpretation

0 - 4 - no depression;

4 - 8 - mild depression;

8 - 12 - medium depression;

12 and above - severe depression.

Projective Methods
"Completion of Judgment"
purpose

This projective technique is designed to identify the propensity of the subject to a contemplative or active lifestyle.

The technique is intended for professional use in practical psychology. It is not intended for self-testing (due to the fact that a preliminary acquaintance with the technique has strong interference).

Prone to an active lifestyle - people striving for change, enjoying the achievement of specific goals. The propensity for an active lifestyle is closely correlated with the level of achievement motivation. Prone to a contemplative lifestyle - those who enjoy (reading books and listening to music, watching movies and going to performances, observing the fate of other people and the evolution of interpersonal relationships, etc.). The propensity for a contemplative lifestyle is closely correlated with the motivation to avoid failure. You can use the following analogy: people of the first type are "athletes", the second - "fans".

The stimulus material consists of a series of unfinished judgments. The task of the subject is to complete the sentence by writing the missing words in the answer sheet. There are no time limits. Psychodiagnostics can be carried out both in a group and individually. The technique can be successfully applied in the procedures of professional selection / professional selection, in the preparation of a psychological portrait (in a battery with others). It can also be included in the achievement motivation training program. The technique is very well combined with other tests for personality orientation (inclinations, interests).

Assessed qualities

Tendency to a contemplative way of life. Propensity for an active lifestyle

Order of conduct

The subject is presented with a form with incomplete judgments. It is proposed to complete them.

Instruction

Dear friend! Please be philosophical about the next task. You have to think a little about such things as happiness, study, love, rest. Try to describe in a few words each such concept: what it is in your life, what is most important for you in it. Time is not limited, but try to work at a pace without thinking for a long time. Try to write at least something in each case.

Tasks
FOR ME

happiness is __________________________________

love is __________________________________

good is ___________________________________

beauty is _________

friendship is __________________________________

hobby is ________________________________

Truth is ___________________________________

Gratitude is _____________________________

justice is ____________________________

Abundance is _________________________________

rest is ___________________________________

work is ___________________________________

learning is ___________________________________

safety is _____________________________

interest is ___________________________________

a dream is a _________

communication is ___________________________

life is __________________________________

the game is ___________________________________

order is ___________________________________

Results processing

Each of the twenty phrases should be analyzed as follows. If it contains a clear indication of active transformative actions, the achievement of specific goals, then two points are given. If there is no explicit designation of transformative actions, achievement of specific goals, but nevertheless there are verbs (and at the same time it is clear that the author himself performs the actions denoted by verbs, either alone or together with other people), then one point is given. Please note that in the case of a two-point answer, verbs may also be present. In all other cases, 0 points are given for the answer. The subject should be encouraged to complete all twenty judgments, however, if he did not cope with all, then in these cases 0 points are also assigned.

"love is when you are understood" (0 points)

"love is caring for a loved one" (0 points)

"love is caring" (1 point; there is a task of "constant care" but no end goal)

"Love is the pursuit of mutual happiness" (2 points)

"study is boring lectures" (0 points)

"study is happy days" (0 points)

"study is the path to a successful career" (2 points; the goal is clearly present - "become a specialist")

The points add up.

So the maximum possible score is 40.

0 - 10 points. Tendency to a contemplative way of life. The motivation to avoid failure prevails. As an excuse for his inaction, he can come up with many different excuses. Likes to work with clearly defined functionality. The main source of pleasure is new experiences. It is difficult to infect him with some idea, but it is relatively easy to convince him that he must do something "because he must." Prefers collective responsibility.

11 - 26 points. In some areas of activity, a contemplative position prevails, in others - a transformative one.

27 - 40 points. Tendency to a transformative lifestyle. The motivation to achieve success prevails. Likes to set goals and achieve them. Actively seeks means to achieve goals. In case of failure draws conclusions for the future. He loves work, where the final result of the work is clearly visible, expressed not only in monetary terms, but also in kilograms, meters, megabytes, etc. Engaged in self-education. The main source of pleasure is achievement and transformation. It is easy to infect him with the idea of doing something "because it's cool." Prefers personal responsibility.

"Non-Existent Animal"
The method of personality research using the projective test "Non-existent animal" is based on the theory of psychomotor communication. To register the state of the psyche, the study of motor skills is used (in particular, the motor skills of the drawing dominant right hand, fixed in the form of a graphic trace of movement, drawing) According to I. M. Sechenov, any idea that occurs in the psyche, any tendency associated with this idea, ends with a movement (literally - “Every thought ends with movement”).

If the real movement, intention for some reason is not carried out, then in the corresponding muscle groups a certain tension of energy is summed up, which is necessary for the implementation of the response movement (for the idea - a thought). So, for example, images and thoughts-representations that cause fear stimulate tension in the leg muscles and in the muscles of the arms, which would be necessary in the event of a response to fear by flight or protection with the help of hands - to hit, shield. The trend of movement has a direction in space: moving away, approaching, tilting, straightening, rising, falling. When drawing a drawing, a sheet of paper (or the canvas of a picture) is a model of space and, in addition to the state of the muscles, fixes the relationship to space, i.e. emerging trend. Space, in turn, is associated with the emotional coloring of the experience and the time period: present, past, future. It is also connected with the effectiveness or the ideal mental plan of the work of the psyche. The space located behind and to the left of the subject is associated with the past period and inactivity (lack of active connection between thought-imagination, planning and its implementation). The right side, the space in front and above are associated with the future period and effectiveness. On the sheet (space model), the left side and bottom are associated with negatively colored and depressive emotions, with uncertainty and passivity. The right side (corresponding to the dominant right hand) - with positively colored emotions, energy, activity, concreteness of action.

In addition to the general patterns of psychomotor communication and attitude to space, the theoretical norms of operating with symbols and symbolic geometric elements and figures are used in interpreting the test material.

By its nature, the “Non-existent animal” test is one of the projective ones. For statistical verification or standardization, the analysis result can be presented in descriptive forms. In terms of composition, this test is indicative and, as the only research method, is usually not used and requires combining with other methods as a battery research tool.

Instruction: “Think up and draw a non-existent animal and call it a non-existent name.”

Indicators and interpretation
POSITION OF THE PICTURE ON THE SHEET. Normally, the drawing is located along the midline of a vertically set sheet. It is best to take a sheet of paper white or slightly creamy, non-glossy. Use a pencil of medium softness; You can't draw with a pen or marker.

The location of the picture closer to the top edge of the sheet (the closer, the more pronounced) is interpreted as high self-esteem, as dissatisfaction with one's position in society, lack of recognition from others, as a claim for promotion and recognition, a tendency to self-affirmation.

The position of the picture in the lower part is the opposite trend: self-doubt, low self-esteem, depression, indecision, disinterest in one's position in society, in recognition, lack of a tendency to self-affirmation.

THE CENTRAL SIGNIFICANT PART OF THE FIGURE (the head or a part that replaces it). The head is turned to the right - a steady tendency towards activity, effectiveness: almost everything that is thought about, planned, is carried out or, at least, begins to be carried out (if not even brought to an end). The subject actively proceeds to the implementation of his plans, inclinations.

The head is turned to the left - a tendency to reflection, to reflection. This is not a man of action: only an insignificant part of the plans is realized or at least begins to be realized. Often also fear of active action and indecision. (Option: no tendency to act or fear of activity - should be decided additionally.)

Full face position, i.e. the head is directed at the drawing (at oneself), is interpreted as egocentrism.

On the head are details corresponding to the sense organs - ears, mouth, eyes. The meaning of the detail “ears” is direct: interest in information, the significance of the opinions of others about oneself. Additionally, according to other indicators and their combination, it is determined whether the subject is doing something to win a positive assessment or only produces appropriate emotional reactions (joy, pride, resentment, chagrin) to the assessments of others without changing his behavior. A parted mouth in combination with the tongue in the absence of lips is interpreted as a great speech activity (talkiness), in combination with lips drawing - as sensuality; sometimes both together. An open mouth without drawing the tongue and lips, especially a drawn one, is interpreted as the ease of fears and fears, mistrust. Mouth with teeth - verbal aggression, in most cases - protective (snarls, bullies, is rude in response to a negative appeal to him, condemnation, censure). For children and adolescents, a pattern of a drawn round mouth is characteristic (fearfulness, anxiety).

The eyes are of particular importance. This is a symbol of the experience of fear inherent in a person: it is emphasized by the sharp drawing of the iris. Pay attention to the presence or absence of eyelashes. Eyelashes - hysteroid-demonstrative behavior; for men: feminine character traits rarely coincide with the drawing of the pupil and iris. Eyelashes - also an interest in the admiration of others by the external beauty and manner of dressing, attaching great importance to this.

The enlarged (in accordance with the figure as a whole) head size indicates that the subject appreciates the rational principle (perhaps erudition) in herself and those around her.

Additional details are also located on the head: for example, horns - protection, aggression. Determine by combination with other signs - claws, bristles, needles - the nature of this aggression: spontaneous or defensive-response. Feathers - a tendency to self-decoration and self-justification, to demonstrativeness. Mane, hair, a kind of hairstyle - sensuality, emphasizing one's gender and, sometimes, orientation to one's sexual role.

CARRYING, SUPPORTING PART OF THE FIGURE (legs, paws, sometimes - a pedestal). The solidity of this part is considered in relation to the size of the whole figure and in shape:

a) thoroughness, deliberation, rationality of decision-making, ways to conclusions, formation-judgments, reliance on significant provisions and significant information;

b) superficiality of judgments, frivolity in conclusions and unfounded judgments, sometimes impulsive decision-making (especially in the absence or almost absence of legs).

Pay attention to the nature of the connection of the legs with the body: the connection is accurate, carefully or carelessly, weakly connected or not connected at all - this is the nature of control over one's reasoning, conclusions, decisions. Uniformity and unidirectional shape of the legs, paws, any elements of the supporting part - the conformity of judgments and attitudes in decision-making, their standardity, banality. Variety in the form and position of these details - the originality of attitudes and judgments, independence and non-banality; sometimes even creativity (according to the unusual form) or dissent (closer to pathology).

PARTS RAISING ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE FIGURE. They can be functional or decorative: wings, extra legs, tentacles, carapace details, feathers, bows like curls, flower-functional details - the energy of embracing different areas of human activity, self-confidence, “self-propagation” with indelicate and indiscriminate oppression of others, or curiosity, the desire to participate in as many other things as possible, winning a place in the sun for oneself, being passionate about one's activities, courage of enterprises (according to the meaning of the symbol detail - wings or tentacles, etc.). Decorating details - demonstrativeness, a tendency to attract the attention of others, mannerisms (for example, a horse or its non-existent likeness in a peacock feather sultan).

TAILS. They express their attitude to their own actions, decisions, conclusions, to their verbal products - judging by whether these tails are turned to the right (on the sheet) or to the left.

Tails turned to the right - attitude towards one's actions and behavior. To the left - attitude to one's thoughts, decisions; to missed opportunities, to their own indecision. The positive or negative coloring of this attitude is expressed by the direction of the tails upwards (confidently, positively, cheerfully) or a falling downward movement (dissatisfaction with oneself, doubts about one's own rightness, regret about what was done, said, remorse, etc.). Pay attention to the tails, consisting of several, sometimes repeating, links, to especially magnificent tails, especially long and sometimes branched.

CONTOURS OF THE FIGURE. They are analyzed by the presence or absence of protrusions (such as shields, shells, needles), drawing and darkening of the contour line. This is protection from others, aggressive - if it is made in sharp corners; with fear and anxiety - if there is a darkening, "staining" of the contour line; with apprehension, suspicion - if shields, “barriers” are placed, the line is doubled. The direction of such protection is in accordance with the spatial arrangement: the upper contour of the figure is against the superiors, against persons who have the opportunity to impose a ban, restriction, to exercise coercion, i.e. against elders, parents, teachers, bosses, leaders.

The lower contour is protection against ridicule, non-recognition, lack of authority among subordinate subordinates, juniors, fear of condemnation; lateral contours - undifferentiated apprehension and readiness for self-defense of any order and in different situations; the same - elements of "protection" located not along the contour, but inside the contour, on the body of the animal itself. On the right - more in the process of activity (real), on the left - more protection of one's opinions, beliefs, tastes.

TOTAL ENERGY. The number of depicted details is estimated - is it only the necessary amount to give an idea of a fictional non-existent animal (body, head, limbs or body, tail, wings, etc.): with a filled outline, without shading and additional lines and parts, just primitive contour, - or there is a generous image of not only necessary, but "complicating the design of additional details. Accordingly, the more components and elements (in addition to the most necessary), the higher the energy. In the opposite case - energy saving, asthenia of the body, chronic somatic disease. (The same is confirmed by the nature of the line - a weak cobweb-like line, "carries a pencil on paper" without pressing it.) The reverse character of the lines - bold with pressure - is not polar: it is not energy, but anxiety. You should pay attention to sharply pressed lines, visible even on the reverse side of the sheet (convulsive, high muscle tone of the drawing hand) - sharp anxiety. Pay attention also to what detail, what symbol, is made in this way (that is, what the alarm is attached to).

EVALUATION OF THE CHARACTER OF THE LINE (duplication of the line, negligence, inaccurate connections, “islands” of overlapping lines, blackening of parts of the drawing, “staining”, deviation from the vertical axis, stereotyping of lines, etc.). The evaluation is carried out in the same way as in the analysis of the pictogram. The same - fragmentary lines and forms, incompleteness, brokenness of the picture.

Thematically, animals are divided into threatened, threatening, neutral (likeness of a lion, hippopotamus, wolf or bird, snail, ant, or squirrel, dog, cat). This is an attitude to one's own person and to one's “I”, an idea of one's position in the world, as if identifying oneself by significance (with a hare, an insect, an elephant, a dog, etc.). In this case, the animal being drawn is a representative of the artist himself.

Assimilation of the drawn animal to a human, starting with placing the animal in the position of upright walking on two legs, instead of four or more, and ending with dressing the animal in human clothes (pants, skirts, bows, belts, dresses), including the similarity of the muzzle to the face, legs and paws to hands, - testifies to infantilism, emotional immaturity, according to the degree of severity of the "humanization" of the animal. The mechanism is similar (and parallel) to the allegorical meaning of animals and their characters in fairy tales, parables, etc.

The degree of aggressiveness is expressed by the number, location and nature of the angles in the drawing, regardless of their connection with one or another detail of the image. Especially weighty in this regard are direct symbols of aggression - claws, teeth, beaks. Attention should also be paid to the emphasis on sexual characteristics - udders, nipples, breasts with a humanoid figure, etc. This is an attitude towards sex, up to fixation on the problem of sex.

The figure of a circle (especially an empty one) symbolizes and expresses a tendency to secrecy, isolation, closeness of one's inner world, unwillingness to give information about oneself to others, and finally, unwillingness to be tested. Such figures usually provide a very limited amount of data for analysis.

Pay attention to the cases of mounting mechanical parts in the body of the “animal” - placing the animal on a pedestal, tractor or tank tracks, a tripod; attachment to the head of the propeller, screw; mounting in the eye of an electric lamp, in the body and limbs of the animal - handles, keys and antennas. This is observed more often in patients with schizophrenia and deep schizoids.

Creative possibilities are usually expressed by the number of elements combined in the figure: banality, lack of creativity take the form of a “ready-made”, existing animal (people, horses, dogs, pigs, fish), to which only a “ready-made” existing detail is attached so that the drawn animal becomes non-existent - a cat with wings, a fish with feathers, a dog with flippers, etc. Originality is expressed in the form of constructing a figure from elements, and not whole blanks.

The name can express a rational combination of semantic parts (flying hare, "begekot", "mukozher", etc.). Another option is word formation with a book-scientific, sometimes Latin suffix or ending (“ratoletius”, etc.). The first is rationality, a specific attitude in orientation and adaptation; the second is demonstrativeness, aimed mainly at demonstrating one's own mind, erudition, and knowledge. There are superficial-sound names without any comprehension (“lyalie”, “lioshana”, “grateker”, etc.), which signify a frivolous attitude towards others, the inability to take into account the danger signal, the presence of affective criteria at the basis of thinking, the predominance of aesthetic elements in judgments over rational ones.

There are ironic-humorous names (“rhinochurka”, “bubble”, etc.) - with a correspondingly ironically condescending attitude towards others. Infantile names usually have repeating elements (“tru-tru”, lu-lu”, “couscous”, etc.). The tendency to fantasize (more often of a defensive nature) is usually expressed by elongated names (“aberosynoticliron”, “gulobarniclet-myeshinia”, etc.).

The technique assesses the quality of the subject's emotional experiences in the range from optimism, cheerfulness and self-confidence to depression, irritability and a feeling of loneliness.

The definition of subjective well-being is reduced to the concept of life satisfaction and is associated with the respondent's standards of what constitutes a good life.

Low scores on the SA scale (less than 4 walls) indicate the complete emotional well-being of the subject and his denial of serious psychological problems.
Such a person, most likely, has a positive self-esteem, is not inclined to complain about various ailments, is optimistic, sociable, confident in his abilities, acts effectively under stress, and is not prone to anxiety.

Average grades (4-7 walls) indicate a low degree of quality. Persons with such assessments are characterized by moderate subjective well-being, they have no serious problems, but one cannot speak of complete emotional comfort.

Extremely high openings (10 walls) indicate a significantly pronounced emotional discomfort. Individuals with such assessments may have an inferiority complex. They are likely to be dissatisfied with themselves and their position, lack trust in others and hope for the future, have difficulty in controlling their emotions, are unbalanced, inflexible, constantly worrying about real and imagined troubles.

MEANING-LIFE ORIENTATIONS

Goals in life. Scores on this scale characterize the presence or absence in the life of the subject of goals in the future, which give life meaningfulness, direction and time perspective. Low scores on this scale, even with a generally high level of meaningfulness of life (OL), will be inherent in a person living today or yesterday. At the same time, high scores on this scale can characterize not only a purposeful person, but also a projector, whose plans have no real support in the present and are not supported by personal responsibility for their implementation. These two cases are easy to distinguish, taking into account the indicators on other scales of the LSS.

Life process or interest and emotional richness of life The content of this scale coincides with the well-known theory that the only meaning of life is to live. This indicator indicates whether the subject perceives the very process of his life as interesting, emotionally rich and filled with meaning. . High scores on this scale and low scores on the others will characterize a hedonist who lives for today. Low scores on this scale are a sign of dissatisfaction with your life in the present; at the same time, however, it can be given a full meaning by memories of the past or focus on the future.

Life performance or satisfaction with self-realization. The scores on this scale reflect the assessment of the passed segment of life, the feeling of how productive and meaningful the lived part of it was. High scores on this scale and low scores on the rest will characterize a person who lives out his life, who has everything in the past, but the past can give meaning to the rest of life. Low scores - dissatisfaction with the lived part of life.

Locus of control - I (I am the master of life). High scores correspond to the idea of oneself as a strong personality with sufficient freedom of choice to build one's life in accordance with one's goals and objectives and ideas about its meaning. Low scores - disbelief in one's ability to control the events of one's own life.

Locus of control - life or controllability of life. With high scores - the belief that a person is given control over his life, freely make decisions and implement them. Low scores - fatalism, the conviction that a person's life is not subject to conscious control, that freedom is illusory, and it is pointless to think of anything for the future.

General indicator- an indicator of the meaningfulness of life in general.

Scales	Low values	Below the average	medium	Above average	High values
	m	well	m	well	m	well	m	well	m	well
Goals	< 20	<18	24-29	21-26	30-35	27-32	36-41	33-38	42>	39>
Process	<24	<20	25-28	21-26	29-33	27-32	34-37	33-38	38>	39>
Result	<19	<15	20-23	16-20	24-27	21-25	28-31	26-30	32>	31>
LK-I	<15	<12	16-19	13-16	20-23	17-20	24-27	21-24	28>	25>
LK-life	<21	<19	22-27	20-25	28-33	26-31	34-38	32-37	39>	38>
General coolant indicator	<80	<85	81-95	86-92	96-110	93-99	111-125	100-105	126>	106>

MACHIAVELISM

Machiavellianism is the tendency of a person in interpersonal situations to manipulate others in subtle, subtle, or non-physically aggressive ways, such as flattery, deceit, bribery, or intimidation.

Machiavellianism is a strategy of social behavior that includes the manipulation of others for personal gain, often contrary to their (i.e. other people's) own interests.

The higher the values of the poppy scale, the more manifested the property of Machiavellianism. The average value for men is 80.54, for women - 73.78. The maximum value is 140 points.

reflexivity

1. Reflexivity as a mental property is one of the main facets of that integrative mental reality that correlates with reflection in general. Its two other modes are reflection in its procedural status and reflection as a special mental condition. These three modes are closely interconnected and mutually determine each other, forming at the level of their synthesis a qualitative certainty, denoted by the concept of "reflection". Therefore, the developed methodology should focus not only on directly on reflexivity as a mental property, but also indirectly take into account its manifestations in the other two noted modes. It follows from this that those behavioral and introspective indicators in which the theoretical construct is concretized, as well as the questions of methodology themselves, must take into account both reflexivity as a mental property, and reflection as a process, and reflection as a state.

2. Along with this, as the analysis of the literature data shows, the diagnostics of the property of reflexivity must necessarily take into account the differentiation of its manifestations according to another important criterion, the basis - according to its orientation. In accordance with it, as is known, two types of reflection are distinguished, which are conditionally designated as "intra- and interpsychic "reflection. The first RELATES to reflexivity as the ability to self-perceive the content of one's own psyche and analyze it, the second with the ability to understand the psyche of other people, including, along with reflexivity as the ability to "stand in the place of another", also the mechanisms of projection, identification, empathy Consequently, the general property of reflexivity includes both of these types, and the level of development of this property is simultaneously derived from them.

3. The content of the theoretical construct, as well as the range of behavioral manifestations determined by it - indicators of the property of reflexivity, also implies the need to take into account three major species reflections, distinguished according to the so-called "temporary" principle: situational(actual), retrospective and promising reflections.

Situational reflection provides direct self-control of human behavior in the current situation, comprehension of its elements, analysis of what is happening, the ability of the subject to correlate his actions with the situation and coordinate them in accordance with changing conditions and his own state. Behavioral manifestations and characteristics of this type of reflection are, in particular, the time the subject thinks about his current activity; how often he resorts to analyzing what is happening; the degree of deployment of decision-making processes; tendency to introspection in specific life situations.

retrospective reflection It manifests itself in a tendency to analyze activities already performed in the past and past events. In this case, the subjects of reflection are the prerequisites, motives and causes of what happened; the content of past behavior, as well as its performance parameters and, in particular, the mistakes made. This reflection is expressed, in particular, in how often and for how long the subject analyzes and evaluates the events that have occurred, whether he is generally inclined to analyze the past and himself in it.

Perspective reflection correlates: with the function of analyzing future activities, behavior; planning as such; forecasting probable outcomes, etc. Its main behavioral characteristics: careful planning of the details of one's behavior, frequency of referring to future events, orientation to the future.

Communicative reflection (communication and interaction between people) - is considered in studies of the socio-psychological and engineering-psychological plan in connection with the problems of social perception and empathy in communication. It acts as the most important component of developed communication and interpersonal perception. The communicative aspect of reflection has a number of functions: cognitive, regulatory, developmental. These functions are expressed in the change of ideas about another subject to more adequate for a given situation, they are actualized in case of a contradiction between ideas about another subject of communication and its newly revealed individual psychological traits. Communicative reflection consists in the subject's awareness of how he is perceived, evaluated, treated by others ("I - through the eyes of others").

Interpretation. The results of the technique, equal to or greater than 7 walls, indicate a highly developed reflexivity. Results ranging from 4 to 7 walls are indicators of an average level of reflexivity. Finally, indicators less than 4 walls are evidence of a low level of development of reflexivity.

High results indicate that a person is to a large extent inclined to turn to the analysis of his own activities and the actions of other people, to identify the causes and consequences of his actions both in the past, in the present and in the future. He tends to think about his activities in the smallest detail, carefully plan it and predict all possible consequences. It is also likely that it is easier for such people to understand the other, to put themselves in his place, to predict his behavior, to understand what they think about themselves. Low results probably indicate that the subject is less likely to think about what is happening, about the reasons for his actions and the actions of other people, about their consequences. Such people do not always plan their activities, are impulsive and limit themselves to considering fewer details when making a decision. They may experience difficulties in communicating with other people due to the inability to always accurately understand the other, to predict his reaction.

Attitude towards religion

The technique allows to identify high, low and medium levels of religiosity of the individual.

Test norms:

1-2 - low level. Persons belonging to this group do not at all share the beliefs and convictions associated with the main Christian dogmas. They have very few moral norms, beliefs in the supernatural, the presence of which is recognized by the Christian religion.

3-7 - the average level.

8-10 - high level. Persons belonging to this group fully share the beliefs and convictions associated with the main Christian dogmas, observe important moral standards approved by religion. In addition, beliefs in the supernatural are expressed, the presence of which is recognized by the Christian religion.

Subscale "Confessional Beliefs"

With its help, you can find out how much the individual expresses "normative", reflecting the basic Christian dogma of belief. Beliefs are manifestations of religious faith, faith integrates cognitive and emotional components (B. Russell, W. Lewis, D.M. Ugrinovich, etc.), which must be considered when studying religiosity. Empirical data confirm the theoretical propositions about the significance of this factor for religiosity.

Key for the Confessional Beliefs subscale. Test norms.

1-2 - low level.

3–7 - average level

8-10 - high level.

Subscale "moral norms"

The normative-value component is a component of the structure of religiosity. The subscale included questions reflecting Christian values and norms regulating behavior. It is assumed that the subject can get high scores on this subscale, low - on others, the result on the "religiosity" test will still be low. Using the subscale, one can also identify the conditionality of moral norms by religiosity or other reasons. The reliability of the subscale was determined using the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of 0.688.

Key for the subscale "moral standards":

1-2 - low level. The norms concern the response to harm to a person by others. The persons of this group do not share the moral norms proclaimed by Christianity and do not follow them.

3-7 - the average level.

8-10 - high level. The persons of this group recognize the moral norms proclaimed by Christianity and follow them.