The education system: schools and teachers in the ancient world. The teacher is eternal on earth! From the history of education and teaching

At a time when education began to move into an independent function of society, people began to think about synthesizing the experience of educational activities. On one of the ancient Egyptian papyri there is a saying: "The ears of a boy are on his back, he listens when he is beaten." It was already a kind of pedagogical idea, a certain approach to education. Even in ancient times, in the works of the philosophers Thales from Miletus, Heraclitus, Democritus, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus and others, many deep thoughts related to education were kept. In ancient Greece, the term "pedagogy" first appeared, which then became stronger as the name of the science of education.

Also in Greece, many other pedagogical concepts and terms originate, such as: school (schole), translated as "leisure", gymnasium (from Greek gymnasion [gymnasium] - school of physical development, and later just high school), etc. . P.

Socrates is considered the founder of pedagogy in ancient Greece. He taught his students dialogue, polemics and the ability to think logically. Socrates had his own method of teaching (the method of searching for truth), the key point in it was the question-answer system, which is the essence of logical thinking.

Plato, a student of Socrates, lectured at his own school, which was called the Platonic Academy. In Plato's theory, "delight and knowledge" were inseparable, which means that teaching should bring joy, the teacher should make this process enjoyable and useful.

A student of Plato, Aristotle created his own peripatetic school (Lyceum). Aristotle liked to walk with his students during classes, hence the name ("peripateo" - I walk (Greek)). He taught the general culture of man and brought a lot to pedagogy: he introduced age periodization, believed that everyone should receive knowledge equally, considered it necessary to create public schools, and considered family and public education to be something indivisible. Aristotle was the first to formulate the principles of nature conformity and love of nature. Today we are fighting to ensure that love for nature is laid from an early age, and Aristotle taught this even in antiquity. Aristotle attached considerable importance to moral education, he believed that the habit of bad deeds follows from the habit of swearing. Aristotle looked at education as a kind of indivisibility of spiritual, mental and physical education, but physical education must precede intellectual education.

However, in those days there was also an arc way of raising children, which was used in Sparta. The Spartan upbringing required all children who were over 7 years of age to be brought up not in their own family, but in strict situations of survival, various physical tests, as well as all kinds of training battles and massacres. Throughout the entire process of education, unconditional obedience was demanded, and any misconduct entailed severe physical punishment. When teaching reading and writing, attention was paid only to the most necessary, all the remaining training was reduced to unconditional obedience, the ability to win and the ability to endure any difficulties.

In ancient Greece, the education of children was given great attention. The Greeks sought to raise children healthy and intellectually developed. By the 5th century BC. there were no illiterates among the free Athenians. All educational institutions in Athens belonged to private individuals. Children whose fathers fell on the battlefield defending the fatherland were educated at public expense. However, this happened extremely rarely, since usually relatives took responsibility for the child. Andrey Valentinovich Strelkov, Candidate of Historical Sciences, talks about education in Ancient Greece.

In Greek, the word pais means child. The education of children was called by the general term "paydeyas". Education included education - the acquaintance of the child with a certain amount of knowledge, usually at the initial stage, and then followed by education, that is, an introduction to a spiritual culture that teaches behavior in society. “Paideias” means not only the process, but also the result of the process, that is, how a person changes as a result of education. We are talking about education from about the 6th century BC to the 4th century AD. During this thousand years there have been various changes in the process of education.

The Greeks, wherever they were, whatever land they conquered, the first thing they did was to create theaters and schools. Alexander the Great conquered Egypt, and it was there that many manuscripts about the practical side of the Greek education system were preserved. The Greek world consisted of hundreds of policies (city-states), a single state did not yet exist. Each of the free members of the policy (except women and slaves) had the right to land ownership and had political rights. Every citizen was obliged, like a warrior, to defend his state, which included the protection of his property and civil status. Athens was a democratic republic, and Sparta was dominated by an aristocratic oligarchy, but everywhere the main body of power was an assembly of citizens.

Education up to 7 years

The Greeks divided the life time of a child into age categories: up to 7 years old is a small child, “paidion”. Until the age of 7, the child did not study, but he received education, for which his mother was responsible. The father did not interfere in the life of a child under 7 years old, even a boy. The child learned the Greek language, but not formally, but simply in the process of life. From the 4th century, slavery existed in Greece, and wealthy families had wet nurses. Spartan women were considered the best nannies. It was believed that the child should not be spoiled, but should not be beaten, otherwise he would not be able to become a full-fledged citizen in the future. The children spent most of their time outdoors, just playing. There were ball games, but they were not traditional sports games. The ball was a leather ball stuffed with wool or herbs. There were grandma games. Also known are all kinds of rattles and dolls with hinged arms and legs, horses and carts on wheels.

In wealthy families, toys were made of ivory, and in simple families, children played with clay toys. Children of different social strata could communicate freely. There were also no restrictions on communication between girls and boys of this age. This united future citizens into a team, as they had known each other since childhood. Mothers did not have to go to the factory to work, and therefore there were no kindergartens. Where the number "7" came from is unknown, it happened. Plato said that it is desirable to start training from the age of 6, and Aristotle argued that from the age of 5, and one of the Stoic philosophers from the age of 3. However, children in Greece were not deprived of a happy childhood, and until the age of 7 they were “free birds”.

Education from the age of 7

Public schools were known only in the Hellenistic era (II-III centuries), and then all schools were private. There was only one teacher, who was called either a grammarian (a teacher of the first degree) or a didascal. Teacher of the second degree - grammarian; teacher of the third degree - orator. Sometimes, for financial reasons, some schools combined the first and second stages. The training system was almost the same. A grammarian and didascalist should not be confused with a teacher. The teacher is a slave in wealthy families, accompanying the child to school. The child was busy most of the day. Despite the status of a slave, the teacher was treated with respect, as he was entrusted with the life of a child. The position of a grammarian was considered not prestigious, since any illiterate person could open a school, and teachers earned little. This is confirmed by the saying, if a person has not been heard about for a long time, they said that he either died or became a school teacher. This saying is associated with Dionysius the Younger, whose father was a great politician who achieved great heights. However, the son, despite a rich education, turned out to be mediocre, and eventually became a tyrant. He was not destined to be a tyrant for a long time, a civil war broke out and he was overthrown. Then he again tried to prove himself in the political arena, but again unsuccessfully, and eventually became a school teacher in order to attract as little attention as possible to himself, thereby showing that he was safe, afraid of being killed.

There were steps in the school, until the student mastered one step, he could not go further. The first stage usually took 4 years, that is, from 7 to 11 years. The second step is up to 18 years. There were no age divisions in the school. Exams too.

The gymnastic part of training, that is, sports, was performed in the nude and was a sign of Hellenism. One of the Jewish kings tried to introduce a system of naked sports in his country, which caused the wrath of the spiritual leaders of society.

In general, there was sports, grammatical and musical training. Plato believed that a person who does not know how to participate in a round dance, that is, who does not know how to sing and dance, is considered uneducated. Andrei Strelkov says that we do not sufficiently appreciate the ancient Greek culture, that is, the musical part of dramaturgy, which we know about mainly from texts, while music and dance played a very large role in the Greek theater.

Initially, music was taught only in elementary school, and then moved to high school. The Greeks knew, and Plato and Aristotle wrote about this, that music has the strongest effect on the human soul. There is a myth about how Mars played bravura music on a double flute, and the god Apollo performed melodic works on a cithara. The cithara is a type of lyre, one of the most common musical instruments in ancient Greece. Only men played this instrument. Poems have always been sung to music.

(Apollo plays Kithara)

In the VIII century BC. The Greeks adopted the alphabetic system of writing from the Phoenicians. The school taught the alphabet of 24 letters, first from alpha to omega, then vice versa. Then they studied syllables of two letters, then three. It was an ordinary hack. The notebooks were wooden planks coated with wax. They wrote with the sharp end of the pen, and then they rubbed the writing with the flat end of it in order to start writing again. Sometimes they wrote (scratched) on shards. Papyrus was used extremely rarely, as it was an expensive material. They wrote in the shape of the letter L, that is, from right to left, reaching the row below and continuing to write from left to right to the end of the row, then down again and again, from right to left.

The letters in the Greek language were written in a row, without spaces and punctuation marks, so when in high school students studied the classics: Euripides, Xenophon, Homer, they had to understand at the first stage what was written there in general, that is, to separate the words. From the very beginning they studied Homer, read only aloud. From the 4th century, with the advent of libraries, quiet reading appeared. The four classics are Homer, Euripides, Minander and Domosfin. Children were taught how to write. The texts were not only read, but interpreted. Homer is the school of Greece, his works taught how a hero should behave, and so on. There was no such subject as history, it was part of literature. The students wrote essays and essays.

Mathematics lessons included subjects: arithmetic, geometry and astronomy. Children were taught to count. They didn't have numbers, they had letters. The first 9 letters are units; the second nine - tens; third - hundreds.

In ancient Greek school education there was a calendar. There were no weeks, as weeks are a Jewish invention that came to the Western world during the Roman Empire in the first century. The Greeks singled out months, studied on all working days, except for holidays, of which there were about a hundred a year. Each city had its own holidays. Some were one-day, others lasted more than a week, such as the feast of Dionysius. Sometimes special days were celebrated, in connection with the death of high-ranking officials, or a special act of the ruler, when it was indicated: “On this day, close all shops and markets, slaves do not work, children do not go to school.”

(Presumably a fighting stance in pankration. Ancient Greek red-figure amphora, 440 BC.

1. When, according to scientists, education arose as a conscious

transfer of experience of gathering and hunting?

a) 5 million years ago c) about 1 million years ago

b) 2-3 million years ago d) 50 thousand years ago

2. Specify two traditional concepts of the origin of primitive

education as a process of gradual adaptation of children to

the then existing order of things

[a] Evolutionary-biological - the origin of education in the first

everyday people is associated with the instinct inherent in higher animals

noah care for offspring

[b] Labor - the origin of education is associated with the development and

misrepresentation of the labor activity of primitive man as a non-

necessary condition for its continued existence.

[c] Psychological - the origin of education is associated with the manifestation

children's unconscious instincts to imitate adults.

3. What period does the birth of education as a special

type of human activity in primitive society? Fact-

 A few letters show the correct answers to a test item like

"Multiple Answers"

the rum of such formation was the evolution of material ties

between primitive people

a) 50 thousand years ago c) 20-15 thousand years ago

b) 40-35 thousand years ago d) 5-4 thousand years ago

4. List four hallmarks of early childhood education.

primitive era

[b] The purpose and content of education became class-family, i.e. children

brought up on the example of parents, and the education of representatives

various social strata acquired noticeable differences

[c] The only indicators in the differentiation of learning are

the gender and age of the children

[d] The impact of upbringing was minimal.

[e] Youth houses appeared (in fact, the predecessors of schools) for children

teys and teenagers

[f] The main form of education was joint games and activities

[g] Education was gradually concentrated in the hands of specially

persons designated for this purpose, i.e. the beginnings of organized

forms of education

5. Indicate the four main features of education at the end of the primitive

but-communal period

[a] Upbringing prepared everyone for everyday life in the same way, i.e. os-

new was a group, collective beginning

[b] Education of representatives of various social strata (leaders, priests)

tsov, warriors, ordinary members of the community) acquired noticeable differences

[c] Children were brought up on the example of their parents. They took the experience and

information of predecessors from the words of parents, by imitation

[d] The only indicators in the differentiation of learning are

the gender and age of the children

[e] For children of the elite, the period of childhood has increased and, accordingly,

elk educational impact

[f] Activities related to education were given a magical meaning

6. What was the name of the initiation procedure in primitive society

children to adults? Preparing youth for this religious

hyos rite was a kind of prototype of the school

a) Manhood c) Canonization

b) Communion d) Initiation

7. In which society were initiations widely used?

a) slaveholding c) feudal

b) Primitive

Topic 2. Education and training in conditions

civilizations of the Ancient East

1. In which of the ancient civilizations is the upbringing and education of children

was based on the idea that each person should develop

develop their moral, physical and mental qualities, which

to become a full member of his caste?

a) Ancient China c) Ancient Egypt

b) Ancient India d) Ancient Mesopotamia

2. Which of the thinkers of the Ancient World belongs to almost the first

history of mankind, the idea of the all-round development of the personality, where

the property before education was given to the moral principle?

a) Solomon c) Plato

b) Socrates d) Confucius

3. Schools of the Ancient East, where scribes of cuneiform texts were trained

stov (in Sumerian "edubbs")

a) Cell houses c) Tablet houses

b) Houses of cuneiform writing d) Houses of cards

4. The oldest type of writing

a) Pictogram c) Cuneiform

b) Hieroglyphs d) Phonetic writing

5. Name an ancient thinker whose approach to learning

is key in a capacious formula: agreement between the student and the teacher, leg-

bone of learning, prompting self-reflection

a) Solomon c) Krishna

b) Confucius d) Socrates

6. What, according to the ideas of Buddhism, was the main task of education in

Ancient India?

a) Eloquence c) Excellence in the art of war

b) Physical education d) Inner perfection of a person

7. How were teachers called in Ancient India?

a) Dean c) Sage

b) Guru d) Noble husband

8. At the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. scribes of Mesopotamia for writing use-

a) Clay tablets c) Birch bark

b) Papyrus d) Wooden tablets covered with wax

9. Thinker of the Ancient World, the central element of the teachings of

horny was the thesis about proper education as an indispensable condition

prosperity of the state

a) Aristotle c) Solomon

b) Confucius d) Socrates

10. One of the highest castes in ancient India, having the most shi-

a comprehensive education program

a) Vaishya c) Sudra

b) Kshatriyas d) Brahmins

11. The state of the Ancient East, which paid special attention to the expression

botke in children and adolescents of moral qualities and, above all,

listening and obedience skills

a) Ancient Mesopotamia c) Ancient Egypt

b) Ancient China d) Ancient India

Topic 3. Education and school in the ancient world

mediterranean

1. In which of the ancient states is the upbringing of full citizens

was entirely under the control of the state? Here was the

one of the first experiments known to mankind of state

personality phenomena

b) Ancient China d) City-state of Sparta

2. The ancient Greek figure, whom Plato called the first

a) Plutarch c) Hesiod

b) Homer d) Euclid

3. Thinker of the Ancient World, the main didactic achievement

which is called his "mayevtika" ("midwifey") -

dialectical dispute leading to the truth through thoughtful

questions asked by the mentor

a) Plato c) Aristotle

b) Socrates d) Democritus

4. In which of the ancient states did the goal of education become comprehensive

her harmonious formation of personality, primarily with a developed

intelligence and culture of the body?

a) Ancient Rome c) The city-state of Athens

b) Ancient Egypt d) City-state of Sparta

5. Who in the ancient world for the first time put the moral

nutrition, eternal human values and where is the education system

was strikingly different from other systems in the following features:

domination of faith over science; dominance of moral and religious

education over training; awareness of the importance of labor

education; promotion of the ideal of mutual assistance, humility, asceticism?

a) Ancient Romans c) Early Christians

b) Ancient Greeks d) Ancient Indians in the era of Buddhism

6. The philosopher who created the first theory of education, in which the state

the gift is the dominant and determining factor

a) Plato c) Socrates

b) Aristotle d) Epicurus

7. Where was the purpose of public education was the education of wars?

a) Athens c) Rome

b) In Sparta d) In Egypt

8. Creator of the first Academy in the history of education

a) Aristotle c) Quintilian

b) Lomonosov d) Plato

9. In ancient Greece, "palestra" meant

a) Primary school c) Music school

b) Mass school d) Gymnastics school

10. Which of the ancient Greek philosophers is the basis of his philosophical

concept put the thesis "Know thyself"?

a) Democrat c) Plato

b) Socrates d) Aristotle

11. What sciences were studied at the cytharist school?

a) Verbal sciences c) Music

b) Gymnastics d) Religion

12. Which of the philosophers of Antiquity first expressed the idea of the necessary

bridges of state preschool education?

a) Plato c) Aristotle

b) Socrates d) Democritus

13. The trivial school in Ancient Rome meant

a) elementary school c) pentathlon school

b) high school d) music school

14. Creator of the first Lyceum in the history of education

a) Comenius c) Plato

b) Aristotle d) Socrates

15. Which of the subjects was not included in the "seven liberal arts"?

a) Grammar c) Rhetoric

this will be, perhaps, his whole future path.

a) Democritus c) Plato

b) Aristotle d) Epicurus

17. What were the names of teachers of the highest rank, wandering through the Ancient

her Greece?

a) Scholastics c) Ephors

b) Epicurians d) Sophists

18. Who was called a "teacher" in the educational institutions of Athens?

a) teacher c) teacher

b) A schoolmaster d) A literate person

19. The dominant center of child rearing in ancient Rome

a) Family c) School

b) Temple d) Forum - a place of public gatherings of the Romans

20. An educational institution in ancient Rome that trained speakers and politicians

tic figures

a) Grammar school c) Rhetorical school

b) Trivial school d) Palestra

21. The basic principle in the organization of education and training in Ancient

them Athens

a) Agonism c) Asceticism

22. What education was mainly given to girls in Ancient

a) Family c) Economic

b) Military d) Culinary

23. State educational institution in Ancient Athens,

visited by young men aged 16-18 to study literature, politics,

gymnastics, philosophy, etc.

a) Music school c) Ephebia

b) Grammar School d) Gymnasium

24. A teacher at a grammar school in Ancient Athens who teaches

taught children to read, write and count

a) Didascalus c) Teacher

b) Cytharist d) Paydon

25. What were the names in ancient Greece and Rome of devices for

counting exercises?

a) Counting sticks c) Stylo

b) Multi-colored pebbles d) Abacus

Topic 4. Education and school in Byzantium

and in the Middle East (VII-XVII centuries)

1. The Greatest of Virtues in the Byzantine Empire

a) Obedience c) Education

b) Modesty d) Endurance

2. What was the name of the higher school in Constantinople, which was

organized under Emperor Theodosius II in 425?

a) Quadrivium c) Auditorium

b) Trivium d) Likey

3. The language of culture and education in the Byzantine Empire

a) Latin c) Slavic

b) Greek d) Arabic

4. The state that inherited the Hellenic-Roman culture and

sophistication, famous throughout the medieval world of high culture

home education tour

a) Byzantium c) England

b) France d) Islamic world

5. A set of legal and theological standards governing the entire

Muslim life

a) Koran c) Shariah

b) Adat d) Sunnah

6. One of the main qualities of a person brought up in Islamic

Traditions both inside and outside the family

a) Education c) Cruelty

b) Submission d) Modesty

7. Private religious school of primary education in the Islamic world

a) Kalam c) Kitab

b) Fiqh d) Madrasah

8. What, according to Arab-Muslim scholars and thinkers, should

avoid in the educational process?

a) Encyclopedism c) Asceticism

b) Self-education d) Fanaticism

9. A sacred book containing over 50,000 brief teachings

(Hadith), clearly regulating religious and secular life

Muslim, serving him as a model of behavior

a) Koran c) Adat

b) Shariah d) Sunnah

10. What was the most important institution of education for Muslims?

a) State c) Family

b) Mosque d) School

Topic 5. Education and school in Western Europe

during the early Middle Ages

1. Religion, which mainly determines the specifics of the school of

food in medieval Europe

a) Paganism c) Islam

b) Christianity d) Buddhism

2. Education in medieval Europe from the 5th century. according to the 17th century went to

a) Latin c) French

b) Greek d) Old Church Slavonic

a) Five free arts c) Seven free arts

b) Six free arts d) Eight free arts

4. Natural and charitable work in the schools of medieval Western

Europe created by the church

a) Physical education

b) Cruel punishments

c) The development of a free personality

5. A person who received an exemplary upbringing in Western Europe in

early Middle Ages

a) Knight c) Monk

b) Artisan d) Merchant

6. What determined the purpose and content of each subject in the period

Middle Ages?

a) Comprehensive harmonious formation of personality

b) Service attitude towards religion

c) The development of science and the desire for progress

7. What subjects were included in the full course of medieval sciences, on-

called "liberal arts"?

a) Grammar, rhetoric, dialectic

b) Grammar, rhetoric, dialectic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy

mia, music

c) Grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy

mia, medicine

d) Grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, astronomy

8. The main types of church educational institutions in the early medieval

howl Europe

[a] City schools [d] Episcopal (cathedral) schools

[b] Monastic schools [e] Guild schools

[at] Universities

9. Textbook of medieval Europe, written in Latin,

reminiscent of a modern primer

a) Abecedary c) Bible

b) Psalter d) Vedas

10. What was called the “crown of sciences” during the Middle Ages?

a) Grammar c) Theology

b) Dialectics d) Medicine

11. The main form of education among artisans and merchants in

Medieval period

a) Monastery c) Vocational school

b) University d) Apprenticeship

12. When in Western Europe at cathedrals and monasteries began to appear

lyatsya the first universities?

a) In the ninth century c) In the thirteenth century

b) In the XII century. d) In the XV century.

13. What was the name of the schools for the children of merchants in the Middle Ages?

a) Guildeli c) Urban

b) Handicraft d) Workshop

14. The first faculties were formed at the universities of Western Europe.

theta, which of the following is superfluous?

a) Artistic d) Philological

b) Theological e) Medical

c) Legal

15. In the educational system, chivalry is necessary for young knights.

comprehend: "basic ......, wars and religions."

a) the beginning of honor c) the beginning of love

b) the beginning of life d) the beginning of a family

16. Schools in the Middle Ages, organized and maintained

at the expense of artisans, who provided general education

tovka in native language

a) Guildeli c) Urban

b) Guild d) Handicraft

17. Which faculty performed the functions of the preparatory department-

in a medieval university?

a) Primary education c) Philological

b) Artistic

18. What in knightly education was a means of educating

resilience and ability to navigate correctly?

a) Participation in tournaments c) Playing chess

b) Fencing d) Ability to sing and compose poetry

19. A teacher in medieval Europe, hired by the community on a contract-

basis for the opening of a city school

a) Magniscola c) Scholastic

b) Rector d) Didaskol

20. Ideology in Western Europe, seeking to reconcile, bring together

educate science and theology, secular knowledge and the Christian faith

a) Patristics c) Theology

b) Philosophy d) Scholasticism

Topic 6. School and education in Western Europe

during the Renaissance and Reformation

1. What country was the birthplace of the Renaissance?

a) Germany c) England

b) France d) Italy

2. Criticism of scholastic education is contained in the book

a) "Utopia" by T. Mora c) "City of the Sun" by T. Capanella

b) “Experiments” by M. Montaigne d) “Gargantua and Pantagruel” by F. Rabelais

3. In which line do all the names represent the Renaissance?

a) T. More, F. Rabelais, D. Locke c) T. More, T. Campanella, Socrates

b) T. More, F. Rabelais, M. Montaigne d) V. de Feltre, T. More, J.A. Comenius

4. Supporters of the Roman Catholic Church, who identified as

main means of combating the Reformation inquisition and education

a) Hieronymites c) Humanists

b) Jesuits d) Scholastics

5. Who owns the following work: “The Golden Book, just as

useful, as well as amusing, about the best structure of the state and about

island of Utopia"?

a) Tommaso Campanello c) Thomas More

b) Francois Rabelais d) Erasmus of Rotterdam

6. In which story did the king give his son to the learned scholastics,

and then to humanist teachers?

a) "City of the Sun" c) "Gargantua and Pantagriel"

b) "Clouds" d) "Emil, or On Education"

7. The movement of advanced thinkers in Western Europe, who put

to the center of his worldview of a person, an ideal spiritually and physically

developed personality

a) Reformation c) Humanism

b) Counter-Reformation

8. Textbook in German for elementary folk

schools in Germany

a) Catechism c) Abecedary

a) Francois Rabelais c) Erasmus of Rotterdam

b) Thomas More d) Tommaso Campanello

10. Who wrote the famous novel "Gargantua and Pantagruel"?

a) Francois Rabelais c) Jan Comenius

b) Jean-Jacques Rousseau d) Thomas More

11. Social movement in Western Europe (XVI century), which put forward

the slogan of the universal education of children of all classes in their native language

a) Reformation c) Humanism

b) Counter-Reformation

12. Educational institution of advanced general education, for the first time

appeared in France in the middle of the 15th century.

a) Palace schools c) Colleges

b) Gymnasiums d) Jesuit schools

13. "Father" of the first gymnasiums in Germany, perhaps the best types

educational institutions of advanced general education in Western Europe

Ropes XV-XVII centuries.

a) M. Luther c) F. Melanchthon

b) I. Sturm d) A. Agricola

14. What were the names of public schools in Western Europe, one

from the goals of which was to teach to work together and respect work?

a) Palace schools c) Gymnasiums

b) Jesuit schools d) Hieronymite schools

Topic 7. Education, training and pedagogical thought

in the Slavic world, Kievan Rus and Russian

state (until the 17th century)

1. The highest social and moral value in the education of a number of

old community members among the ancestors of the Eastern Slavs

a) Preparation for military affairs

b) Mental education and mastery of cult knowledge

d) Apprenticeship and hereditary transmission of professional skills

2. Writing material for elementary education in Ancient Russia

a) Clay tablets c) Birch bark

b) Parchment d) Papyrus

3. What was the name of the custom of the Eastern Slavs to give children to the nobility in

another family up to 7-8 years of age?

a) Mentorship c) Initiation

b) Nepotism d) Baptism

4. The state, familiarization with the practice of education and pedagogical

whose thought had a huge impact on the education

and education in medieval Russia

a) England c) France

b) Byzantium d) Italy

5. In Russia, the first "school of book learning" opened in 988 in the city

a) Novgorod c) Moscow

b) Ryazan d) Kyiv

6. A special house among the Eastern Slavs, where from the age of 12 they lived and

future warriors improved in military affairs

a) Youth House c) Gridnitsa

b) Tract d) School

7. The first higher educational institution in the history of Russia, founded in

1687 in Moscow

a) School of Typography c) School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences

b) Kiev-Mohyla Academy d) Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy

8. A textbook collection of teachings and sermons from a number of religious

sources, used in ancient Russia in teaching and recreating

children's nutrition

a) Abecedary c) Izbornik

b) Psalter d) Book of Hours

9. Where was the child prepared for adult life in Rus-

state of the XIV-XVI centuries?

a) In monastic schools c) In state schools, diplomas

b) Outside school d) In military establishments

10. A written monument of medieval Russia of the XIV-XVI centuries, containing

seeking information about the ideals, program, forms of education and

the pinnacle of Russian pedagogical thought of that time

a) "Domostroy" c) "Message of Gennady"

b) Teachings to Children d) Russkaya Pravda

11. Where did a higher educational institution appear for the first time in Russia?

a) in St. Petersburg c) in Kyiv

b) in Moscow d) in Lvov

12. Which of the approaches to education and training in the Russian state

urged to adhere to the merits of the Russian pedagogical tradition?

a) Latinophile c) Slavic-Greek-Latin

b) Byzantine-Russian d) Old Believer-trained

a) Vladimir Monomakh c) Yaroslav the Wise

b) Kirill of Turovsky d) Princess Olga

14. The first state school of advanced education in Russia

Siysk state, founded in 1681 in Moscow

a) Printing school

b) School at the Andreevsky Monastery

c) School in the Epiphany Monastery

d) Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy

Topic 8. School and pedagogy in countries

Western Europe (XVII - XIX centuries)

1. The largest teacher, an outstanding public figure of the 17th century,

founder of the pedagogy of the New Age, author of works on

himself teaching and raising children - "Mother's School", "Great

didactics”, “The latest method of languages”, “Pansophic school”.

a) Francis Bacon c) Wolfgang Rathke

b) Jean-Jacques Rousseau d) Jan Amos Comenius

2. The historical period of the Enlightenment, characterized by an unprecedented

lym for that time the rise of new pedagogical ideas, treatises

a) The second half of the XVI - the end of the XVII century.

b) The last third of the XVII - the end of the XVIII century.

c) XVIII - the first third of the XIX century.

3. Who developed the world's first early childhood education guide?

a) Friedrich Diesterweg c) Jean-Jacques Rousseau

b) Jan Amos Comenius d) Juan Luis Vives

a) Jan Amos Comenius (1592-1670) c) Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

b) Friedrich Fröbel (1782-1852)

5. Jan Amos Comenius stood on philosophical positions

a) Positivism c) Sensationalism

b) Metaphysics d) Religious idealism

6. What factors, according to J.J. Rousseau, influence the upbringing of

loveka and which one should be given priority?

a) Culture, religion, school. Religious upbringing

b) +Nature, people, things. Education given by nature is the main thing

c) Labor, collective, school. Labor education

7. What 4 types of schools were proposed by Ya.A. Comenius?

a) Trivial, elementary, colleges, universities

b) Maternal, native language, Latin, academic

c) Maternal, propedia, pedia, philosophical

8. Who was the immediate predecessor of Ya.A. Comenius in

development of didactic principles?

a) Juan Luis Vives c) Ratikhy (Ratke)

b) Erasmus of Rotterdam d) Martin Luther

9. For how many periods, according to Zh.Zh. Rousseau, education is divided?

10. Which of the following works belongs to J.J. Rousseau?

a) "Great Didactics" c) "The World of Sensible Things in Pictures"

b) "Thoughts on education" d) "Emil, or On education"

make available to the senses"

a) Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

b) Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky (1824-1870)

d) Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827)

12. According to the theory of J. Locke

a) All ideas and principles have an innate basis

b) All human knowledge comes from experience.

c) There is a recollection of "higher ideas"

pictures"

a) L.N. Tolstoy c) K.D. Ushinsky

b) Ya.A. Comenius d) M. Montessori

who went through the program of educating the "gentleman"

a) I.G. Pestalozzi c) J. Locke

b) D. Diderot d) J.-J. Rousseau

15. Which of the named teachers for the first time scientifically substantiated the didactic

cal principles and rules?

a) J. Locke c) K.D. Ushinsky

b) I.G. Pestalozzi d) Ya.A. Comenius

16. Who is the founder of the theory and practice of preschool

a) M. Montessori c) F. Froebel

b) A.S. Simonovich

17. Which of the teachers first substantiated the meaning of the native

language in the initial upbringing and education of the child?

a) K.D. Ushinsky c) Ya.A. Comenius

b) V.F. Odoevsky

18. The formation of the character of the child, according to J. Locke, should

take place

a) In the family c) In competitions

b) At school

19. Which of the named teachers is the founder of the classroom

a) Friedrich Diesterweg (1790-1866)

b) Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841)

c) Jan Amos Comenius (1592-1670)

d) Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827)

20. Which of the named teachers for the first time in practice combined learning

relationship with productive labor?

a) J.J. Rousseau c) I.G. Pestalozzi

b) Ya.A. Comenius d) J. Locke

21. What principle is the basis of the pedagogical system of Ya.A.

Comenius?

a) The principle of scientific education c) The principle of free creative personality

b) The principle of voluntariness d) The principle of conformity to nature

22. What was the goal pursued by J. Locke, creating a system of “education

gentleman"?

a) Educate an atheist, free from prejudices, able to connect

to combine personal happiness with the welfare of the nation

b) To bring up a businesslike, practical young man with the manners of an aristocrat,

future entrepreneur

c) To educate, first of all, a person, and not an official, not a soldier, not a

the process of education should begin with the simplest elements

and gradually ascend to more and more complex?

a) I.G. Pestalozzi c) F. Diesterweg

b) F. Froebel d) I.F. Herbart

a) F. Froebel c) I.G. Pestalozzi

b) Ya.A. Comenius

25. Which of the following systems is a system of mutual

th training?

a) Trump Plan c) Jena Plan

b) Bell Lancaster

Topic 9. School and pedagogy in Russia in the XVIII-XX centuries.

1. What educational institution was created in the Petrine era?

a) Smolny Institute c) Cadet Corps

b) Digital School d) Moscow University

2. Who for the first time in Russia introduced the class-lesson system in the academic

school and university gymnasiums?

a) M.V. Lomonosov c) Peter I

b) I.I. Betskoy d) Catherine II

3. In what city of Russia and when was the Academy of Sciences established?

a) Moscow, 1687 c) Moscow, 1755

b) Petersburg, 1725 d) Petersburg, 1752

4. A prominent public figure from the time of Catherine II, who led

in the reorganization of education and its development in Russia

a) M.V. Lomonosov c) N.I. Novikov

b) L.F. Magnitsky d) I.I. Betskaya

5. One of the initiators and active participant in the creation of the Moscow

university (1755)

a) L.F. Magnitsky c) M.V. Lomonosov

b) N.I. Novikov d) I.I. Betskaya

6. In what year was the state system first created in Russia?

theme of succession schools?

a) 1764 c) 1917

7. The first public secondary female educational institution in Europe

a) Women's gymnasium (1864)

b) Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens (1764)

c) Tsarskoye Selo (Alexander) Lyceum (1811)

d) Imperial Women's Lyceum (1755)

8. Whose name is associated with the creation of educational homes in Russia?

a) I.I. Betskoy c) Peter I

b) M.V. Lomonosov d) Nicholas II

9. What book has become the main textbook for Russian school

ly at the end of the 18th century?

a) "Russian Grammar" c) "Law of God"

b) "On the positions of a person and a citizen"

10. An educational institution in Russia in the 19th century, which provided a complete medium

her education and the right to enter the university

a) County school c) Gymnasium

11. What educational institution was organized on

the basis of activity, creativity, freedom of students?

a) Smolny Institute

b) Yasnaya Polyana school

c) Naval Cadet Corps

12. Since what period was the basis of Russian policy in the field of education

did the slogan “Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality” become a slogan?

a) end of the 18th century

b) The end of the 19th century.

13. Founder of scientific pedagogy in Russia, based on the idea

nationalities

a) M.V. Lomonosov c) Ya.A. Comenius

b) K.D. Ushinsky d) L.N. Tolstoy

14. In which educational institution of the Russian Empire to study

ancient languages were given 40% of the study time?

a) University c) Classical gymnasium

b) Seminary d) Lyceum

15. Which of the following works was written by K.D. Ushinsky?

a) "Native Word" c) "Swan Song"

b) "General Pedagogy" d) "Domostroy"

16. What educational institution of the Russian Empire occupied in the system of

formation of an intermediate position between the gymnasium and the university?

a) Progymnasium c) Theological Seminary

b) Lyceum d) Noble Institute

17. Founder of a new school in surgery, a major public

pedagogical figure of Russia

a) K.D. Ushinsky c) N.A. Dobrolyubov

b) V.I. Divers d) N.I. Pirogov

18. Thinker, writer, entered the history of education in Russia

books for primary education

a) N.G. Chernyshevsky c) N.V. Gogol

b) L.N. Tolstoy d) F.M. Dostoevsky

a) Ya.A. Comenius

b) P.F. Lesgaft

c) K.D. Ushinsky

20. What, according to Leo Tolstoy, should be the main principle

organization of training?

a) Competitiveness c) Freedom

b) Visibility d) Coercion and punishment

21. Continue the words of Leo Tolstoy: “In order for the student to learn

well, it is necessary that he study willingly; for him to study

willingly, it is necessary that what is taught to the student be...

a) clear and understandable

b) understandable and entertaining

c) simply and deliberately

22. What was proclaimed the basis of schooling in the first years

dy Soviet power?

a) Morality c) Free development of personality

b) Labor d) Comprehensive development of personality

23. During what period did

comprehensive programs?

a) 1920s

b) 1940s

c) Post-war period

24. Soviet teacher, the core of whose theory was his doctrine of

team (the idea of an educational team)

25. An outstanding Soviet teacher who was engaged in substantiation

principles of the Marxist restructuring of pedagogical science and the development

work on the foundations of the labor polytechnic school

a) Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky (1875-1933)

b) Pavel Petrovich Blonsky (1884-1941)

c) Anton Semenovich Makarenko (1888-1939)

d) Stanislav Teofilovich Shatsky (1878-1934)

a) Vasily Alexandrovich Sukhomlinsky (1918-1970)

b) Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky (1875-1933)

c) Anton Semenovich Makarenko (1888-1939)

d) Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (1869-1939)

Education

Who were called teachers in ancient Greece? Responsibilities of a teacher in ancient Greece

May 4, 2015

Even before our era, people tried by all means to study the world around them. In those days, the secrets of the construction of architectural buildings were hidden in mathematical calculations, on which the "foundation" of the future project was based. It was the Greek mathematicians who were able to give impetus to science. And few people know that people from this country built all those systematic canons of raising children, which were further developed by European scientists and philosophers.

What is this about? Of course, about teachers. The Greeks were the first to understand that knowledge is not enough just to keep - it must be passed on. This is the only way to develop and improve. It was the ancient Hellenes who introduced the system of compulsory primary education and actively developed the system of schools throughout the country. Even the wayward Spartans appreciated the full potential of pedagogy and the opportunities it opens up for future generations.

In this article, we will consider all the subtleties of education and reveal an important question in the educational field - who was called a teacher in ancient Greece?

Non-childish chores

Every couple that eventually became a family had children. And with the advent of the baby, all the duties of the family were already automatically assigned to the spouses: this is the veneration of traditions, and the adoption of religion, and all the cult duties inherent in the generation.

The birth of the first child was truly a real celebration. The doors of the house where the nurse was, were decorated with olive branches or woolen threads. The baby was bathed in a vat of water to which olive oil and wine were added.

But not always men were sure of their paternity. They waited about a week to recognize their facial features in a child, and even then they arranged a real holiday for all the guests.

Warriors since childhood

Education in ancient Greece was carried out in combination with the cultural traditions of a particular family. There were, of course, common canons for the whole people, but each family was individual and with its own desires.

Most emphasized the upbringing of the defender of the motherland, this unquestioningly applied to the male half.

From childhood, the parents of their children raised on the wise sayings of Homer. In these works, everything was painted and structured, especially the rules of human behavior in society. A man had to pay his debt to his homeland, feats were to be performed only for his people.

Development beyond the years

Preparation for adulthood was carried out separately for boys and girls, each with its own emphasis in education.

Men were required to be able to write, read, know a few songs of a military nature, study history and understand religious rites. Of course, a big bias went to the physical training of the fighters. The tests were not easy. Young people experienced the real hardships of a warrior: hunger, pain, unbearable heat, cold, and so on.

After such preparatory “courses”, the boys were driven onto the altar of the goddess Artemis and beaten with rods. Those who endured this next test went to wander the country without any means of living and even with a minimum of clothing. Having withstood this, they were allowed to eat with respectable men and became the elite of society.

Women's share

As for the beautiful half, they were under the guardianship of their nurse or nanny until they were seven years old. Then they were taught to spin, weave, take care of the household. But educational moments from the category of “reading, writing” were given a minimum of time.

For example, in Athens, the upbringing of girls directly depended on their parents and their wishes, but in Sparta, young beauties were engaged in gymnastic exercises and wrestling along with male warriors.

The girls were also taught to sing and dance, as the female role in religious rites was leading.

Teaching is light

The first ancient schools of Greece arose in the 5th century. BC. The content of education was very versatile, the bias went into different sciences.

Parents practically from birth determined who the child should be, and, depending on the wishes, they sent them to one of the schools:

1. The Milesian school - humanitarian, applied and philosophical sciences are in priority.

2. Collection of Pythagoreans - knowledge of the properties of number and the theory of the unity of the world.

3. Educational institution of Heraclitus of Ephesus - the study of natural phenomena and war.

4. Eleatic school - opened the problem of knowing something.

5. Atomists - studied atoms and material particles.

The ancient schools of Greece still had common features: the search for the original existence of man, open philosophical teachings and reflections and explanations of unidentified phenomena that arose in the environment.

This thereby determined the unity of the people, and the difference between the minds was not colossal.

Determination off-label

And yet, who in ancient Greece was called teachers?

Most likely, you will think that these are the people who received special education in order to have some kind of authority in this area in the future. But it is not so.

In ancient times, the turnover “slaves-teachers” contained words that were identified in meaning. These were mostly men who turned out to be unsuitable for physical labor in any field of work, so they took care of the hearth. The cult of family and life was in the first place.

The duty of such a slave was to look after children up to the age of seven. The teacher-educator guarded his ward when leaving the house, accompanied him to school and to social events. Also invested knowledge of literacy at an elementary level.

All this continued until the age when the children crossed the threshold of maturity and some wisdom.

Women in this profession were not excluded either. They were teachers of the Greek language, and they were mainly assigned to small children.

parenting concepts

Not only in our time, people (for example, in historical research) are wondering who in ancient Greece was called teachers.

In those days, the doctrine of educational methods was born as a special trend in philosophy. Theoretical concepts were promoted by the great philosophers - Democritus, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. They identified educational processes with the laws of nature and revealed family traditions through philosophical teachings.

Democritus studied human consciousness and its functions.

Socrates established the fact that the best education is a dialogue with students, since only with the help of mutual perception of information will a good result be obtained.

Plato studied the problem of slavery more in pedagogy. He wrote two works - "The State" and "Laws".

Aristotle looked at everything through the prism of the natural world. The purpose of education in his understanding was divided into two parts: the development of the rational and volitional sides of the soul.

At one time, Ancient Greece briefly but clearly dictated its own canons in educational processes. And such types of knowledge of child psychology were spread not only in this country.

Transfer of knowledge to generations

Nowadays, this ancient knowledge is what teachers operate on, no matter what subject. All the same, the origins lead to Ancient Greece.

Philosophical teachings may not always be clear to an ordinary passer-by, but those who seek to know the world are not afraid of difficulties.

And for people who want and aspire to work in the field of education, we advise you to consider who in ancient Greece was called teachers. After all, many years pass, the meaning of some words changes, and as a result, the most valuable treasures - children - suffer.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

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ESSAY

PEDAGOGY IN ANCIENT GREECE

Introduction

2. Education in Ancient Greece

3. Pedagogical thought in Ancient Greece

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Pedagogy - the science of education - is rooted in the deep layers of human civilization. It appeared with the first people. Children were brought up without any pedagogy, not even suspecting its existence.

The history of the national school and pedagogy of the Soviet period is extremely dramatic and contradictory. The upward movement of education took place in an environment of repression, dictatorship and censorship by official authorities, and poor use of the experience of Russian and foreign pedagogy. In the Soviet period, a system of education was formed that strictly subordinated the individual and his interests to society. The system of communist education proved to be powerful and effective. Doubters were killed or silenced. This paper will consider such an important topic as ""History of Pedagogy"". An overview of the eras of education will be given. In a separate part, the personality of A. S. Makarenko will be considered.

In the works and epics of ancient Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Eastern philosophers and sages (Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch, Heraclitus, Seneca, Quintilian, Barlaam, John of Damascus, Avicenna, Confucius) one can find invaluable thoughts about upbringing and education.

Democritus wrote: “Good people become more from exercise than from nature ... education rebuilds a person and creates nature.”

Socrates saw the right way to manifest a person's abilities in self-knowledge: "He who knows himself knows what is useful for him, and clearly understands what he can and what he cannot." In their search for truth, many are guided by the Socratic thesis: "I know that I know nothing."

Aristotle highly valued the mission of the educator: “Educators are even more worthy of respect than parents, for the latter give us only life, and the former give us a decent life.”

The principle formulated by Confucius is still relevant: “Learn and repeat what has been learned from time to time.”

Seneca believed that education should form an independent personality: "Let him (the student) speak for himself, and not his memory."

The following classic works embodied pedagogical ideas and instructions. These are the treatises of Confucius "Conversations and Judgments", Plutarch "On Education", Quintilian "Oratory Education", Avicenna "The Book of Healing", Averroes "The System of Evidence", "Experiments" by Montaigne.

1. Pedagogy in Ancient Greece

As soon as education began to stand out as an independent social function, people began to think about generalizing the experience of educational activities. On one of the ancient Egyptian papyri there is a saying: "The ears of a boy are on his back, he listens when he is beaten." It was already a kind of pedagogical idea, a certain approach to education. Already in the writings of the ancient Greek philosophers Thales from Miletus (c. 625 - c. 547 BC), Heraclitus (c. 530-470 BC), Democritus (460 - early. 5th century BC), Socrates (469-399 BC), Plato (427-347 BC), Aristotle (384-322 BC .e.), Epicurus (341-270 BC) and others contained many deep thoughts on education. From ancient Greece, the term pedagogy also originates, which has become entrenched as the name of the science of education.

It must be said that many other pedagogical concepts and terms originate from Ancient Greece, for example, school (schole), which means leisure, gymnasium (from the Greek gymnasion [gymnasium] - a public school for physical development, and later just a high school and etc.).

Socrates is considered the founder of the pedagogy of ancient Greece. Socrates taught his students to engage in dialogue, debate, and think logically. Socrates encouraged his student to consistently develop the controversial position and led him to realize the absurdity of this initial statement, and then pushed the interlocutor on the right path and led him to conclusions. This method of searching for truth and learning was called "Socratic". The main thing in the Socratic method is a question-answer system of learning, the essence of which is teaching logical thinking. The student of Socrates - the philosopher Plato - founded his own school, where he lectured to students. This school was called the Platonic Academy (the word "academy" comes from the mythical hero Academ, after whom the area near Athens was named, where Plato founded his school).

In the pedagogical theory of Plato, the idea was expressed: delight and knowledge are a single whole, therefore knowledge should bring joy, and the word “school” itself in Latin means “leisure”, and leisure is always associated with something pleasant, so it is important to do cognitive The process is enjoyable and rewarding in every way.

The successor of Plato's pedagogical legacy was his student, the famous philosopher Aristotle, who created his own school (lyceum), the so-called peripatetic school (from the Greek peripateo - I walk around). Aristotle used to take a walk in the lyceum with his listeners while lecturing.

Aristotle wrote treatises on philosophy, psychology, physics, biology, ethics, social policy, history, the art of poetry, rhetoric, and pedagogy. In his school, it was primarily about the general culture of man. Aristotle contributed a lot to pedagogy: he introduced age periodization, considered education as a means of strengthening the state, believed that schools should be state-owned and all citizens should receive the same education. He considered family and social education as parts of a whole. He formulated the principle of education - the principle of natural conformity, love of nature. Today, in the 20th century, we stand up for the greening of the entire process of education, we strive for a sense of nature to be laid in everyone from school years. But Aristotle already had it.

Aristotle paid much attention to moral education, believing that "from the habit of one way or another" swearing develops a tendency to commit bad deeds. "In general, he considered education as a unity of physical, moral and mental, and, in his opinion, physical education should precede intellectual .

But there was another approach to education, which was implemented in Sparta.

Spartan education assumed that all children from the age of 7 were brought up outside the parental family, in harsh conditions of survival, physical trials, training fights and battles, physical punishment and demands of unquestioning obedience. In reading and writing, they learned only the most necessary, the rest was subordinated to one goal - unquestioning obedience, endurance and the science of winning.

2. Education of Ancient Greece

In ancient Greece, there were two main systems of education: Spartan and Athenian.

The Spartan education system was predominantly military-sports in nature. This was due to the need to suppress the frequent uprisings of the disenfranchised majority of the population (helots, perieks, slaves engaged in agriculture) against the Spartan slave owners, as well as military conflicts.

A special place was occupied by military training and physical education. The main goal of the Spartan education system was the preparation of courageous, disciplined, seasoned warriors capable of keeping slaves in subjection.

Only healthy children at birth received the right to life. Education in Sparta was the privilege of slave owners.

From the age of seven, the Spartiate boys, who had lived at home until that time, were placed in state institutions - agella, where they were brought up until the age of 18 under the guidance of a state-appointed person - a pedon.

Boys were taught endurance by hardening the body, the ability to wield weapons, vigilant supervision of slaves, and discipline. For example, Spartiate boys wore light clothes, the same in winter and summer, and ate simple food.

In Sparta, a system of physical exercises originated, which then spread to other ancient Greek states, the so-called pentathlon: running, racing, wrestling, discus throwing and javelin throwing.

With age, special military exercises began, training in hand-to-hand combat, they taught military music and recitation of poems about military prowess. Citizens who held government posts had conversations with pupils on political, social and moral topics, during which ideological and moral education was carried out, a short, concise speech was formed. Older teenagers took part in a kind of practical training - cryptia, night raids on slaves.

Having reached the age of 18, the young men entered the ephebia, where they were trained for military service, participating in maneuvers, maintaining order in the cities.

The Spartan education system also included certain elements for girls: in addition to the traditional ones (housekeeping skills, child care, playing music), there was a special system of military physical exercises.

In order to produce healthy and strong offspring in the future, the girls had to take care of strengthening and appropriate training of their bodies.

Girls, as well as boys, were engaged in pentathlon: they ran, jumped, wrestled, threw a disc and threw a spear. The charters in force in Sparta excluded a pampered lifestyle for girls.

The role of the family in the system of Spartan education was insignificant. In the upbringing of children, which was a matter of state, all adult citizens took part, especially the elderly, wise by life experience.

The Spartan system of education, which is the first experience in the history of human civilization of the stateization of the individual, was ineffective even in military and political terms.

The cruelty and pragmatism of the Spartan education system, its specialization aimed at the development of the physical nature and the suppressive personality in man, the lack of a broad humanistic education and culture, and leisure caused the decline of Sparta.

However, we must pay tribute to the fact that some principles of the Spartan system of education, in the field of military physical training, were used in the XVIII-XIX centuries. in. in France and Russia during the creation of cadet corps and other military educational institutions of a closed type.

The goal of the Athenian education system was to educate the ruling elite of the slave state in the spirit of kalokagatia (from the Greek words “kalos” and “agathos” - a combination of physical and moral virtues).

Athenian pedagogy put forward as an ideal a combination of mental, moral, aesthetic and physical education.

The content of education in the system of private and paid schools was subordinate to the formation of a harmoniously developed personality. They taught boys from the age of 7.

At the grammar school, the boys received the general basics of literacy, and a little later they simultaneously studied at the cipher school, where they studied music, singing, and recitation. Having reached the age of 12-16, teenagers were engaged in gymnastics at school - a palestra under the guidance of a pedotrib (specialist in certain types of gymnastics).

The main activities in this school were running, wrestling, jumping, javelin and discus throwing. Here, attention was paid to the civil training of teenagers, and discussions were held on political and moral topics.

But more thorough training in this regard, young men aged 16-18 from wealthy and noble families received in a state educational institution - a gymnasium, where they studied philosophy, literature, politics, and also physical development was carried out here in more complex forms. A higher level of education gave - ephebia.

Continuing to engage in political science, the young men studied here the laws of the Athenian state (jurisprudence) and at the same time took a course of professional military training. The end of the course in ephebia meant that its graduates became full citizens of Athens.

Girls traditionally received home education and education in the female half of the house. Household was the woman's job.

The Athenian education system, due to high tuition fees, was inaccessible to the children of financially incompetent parents, and the children of slaves were completely excluded from it.

The aristocratic nature of Athenian education was also manifested in the fact that it was distinguished by complete contempt for physical labor, which from early childhood became the lifelong destiny of slaves.

The sons of poor parents (demos) were forced to learn from their fathers a trade that would give them security in life. In the field of moral education, the slave-owning aristocratic tendency was also strong: the children of rich and noble parents were protected from communicating with slaves and from "indecent acquaintances."

The aristocratic boy was taught to realize the need to protect and protect the slave-owning state system, to respect his dignity, to the courage and bravery necessary for a freeborn husband. pedagogy theory ancient greece

3. Pedagogical thought of Ancient Greece

In ancient Greece, pedagogy was born as a special branch of philosophy that dealt with the problems of education. The idea was affirmed: "Who is not a philosopher, let him not enter pedagogy."

The ancient Greek system of education received a theoretical justification in the works of the great philosophers - Democritus, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle.

Democritus (c. 460-370 BC) gave a detailed theory of knowledge, distinguishing between sensory and rational knowledge, considering sensory experience the beginning of knowledge. Democritus was one of the first to formulate the idea of the need to conform education with the nature of the child, which he defined by the term "microcosm".

Democritus expressed such pedagogical ideas as the need for family education, where the main thing is to teach to follow the example of parents; the importance of exercise in the course of training and education, for "good people become more from exercise than from nature"; the high value of accustoming a child to work, and in case of negligence and coercion to it, since "teaching produces beautiful things only on the basis of labor."

Socrates (c. 470-399 BC) devoted his life to philosophical creativity and pedagogical activity. In his pedagogical practice, he brought to perfection such a way of finding the truth as a dialogue with students.

Socrates for the first time began to consciously use inductive proofs and give general definitions, work on concepts. At the initial stage of training, Socrates encouraged students to find the truth themselves with a system of questions. Through skillfully posed questions, Socrates led the student to the recognition of those positions that are true.

At the same time, it seemed to the interlocutor-student that he himself, on his own, came to these thoughts, new to him, and not the teacher directed him to them. For Socrates, live communication, the spoken word, a joint search were the best ways to educate a person.

The pedagogical principles of Socrates were: the rejection of coercion and violence, the recognition of persuasion as the most effective means.

Plato (c. 427-347 BC) expounded his thoughts on education in the political and philosophical treatises "State" and "Laws". Plato resolutely affirmed the right to education only for slave owners, believed that all other classes in this respect should "close their ears tightly."

The main task of pedagogy, Plato believed, is to convey to posterity the principles of virtue, and thereby strengthen the rational part of the soul.

Aristotle (384-322 BC) reflected the issues of education in such works as "Politician" and "Ethics".

The pedagogical views of the philosopher are connected with his doctrine of the soul, its three types: plant, animal, rational.

These three types of soul correspond to three aspects of education: physical, moral, mental, which are inseparable. The purpose of education is the development of the higher aspects of the soul: rational and animal (volitional).

One of the first Aristotle expressed the idea of the natural conformity of education and made an attempt of age periodization - up to 7 years, from 7 years to puberty, from 14 years to 21 years.

The main goal of education according to Aristotle is the moral development of the individual, the education of such qualities as the ability to command slaves, self-esteem and honor, courage, and courage. The main way to form the moral traits of a person is to cultivate the habit of a particular activity.

Conclusion

One of the peaks of the pedagogical skill of Ancient Greece was the art of educating young people, achieved by Socrates (c. 470-399 BC). Socrates did not leave treatises, books, but his deeds and thoughts are known from many of his students and admirers. In his pedagogical practice, Socrates perfected such a way of finding the truth as a dialogue with a student. It was in dialogue and together with the student that he sought the truth. For the first time, he began to consciously use inductive proofs and give general definitions, work on concepts. In this he was close to the sophists.

Bibliography

1. Piskunov. "History of Pedagogy" - M .: Education 2011.

2. Dzhurinsky A.N. History of foreign pedagogy: Proc. allowance. - M.: TK Velby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2010

3. History of pedagogy: Proc. allowance in 2 parts / Ed. A.I. Peskunova. - M.: NORMA-M, 2012. - Part 1

4. History of pedagogy: Proc. allowance in 2 parts / Ed. A.I. Peskunova. - M.: NORMA-M, 2013. - Part 2

5. Isaev I.A., Zolotukhina N.M. History of political and legal doctrines of Russia: Reader. - M.: Jurist. 2011

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