Strong position for consonants. Strong positions and weak positions of vowels and consonants

A strong position differs from a weak one as follows:

If we are talking about vowels, then when they are under stress, then this is a strong position. And when without stress - weak.

But with consonants, things are more complicated.

strong position is considered if there is a vowel after the consonant.

And if after there is a sonorant consonant or the letter Bquot ;.

Weak position is considered if the consonant is at the end of a word or before a voiced consonant or before a voiceless consonant.

Here is a table with examples:

The strong position of vowels and consonants is the moment when sounds can be distinguished.

And the weak position of vowels and consonants is when the sounds are not entirely distinguishable.

Let's say the sound can be deafened. Sometimes in this situation, errors in words occur, because it is not entirely clear which letter to write.

Here's a brief about the positions of sounds in the tables:

The location of the sound in the word, its location relative to the beginning or end of the word, as well as relative to other sounds, is called positionquot ;. Depending on the degree of distinguishability of a sound in a particular position, its weak and strong positions are distinguished. Both vowels and consonants can be in a weak or strong position.

Such a position of a sound is called strong when it cannot be confused with another sound and it is clearly pronounced. For vowels, the strong position is their position under stress, and in this way, by placing the vowel under stress, it is checked for correct spelling. Accordingly, a weak position for vowels will be their unstressed position in the word. Consonant sounds are not stressed, but there are also options for them when the pronunciation of the consonant is distinct - before the vowel, before the sonar, and before the consonant B. On the contrary, a weak position for consonants is their location at the end of the word or before the sound opposite in sonority.
Each sound has its strengths and weaknesses.
A sound is considered to be in a strong position when we clearly hear it and we have no doubts about the spelling of this letter.
A sound is considered to be in a weak position when we have doubts about which letter is heard and written.
Table of strengths and weaknesses of vowels and consonants:
A strong vowel position is a position under stress, where the sound does not require checking when writing, since it is heard clearly.
Weak vowel position - a position that is not under stress, where the sound needs to be checked when writing, since it is not heard clearly.
As for consonants, strong positions for them are:
before vowels
before sonorants
before in and in.

The position of the sound in phonetics they call the position of a sound in a dictionary unit:
before a vowel/consonant;
at the end, as well as in the middle or beginning of lexemes and their forms;
under stress or in the absence of it (for vowel sounds).

These positions fall into two categories:

Strong we name the one sound in which heard distinctly and marked with its own letter:
lady lady; even smooth; intellectual intellectual;
gold s, o, l, t; solo s, o, l, n; speck n, a, t, n, k;

Weak the one where the sound is indicated by an alien letter, where the spelling is often in doubt and therefore requires verification or the application of another rule that determines its choice ( position (position) of sound indistinction) plant trees (plant trees):
in the 1st syllable of both dictionary units, the sounds A, AND are marked with letters by strangers (O, E), therefore in the 1st case it is necessary to remember the uniform spelling of the prefix, in the 2nd word to find a single-root lexeme in order to check the stress of the root vowel: tree ;
in the 2nd syllable (word 1st), the sound A is indicated by its own letter, (A), but its position is also weak (unstressed), therefore the choice of A still needs to be proved, for which we also check: landing.

Thus, the nature of the position of vowel sounds is closely related to the accent (stress).
Any vowel sound that is under stress has a strong position:
provide provide;
terem terem;
hawk hawk.

Unstressed vowels have a weak position, for example:
frost frost;
lazy lazy;
pedestrian pishihot.

A quantitative as well as a qualitative change in the sound of a vowel, directly related to stress (with an unstressed position), is called reduction.
If the unstressed sound is pronounced only shorter than the stressed one, but does not change its quality (for example, U in the lexemes leaving, leaving), we talk about the presence quantitative reduction, and the farther the unstressed vowel is from the stressed one (pre-stressed and stressed positions: 1st, 2nd, 3rd), the less long it is.
If the vowel at the same time also changes its quality (for example, AND in the lexeme tarnish on the letter is indicated by the letter I), we say that, in addition to quantitative, he was also subjected to reduction of quality. Consider as an example the sounds in place of the letters O in three related lexemes:
ear 1st letter O sound O and denotes (strong position), the 2nd O has a shorter sound, in universities it is customary to denote it with a b (at school they use the A icon; position 1 is shock weak);
ears of 1st O are marked with a sound (at school they also use the A icon; the 1st pre-shock position is weak), it is shorter in sound than A, but longer than b;
earing 1st letter O already known to us sound b means (position 2nd pre-impact weak); in the 1st position of the pre-stressed (syllable 2nd), also weak, with the same letter O, the sound is indicated.

For clarity I made a board like this:
Strength / weakness of the position of consonant sounds depends on factors such as:
type of sounds following them (vowel / consonant);
the place occupied by a sound in a dictionary unit (beginning, middle, end);
another consonant, occupying a postposition in relation to the 1st (deaf / voiced, soft / hard, noisy / sonorous).

Presence of a vowel sound, located immediately after the consonant, contributes to a clear pronunciation of the first, therefore, create a strong position for the consonant:
come true dust p;
kindergarten s, d gray-haired s, d;
lived and sewed sh.

For paired voiced / voiceless consonants strong are positions before vowels:
doka d, k;
toga t, Mr.

as well as before consonants:
noisy in, in (utensils t two hundred d);
sonorous (zhmot w shmat sh),

weak same

at the end of lexemes and their forms (column p pillar p; meadow k bow k);
at the beginning, as well as at the end of vocabulary units before noisy ones, except for c, c (building z do z, fairy tale with mask s).

For paired hard / soft consonants strong we call these positions:
before vowels (soap m cute m);
at the end of lexemes and their word forms (sel l sel l; elm z vyaz z);
before solid consonants: (asphalt c before f; mowing z before b),

a weak
before soft consonants (steppe s in preposition to t, umbrella n before t).

Weak positions consonant sounds are associated with the phenomenon of phonetic assimilation(likening consonants in front to those behind). In school practice, the term assimilation, as a rule, is replaced by the expressions:
stunning voiced consonants before deaf ones;
voicing of deaf consonants before voiced ones;
softening hard consonants before soft ones.

Examples:
T-shirt, mowing (voicing: d before b and z before b);
fairy tale, shop (stunning: s and f before k);
bow, gift (mitigation: n and s before t).

Positions of consonant sounds I presented in the following table:
The weak position of vowels and consonants is the position when the sounds are indistinguishable. for example, a voiced consonant at the end of a word is deafened, there is a doubt whether we write the letter correctly. And then you need to remember the rule for deafness - sonority.
The position is called strong if there is a distinction between sounds from others.
It is best to explain with examples.
The teacher once taught us this way - say any word sharply and rudely. They said, each And now you need to say which letter you all heard loudly and sharply, that one will stand in a strong position, and the rest, which you could hardly hear, will be in weak positions.
Strong and weak positions of vowels
Vowel position under stress called STRONG.
In this position, all six vowels are distinguished (Mal - MOR - WORLD - MUL - MER - Soap).
AT strong vowel positions are pronounced with the greatest force, very clearly and do not require verification.
Vowel position in non-percussive syllables is WEAK position.
In this position, instead of some vowels in the same part of the word, other vowels are pronounced, for example, vAda and water, rika and rivers, mesto and mista, row and ridy.
The pronunciation of vowels in a weak position depends on which syllable in relation to percussion syllable they are.
In the first prestressed syllable after solid consonant vowels a and about are pronounced the same, that is, they coincide in one sound a, for example, sady, gara. Russian literary pronunciation is considered to be
Vowel sounds a and e after soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as a sound close to and (rather, it sounds with an overtone e).
For example, compare the pronunciation of words nickel and rooster: pi (e) so, pi (e) dead.
Normative in Russian is hiccupquot ;.
In all other pre-stressed syllables and stressed vowels ah, oh sound even weaker and more indistinct.
Weak vowel position a, o, e after hissing and C expressed somewhat differently.
I will give just one example. After hard w, w, c before soft consonants instead of a the sound usually s with an overtone uh: jacket => zhy (e) ket, hut => shy (e) lash, thirty => tritsy (e) t.
In some cases, in a weak position with rapid pronunciation, vowels may fall out, for example, pillowcase.
Strong and weak positions of consonants
The position in which the consonant does not change is called strong.
For consonants, this is the location of the consonant before:
vowels: dock - current, bow - hatch, race - cassock, dear - soap;
SONORAL: elephant - clone, sheaf - chills, down - down, grass - firewood;
consonant AT: to marry, to create.
WEAK a position is a position in which consonants are not opposed in terms of voicedness-deafness and hardness-softness.
Weak is the position:
a) at the end of the word (voiced and deaf consonants are pronounced the same here - deafly): raft - fruit, pond - rod, side - god, haystack - drain;
b) before voiced (deaf voiced): ask - request (s => s)
and in front of the deaf (voiced ones are deafened): sharp - sharp, bottoms - low (z => s);
Often the position before soft ones, as well as before lt; j>, turns out to be weak for consonants paired in hardness-softness. In this position, the consonant is pronounced softly, for example: snow, bomb, blizzard.

There are 36 consonants in Russian.
The consonant sounds of the Russian language are such sounds, during the formation of which the air meets some kind of barrier in the oral cavity, they consist of a voice and noise, or only of noise.
In the first case, voiced consonants are formed, in the second - deaf. Most often, voiced and deaf consonants form pairs according to voicing-deafness: [b] - [p], [c] - [f], [g] - [k], [d] - [t], [g] - [ w], [h] - [s].
However, some consonants are only deaf: [x] , [ts] , [h "], [w] or only voiced: [l] , [m] , [n] , [p] , [G] . There are also solid and soft consonants. Most of them form pairs: [b] - [b "], [c] - [c"], [g] - [g "], [d] - [d "], [h] - [h "], [k] - [k "], [l] - [l "], [m] - [m *], [n] - [n *], [n] - [n"], [p] - [p "], [s] - [s"], [t] - [t"], [f] - [f"], [x] - [x"]. Solid do not have paired sounds consonants [w], [w], [c] and soft consonants, [h "], [t"].
In a word, consonant sounds can occupy different positions, that is, the location of a sound among other sounds in a word.
The position in which the sound does not change is strong. For a consonant sound, this is the position before the vowel (weak), sonorant (true), before [in] and [in *] (twist). All other positions are weak for consonants.
At the same time, the consonant sound changes: the voiced before the deaf becomes deaf: hem - [patshyt "]; the deaf before the voiced becomes voiced: request - [prbz" ba]; voiced at the end of the word is stunned: oak - [dup]; the sound is not pronounced: holiday - [praz "n" ik]; hard before soft can become soft: power - [vlas "t"].

The composition of vowel phonemes in the system of the Russian language is determined on the basis of their meaningful role in a strong position. For the vowel phonemes of the Russian language, the position under stress not between soft consonants is absolutely strong (both perceptually and significatively). However, in a perceptually weak position, a phoneme does not enter into neutralization with other phonemes; therefore, to determine the composition of vowel phonemes, it is sufficient to take into account which position is significatively strong. For the vowel phonemes of the Russian language, this is the position under stress. In this position, six vowels are distinguished: [a] - [o] - [i] - [s] - [e] - [y]. But two vowels positionally alternate: [and] / [s]. Positionally alternating sounds are representatives of one phoneme. In a perceptually strong position - after and between solid consonants [s] appears, however, only [s] occurs at the beginning of a word, therefore it is considered to be the main version of the phoneme, and [s] only a variation of the phoneme<и>. So, the composition of the vowel phonemes of the Russian language is as follows:<а>– <о>–< and> –< e> –< y> (she – [ʌn a ], it – [ʌn about], they [ʌn’ and ], those - [t ' uh ], here at ]).

Significatively weak for Russian phonemes is the position not under stress. However, for each phoneme it is individual. Yes, phoneme<у>does not enter into neutralization with any other phoneme. For<а>, <о>all unstressed positions are weak. In position, the first pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants, four vowel phonemes enter into neutralization<а> –< o> – < e> – < and>: h [and e] sy, m [and e] doc, r [and e] ka, l [and e] sa. Perceptually weak for Russian vowels are positions: after soft consonants mint[m'ˑat], before soft consonants mother[matˑt '] and between soft consonants knead [m'ät '].

STRONG AND WEAK POSITIONS OF CONSONANTS AND COMPOSITION OF CONSONANT PHONEMES OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

The composition of voiced and voiceless consonant phonemes is determined by strong positions for voiced and voiceless consonants. Strong positions are:

1) Before vowels: ko[z]a - ko[s]a (<з> – <с>);

2) Before sonorant consonants: [z'l ']it - [s'l']it (<з’> – <’с>);

3) Before / in /, / in ’/: in [s’v ’] ut - [s’v ’] ut (<з’>– <’с>).

Weak positions for voiced and voiceless noisy consonants:

1) At the end of the word: ro [d] a-ro [t], r [t] a - ro [t] (<д>neutralized with<т>in option [t]);

2) Before a voiced consonant: ko[s']it - ko[z'b]a (<с’>neutralized with<з’>in the variant [h ']);

3) Before deaf consonants: lo [d] points - lo [tk] a (<д>neutralized with<т>option [t]).

Sonorant consonants do not neutralize with any other consonant phonemes on the basis of voiced/deafness, so all positions for them are strong on this basis.

In terms of hardness-softness, strong positions for consonant phonemes of the Russian language are:

1) Before vowels<а>, <о>, <и>, <у>, <э>: garden - sit down (<д> – <д’>), nose - carried (<н> – <н’>), bow - hatch (<л> – <л’>), soap - mil (<м> – <м’>), pole - slot (<ш> –<ш’:>);

2) At the end of the word: horse - horse (<н> – <н’>), angle – coal (<л> – <л’>);

3) Before back-lingual consonants: hill - bitterly (<р> – <р’>), shelf - polka (<л> – <л’>).

However, weak positions in terms of hardness-softness are “individual”:

1) For dental consonants - before soft dental consonants: evil - anger (<з>neutralized with<з’>in the variant [h ’]), chant - song (<с>neutralized with<с’>in the variant [c']);

2) For dental consonants - before soft labial consonants: story - dawn (<с>neutralized with<с’>in the variant [c']);

3) For labial consonants - before soft labial consonants: again - together (<в>neutralized with<в’>in the variant [in ']);

4) For dental<н>- in front of the anterior<ч’>and<ш’:>: boar - boar (<н>neutralized with<н’>in the variant [n ']), deception is a deceiver (<н’>neutralized with<н’>in the variant [n ']).

Requires special comment position before a vowel<э>. For centuries, the Russian language had a law: a consonant, falling into a position before<э>, softened. Indeed, in native Russian words before<э>the consonant is always soft: forest, river, light, summer, wind. The exception is hard hissing (rustling, gesture), but they were originally soft. Therefore, the position before<э>for consonants it was weak in hardness-softness. In 20-30 years. XX century there have been changes in the phonetic system of the Russian language. On the one hand, abbreviations are actively formed, which become common words: NEP, DNEPROGES, power lines. On the other hand, many borrowings, passing into the category of mastered ones, bypass the stage of phonetic adaptation. So, the words in common use, without a doubt, include the words: antenna, atelier, stand, tennis, muffler. consonant before<э>these words are pronounced firmly. Thus before<э>in modern Russian, hard and soft consonants are possible. This means that the position has changed from weak to strong.

In fact, all positions are strong in hardness-softness, except for the weak ones listed above. The range of weak positions in terms of hardness-softness has narrowed over the past 50-80 years. The "destroyed" positional patterns include:

1) Softening consonants before : family [s’i e m’ja], blizzard [v’jug], nightingales [slʌv’ji], but entrance [pʌdjest];

2) Softening of the labials in front of the soft posterior lingual: paws [lap'k'i], rags [tr'ap'k'i].

In fact, the positional patterns of softening of the labials before the soft labials and the teeth before the soft labials are also in the stage of destruction. The Russian Grammar indicates possible pronunciation options in these positions: [s'v'et] and [sv'et], [v'm'es't'] and [vm'es't']. The reasons for such changes in the phonetic system of the Russian language will be discussed in the next paragraph.

A special position in the system for back-lingual consonants. Hard and soft back lingual consonants alternate positionally: soft back lingual consonants are possible only before front vowels<и>, <э>. In these positions, there are no hard back-lingual ones: ru [k] a - ru [k '] and, ru [k '] e; but [g] a - but [g '] and, but [g '] e; sti [x] a - sti [x '] and, o sti [x '] e. Consequently, hard and soft posterior linguals are representatives of the same phonemes. Since hard backlinguals are possible in most positions, they are considered the main variants of consonant phonemes -<г>, <к>, <х..

Thus, the composition of the consonant phonemes of the Russian language is as follows:<б> – <б’> – <п> – <п’> –<в> – <в’> – <ф> – <ф’> – <д> – <д’> – <т> – <т’> – <з> – <з’> – <с> – <с’> – <м> –<м’> – <н> – <н’> – <л> – <л’> – <р> – <р’> – <ж> – <ж’:> – <ш> – <ш’:> – <ч’> – <ц> – – <г> – <к> – <х>(pipe - [true b a], trumpeting - [true b' a], stupid - [tu P a], stupid - [that P' a], grass - [trʌ in a], grass - [trʌ in' a], graph - [grʌ f a], count - [grʌ f' a], water - [vʌ d a], leading [inʌ d' a], cool - [kru t a], twisting - [kru t' a], thunderstorm - [grʌ h a], threatening [grʌ h' a], braid - [kʌ with a], mowing [kʌ with' a], volumes - [tʌ m a], tomya - [tʌ m' a], wine - [v'i e n a], blame - [v'i e n' a], white - [b'i e l a], white - [b’i e l' a], mountain - [gʌ R a], grief - [gʌ R' a], trembling - [drʌ well a], buzzing - [zhu w' : a], hurrying - [s'p'i e w a], cracking - [tr'i e sh' : a], candle - [s'v'i e h' a], mine - [mʌ j a], hand - [ru to a], leg - [nʌ G a], verse - [s't'i e X a]).

PHONEMATIC TRANSCRIPTION

Phonetic transcription is used to accurately capture sounding speech. Phonemic transcription reflects the composition of phonemes. It is a record of abstract units of the language, not meant to be read.

The procedure for performing phonemic transcription:

1) Perform phonetic transcription;

2) Perform a morphemic analysis of the word (to determine which morpheme a particular phoneme belongs to);

3) Determine the nature of the position for each sound unit (strong position is indicated by "+", weak position - "-");

4) Select checks for all phonemes in weak positions: a) for phonemes in the root of a word - cognate words; b) for phonemes in prefixes - words of any part of speech with the same prefix (with the same meaning); c) for phonemes in suffixes - words with the same suffixes (checks "automatically" will belong to the same part of speech and the same grammatical category); d) for phonemes in endings - words of the same part of speech, the same grammatical category, in the same grammatical form.

5) Transfer the entry to phonemic transcription.

Note. Remember that it is necessary to check the positions of consonants by two parameters - by sonority-deafness and by hardness-softness.

Sample.

1) correspondence [p'yr'i e p'isk];

2) [p'yr'i e -p'is-k-b];

3) [p 'b r 'and e -p 'and s-k-b];

+ - + - + + - + - (for consonants by voicedness / deafness)

+ + + + + (for hardness/softness consonants)

4) Check for vowels in the prefix: P e rewriting, transˈ e abusive; for the root consonant [s], which is in a weak position in voicedness / deafness: rewrite; for an unstressed vowel [ъ] at the end: Spring(the ending of a feminine noun in the singular, nominative case).

5) After checks, we transfer the record to phonemic transcription:<п’эр’эп’иска>.

Performing phonemic transcription of different words, memorize checks for various prefixes, suffixes, endings of different parts of speech in different grammatical forms.

Since it is the phonemic principle that is the basis of Russian graphics and spelling, the recording of a word in phonemic transcription largely coincides with the spelling appearance of the word.

1) What does phonology study? Why is it also called functional phonetics?

2) Define a phoneme. Explain why the phoneme is considered the smallest sound unit of a language. What is the function of the phoneme? Illustrate your answer with examples.

3) What alternations are classified as phonetic positional? Give examples of phonetic positional alternations of vowels and consonants. What are the differences between phonetic non-positional (grammatical positional) alternations? In which case are the alternating sounds representative of one phoneme, in which case are they representative of different phonemes? How can a phoneme be defined in terms of positional alternations?

4) Give a definition of the strong and weak position of phonemes from the perceptual and significative points of view. In which case is the phoneme represented by its main variant? With your variations? Options? What are allophones?

5) Define a hyperphoneme and illustrate your answer with examples.

6) Name strong and weak positions for Russian vowels. What is the composition of the vowel phonemes of the Russian language?

7) Name the strong and weak positions of the consonant phonemes of the Russian language in terms of voicedness - deafness.

8) Name the strong and weak positions of the consonant phonemes of the Russian language in terms of hardness-softness.

9) What is the composition of the consonant phonemes of the Russian language?

Practical tasks

№1 . Write down the definition of the phoneme in your workbook. Justify each word in this definition.

№2 . Select rows of words in which vowels, voiced and deaf consonants, hard and soft consonants perform a semantic function. Prove that a semantic function can be performed by the order of sound units in a word.

№3. Determine what alternations are observed in the following cases: a) house - house a- domovik; b) traces - trace; c) play along - signature d) graze - pasture; e) evil - to anger; f) honor - honest; g) walk - I walk; h) frost - freeze; i) table - about the table. Which of these alternations are phonetic positional? Pick up similar examples of phonetic positional and phonetic non-positional alternations.

№4. Transcribe the text. Set possible phonetic positional and non-positional alternations: Snow fell until midnight, darkness fell over the gorges, and then it became quiet, and a young moon rose ... This world, it is driven and alive from time immemorial by transformations, sometimes invisible, sometimes obvious, countless of them(Yu. Levitansky).

№6 . Prove that for alternations [s’]/[w] and [d‘]/[w] in pairs wear - wear, walk - walk there are exceptions and, therefore, these alternations are phonetic non-positional.

№7 . Show what different sounds the phoneme /з/ can be represented (in the preposition without). Indicate the main variant of this phoneme, its variations, options.

№8. Transcribe the words and determine which row of positionally alternating sounds are represented by Phonemes<э>, <о>, <а>: running, running, running; walk, walked, walkers; thunderstorms, thunderstorm, thunderstorm; anger, wisdom; record, record, record.

№9. What phonemes and in what positions are neutralized in the examples of task 3?

№10. Select examples illustrating the neutralization of phonemes:<б> – <п>; <и> – <э>; <э> – <о>; <д> – <д’>.

№11. Transcribe the words. Designate strong and weak positions for vowel phonemes: domovik, honey plant, golden, groovy, subscription, story, kindness, youth, copier, cotton wool, field, strict. Pick up checks for vowels in weak position. Which vowel phonemes do they represent?

№12 . Transcribe the words. Indicate the strong and weak positions of consonant phonemes according to voiced-deafness. Pick up phonemic checks: crab, trace, thunderstorm, long, hawk, braid (short adjective), dexterous, cat, piece of wood, mowing, carving, interspersed, signature, echo, jump, heartless, soundless, laugh, break.

№13 . Write down the words in phonetic transcription, indicating strong and weak positions for consonant phonemes in terms of hardness-softness: elephant, horse, hill, bitterly, goat, song, together, with Vitya, racer, boar, cog, difference, removable, branching. Pick up checks for phonemes in a weak position.

№14 . What are the hyperphonemes in the following words: watercolor, crimson, left-handed, turquoise, wife, lean, suddenly, wax, becoming, light, everywhere?

№15. Give examples of words that have hyperphonemes:<а/о>; <и/э>; <а/о/э>; <а/о/э/и>; <с/з>; <г/к>; <с’/з’>; <т’/д’>; <с/c’/з/з’>.

№16. Perform phonemic transcription of words: young, flew, show, prose writer, stay, riddle, quiet, armchair, sea, play along, wash, kerosene, blind, furnish, closet, delight, asphalt, here.

№19. Using the materials of the paragraph and the completed exercises, write in a notebook and remember the checks for morphemes: a) prefixes on-, for-, under-, re-, roses-; b) suffixes

-ost-, -chik-, -from-, -out-; c) endings of nouns of different types of declension, adjectives, personal endings of verbs; d) infinitive suffix -th and postfix -ss reflexive verbs.

Speech sounds are studied in the section of linguistics called phonetics. All speech sounds are divided into two groups: vowels and consonants. Vowels can be in strong and weak positions. A strong position is a position under stress, in which the sound is pronounced clearly, for a long time, with greater force and does not require verification, for example: city, land, greatness. In a weak position (without stress), the sound is pronounced indistinctly, briefly, with less force and requires verification, for example: head, forest, teacher. All six vowels are distinguished under stress. In an unstressed position, instead of [a], [o], [h], other vowels are pronounced in the same part of the word. So, instead of [o], a slightly weakened sound [a] - [vad] a is pronounced, instead of [e] and [a] in unstressed syllables, [ie] is pronounced - a sound that is average between [i] and [e], for example: [ m "iesta], [h" iesy], [n "iet" brka], [s * ielo]. The alternation of strong and weak positions of vowels in the same part of the word is called positional alternation of sounds. The pronunciation of vowel sounds depends on which syllable they are in relation to the stressed one. In the first pre-stressed syllable, vowel sounds change less, for example: st [o] l - st [a] la. In the remaining unstressed syllables, the vowels change more, and some do not differ at all and in pronunciation approach zero sound, for example ^: transported - [n "riev" 6s], gardener - [sdavot], water carrier - [vdavbs] (here b to b denote an obscure sound, zero sound). The alternation of vowels in strong and weak positions is not reflected in the letter, for example: to be surprised is a miracle; in an unstressed position, the letter that denotes the stressed sound in this root is written: to be surprised means “to meet with a diva (miracle)”. This is the leading principle of Russian orthography - morphological, providing for the uniform spelling of significant parts of the word - root, prefix, suffix, ending, regardless of position. The morphological principle is subject to the designation of unstressed vowels, checked by stress. There are 36 consonants in Russian. The consonant sounds of the Russian language are such sounds, during the formation of which the air meets some kind of barrier in the oral cavity, they consist of a voice and noise, or only of noise. In the first case, voiced consonants are formed, in the second - deaf. Most often, voiced and deaf consonants form pairs of voiced-deafness: [b] - [p], [c] - [f], [g] - [k], [d] - [t], [g] - [ w], [h] - [s]. However, some consonants are only deaf: [x], [c], [h "], [w] or only voiced: [l], [m], [n], [p], [G]. There are also hard and soft consonants. Most of them form pairs: [b] - [b "], [c] - [c"], [g] - [g "], [d] - [d "], [h] - [h"] , [k] - [k "], [l] - [l "], [m] - [m *], [n] - [n *], [n] - [n "], [r] - [p "], [s] - [s"], [t] - [t"], [f] - [f"], [x] - [x"]. Solid consonants [g], [w], [c] and soft consonants, [h "], [t"] do not have paired sounds. In a word, consonant sounds can occupy different positions, that is, the location of a sound among other sounds in a word. The position in which the sound does not change is strong. For a consonant, this is the position before a vowel (weak), sonorant (true), before [v] and [v *] (twist). All other positions are weak for consonants. At the same time, the consonant sound changes: the voiced before the deaf becomes deaf: hem - [patshyt "]; the deaf before the voiced becomes voiced: request - [prbz" ba]; voiced at the end of the word is stunned: oak - [dup]; the sound is not pronounced: holiday - [praz "n" ik]; hard before soft can become soft: power - [vlas "t"].

WEAK POSITIONS OF CONSONANTS

For voiceless and voiced consonants weak positions are positions at the end of a word or before other consonants.

At the end of a word, voiced consonants become deaf, deafened. Pillar we pronounce like table[n], hike- as like[t], garage- as gara[w]. The same thing happens before voiceless consonants. Story reads like ska[s]ka, a a boat- as lo[t]ka.

With deaf consonants, the opposite is true - before voiced ones, they themselves voice themselves. In place of the phoneme C in the word request sounds [ h].

In what position can you see the real phoneme? This is the position before a vowel or sonorant consonants (super voiced sounds[ r, l, m, n,j], in which there are more voices than noise).

Let's select test words for our words: let's turn pillar in tableb ik, hike- in liked ny, boat- in lod point, a request- in aboutwith it. Then we will understand which letter needs to be written in place of a weak consonant in order to preserve the basic principle of Russian spelling - recording a real phoneme.

To reduce the number of cases of obscure

And so that the answers were not bad,

Listen to the consonants

In order not to confuse voiced and deaf ...

Deaf sounds are fidgets,

They don't want to live in peace

They seek a ringing neighbor

Stun by all means.

If you hear a paired sound,

Be careful my friend.

Double check immediately

Feel free to change the word:

Substitute a vowel next!

There are weak and strong positions hard and soft consonants. According to the laws of the Russian language, in many cases the subsequent soft consonant makes the preceding hard consonant soften. And the hard one has to give in.

For example, here is the word bridge. All consonants are solid. But it is worth changing according to t and turn into soft, as soon as softening extends to the neighboring [ with] - mo[s’t’]ik. the same process occurs in pairs of words forest - le [s'n '] ik, bow - ba [n't '] ik. People unknowingly can insert a soft sign between two soft consonants in these cases. This is not necessary, since the softness of the first consonant is not real, but acquired, “softness from a neighbor.”

There are times when in weak positions, phonemes disappear altogether. If there are several consonants nearby, then the middle sound is not pronounced at all. Heed the words local, tourist, dutch, holiday. Are all written letters representing phonemes really pronounced? Is it possible to choose among these words such words in which the phonemes would be in a strong position (we remind you that the main one is before the vowel)?

Mest ny - montht ah, turist sky - turist uh golland tsy - golland ets, holidayd equal

Sometimes found in words

Terrible consonants.

They don't pronounce

And what to write, it is not clear to you ...

To know how to write

We need to change the word.

And behind the incomprehensible sound

Look for a vowel quickly.