Download scientific projects on ecology. History of the plastic bottle

Municipal state educational institution secondary general education school with in-depth study of individual subjects

village of Demyanovo, Podosinovsky district, Kirov region

direction: humanitarian

Research work on ecology

“Household waste of mankind.

How to save your village from garbage.

Work completed:

Evelina Karandasheva,

4th grade student

Supervisor:

Kapustina N.I., primary school teacher of the 1st category

Demyanovo 2017

Introduction

Relevance of the research topic…………………………………………………3-4

Garbage is a global problem………………..………….. ………5

2.1. Garbage classification………………………………………………………5-7

2.2. Pollution of Demyanovo village…….…………………………………...7-9

Research results.

3.1. Definitions of the approximate composition of garbage……………………….………..9-10

3.2. Sociological research: “Environmental problems of our village”………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3.3. Assessment of soil toxicity in the area………………………………………..13-14

Conclusions on the topic of work………………………………………………….15-16

Conclusion……………………………………………………………........ 17

List of sources of information used ………………….18

Application (displayed separately)

• №1 Booklet

  #2 Presentation

  №3 Questionnaire for parents and students

Introduction

Relevance of the research topic.

On January 5, 2016, Russian President Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin signed a decree declaring 2017 the year of the environment in Russia. The purpose of this decision is to draw attention to the problematic issues that exist in the environmental sphere and improve the state of the country's environmental security.The head of the presidential administration, Sergei Ivanov, noted that ecology, first of all, determines the quality of life of people, their well-being and health. Therefore, it is necessary to act now:

“It’s time to clean up Russia. We have to change the approaches of society, authorities, business to such seemingly prosaic things as the disposal of household waste. Now tens, even hundreds of millions of tons of waste, at best, are taken to landfills or burned at factories. And at worst, to be honest, they just fall out anywhere. The neighborhoods of many settlements have turned into gigantic landfills, and you probably know about this as well as I do. A modern civilized society simply cannot live like this. Clean, as you know, not where they clean, but where they don’t litter.

In the old days, the waste or refuse of human activity was small. Clothing in the family passed from the elders to the younger, sometimes even served for several generations. It was repaired and patched up until it was completely dilapidated. The same applies to household items and furniture. Empty glass containers and pretty tin cans were adapted for household needs. Junk dealers went from house to house, they paid the owner money for old things or offered to exchange them for something.

As far back as 500 BC, the first known edict was issued in Athens, which forbade throwing garbage into the streets, provided for the organization of special dumps and ordered garbage collectors to dump waste no closer than a mile from the city.

Since then, the garbage has been deposited in various storage facilities in the countryside. As a result of the growth of cities, free areas in their vicinity decreased, and unpleasant odors, an increased number of rats caused by landfills, became unbearable. Free-standing landfills have been replaced with waste storage pits.

The growth of cities and the resettlement of nationalities in them led to a completely different consumer structure. Products began to be exchanged, and therefore packaged for great convenience, and packaging, especially from synthetic materials, greatly pollutes the environment. The huge amount of garbage generated as a result of human activity has led to the emergence of an entire industry dedicated to its processing.

Since 1987, the amount of garbage in the country has doubled and amounted to 120 billion tons per year, including industry.

There was even a new scientific direction - garbology, which in translation means garbage science. Garbologists around the world are looking for different ways out of the garbage impasse in which humanity has found itself.

Purpose of the study:

To study the impact of garbage on the environment and find out ways to deal with it.

Research objectives:

study the literature on the topic;

conduct a survey among classmates and their parents about what they think about the environmental situation in the village, district;

make your own observations

to study the influence of soil pollution on the growth and development of plants;

evaluate the growth and development of plants on different soil samples;

process the data and draw conclusions.

The object of the study is - household garbage, soil in the area.

Subject of study - ecology in the village of Demyanovo.

Practical significance : the materials of this research work can be used in the lessons of the surrounding world, geography and extracurricular activities in local history, class hours.

Research hypothesis:

It is possible that garbage remains in water and soil for a long time and thus causes great harm to the environment and human health.

Research methods:

I used the following research methods: questioning, analysis; synthesis; generalization; practical work.

Garbage is a global problem.

In the spring, as soon as the snow begins to melt, along the roads, in ditches, on the outskirts of settlements, in the stadium, near houses, near shops, you can see mountains of garbage. Huge mountains of garbage are a real threat to the health of residents.These dumps are still breeding grounds for mice,rats, insects and can become sources of infectious diseases. A special place among household waste is occupied by plastics, since they are not subject to biological destruction processes and can be in the environment for a long time. So, for example, for the decomposition of substances, leftus a plastic bag, will lie in the ground 200 years, paper 5 to 10 years, iron 100 years, plastic 500 years. On Earth there is nobacteria that can destroy them. And glass fragments, cans, bottles are capable,how mines "work" even after 1000 years: in sunny weather, a glass shardcan play the role of a lens and cause a fire. How many people are injured due tobroken glass, which can easily cut through even shoes.

Where there is no garbage! He is everywhere. Garbage accompanies our lives, we see it everywhere:

at the bus stop (cigarette butts, bottles, cans, candy wrappers, etc.)

in the forest (cans, plastic bottles, packaging, plastic bags)

in the store (a lot of receipts, wrappers)

on a walk (paper wrappers, etc.)

Garbage not only spoils the aesthetic appearance. It causes great harm to the environment. We do not think about the fact that this garbage will return to us in the form of polluted groundwater, toxic dust. It will become impossible to drink water from wells and springs, vegetables and berries will be poisoned. Most people don't see this as a problem. And therefore, despite the prohibitions, garbage is dumped in places that are completely not intended for this. These dumps (even if very small) pose a threat to people.

Until recently, specialists did not have a clear idea of ​​the composition and reactions occurring in a mixture of household waste.
As a result of the research, it was found that the composition of landfills is a complex complex of various chemical compounds.

1. Garbage classification:

domestic special waste industrial

In every family, the waste bucket makes a daily journey to the dumpster.

AThousehold waste go:

paper, books, notebooks, magazines;

glass jars and bottles;

metal cans from canned food;

vegetable peelings, eggshells (organic residues);

plastic packaging;

milk or juice cartons;

plastic bags and packages;

worn out textiles (socks, tights that cannot be darned, etc.)

wood products;

metal, iron, rubber things (for example, old toys) and many other things.

special waste , infrom some of them:

batteries;

residues of paints, varnishes, adhesives;

cosmetic residues (eyeshadow, nail polish, nail polish remover);

unused or expired medicines;

residues of household chemicals (cleaning products, deodorants, stain removers, aerosols, furniture care products, etc.);

mercury thermometers;

autocosmetics.

Electrical engineering and electronics that have served their time are very dangerous (because they contain mercury, copper, lead, etc.). A battery becomes life-threatening already at the time of purchase.What exactly makes itso dangerous to health? For example, let's take one finger-type battery. Weighs less than 100 grams, comparable in volume to the little finger. However,according to the staff of the State Biological Museum. K.A. Timiryazev, it is capable of contaminating with heavy metals about 20 square meters. m.earth. Batteries contain metals such as mercury, nickel, cadmium, lead, zinc and manganese. All of them have the ability to accumulate in the human body and cause serious harm to health.
At the same time, each metal has its own “target” organs. Lead is damaging to the kidneys, cadmium is damaging to the liver, bones, and thyroid gland, andmercury does its "dirty deed" with the brain, kidneys and liver.

Batteries thrown into the trash represent a delayed danger. Take a look at any of them: you will see a sign in the form of a crossed-out dumpster. This is an unambiguous warning: in no case should a used battery be thrown into the trash can - it must be handed over to a special disposal point. A harmless-looking battery in an ordinary MSW dump is quickly damaged by high temperature and acidity. Toxins and carcinogens get into groundwater, poison the soil and accumulate in living organisms. Including in ours with you!So a person receives them both in the form of drinking water, and in the form of wheat ground for flour, and in the form of milk from a cow grazing in a poisoned meadow. It is hard to imagine the damage being done to the environment on a global scale. Batteries are especially dangerous for children who love to taste new things for them, and in the case of batteries, this is deadly. Once in the body, "silent killer" in the literal sensewords will burn the stomach and intestines.

Special waste cannot be thrown away and destroyed in the general pile of garbage, because they cause great harm to the environment and human health for many reasons.

In addition to household and special waste, there is alsoindustrial waste, fortunately, there are no such large enterprises in our village, but they are in the neighborhood and it will not be superfluous to know what kind of waste remains at such enterprises and what it threatens to nature and you and I.

radioactive waste;

mercury and its compounds are waste products of the chemical industry;

arsenic and its compounds contained in the waste of metallurgical industries and thermal power plants;

lead compounds, etc.

As a result of research, it was found that the composition of our garbage is a complex complex of various chemical compounds..

2.2. Pollution of the village of Demyanovo.

Residents of the village suffer from emissions of combustion products in the form of ash and soot from the local boiler house No. 3 (it is located within the boundaries of the village). Since the boiler house was built and put into operation in December 2013, operating on the local type of fuel (chips and sawdust), literally, they cannot breathe deeply. The entire territory of the village is covered with a layer of ash and soot. Black soot settles on window sills, windows of houses, cars, playgrounds and benches. Children cannot play outside in winter because the snow is black everywhere and they can put it in their mouths. Airing the premises has become almost impossible - instead of fresh air, the rooms are filled with the smell of smoke, soot and soot. Combustion products in the form of ash and soot accompany the inhabitants of the village at every turn. From the street, black soot is transferred to the entrances, then to the apartments of the residents. And you can forget about drying clothes on the balcony and on the street. Many people say that they constantly stuff their nose and it is difficult to breathe. The fact is that when we inhale dangerous substances, irritation of the mucous membranes of the nose and throat occurs. All this can lead to chronic rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa) and pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa), bronchitis and even bronchial asthma. As for people with heart disease, toxic substances can cause cardiospasms. One or two emissions may not affect health in any way, but if they occur regularly, they can even contribute to the development of cancer. Eyes constantly water and hurt in winter (pain, pain, irritation and inflammation of the eyes) when ash, soot and unburned fuel particles get into the eyes. As evidenced by repeated calls to the ambulance. When using the boiler house of local fuels, the requirements for the protection of atmospheric air and the technological process are not observed. An obligatory element of any modern boiler house is ash collectors, which must clean the smoke coming from the installation by 90% minimum. But for some reason, during the installation of the boiler room, the ash collectors were not installed

Passing through the village, each of us meets smoking garbage containers. And in spring and autumn during the period of cleaning campaigns. The picture is even more depressing - the village is immersed in stinking smoke screens, for example, when autumn leaves are burned. It is a pity that this most serious threat is not recognized by our population.

In the fire and smoke of such bonfires at a high flame temperature, various chemicals interact with each other, new ones are formed, many of which are dangerous to humans. With smoke, these substances are easily transported over long distances.
Often we pass by burning garbage with an indifferent look and think that this does not concern us. However, through windows and even air conditioners, toxic substances enter the house, settle on food, clothes and skin. Some of them, for example, dioxin, are dissolved by sebum and penetrate into the blood through the skin. Finally, they enter our body through the lungs. The toxic ash left after burning garbage is carried by the wind, washed into groundwater, and then this poisonous solution goes into aquifers.

Considering the ecological state of the village of Demyanovo, it can be noted that the level of pollution with household waste is very high. Firstly, this is due to the fact that the garbage truck walks the streets very rarely, there are not enough garbage containers.

There are no public toilets in our village. This leads to violation of sanitary and epidemiological standards and pollution.

The solution to any problem must start small - the cleanliness of the village (and the planet as a whole) begins with you.

Research results.

3.1. Definitions of the approximate composition of waste.

To determine the approximate composition of the garbage that is collected in our homes, I carried outa study to determine the amount of garbage thrown out by one family (ours).

Objective : to find out what is the composition of the garbage waste of one average family, waste disposal. An assessment was made of the amount and composition of garbage thrown out by a family of four per week, month, year. Garbage was sorted and then carefully weighed. The result of the research is shown in the table.

The total weight of the waste per week is 5800 g. 2. On average per month - 23200 g. 3. On the average per year - 278400 g.

Conclusion: We see that the trash can contains the most food waste. There is a lot of paper in the trash: old newspapers, student notebooks, magazines, wallpapers, etc. All this garbage is taken out at best to a landfill, at worst - incinerated.

3.2. Sociological research

"Ecological problems of our village"

Students of the 4th "A" class were interviewed.

Questionnaire

1. Do you know the meaning of the word ecology?

a) yes b) no

2. Does our village have environmental problems?

a) yes b) no

3. What are adults doing wrong?

a) your answer

4. Is it customary in your family to clean up after yourself a place for outdoor recreation?

a) yes b) no

5. How to improve the ecological situation in the village?

a) your answer

The analysis of the questionnaire showed:

Yes (in %)

No in %)

"Litter" - 75%, "everyone does the right thing" - 25%

100

"remove garbage" - 100%

Parents of students of the 4th "A" class also participated in the survey. (16 people)

Questionnaire

1. How would you assess the ecological situation in our village, area?

1) The ecological situation is favorable. There are no environmental problems;

2) There are separate environmental problems;84%

3) The ecological situation is close to catastrophic;16%

4) I find it difficult to answer.

2. In your opinion, what is the greatest environmental hazard for the environment in our district, village today?

1) Household waste;60%

2) Transport; 6%

3) Industrial waste;42%

4) Deforestation and parks;60%

5) Industrial enterprises;36%

6) None of this is dangerous;

8) Other (specify);

9) I find it difficult to answer.

3. In your opinion, how has the ecological situation changed over the past year or two in our settlement, area?

1) Environmental problems have become much less;6%

2) Some environmental issues have been resolved, some remain unresolved;30%

3) Environmental problems have become much larger;58%

4) I find it difficult to answer.6%

4. How, in your opinion, will the ecological situation in our settlement change in the next 2-3 years: will it improve or worsen?

1) There will be a significant improvement in the situation;

2) In some ways the situation will improve, in some ways it will worsen;18%

3) There will be a significant deterioration in the situation;24%

4) The situation as a whole will not change;48%

5) I find it difficult to answer.6%

5. In your opinion, on whom, first of all, does the improvement of the ecological situation in our settlement depend? (any number of answers)

1) Federal government, the government as a whole;6%

2) the people themselves; 78%

3) Local authority (district);60%

4) Regional authorities (governor, head of the regional administration);42%

5) Enterprises; 66%

6) Public organizations, including environmental ones;18%

7) I find it difficult to answer.

6. Which of the following environmental hazards seems to you the most real for our village:

1) man-made disasters at the enterprises of our village;

2) deteriorating air quality;24%

3) deterioration in the quality of drinking water;66%

4) deterioration of the state of forests, parks;30%

5) the emergence of new landfills / an increase in the amount of garbage in yards / adjacent territories.54%

8. Let's imagine that your city will implement a special program for the disposal of household waste. Which of the following would you agree to do (+), and that, on the contrary, you would not do (-)

1) carry out separate collection of household waste78%

2) return used plastic bottles from drinks to stores for a small compensation54%

3) hand over old household appliances to special collection points for further disposal78%

4) collect and hand over waste paper to specialized collection points48%

5) collect and hand over used batteries to specialized collection points66%

Questionnaire analysis showed that the ecological situation in the village has some problems and over the past few years there have been much more problems. And also the fact that the population of the village believes that the situation will not change in the direction of improvement in the near future. Household waste and deforestation represent the greatest ecological hazard to the environment, which leads to a deterioration in the quality of air, drinking water, and an increase in the number of new waste dumps. In addition, the population believes that the people themselves will be able to improve the ecological situation with the help of local authorities, participating in a special program for the disposal of household waste.

3.3. Assessment of soil toxicity in the area.

The soil cover performs the functions of a biological absorber, destroyer and neutralizer of various contaminants, as well as the most important role in the life of society, as it is a food source that provides 95-97% of food resources for the world's population. Various compounds of natural and anthropogenic origin accumulate in the soil, causing its pollution and toxicity. These concepts should be distinguished. Pollution is the introduction into any environment or the occurrence in it of new, usually uncharacteristic for it physical, chemical, biotic agents, or the excess of the natural long-term average level (within its extreme fluctuations) of the concentration of these agents in the environment at the considered time. Toxicity - poisonousness, the ability of certain chemicals to have a harmful effect on organisms, affecting them. Based on the definitions, soil can be highly polluted but not toxic or slightly polluted but highly toxic. The degree of soil toxicity can be determined using biotesting.

Biotesting is one of the methods of research in the field of toxicology, used to determine the degree of toxicity of the action of chemical, physical and biologically unfavorable environmental factors that are potentially dangerous for the living components of the ecosystem. Biotesting does not cancel the system of analytical and instrumental methods for monitoring the natural environment, but only supplements it with qualitatively new biological indicators, since from an ecological point of view, the results of determining the concentration of toxins in themselves are of relative value. It is important to know not the levels of pollution, but the biological effects they cause.

Based on the principles and many years of laboratory experiments, scientists propose to assess the toxicity of the plant oats (Avenasatival). It refers to higher plants, eukaryotes, autotrophs, producers. Avena is a polymorphic genus. Oats, along with watercress, are among the most commonly used for biotesting by an organism with a well-studied biology and ecology.

Soil sampling was carried out at the following points:

1st sample - the end of Yubileynaya street;

2nd sample - a landfill for household waste near the village. Sopovskaya;

3rd sample - personal plot.

Biotest results :

№1 st. Anniversary

Landfill near the village of Sopovskaya

personal plot

Thus , it can be seen that soil toxicity varies in different zones. The most toxic soil is at points 1 and 2 due to the high road traffic, exhaust gases, the proximity of boiler house No. 3, and the location of household waste at the landfill (landfill).

Less toxic soil at point 3.

Findings.

What to do? Is there any hope for victory in the "fight" with garbage?

The collection of secondary raw materials has already been established in the world. In most developed countries, separate containers are used for different types of garbage: food waste, glass, paper, hazardous substances, etc. This saves a lot of money when processing them. Food waste, for example, is much easier to process, with less energy and cost, while non-food waste requires deeper processing. In addition, certain types of garbage (paper, glass, metal) can not be destroyed, but processed into useful things. Garbage can and should be given a “second life”. A few decades ago, schoolchildren collected waste paper and scrap metal, all this gave a second life to garbage. This saves forests and other natural resources. Why not resume this work, which is necessary for all of us, now?

The conclusion is obvious. It is necessary to change the way of life of a person, his attitude to a serious problem.

Cleanliness begins with ourselves, with our relationship to the environment, from the place where we live, work, study. Vladimir Soloukhin wrote in his story “The Sentence”: “I am convinced that if you see a beautiful tree, a beautiful street, a beautiful house, a beautiful landscape, even if it is a city, in the morning from your window, you will feel better and live longer. ".

To reduce the amount of waste, it is necessary to refuse unnecessary consumption. Instead of disposable items, use more durable items, repair old but usable items, and donate those items that you do not use to those in need.

 It is imperative to recycle metal and paper, this will also help save energy, which is spent much less during recycling.

 Food and garden waste is an excellent composting material that can be used in the garden and for houseplants.

 Try not to buy extra junk. If you carry an extra bag with you, you will not use plastic bags. 5-6 plastic bags a week not thrown in the trash means 55 liters of oil not wasted per year, which reduces carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions by 150 kg per year. When buying a product, choose a product in reusable or recyclable packaging.

 You should not buy things containing pesticides, but try to find a replacement for them. When shopping, do not throw away plastic bags, reuse them, and you will also reduce the pollution of nature. Pay attention to product labeling. Now there are signs that say the product is dangerous for the environment, try to avoid buying such products.

The most uncertain status is that of the procedure for collecting, storing and transporting batteries. The fact is that with the content of a huge number of harmful toxic substances, federal legislation (both laws and by-laws) does not contain an accurate definition of the status of batteries and the procedure for their disposal.

How to deal with waste?

1. Timely removal of garbage to a place where it will cause the least damage to people and nature, to a specially equipped landfill.

2. Pass a law prohibiting the burning of garbage, and fine violators.

3. Construction of a waste processing plant.

4. Education of the ecological culture of the population, starting from kindergarten.

5. Adoption of laws on penalties for individuals and legal entities.

6. Permanent removal of garbage from the territories of yards or specially equipped sites.

7. Weekly ecological subbotniks of residents in the yards of their houses.

8. Propaganda of ecological knowledge among the population.

9. Construction of new containers with lids.

10. Supply containers specifically for plastic containers, glass, metal and plastic bags.

11. Place additional urns in places where mass festivities of the population take place (parks, squares).

12. In the evening, carry out police raids in places where discos and festivities take place.

13. Garbage not only needs to be recycled, but also less produced (packaging).

14. Increase the staff of janitors.

15. Organize ecological raids for garbage collection around each microdistrict by the efforts of its residents.

Conclusion.

Having studied the theoretical material on the topic “Household garbage”, after conducting my research, I came to the conclusion: the problem of garbage needs to be solved now and we must start, first of all, from ourselves, from our apartment, school, yard. Let from small, but specific cases. For myself, I made a memo “What can one do?”

REMINDER

systematically clean the area around the school, at home;

do not throw garbage anywhere;

do not leave garbage in the forest, near a reservoir, at a place of rest;

collect and donate waste paper (while conserving natural resources);

hand over glass containers, scrap metal;

use notebooks, paper (for example, the reverse side) sparingly;

be careful with textbooks, books;

take care of things so that they serve us longer;

give things you don't wear to those in need;

when cooking, try not to turn healthy products into waste;

give things a second life

If each of us follows these rules, I think that the world around us will become a little cleaner. I want to finish my work with a poem by Elena Smirnova

Let's decorate the Earth together
Plant gardens, plant flowers everywhere.
Let's respect the Earth together
And treat with tenderness, like a miracle!

We forget that we have only one
Unique, vulnerable, alive.
Beautiful: even summer, even winter ...
We have one, one of a kind!

The work turned out to be interesting and useful for me.

MOU "Dubrovskaya secondary school"

Social project

"Ecodesant"

8th grade students

Fotina Elena,

Kobeleva Daria,

Okulova Alena

Supervisor:

Kobeleva S.A.

2013-2014 academic year

Introduction…………………………….2

Justification of the project………………3

Purpose and objectives………………………..5

Terms of implementation and participants …...6

Expected results…………….8

Estimate ………………………………..8

Implementation methods………………...9

Project results………………..10

Appendix………………………..11

Introduction.

Project name: "Ecodesant"

Project geography: Perm region, Elovsky district, Dubrovo village.

Project implementation period: September - November 2013

Legal address of the organization: MOU "Dubrovskaya secondary school"

618173 Perm Territory, Elovsky District, Dubrovo village, Yubileynaya street 1-a

Project summary.

The project will be implemented by residents of the School Republic and representatives of the Dubrovskaya School Council under the leadership of S. Kobeleva and is aimed at improving the environmental situation in the village of Dubrovo, consists of a research and practical part. The research part is connected with sociological surveys of villagers, interviewing individual representatives of the local society, generalizing the materials received.

The practical part is connected with the campaign to attract villagers to solve environmental problems, with the attraction of charitable funds for the project.

Project justification

Man, look around: this is your country, your city, your village, your fields, rivers, lakes. And, unfortunately, the trash is also yours! We think that every person has internal dissatisfaction caused by the surrounding garbage, so habitually inscribed in the landscape of forests, squares, parks, and simply residential courtyards.

Small Motherland is the place where you were born, where you grew up and where you live. A place that people miss when they are away from home and where they want to return again, with which good moments of life are associated. This is the corner that is so dear to the heart. And I really want our small Motherland to be clean and comfortable, so that every inhabitant can be proud of their village.

At this time, in the village of Dubrovo in the center it is gray and boring, there are not enough flowers and bright colors. The bus stop, which is the first thing a village guest sees, needs cosmetic repairs. The local population is not very careful about the environment, they throw garbage at their feet and arrange dumps on the street.

Maybe we should not wait for some kind wizard who will come and clean up our village, but try to do at least something for this ourselves?

But just talking about this problem is not enough, it does not make the environment cleaner. This issue needs to be addressed through practical action. It is time to give this process a clear form and organization.

And we came up with such an idea - to involve local authorities and the population of the village in solving this problem. We'll do this ourselves. And in order to bring this idea to life, we decided to approach the matter in an adult way. We will develop the real project.

We have to analyze the situation of pollution in the village, conduct propaganda among the students of our school, draw the attention of all residents to think about the problem of garbage in the village of Dubrovo. We believe that by joint efforts it is possible, if not to solve the whole problem, then at least to move it off the dead center.

Problems:

1. Pollution with household waste in the center of the village.

2. Lack of ecological culture among the population

We had an idea to organize the residents of the School Republic and the villagers to solve some of the environmental problems. We have decided to work in three directions:

1) Educational activities among students, villagers, aimed at their awareness of the problem of domestic pollution;

2) Activation of actions of the Village Administration;

3) Practical activities for nature protection.

Target: Clear the streets and the central square of the village of Dubrovo from household waste and paint the bus stop.

Tasks:

Carrying out a number of activities aimed at cleaning and putting in order the territory of the village center:

Survey of the villagers

Issuance of leaflets and propaganda posters,

stop painting,

Garbage pickup near bus stop

Public involvement (parents, villagers, school students)

Speech at the school-wide line about the results of work

The timing of the project.

Since this idea was proposed at the first meeting of the Board of Affairs, dedicated to the Year of Ecology, it was decided not to postpone the good deed and set the dates: September - November 2013

Project Implementation Plan

	Event		responsible	Available resources	Missing Resources
	Compile a questionnaire for villagers in order to find out their attitude to the environmental problems of the village		Kobeleva Daria	A computer
	Interview the villagers and get the result		Kobeleva S.A. Student 7th grade
	Organize school students, parents and village residents for the Clean Village environmental campaign		Elovikova S.B. - teacher of biology Kobeleva S.A. - organizer Lozinskaya L.V. - head of the settlement	Garbage bags Whatman for ad	transport
	Photograph the problematic areas of the village from the point of view of ecology /village center, landfills, garbage near houses, bus stop/	02.09. to 27.10.13	Okulova Alena	digital camera
	Prepare a presentation about project implementation	18.10. to 11/19/13	Fotina Elena
	Prepare a speech by the Ecodesant propaganda team and speak to the students of the school		Okulova Yana Pastukhov D.A.
	Hold a poster drawing competition at the school “The nature of the village is in danger”		Kobeleva S.A-teacher of fine arts	Whatman, album sheets
	Development of sketches for painting stops and themed flyers		Tatarkina Diana
	bus stop painting		Grade 7 initiative group	Paint, brushes, pan, roller, paint mixing containers	paints, color
	Distribution of leaflets and campaign information on bulletin boards		Student 7th grade	Files, buttons

Project participants:

1. Students of the Dubrovskaya secondary school.

2. The teaching staff of the Dubrovskaya secondary school.

3. Administration of the Dubrovsky rural settlement.

4. Residents of the village of Dubrovo.

Expected results

Awareness of the significance of the problem and improvement of the aesthetic and ecological state of the village.

A conscious increase in the ecological culture of schoolchildren and villagers.

At least 120 students and villagers will be able to watch the performance of the propaganda team.

Project estimate.

1. For printing leaflets - Paper (white and color) for the printer - 1 pack (150-00 rubles)

3. Whatman paper - 5 pcs. 15 rub. (75 rubles)

Stationery (buttons, files, markers, pencils) - 100-00 rubles.

Water-based paint 7 liters (460 rubles)

Kohler 2 pcs. 30 rub. (60 rubles)

Total: 1095 rubles at the expense of parental funds

2. Methods of implementation

In order to attract the attention of students, their parents, and villagers to the problem of domestic pollution and to intensify their actions to correct this situation, we have chosen the following methods:

Campaign "Clean Village" / cleaning of the territory of the village center and bus stop / Appendix 4 /

Conversations with students about the problem of rural pollution

Observation method

Placement of posters in public places of the village urging residents to restore order on their streets, near their homes; /Appendix 4/

Creativity (painting stop, drawing competition "Nature of the village in danger", propaganda performance at the school line

/ application 2)

Questioning of the villagers "Native village cleanliness and order" / Appendix 1 /

Cooperation with the village administration

Use of ICT technologies /creating a presentation on project implementation/

Project results:

A beautiful, well-groomed stop in the village of Dubrovo.

Territory of the village center clean from household waste

At least 120 students watched the performance of the propaganda team

70% of elementary school students took part in the school drawing competition

Distributed 45 thematic leaflets among the population

Carried out the "Clean Village" campaign

They conveyed suggestions and wishes from the villagers to the Council of Deputies

Prepared a presentation on the implementation of the project

Get the public involved

The prospect of the project.

For the further development of the Ecodesant project, it is planned to follow the following directions:

1. Update information posters that encourage fellow villagers to maintain cleanliness in the village.

2. Annually hold subbotniks, actions and conversations with students about the cleanliness of their native village.

This academic year, work in this area continues / Appendix 5 /.

In September, residents of the School Republic took part in the all-Russian action "Green Russia - 2014", the guys - high school students brought seedlings to school, which were then planted near the Leisure House in the center of the village of Dubrovo. In total, 20 maples, 10 mountain ash and 10 firs were planted. Primary and middle school children took part in the "Clean Village" campaign, collected garbage in the center of the village, at the stadium, on the side of roads along the streets.

We hope that our village will be beautiful, green, and most importantly - clean! Let's meet the spring of 2015 and the Great Victory in a clean village!

Appendix 1

Questionnaire "Native village - cleanliness and order!"

Who litters more on the streets?

"Do you consider environmental safety (cleanliness of air, water, soil) the main thing in life?".

Your wishes, suggestions or request.

Survey results from 29 respondents

Do you think the village of Dubrovo is clean?

Who litters more on the streets?

Children, residents, everyone, youth, alcoholics, adults

What causes rural pollution?

Burnt houses, bad manners, untimely garbage collection, irresponsibility, lack of control, lack of culture of people, household garbage, uncut grass

What needs to be done to make the village clean?

Develop ambition, take out waste and garbage in a timely manner, conduct propaganda and re-educate residents, do not litter

Do you consider environmental safety (cleanliness of air, water, soil) the main thing in life? Yes - 27, no - 1, don't know - 1

Your wishes, suggestions or request:

Clean up around houses

Work with conscience for everyone /appeal to deputies/

Lead a normal life

Love your village, decorate it

Pick up after yourself

Organize waste and rubbish removal at the request of residents

Install more bins and containers in the center of the village

Do not throw garbage out of cars

Plant trees, create a park

All wishes and proposals were conveyed to Elovikova S.B., a teacher of biology and chemistry, a member of the Council of Deputies of the Dubrovsky rural settlement.

Appendix 2

The students presented the results of the project at the school-wide lineup with a creative performance, the author of the words of which was the teacher of mathematics Pastukhov D.A.

What is "eco"? This is the house
What is "logos"? This is knowledge.
So ecology is the knowledge of
how not to destroy the Life building.

Our “life building” is also a house.
The house where we grow up, grow up, love.
So we need to take care of it!
How to take care? We will discuss here.

Everything is important - neatness, cleanliness;
often we are greeted “in clothes”.
Beauty attracts us like a magnet
Everyone in the world knows this very well.

We think that every village
see starting from the stop.
So the time to act has come;
paint the stop, together, deftly.

It is necessary to ask the Dubrovites,
how to improve life in your native village?
What can we do? And what to ask
competent assistance from the authorities?

We can't throw rubbish;
in the center, at school, at home, by the roads...
If you littered, then - clean up!
Cleanliness is the key to health.

The authorities can decide a lot:
more trash cans in public places,
garbage needs to be taken out more often,

order must become the norm.

The most clean - to reward.
And dirty let people know too ...
You can create a "clean landing"
and then, life will be better for sure!

And yet, let our kids
do what they teach in school.
This is the beginning of great things.
This is how the country will get the best citizens.

It is necessary that by the command of the Soul
there was a striving for purity;
so we will take a huge step
to Truth, Goodness and Beauty!

Appendix 3

Leaflets for agitation of the population

"Our village is not a garbage dump",

"We want to live in a clean village"

Annex 4 Annex 5

Appendix 3

MOU "Dubrovskaya secondary school" CLEAN VILLAGE,CLEAR PLANET,CLEAR CONSCIENCE
The Pacific Ocean has a large. "plastic spot" 45 meters deep, an area equal to that of the United States. There is no exact data on the "spot", no one did not research. Because the oceannobody... And such landfills are near us. And they OUR !!! Garbage is serious. It takes many years and even centuries for the natural processing of waste; Glass bottles- 1 million years; Cans-50-80 years (dig under a plum - 2-3 years); Rubber soles of boots-50-40 years; Skin-50 years; Nylon products-30-40 years; Plastic- 700 - 800 years; plastic bag-10-20 years; Cigarette butt-1-5 years; wool sock-1-5 years; orange or banana peel-2-5 weeks.	BEFORE AND AFTER… In our area, landfills occupy vast areas around and in the settlements themselves. Landfill damage is HUGE! Decaying waste penetrates into groundwater, is dispersed by winds and thus damages the environment and human health. We, students of the Dubrovskaya school, know and understand the danger that landfills bring and we are not idle! Perhaps, having seen how the guys clean up landfills (in the village), maybe you will also have a desire to clean up your yard, on your street and around your village!
PER PERSON FROM 150 TO 600 KG OF GARBAGE PER YEAR! IF QUANTITY OF GARBAGE WILL GROW THE SAME WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO THE PLANET??? IT'S ALL UP TO US!!!

Friends! Fellow villagers! Dubrovtsy!

Lots of exotics in the world:

Egypt, Canaries, Maldives,

But our house is in the native village.

Clean, comfortable, beautiful!

You are welcome,

do not litter in the streets!

7th grade students

Relevance of the topic: Planet Earth is our common home, every person living in it should treat it carefully and carefully, preserving all its values ​​and wealth.
Material Description: I bring to your attention the final lesson that completes the cycle of environmental conversations. At this lesson, the children were offered a choice: testing or an environmental project. It was proposed to work on an environmental project in groups, and the topics of the project were chosen by the children on their own from the options offered. Tests can be taken on paper or online. The material is designed for students in grades 5-7, it can also be useful to teachers, parents and educators.
Recommendations: The conversation is accompanied by a presentation (multimedia accompaniment), which allows you to more fully experience the degree of danger from pollution of our Home-Earth and pollution of water bodies. Environmental projects are defended in the class and evaluated by the children according to the proposed grading table.
Target: To consolidate and test children's knowledge about the types of environmental problems and how to solve them.
Arouse the desire of schoolchildren to protect nature, give an orientation to the implementation of some measures for nature protection.
Tasks:
- develop and protect an environmental project
- answer test questions. Description: children are invited to answer 4 tests in paper form or online.

Test number 1. Topic: “Ecology. The first global problem

1. Ecology is:
A) The science of human impact on the environment;
B) The science that studies the structure, functions and development of living organisms in an ecosystem;
C) The science of the influence of the environment on a person;
D) Science of rational use of natural resources;
D) The science that studies living organisms in nature.
Give one correct answer.
2. The word "ecology" comes from:
A) Greek words b) German words
C) English words d) Portuguese words
Write down your answers ov.
3. What does the word "ecology" mean
4. What is the difference between modern packaging and the one that was used 10-15 years ago?
5. What are the causes of garbage.
6. What does the word "inert" mean
7. Name the number of garbage per inhabitant of the planet per year.(average)
8. How is garbage classified according to the degree of danger to the environment? Which class is the most dangerous?
9. Name the main conditional categories into which garbage is divided.
10. What are the ways of waste disposal?
11. Name the pros and cons of one disposal method(any choice).
12. What is the most rational way? Why?
13. What is special waste? How are they destroyed?
14. Name the terms of natural decomposition of garbage.
15. Waste recycling options.

Test number 2. Topic: “Ecology. The second global problem

Give multiple correct answers.
1. What are the main environmental issues:
A) air pollution;
B) Pollution of the World Ocean;
C) Soil pollution;
D) Extermination of flora and fauna;
D) melting ice.
E) Creation of the "red book"
Give one correct answer.
2. Pollution of rivers leads to:
A) death of eggs
B) The death of frogs, crayfish
B) the death of algae
D) the death of all living things
Write down your answer.
3. What are the water quality classes of river pollution?
4. Water pollution is produced (by what)?
5. Where do pesticides in water come from?
6. Give an example of "heavy metals"
7. Where are the 10 dirtiest rivers?
8. What causes thermal water pollution?
9. Causes of electromagnetic pollution of water.
10. What do you know about radioactive radiation?
11. Write what we can do to conserve the Earth's water resources.
12. Give an example of the consequences of water pollution by oil and oil products.

Test number 3. Topic: “Ecology. The Third Global Problem"

Give multiple correct answers.
1.Air pollution is:
a. this is the introduction of substances alien to its composition into the atmospheric air
b. change in the ratio of gases in the air
c. physical, chemical, biological substances
Dirty air
2. Diseases caused by high levels of harmful substances in the air we breathe:
a. headache
b. nausea
c. skin irritation
asthma
e. tumor
e. joint sprain
Give your answer.
3. What types of air pollution do you know?
4. Name the sources of natural air pollution.
Give one correct answer.
5. Causes of dust storms:
a. drought
b. deforestation
river flood
d. gravity of the moon
Give your answer.
6. Name the artificial sources of air pollution.
Give one correct answer.
7. What gas is released into the atmosphere during the combustion of fuel?
a. carbon monoxide (CO2)
b. oxygen (O2)
v.nitrogen (N2)
d. nitric acid (HNO3)
Give your answer.
8. What is Smog. What is its harm to the inhabitants of the metropolis.
9. What causes ozone depletion?
10. What does radioactive contamination lead to?
11. Why is the greenhouse effect dangerous?
Give one correct answer.
12. How many days can a person live without water?
a.7
b.1
v.30
d.5
13. Ways to preserve the atmosphere.(At least 5)

Test number 4. Topic: “Ecology. Outcome"

Final test.
Give one correct answer.
1. Environmental pollution is understood as:
a. introduction of new, uncharacteristic physical, chemical and biological components into the environment
b. the introduction of new, uncharacteristic physical, chemical and biological components into the environment, as well as the excess of the natural level of these components
c. exceeding the natural level of natural and anthropogenic components of the environment
d.growth of anthropogenic impact on natural ecosystems
2. Air pollution in Russia is primarily caused by:
a. chemical industry
b.thermal power engineering
c. agriculture
oil production and petrochemistry
3. The most dangerous soil pollution is caused by:
a. household waste
b.agricultural waste
c. heavy metals
sewage
4. The greatest pollution of land waters is caused by:
a. flushing of fertilizers and pesticides from the fields
b.domestic and industrial wastewater
c. solid waste pollution
dumping
5. The greatest pollution of the waters of the World Ocean is caused by:
a.dumping
b. acid rain
c. agricultural waste
oil and oil products
6. Pollution found around industrial plants is called:
a.local
b.regional
c.global
d.sanitary protection
7. Chemical pollution does not include:
a. heavy metal pollution
b. the entry of pesticides into water bodies
c. soil pollution with solid household waste
d. increase in the concentration of freons in the atmosphere
8. Pollution of the environment with solid household waste can be attributed to:
a. physical pollution
b.biological contamination
c.mechanical pollution
physical and chemical pollution
9. Deforestation leads to:
a. increasing species diversity of birds;
b. increase in species diversity of mammals;
in. reduction of evaporation;
d. violation of the oxygen regime
10. Lack of drinking water is caused primarily by:
a. greenhouse effect;
b. a decrease in the volume of groundwater;
in. water pollution;
soil salinization.
11. The greenhouse effect occurs as a result of accumulation in the atmosphere:
a. carbon monoxide;
b. carbon dioxide;
in. nitrogen dioxide;
d. sulfur oxides.
12. From hard ultraviolet radiation, living organisms protect:
a. water vapor;
b. clouds;
in. ozone layer;
g. nitrogen.
13. The most common diseases that occur as a result of environmental degradation are:
a. diseases of the musculoskeletal system;
b. infectious diseases;
in. cardiovascular and oncological diseases;
d. diseases of the digestive tract.
14. What is the name of the source of the emergence of new alleles when the genetic structure of a population changes?
a. mutation;
b. migration;
in. genetic drift;
d. non-random crossing.
15. How many minutes can a person live without air?
a. thirty
in. 5
b. one
d. 10
16. Main product of consumption?
a. water
b. food
g. air
in. bread

Ecological project.

You can start the conversation by showing the video. It is possible to launch a video to the song of the Earthlings group "Forgive the Earth!"

The epigraph to the lesson can take the words
"To live in this green world
good in winter and summer.
Life flies like a moth
a motley animal runs
A bird whirls in the clouds,
nimble runs like a marten.
Life is everywhere, life is all around.
Man is nature's friend!"
In today's world, environmental issues come to the fore. We have managed to sort out only a small fraction of environmental problems. In conclusion of our environmental conversations, I would like to invite you to develop an environmental product (let's call it a project), in which you will talk about one of the environmental problems and its solution.
To begin with, let's recall the problems with which we are already familiar.
They call the children.
You can publish a wall newspaper as an ecological product, draw a comic, come up with an ecological fairy tale, a crossword puzzle, a calendar .. The choice is yours, what will seem interesting to your group, that project is carried out by your group.
Project work in progress according to plan:
1. Define the problem.
2. Identify the cause.
3. Put forward a solution to this problem.
The plan can be supplemented with your suggestions.
The projects will be evaluated by a jury selected by you from the students of the class according to the following criteria:
1.Originality
2. Compliance with the task
3.Product protection
4. Answers to the questions posed
5. The work of all group members
I wish you creative success.

Options for design assignments:

Project task 1
Learn about waste paper. Complete the task: design a poster for the residents of the village of Vakhtan about the dangers of burning paper and calling for the collection of waste paper for recycling
waste paper
Material: paper, sometimes impregnated with wax and covered with various paints.
Damage to nature: The paper itself does not cause damage. Cellulose, which is part of paper, is a natural material. However, the ink on the paper can release toxic substances.
Harm to humans: paint can release toxic substances when decomposed.
Decomposition routes: used as food by some microorganisms.
End product of decomposition: humus, bodies of various organisms, carbon dioxide and water.
Decomposition time: 2-3 years.


Products formed during neutralization: carbon dioxide, water, ash.
It is strictly forbidden to burn paper in the presence of food, as dioxins may form.

Project task 2
Read up on food waste. Complete the task: draw up a memo for residents of the village of Chastye on ways to neutralize food waste.
Food waste
Damage to nature: practically does not cause. Used for nutrition by various organisms.
Harm to humans: rotting food waste is a breeding ground for germs. During decay, foul-smelling and poisonous substances are released in high concentrations.
Ways of decomposition: are used in food by various microorganisms.
The end product of decomposition: the bodies of organisms, carbon dioxide and water.
Decomposition time: 1-2 weeks.
Recycling method (at any scale): composting.
The least dangerous disposal method (on a small scale): composting.
Products formed during neutralization: humus.
It is strictly forbidden to throw into fire, as dioxins can be formed.

Project task 3
Learn about fabrics. Complete the task: design a poster for the residents of the village. Frequent, calling to find a new use for unnecessary things.
Fabric products
Fabrics are synthetic (melt when heated) and natural (charred when heated). Everything written below refers to natural fabrics.
Damage to nature: do not cause. Cellulose, which is part of paper, is a natural material.
Decomposition routes: used as food by some organisms.
End product of decomposition: humus, body of organisms, carbon dioxide, water.
Decomposition time: 2-3 years.
Recycling method (on a large scale): processing into wrapping paper.
Recycling method (on a small scale): composting.
The least dangerous method of disposal (on a small scale): incineration under conditions that ensure complete combustion.
Products formed during neutralization: carbon dioxide, water, ash

Project task 4
Learn about plastics. Complete the task: draw up a memo for residents of the village of Frequent about the dangers of burning plastic products.
Plastic products of unknown composition
Damage to nature: interfere with gas exchange in soils and water bodies. Can be swallowed by animals, resulting in death. They can release substances that are toxic to many organisms.
Human hazard: May release toxic substances when decomposed.

Decomposition time: depends on the plastic, usually about 100 years, maybe more.
Recycling methods: depends on the plastic (usually remelting). For many plastics, there are no ways to recycle (due to the difficulty of identifying a particular plastic).

Products resulting from neutralization: carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, ammonia, hydrogen chloride, sulfuric acid, toxic organochlorine compounds.
It is strictly forbidden to burn these materials, as this can form huge amounts of dioxins.

Project assignment 5
Learn about packaging material. Complete the task: design a poster for the residents of the village. Frequent, calling not to scatter the packaging material.
Food packaging
Material: paper and various types of plastics, including chlorine-containing ones. Sometimes aluminum foil.
Damage to nature: can be swallowed by large animals, which causes the death of the latter.
Ways of decomposition: slowly oxidized by atmospheric oxygen. Very slowly destroyed by the action of sunlight. Sometimes used in food by some microorganisms.
Decomposition time: depends on the product. Usually - tens of years, maybe more.
Recycling method (on a large scale): usually does not exist (due to the difficulty of separating into components)
The least dangerous method of disposal (on any scale): burial.
Decontamination products: dependent on plastics. Usually carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen chloride, poisonous organochlorines.
It is strictly forbidden to burn these materials, as dioxins may be formed.

Project task 6
Study the material about tin cans. Complete the task: draw up a memo for residents of the village of Chastye about the proper disposal of cans.
Cans
Material: galvanized or tin plated iron.
Damage to nature: Zinc, tin and iron compounds are poisonous to many organisms. The sharp edges of the cans injure animals.
Harm to humans: toxic substances are released during decomposition.
Decomposition pathways: very slowly oxidized by oxygen. Very slowly destroyed by the action of sunlight.
End product of decomposition: carbon dioxide, water and hydrogen chloride.
Decomposition time: on earth and in fresh water - several hundred years, in salt water - several decades.
Recycling methods (in large quantities): None (due to technological difficulties).
The least dangerous method of neutralization (on any scale): removal to a landfill.
Products resulting from neutralization: carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen chloride, toxic organochlorine compounds.
It is strictly forbidden to burn these materials, as this produces huge amounts of dioxins.
Children's projects.

Ecological research "Ecological meaning in Russian folk tales"

Description. Research work on ecology, aimed at finding ecological meaning in Russian folk tales. The author participated with her in the regional ecological competition-exhibition "Ecology and Fairy Tales", where she took 2nd place, spoke to students of health camps of educational institutions of the Slutsk region as part of the ecological program "Ecology and Folklore". This development will be useful for primary school teachers, teachers of additional education, educators of preschool educational institutions for educating love for nature through Russian folk tales.
Author: Irina Zhuk, 12 years old, student of the Ecological Tourism: Pathfinders Association of Interests, Slutsk Ecological and Biological Center for Students, Slutsk, Minsk region, Republic of Belarus.
Head: Yasenetskaya Svetlana Vadimovna, teacher of additional education, State Educational Institution "Slutsk Ecological and Biological Center for Students", Slutsk, Minsk region, Republic of Belarus.
Introduction
“A fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it, a lesson for good fellows!”
Although fairy tales seem like entertainment, they have a deep educational meaning. Fairy tales arose as oral folk art long before the emergence of various sciences. But already in those distant times for us, people spiritualized nature and worshiped its greatness, realizing that their life directly depends on Mother Nature. And even if a person often endowed Nature with supernatural power, this only further emphasized their interdependence.
Nowadays, it is very important to explain environmental problems to a child in a language that is accessible to him. And fairy tales can help in this, where the characters do not violate environmental laws and Nature treats man the way Man himself treats nature.
Target: the search for ecological meaning in Russian folk tales
Tasks:
1. To trace the attitude of our ancestors to nature through the study of fairy tales.
2. Show the ecological meaning inherent in Slavic folk tales
3. Cultivate a love for fairy tales and respect for nature.
Subject of study: Russian folk tales
Research methods:
1) information search;
2) analytical.
Hypothesis: Russian folk tales carry ecological knowledge.

Main part

Research "Ecological meaning in Russian folk tales"

The world of Russian folk tales is peculiar and mysterious. In it you can meet not only people, but also animals, and often friendship between them.
Fairy tale "Geese-swans"
Recall the fairy tale "Geese-swans". The sister goes to look for her brother, who was carried away by swan geese. He meets Yablonka on his way and asks her for help. And what does Yablonka say to her?

And here's what:
- Eat my forest apple - I will say.
It is hard for a tree, there are many fruits on it.
What is the girl's answer?
- At my father's, gardening is not eaten either.
The girl did not help Yablonka - and Yablonka did not help her.
It was the same with the River and the Stove.
But on the way back, when the girl and her brother were running away from
swan geese, and the Stove, and the River, Yablonka helped her. And all why? Yes, because the girl also helped them: she drank jelly, and ate a pie, and tasted a forest apple.
A typical picture of mutual aid!

Fairy tale "The Frog Princess"
Let's remember another fairy tale, where mutual assistance between man and animals is also clearly traced - "The Frog Princess".
Ivan Tsarevich went in search of his bride. He met the Bear - spared, did nothing wrong to the beast.
I met a Hare and a Duck - spared.
Saved Pike from certain death on the seashore.
And how did the animals repay Ivan? They helped to get a needle in which Koshchei's death was. Further in the text of the tale, it becomes clear that in nature there is nothing superfluous, that every animal, from a bear to a hare, has some benefit.
Fairy tale "Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf"
But in the fairy tale “Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf”, the situation turned out like this: the wolf ate the Tsarevich’s horse ... ... and then, in order to make amends for his guilt, he himself carried Ivan through the forests and mountains.

Fairy tale "Turnip"
But the fairy tale "Turnip" indicates to us that sometimes it is necessary for both animals and people to stand on the same side, to unite in order to achieve a common goal. Based on this tale, one can see that, just like now, in our time, all living beings need to stand on one side in order to save our Earth! If we fantasize a little when discussing the fairy tale "Turnip": instead of a turnip, we will have the whole globe. Our planet is Earth! And the inhabitants of the house on the plot will act as inhabitants of the entire planet. This is the picture that turns out: the inhabitants of the planet see that it is in danger and something needs to be done.
He was the first to notice this one person (grandfather) and realized that he himself could not cope, he needed help. The whole of humanity (grandfather, grandmother, granddaughter) of the planet has joined forces to save the Earth! They can't save! And, now, when all living beings (grandfather, grandmother, granddaughter, bug, cat, mouse) united - they saved the Earth (turnip)!
Conclusion
After a study of several Russian folk tales, we can conclude that folk tales teach not only the norms of human behavior, but are also based on observations of nature and contain a deep ecological meaning. They teach us to love nature, to take care of our smaller brothers.
***
The story brings us joy
The one who knows will understand
The story has a lot of meaning.
And love is close by.
There are many adventures in the fairy tale,
Very joyful excitement
Good wins in her
After all, it is stronger than evil.
The one who respects fairy tales
Will definitely grow
Turning into a sage
He believes very much in miracles.
And a miracle comes to visit
Doesn't bypass
The main thing is to believe in him
And it's already with you.
A fairy tale is a wonderful piggy bank,
What you accumulate, you will take
And without a fairy tale in this life -
You will surely disappear.
(E. Stepanova)

Presentation on the topic: Ecological meaning in Russian folk tales

The environmental problem is a very important stage in the development of mankind. It determines the fate of the human world. People, conquering nature, largely destroyed the balance of ecological systems. “Before, nature was afraid of man, but now man is afraid of nature,” said French oceanologist Jacques Yves Cousteau. In some places, the environment has reached a state of crisis.

No one can remain indifferent to environmental pollution. “The bird that pollutes its own nest is bad,” says a folk proverb.

Pollution of the surroundings, reduction of natural resources poses great challenges for humanity. The future of our planet depends on the purity of the environment. To achieve all this, it is necessary that a person realizes everything himself and takes a step towards protecting nature.

Today, our ecological culture is not at a high level. This suggests that such subjects as physics, computer science, astronomy, mathematics, chemistry pay little attention to ecology. The Law of the Russian Federation “Nature Protection” means that environmental knowledge must be received continuously. Its goal is to improve the ecological culture of every person.

Ecological culture and school are closely interconnected. We are faced with the task of gaining knowledge of ecology. To achieve success, you need to work consistently using real facts.

Ecology, as a science, is not included in the school curriculum. Therefore, environmental problems have to be studied in optional classes.

In the lessons of geography and biology, we pay attention to the problems of the relationship between society and nature, to methods for developing the productivity of rural crops, and to studying the adaptation properties of living organisms to environmental factors.

Ecology Month is held at our school every school year. This month is dedicated to bird protection, ecological analysis and environmental greening.

Based on all of the above, we have drawn up a project for our village. We set ourselves the task of improving the ecological condition of the territory of our village.

The ecological state of the village

Ecology is a science that studies the relationship between living organisms and the environment. If you notice that the industry is growing every day, then for the countryside it turns into a large use of poisonous drugs and fertilizers, an increase in the number of transport. All this seriously affects the living world. Despite this, natural resources are decreasing, many species of animals and plants are disappearing. Every day more and more polluted air, water, environment. Therefore, each person is faced with the task of changing the ecological situation in his locality.

We, students of the Village of Churinsky secondary school, have been carrying out effective work for the protection of nature for several years: we study the ecology around our school territory, our village, draw conclusions from the work done, and try to improve the environment around us for the better.

This year, students of grades 6-9 participated in this work, i.e. 36 people. To make the result of our work accurate, the study was conducted from 7 am to 9 pm. It took place in the months of February and March. It was taken into account the number of trees in the territory with. Chura village. Not far from the village passes the route Kukmor - Kazan. The students explored how far residential buildings are from the highway and what kind of cars usually pass by. The distance between residential buildings and livestock farms, a machine and tractor park, a gas station, warehouses where poisonous chemicals are stored, a cattle cemetery, landfills, etc. was considered. We paid attention to what kind of garbage was in landfills. In addition, the pollution of snow and drinking water was investigated.

After researching, they concluded: the Kukmor-Kazan highway runs south-southeast, 70 meters from the village. Chura village. During the winter months, approximately 16 trucks and 19 cars pass per hour, and in spring days this number increases to 23 trucks and 24 cars. According to theory, 1 passenger car emits 1 kg of smoke per day (41.6 g per hour). The composition of the smoke contains 30 g of carbon monoxide, 6 g of nitric oxide, sulfur, lead impurities. And trucks emit 3 times more toxic substances. Based on this data, we calculated how much dust is emitted by cars that drive along our track. So, cars and trucks emit 3868.8 g of smoke per hour, hence 2790 g of carbon monoxide, 558 g of nitric oxide, and other substances that are toxic to our body. If we keep in mind that there are 24 hours in a day and 365 days in a year, then it is not difficult to imagine how many toxic substances are released into the air. And we all breathe this air. It should also be added that 1 car that travels 1000 km will use the same air that 1 person would breathe for a whole year. It must be borne in mind that 1 machine produces 5–8 kg of rubber dust per year.

Plants very quickly recognize the level of atmospheric pollution. For example: coniferous trees are very good bioindicators. At one of the lessons, we followed the spruces that grow near our village and noticed that there are brown spots on the trees - mold. This suggests that there is a large amount of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. Indeed, next to these fir trees there are 3 stokers and a highway. This means that every hour a gas rich in sulfur dioxide is released into the air from the boiler room, and car smoke is added to this. But not only they pollute our environment. At 150 m from residential buildings to the south-southeast there is a machine and tractor park and a gas station. We explored these places and determined how polluted the surface of the snow is. We checked the composition of the snow by taking snow from the park, the main street, the school site. Having melted the snow, we checked the acidity. As a result, it turned out that it contains acid ions, but most of them turned out to be in the machine and tractor fleet.

Farms are located 90 m to S-SE, chemical warehouses (ammonia) are located 450 m to N-SW, a cattle cemetery is 700 m to N-SE, two dumps are located 1000 m to S and 50 m to N-SW (<Picture 1 >, <Figure 2>), in addition, the same garbage dumps are available in the village in 3 places. Among the garbage there are iron, glass, polyethylene, paper, etc. But paper - 2, flasks - 90, polyethylene - 200, glass - do not decay for 1000 years.

It is good that different trees and plantings have been planted around the village. On the border of the village to the north-southwest at 1000 m there are coniferous trees - pines, to the north-southwest at 700 m there is a birch grove, towards the north-northwest at 500 m pine trees grow, towards the south-southwest at 500 m there is a birch grove, on the southwest at 800 m - pines. Trees have been planted along the Kukmor-Kazan highway to protect us from exhaust fumes. In addition to all these trees, there are also shrubs. On the territory of The village of Chura has 4595 trees and shrubs in total. According to statistics, elm absorbs 23 kg of dust in one summer. As a result, trees and shrubs growing along the village absorb 74.1 tons of dust during the summer. But they are still missing.

We also checked the purity and hardness of the water through a microscope. The water that was taken from the well and the pump turned out to be clean, and in the water that was taken from the artesian well, flowing into the cattle complex, there are very small microorganisms. In terms of hardness, water from a column is medium, from a well it is soft, and from an artesian well it is hard, because. there are many anions and cations. They boiled the water. In the water taken from the well, the salt melted, while in other sources it did not completely dissolve. Hence the conclusion that water is hard.

In autumn, an experiment was carried out with spring water. We checked temperature, taste, hydrogen sulfide and iron, spring water hardness. The conclusions were as follows: water temperature +1 0 C, transparent, unsalted, water contains iron, but no hydrogen sulfide, low hardness, water volume 1.3 l / s. ( Appendix 1)

Conclusion

The environmental problem is getting worse every year. The air we breathe, the water we drink, the soil are becoming more and more polluted every day. According to our research, it can be seen that transport pollutes the air, the number of springs and wells is becoming smaller every year, and the number of landfills, on the contrary, is increasing. Agricultural vehicles and farms pollute the water. To do this, we need to organize subbotniks in the village and beyond, clean everything around from garbage, reduce the number of landfills and plant trees for landscaping.

Plants protect us from various dirty poisonous gases. Therefore, we must green the area around us. At the request of the forestry workers, every year the students of our school plant 10-15 hectares of tree seedlings. Last year we planted about 20 hectares of trees. 95–99% of planted young seedlings survive on the territory of the forest, and 85–90% in plantings along roads.

It is impossible to achieve the protection of nature only by the efforts of students. Therefore, we try to ensure that every person in our village takes an active part in this. Together we must save our planet from ecological catastrophe.