syntactic position.

Syntactic position - a position in a sentence that determines the role and purpose of word forms in a sentence.
Example:
Maldonado crashed the car. (subject + predicate + direct object)

Zero syntactic position.

She is a syntactic zero, she is also an “unoccupied syntactic position”.

What broke? (zero syntactic position of the subject)

Fireball! (instead of "I crashed the car" - zero syntactic positions of the subject and predicate)

Basic units of syntax (word form, syntagma, sentence, text).

Syntax is the doctrine of the principles of constructing a sentence. The purpose of syntactic research is to identify the mechanisms that generate a sentence. (Chomsky)

A word form is a given word in a given grammatical form. In the phrases school building, go to school study at school, the word forms school, school, school are represented.

Syntagshma is a group of words with signs of semantic and grammatical integrity. Intonation-semantic construction. Often represented by phrases. (80 days my drum)

4. Morphological dependence. [i]

Such a dependence, in which one word causes a certain grammatical form in another word. Characteristic of inflectional languages ​​(like Russian). For example: a chrome-plated car (agreement in gender, number, case), broke a vase (the verb "smashed" requires the accusative case), this book, these books. With morphological dependence, the dependent word can be in any part of the sentence, and the main word imposes on it some grammatical indicator (gender, number, case, and so on).

5. Semantic dependence. Semantic valencies.

Arises between the word (predicate) and its actant (participant in the situation). Semantic dependency describes potential compatibility. Example: the verb "rent". Actants of the verb rent: agent (the one who performs the action (elk)), object of the action (the one over whom the action is performed (apartment)), counterparty (an equal participant in the action (for example, the one from whom the apartment is rented)), term, fee . There are five actants in total. Such actants are called valences. The verb rent has 5 valences, because it has five actants.

In determining the number of valences, one must understand that only those semantic things are meant, without which the meaning of the word is incomplete. That is, the verb "go" does not have the valency "term", although the action also occurs in time.

Linear dependency.

In a linear relationship, the dependent word occupies a fixed pre/post position in relation to the main word.

Ex. A man saw a dog. VS A dog saw a man.

Ex.2 Your son's doctor. Your doctor's son. Your son is a doctor. Being determines consciousness.

Coordination, anomalies in the coordination.

Agreement is one of the three varieties of subordinating syntactic connection, in which the dependent component agrees with the dominant one in gender, number and case, and a change in the dominant word entails a change in the dependent.

Example of agreement: fluffy elk. When changing the word "moose" we get: fluffy moose; fluffy moose; fluffy moose, fluffy moose. The adjective "furry" is dependent on the noun "moose"; when changing any grammatical characteristic of the word "moose", the adjective has to be changed, agreeing on it in gender, number or case.

Matching examples:

Normal agreement. Best friend, fluffy moose. Full agreement on all grammatical categories.

Incomplete agreement. Moscow city. (only the case is transmitted, the gender does not agree, the number is constant). Another example: "It was the city in which the sun always shone. (only gender and number are transmitted, case is not transmitted)

Conditional agreement. Example: There was a loud cheer. What is autumn?

Meaningful agreement. Our doctor. (although the doctor is masculine, but our aunt is a doctor, so she is our doctor)

Remote agreement. An agreement in which the word depends on several dominants. For example: He remembered Katya small. (The verb "remember" imposes a case on the adjective, "Katya" agrees in gender and number.)

Anomalies include all types of coordination that are not normal. ><

8. Management. Word control model.

Control - a type of syntactic connection in which the control element requires the statement of the controllable in a specific inflectional form that does NOT coincide with the form of the control (in contrast to, for example, agreement).

wish for the fulfillment of a wish

dream about holidays

The word control model is a scheme that clearly reflects the actants of a lexeme and the ways of their morphosyntactic design.

Control model example:

We floated by boat from Uglich to Madeira.

A (agent, expressed by I.p.) sailed to B (vehicle, expressed “on + Pr.p.” or T.p.) from C (starting point, expressed “from. + R.p.” or “ from + R.p.") to S (the end point, expressed "in + V.p.", or "on + V.p.", or "k + P.p.").

Writing inconsistent sentences is a common grammatical error. An inconsistent sentence is two complete sentences that are combined without proper punctuation or conjunctions. If you're taking notes for a specific purpose and are concerned that you might have inconsistent sentences, you first need to learn to recognize common mistakes that lead to inconsistent sentences.

Steps

Understanding independent proposals, to identify inconsistent proposals

Distinguish between independent and dependent clauses. An independent clause has a subject and a predicate. It can be independent and forms a complete thought. For example, "I eat ice cream." It is a complete independent sentence (a complete sentence) because it has a subject "I" and a predicate "to eat".

• An independent clause is the opposite of a dependent clause. A dependent clause also has a subject and a predicate, but it must have an independent clause to be considered complete. For example, "Because I eat ice cream" is addictive because it doesn't make sense on its own; the words "because" require more information.

1. Find the subject in the independent clause. When you look at a set of words that you consider to be an independent clause, first find the subject. The subject is that which performs the action. It is a noun that is a person, place, thing, or idea.

   • Consider the sentence "The dog licked the bowl." Who performs the action? The dog is doing the action. This means that the dog is the noun in the sentence.

2. Find the predicate. The predicate is the action in the sentence. It shows what the subject does. In the above sentence, what is the action? What is the dog doing? She licks. "Licked" is a predicate.

   Determine if the sentence has a complete thought. Ask yourself, does this set of words sound like a complete thought? Are there words like "because" in this set that rob the sentence of its own meaning (e.g. "at that time", "when", "what" and so on)? The sentence "The dog licked the bowl" has no such words, so it is considered independent.

   Understand that you must separate independent sentences with punctuation marks. Independent sentences need special punctuation. End with a period, semicolon, or comma and conjunction to separate them from another sentence.

   Look for inconsistent sentences as you reread notes. Read the text slowly. Read it aloud. Think over every offer. Does it have more than one independent proposal? Does it have two subjects and two predicates without proper punctuation? If you find inconsistent proposals, correct them using the following sections.

   • Make sure you use each comma correctly, as an incorrect comma can create inconsistent sentences. This issue will be discussed in the next section.

   Recognition and correction of connecting commas

   1. Watch out for connecting commas in your letter. A connecting comma is when two independent sentences are separated by a comma. Look at the two sentences: "The dog licked the bowl, he liked the ice cream." We have already established that "The dog licked the bowl" is an independent sentence.

      • How about "She liked ice cream"? Who is performing the action? In this case, it's "Hey". Yeu is a pronoun that takes the place of a noun. What is the action in the offer? It's a little harder to define the action in this sentence, but she "liked" the ice cream, so "liked" the predicate. Is there a word that makes this sentence dependent? No, none. Therefore, "She liked the ice cream" is also an independent proposal.

   2. Correct the connecting commas by adding a period. You have three basic tricks that you can use to correct connecting commas. The first is to simply change the comma to a period and the first letter of the following sentence: “The dog licked the bowl. She liked ice cream."

   3. Change the comma to a semicolon. Another option for correcting connecting commas is to use a semicolon between two sentences. Let's look at our example:

      • “The dog licked the bowl; she liked ice cream.

   4. Add a conjunction to turn part of an inconsistent sentence into a dependent clause. Another way to correct the inconsistency is to add conjunctions such as "and", "but", "neither", "nevertheless", "thus", or "or", depending on the relationship between the two sentences. "And" connects additional clauses; "but" connects conflicting sentences. "Neither" indicates that neither option is suitable. "Or" gives two options. "Nevertheless" is also contradictory. "Thus" basically means "therefore".

      • In our example, the sentences are complementary, although if you choose this method, it makes more sense to reverse the sentences: "The dog liked the ice cream and licked the bowl."
        • You can also use "because" in our example: "The dog licked the bowl because he liked the ice cream." "Because" creates a dependent clause and now the whole clause will consist of a dependent and an independent, which is perfectly acceptable.

   5. Choose a correction method depending on the types of offers you are dealing with. The method you use to separate sentences depends on how they are related. Most likely, a semicolon, or a comma and conjunction would work well, because if you have already separated sentences with commas, then the sentences are most likely closely related.

      • The dot is suitable for independent sentences.

   Correction of other types of inconsistent proposals

   1. Find sentences where there are more than two independent sentences on the same line. Another kind of inconsistent sentences is when there are more than two independent sentences in a line connected by conjunctions. For example, look at the following sentences:

      • "The dog liked the ice cream and licked the bowl, but he didn't finish it." We have already established the first two sections of this text of independent proposals. What about the last one? What's question? "She" is the subject, as is the pronoun. The predicate here is a little more complicated, because it consists of several words. But what does action show? "Didn't finish" is a grammatical predicate in this sentence. Thus, this text has three independent sentences. This is too much for one line.

   2. Correct the inconsistency with more than two independent proposals. To correct this inconsistency, use the same methods from the previous section in at least one of the independent proposals. For example:

      • “The dog liked the ice cream. She licked the bowl, but she didn't finish it."
      • Of course, you have other options for correcting this inconsistency, such as “The dog liked the ice cream and licked the bowl. However, she didn't finish it." Or “The dog liked the ice cream. She licked the bowl; however, she did not finish it." Basically, you don't use a conjunction to start a sentence (although this rule has been loosened), so you need to change "but" to "nevertheless" when it's at the beginning of a sentence.

   3. Add separators to inconsistent sentences without punctuation. Another kind of inconsistent sentences are two sentences that are put together without punctuation marks. For example:

      • "The dog liked the ice cream and licked the bowl." You can use the same methods described in the previous section to separate them: "The dog liked the ice cream so he licked the bowl."
   • The main thing to remember is that basically a sentence can only have two independent sentences, and they must have proper punctuation marks. Never combine two independent clauses with just a comma; always use a dot, semicolon, or comma with a union.
   • Connecting commas are when two complete sentences are separated by only a comma, not a dot or semicolon.
   • Find complex connecting commas. The connecting comma can be a little confusing, like "The dog wanted to eat chocolate, however, chocolate is not good for him." You have two full sentences here, and "nevertheless" does not count as a conjunction to separate the two sentences.

Word check:

Letterer

Grammar

Singular and plural predicate

Choosing the correct form of the number of the predicate is a difficult task if the subject contains words indicating the number or set of objects. Among these words:

collective nouns (ex. majority),

Cardinal numbers ( five, twenty),

collective nouns ( two, three, five),

countable nouns ( thousand, million, billion),

words denoting an approximate amount ( more than a dozen, less than fifty, several),

countable pronominal adverbs ( many, as many),

nouns with the meaning of definite ( three, couple, hundred) and indefinite ( mass, lot) quantities, nouns with the first part half- (half a year, half a house),

type combinations brother and sister.

Each of these groups has its own characteristics of agreement with the predicate.

Predicate agreement with the words "row, majority, minority, part, many"

The choice of the correct form of the predicate is complicated by the fact that the supporting word of the subject ( row, majority, many etc.), representing a noun in the singular form, actually means a set of objects or phenomena as a set. In this regard, there are two possibilities for agreeing the predicate:

formal grammatical agreement: the predicate takes the same grammatical form as the subject; the majority of citizens voted for the new president(“majority” and “voted” – singular, neuter); a number of users refused paid services(“row” and “refused” – singular, masculine);

agreement in meaning: the predicate takes the form of the plural, since the subject denotes a set of objects or phenomena: the majority of citizens voted for the new president, a number of users refused paid services.

In modern Russian, the formal grammatical agreement of the predicate and the agreement in meaning compete, and in most cases (but not always!) the singular and plural forms of the predicate are interchangeable.

Formal approval gender and number of the predicate required, if the collective noun does not have dependent words with it, and also if there are no plural nouns in the subject: For the decision majority voted, minority voted against; overwhelming majority of Parliament voted against the adoption of the law; Part of the population is illiterate .

Meaningful agreement preferably:

1) if other members of the sentence are located between the subject and the predicate: Many remarks according to the content of the dissertation and the design of the bibliography have been expressed young graduate student

2) if the subject has a subsequent definition in the form of the plural, expressed by participial turnover or a subordinate clause with the word which: Part of the proceeds from the sale of the book will go to the maintenance of hospitals; Part of the proceeds from the sale of books will go to the maintenance of hospitals;

3) if it is necessary to emphasize the separateness of the actions of each actor, called the subject, and also emphasize the activity of the actors: A number of members of our organization took the initiative; compare: Many roads were built last year.

4) if there are several predicates: A number of students do not consider doing homework necessary and come to class unprepared.

5) if the predicate contains a noun or an adjective in the plural form: Most houses in this village were wooden.

Agreement of the predicate with the numerals

The numeral, unlike other names (nouns and adjectives), is devoid of signs of number. In other words, if nouns can have singular and plural forms ( book - books), then the numerals do not have such forms (cf.: two, five, one hundred and fifty). For this reason, the actual “coordination” of the predicate in terms of the form of the number is fundamentally impossible with the numeral. The form of the predicate, singular or plural, is chosen by the speaker arbitrarily. When setting the predicate in unit. h. past tense, the predicate takes the form of the middle gender: fifty people came to the lecture, two people died in an accident; ten new stores opened etc.

Although the form of the predicate is not strictly regulated, there are a number of factors that contribute to the use of the singular or plural form.

The statement of the predicate in the singular form is influenced by the desire of the author of the text to draw the attention of readers to the passivity of the subject, the compatibility of the action of the actors, as well as the number named in the subject. The passivity of the subject can be emphasized by the use of verbs with the meaning of being, presence as predicates: to exist, to exist and etc.

Twenty trees fell as a result of the hurricane. It was fifty people who came to the lecture, not fifty-two. The noun has twelve case forms.

The factors contributing to the use of the plural form of the predicate are opposite: the meaning of the separateness of the action, the emphasis on the activity of the persons named in the subject, the author's desire to pay attention to the action (characteristic), and not to the quantity.

Eight students have already defended their theses. One hundred graduate students write dissertations(i.e. everyone writes their own work).

In addition, remember that:

Numerals ending in one, usually require the singular form of the predicate: In the Institute Fifty-one applicants enrolled. But: Fifty-one participants discussed problem at the round table(verb discuss means a joint action and cannot be used in the form of units. h.).

The plural form of the predicate is used if the subject is specified by the definition in the plural form, for example, the words all, these, data, any and etc. All fifty-eight applicants entered in the Institute. Vasya was fifty rubles immediately spent . These two came with delay, the other five arrived in time.

If the numeral is used as a subject without dependent words (denoting a number as a mathematical concept), then it agrees with the predicate in the singular form: One hundred and fifty divided thirty without a trace.

Coordination of the predicate with the words "thousand, million, billion"

Predicate in words thousand, million, billion usually takes the form of the subject (singular, feminine or masculine). Thousand people Every year resting in this resort. Million tulips planted on the flower bed.

Agreement of the predicate when designating the subject of an approximate amount

With the subject - a quantitative combination with the value of approximation, the singular form of the predicate is preferred: Several new schools. On the ground more than three billion people live. But: Only a few students were able to solve this problem; the plural form of the predicate is due to the "activity" of the actors named by the subject.

Coordination of the predicate with the words "a lot, so much, a lot"

Countable pronominal adverbs as much as, a lot, a little, a little, a lot agree exclusively with the predicate in the singular form: So many debts have accumulated! Quite a lot of people came to the lecture. Many significant events preceded this day. Such a requirement is contained in the academic Russian Grammar.

D. E. Rosenthal in the "Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing" notes that recently the plural form in such constructions "... rarely encountered in the past, is becoming more common": How many labored cripples are dying of hunger(M. Gorky).

Agreement of the predicate with nouns with the meaning of a definite (“three, a couple, a hundred”) and an indefinite (“mass, a lot”) quantity, as well as with the numeral “half-”

Nouns with the meaning of definite and indefinite quantity, as well as words with the first part floor- (half an hour, six months) usually require setting the predicate in the singular form: A pair of boots was bought for next to nothing. A lot of time wasted. A lot of unnecessary things littered the apartment. Half an hour went by(but with definition: The first half hour passed quickly.).

Predicate agreement with combinations like "brother and sister"

The predicate can be either plural or singular. The plural form of the predicate shows that the action denoted by the predicate is equally attributed to both actors who are named as the subject. The singular form of the predicate shows that the action denoted by the predicate is attributed to the first of the named actors. Wed: Sharik and Matroskin share a hut. Vasya and his mother went to school.

The academic “Russian Grammar” notes that “if a pronoun of the 1st or 2nd person is included in the group with the meaning of compatibility, then the verb in the predicate, likening the numerical value of the pronoun, has the same personal form as this pronoun: I will go with my father (with my sisters); My father (sisters) and I will go; You and your mother (sisters) will stay; You and your mother (sisters) will stay.”

This article was written in the wake of the most frequent questions of the “Information Bureau” of GRAMOTY.RU and does not claim to be complete. Readers can find detailed information about fluctuations in the form of the number of the predicate in the Russian Grammar (Moscow, 1980), paragraphs 2244–2248.

The connection of matching words with a substantive name (word with objective meaning) lies in the fact that from the sum of the endings inherent in the word (meaning all the form changes of the given word - its entire paradigm), in each case, one is selected that reproduces the corresponding categories of the main word - the noun with its meaning. The need for one and not another form of the dependent word is dictated by a certain form of the main word, i.e., when agreed, a certain form of the main word and a certain form of the dependent word enter into the connection<…>

Since the matching link is conveyed by the dependent word and the specificity of the matching depends primarily on the dependent word, the matching characteristic must come from the dependent word. Three main groups of words should be distinguished, differing in the specifics of agreement.

First group. This group includes words in which forms of gender, number and case are involved in agreement. (red flag, green grass, clear skies) or forms of number and case (red flags, green grasses, deep lakes). The words of this group are characterized by the fact that all forms of inflection perform the function of linking this word with the main one. This group consists of adjectives and participles in full form, ordinal numbers, pronominal adjectives, numerals one. These words agree with nouns (or other substantive words) both in the phrase and in the sentence - cf .: dark night and The night is dark.

Second group. It includes words in which the forms of person and number or only numbers participate in agreement, that is, personal forms of verbs of the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and forms of verbs of the imperative mood. This connection is possible only within the sentence when the predicate agrees with the subject.

In the sphere of agreement between the predicate and the subject, it is customary to single out a special type of connection - coordination. Coordination, according to acad. V. V. Vinogradov, takes place when connecting verbs of the 1st and 2nd person with personal pronouns: I write; You are going; We reading; You sing."It is difficult to say what agrees with what in such cases - the form of the verb with the pronoun or vice versa." The specificity of this type of agreement lies, in our opinion, in the fact that the predicate predicts not only the grammatical form of the subject, but also its lexical characteristics, that is, it predicts a specific word, which alone can be the subject in these cases: with verbs sing, sleep, work etc., only the word i can be the subject; with verbs sleep, work, drive- just a word we; with verbs sleep, sit etc. - just a word you; with verbs read, walk etc. - only you. The meaning of the person in such sentences is duplicated, so the subject of such predicates may not be used without compromising the meaning: I love the blue crystal of the Black Sea in calm weather...(Lavrenev); At the first dawn, we go out one by one in different directions to the spruce forest for squirrels(Prishvin).<…>

Third group. Words in which the forms of number and gender or only numbers participate in agreement. This group combines: short forms of adjectives and participles, as well as personal forms of the past tense verb of the indicative mood and verbal forms of the subjunctive mood. And although, according to the lexical and grammatical meaning, these forms belong to different parts of speech, however, in modern Russian, all of them are able to agree only with the noun (or pronoun that replaces it), which is the subject, and perform the function of a predicate. If the subject has a singular form, then the categories of gender and number of the dependent word participate in the agreement (the night is dark; the child is healthy; the wind was noisy; the student would read ...); if the subject is plural, then only the number category of the dependent word is involved in the agreement (nights are dark; children are healthy; it was raining; houses would be built...).<…>

CONTROL

From the point of view of the formal classification of word relationships, control is defined as such a method of subordination, in which the dependent word, which necessarily or optionally determines the main thing, is used in the form of an indirect case without a preposition or with a preposition ". At the same time, another basis for determining control is proposed - a sign of the obligation of the dependent words: management is such a way of subordinating communication, in which the main word requires the setting of the dependent in a certain case. in combinations like buy bread, enjoy the sea qualifies as management, and go through the forest, swim to the shore, a house in the forest, pale with fright- as a nominal adjunction (nominal adjacency is what was defined in traditional grammar as weak control).<…>

Management as a special formal way of linking words is distinguished on the basis of the case change of words with objective meaning. The group of controlled words includes nouns, noun pronouns, cardinal numbers, since the main way these words are included in the text is to put them in a certain case. The means of expressing the case value during management-, management are either the ending (reading a book) or preposition and ending (take care of my son) or just a suggestion (I go without a coat, I sit in a cafe).<…>

However, in the modern Russian language there are a number of semantic groups of verbs (with the meaning of connection, separation, comparison) that require (require) not only a certain case form of the dependent word, but also a certain form of number, i.e., forms are involved in the implementation of the control connection case and number forms of the dependent word. Verbs that require a specific case form and a specific number form include:

1) verbs quarrel, reconcile etc. (reconcile brothers; quarrel neighbors);

2) verbs put together, put together, unite etc. (add numbers; join hands; join forces);

3) verbs compare, contrast etc. (compare purchases; compare findings).

These verbs denote actions that are directed at several objects at the same time, therefore these verbs require that dependent words not only name objects, but also indicate that there are several of them, that is, express the meaning of the plural. Therefore, the named verbs require the statement of the dependent word not only in a certain case, but also in a certain (plural) number.<…>

Management with a preposition between (between) also needs the plural form of the dependent word (or its equivalents): The settlement was located between the mountains; Our poor village was lost among the high loaves(Nekrasov), but A song resounds between heaven and earth.<…>

CONNECTION

Adjacency is a way of connecting words, which is carried out not due to the inflection of a dependent word (a dependent word has no forms of inflection), but due to the lexical and grammatical meaning of a dependent word, due to its dependent grammatical function, its meaning, the non-independent nature of the grammatical relations.<…>in adjunction, all connection is carried out only at the expense of meaning.<…>

Sometimes it is believed that such a connection as adjacency is established on the basis of an external juxtaposition of word forms and the relationships that arise in this case. But the juxtaposition of word forms (if we understand the term "juxtaposition" as an arrangement side by side) is not an obligatory sign of adjacency. Only the presence of syntactic relations between two words, of which the dependent has no forms of inflection, allows us to speak of an adjacency connection, regardless of whether these words are juxtaposed or not. Yes, in the proposal He answered confidently in literature, did not look at the notes congruent are adverbs confidently and verb did not look. However, a syntactic relation - a qualitative characteristic of an action - is established between words spaced apart from each other. answered and confidently, that is why we state between them the relation of adjacency<…>The juxtaposition, or distant arrangement of words (word forms), when adjoining, as well as with other methods of communication, is a purely external, optional feature, which, although it can be frequent in speech conditions, does not determine the presence of a connection and its nature.<…>

The lexical and grammatical meaning of adverbs as a part of speech consists in expressing a sign of a sign, i.e. a sign of an action and a sign of a certain quality ( speaks abruptly, rides, too loud, very bright it. P.). To use adverbs in speech, it is necessary to combine them with verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, that is, with the names of actions and properties, whose features are expressed by the adverb. Consequently, the dependence of an adverb is determined by its lexical and grammatical meaning. The adverb does not have a special affix that would perform the function of linking the adverb with other words.<…>

The participle, as well as the adverb, having no forms of inflection, functions only as a dependent word adjoining the verb. The dependence of the participle is also determined by its lexical and grammatical meaning and a special morphological structure.<…>

The dependence of the gerund has a specific feature: the presence of a common actor for the gerund and the verb to which this gerund adjoins has become an immutable law of the use of the gerund in modern Russian. And this feature gives reason to talk about the double dependence of the participle: on the verb, on the one hand, and on the subject-name, on the other (see the section "Double bonds").

The infinitive, or indefinite form of the verb, can be used in a sentence in both independent and dependent positions. Since the infinitive is an invariable form, its connection with the main word is carried out only due to the meaning, i.e., it is an adjunction (give food, food to study, desire to sing).<…>

A special group of adjoining words is made up of invariable words of foreign origin, which in their semantics are adjectives. (beige, self, khaki, morse, gross, net and etc.). Expressing a sign in abstraction from the forms of gender, number and case, such adjectives convey their relationship with the name and dependence on it by adjoining. Combining possibilities of words like khaki, beige, mocha, electric limited: each of them can only be combined with a certain, relatively small number of words. For example: gross and net combined only with the word the weight, and you can’t say “gross box”, “net box”, morse- with a word ABC; words with color meaning beige, marengo, electric, khaki- in . literary language are usually combined with the word color: beige coat, marengo dress, khaki suit, however, in the practice of colloquial speech, the scope of compatibility of these words has expanded due to the omission of the word color: beige coat, marengo dress, khaki suit, although this usage is not common<…>

If we consider that adjacency is a connection of words only in meaning, without the participation of special means for its expression, and control is a method of connection in which the dependent word is placed in a certain case, then the question arises: how to qualify the connection of formally invariable nouns of the type coat, cocoa, un and etc. (no coat, came without a coat, drank cocoa, put sugar in cocoa, spoke at the UN etc.)? On the one hand, these words do not have inflectional affixes, that is, they are included in the text, it would seem, only by meaning; on the other hand, in certain cases they use prepositions (adjacent words do not use prepositions). But first of all, one should pay attention to the fact that invariable nouns, unlike other adjoining words, are included in the text only in the meaning of a certain case, i.e. in one case - in the meaning of the genitive case, in the other - in the meaning of the accusative, in the third - creative, etc.: no cocoa, drink cocoa, satisfied with cocoa etc. Therefore, when used without prepositions, the immutability of such nouns concerns only their form. As for the content, such nouns are able to convey all case meanings as part of certain phrases, i.e., in essence, they are able to participate in declension, which makes it possible to attribute this connection to varieties of control.

The predicate must be in the same form as the subject, so that it does not work out:

The children are grateful to the chefs for the gift.

Children are a singular noun, therefore grateful, but children are grateful.

With a subject that includes words multitude, number, part, majority, minority and a controlled noun in the genitive case (such as most students, a number of schools), the predicate can be both in the plural and in the singular.

Singular is used if
- noun means inanimate objects (row of tables...);
- no emphasis on activity actors ( most students were absent).

The plural is used for underlining activity actions of persons Some of the students passed the exams).

With a subject expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination ( seven o'clock, several people...), the predicate can be singular or plural.

form plural highlights activity actors: And thirty beautiful knights / / A series of clear waters emerge(A.S. Pushkin).

The form singular predicate is used:

When underlined passivity actors: Twenty people stood aside;

If the noun that is part of the subject means inanimate object or animal: A hundred years have passed - and what is left// From these strong, proud men,// So full of passions?(A.S. Pushkin);

At compound number ending in one (Thirty-three heroes - go out, and thirty-one heroes - go out).

The predicate is placed in the only number, if the subject includes words many, few, few, only, only: Many students have already visited this exhibition.

The predicate with a subject like brother and sister can be put both in the singular and in the plural. plural number underlines equity, activity actors: And the weaver with the cook,// With the matchmaker Babarikha// They want to kill her(A.S. Pushkin).

The only thing number indicates that one actor - the main thing: An old man lived with his old woman(A.S. Pushkin).

The subject may have an application, but this does not affect the agreement. The predicate agrees with the defined word: At the last competitions, the car "Zhiguli" came first. But: "Zhiguli" came first(here "Zhiguli" is no longer an application); School principal Frolova left for a meeting.

The difficulty is the coordination of the predicate with several subjects.

At direct order words the predicate is put in the form plural numbers, at reverse the predicate is consistent with the nearest one to be.

Compare: Her fate, her end// By impenetrable darkness// Closed from us. and Died and feeder and swimmer(A.S. Pushkin).