Slavic tribes: the main secrets. Slavic tribes as a single people
If you looked at my previous research on the toponymy of the Urals and Russia from the point of view of the Udmurt language (which, however, is very similar to the Komi-Permyak language, a little with the Komi language), then you can definitely say:
1) the language retained a clear word formation due to autochthonous development and little influence of other languages due to wars and forced assimilation. The Komi-Udmurt tribes were not inclined to conquer, or rather, only that part of the tribes that remained in their original habitat, because, as you know, due to the great migration of peoples from the territories of China and Mongolia, many peoples had to leave the Ural-Caspian steppes . The ancestors of today's Komi-Udmurts simply went to the forests, swamps and continued to live in a kind of isolated, and therefore language-preserving state.
2) The language carries the foundations of the ancient language of the Aryans, who settled throughout the continent, and many words, as well as the toponymy of Eurasia, can be very easily identified and determined based on the Udmurt language.
3) 5-6 thousand years ago and in subsequent epochs (there were several Great Migrations), the tribes of pastoralists and fire worshipers who lived in the steppe regions south and west of the Urals either experienced an explosion in numbers, or one of the next invasions of the nomads of Mongolia and China (rather last!), and were forced to leave their original habitats.
The ancient name of the tribes of the Celts and Gauls from v.zr. udm.lang can be defined as "kelyt" - red, gallany - grin, show teeth. Therefore - Gauls are wolves? That is, the wolf was the totem of the Gauls. Perhaps, since the Saxon tribes still have a wolf, a predator by nature, on their coats of arms.
However, in the Udmurt language, the wolf is "kion", where ki is the hands, and "he" is probably the paws (pawn - in English). The emblem of the Hungarians was definitely a wolf, but what about the Gauls?
You can also see my reflections on the topic of "redheads" and in general all Ars - in the topics "Celts-redheads ..." and "Children of the Sun".
Saki - Scythians - later names of pastoral tribes. Sak - in Udm. attentive, sensitive, vigilant. Chips - from "rocks" - a cow, from ("and") - there, a place - people are cattle breeders. Scythians - this word remained in English scyth - a scythe.
The Irish call themselves Cymraeq - ky - awn, core, mer - people, egit - young - from a certain people, only one young core was left for a long journey to new lands.
Britons - can also be derived from "byryytyny" - choose, sort.
The invasion of the Anglo-Saxons is secondary in the British Isles. Prior to this, these tribes lived in the area of present-day Germany.
The sons of the Saks (sax-sons) - says that the Saxon tribes also chose the young for resettlement. The old and the weak remained in the steppes, climbed into the forests and mountains!??
Angles or An-Gauls - it looks like a little bit wrong Gauls (en -un -no), not wolves. or angle - angle - they wore something angular (as you know, the Saks had iron helmets on their heads).
Massagets - the name of the ancient tribes that roamed the Ural-Caspian steppe, can be determined almost exactly: mas - what, so - these, they, gete - to speak (what do they say?) - and this is the most ridiculous arrangement of the name of the tribe (see below) .
Tribes whose names are closer to modern times:
va (ya) tka - vyatichi (part of the tribe) - from cotton wool - hide,
kalyk - people;
measure - from measures - people;
muroma - pit, deepening;
meshchera - from me "h - steep (probably in the mountains), decisive -
were assimilated by the Slavic-speaking population who came from the steppes of the Black Sea region and the territory of Western Europe, including a large share of Finno-Ugric borrowings in the language. However, at the same time, the non-assimilated part also included the neologisms of the Slavic languages in the speech.
Separating these paired borrowings is a lot of work.
It is obvious that shu-mers - from shu- light, or shud - happiness, mer (ya) - people - bright, happy people. It is possible that Merya is just the same Sumerians who "lost their happiness", rejected "shu" - light when moving to the north. Or maybe these are the Mari tribes, it would probably be worthwhile to draw linguistic parallels between these two languages.
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The Moskal tribe - mo "ch- strength (or mo" s, compare Russian - power), kal - strength - that is, the strength of forces (there is Mount Moskal in the Southern Urals) left a mark on history in the slightly derogatory name of Russians in others Slavic languages (Ukrainian, Polish, Belarusian), probably because at some point there were a lot of people of a different language group (Vyatichi). Without knowing the true value, you can make a mistake. We can say that the second name, quilted jackets, which remained in the Ukrainian language, is not from the word "cotton wool" and clothes worn in winter, but just from the Udmurt name of the tribe - Vyatichi. (I remind you that "cotton wool" - hide, hide). The name of the capital of Russia - Moscow - retained the trace of the name of the tribe - Moskal - Mosk (al) -va - a place (va - part, offshoot of the tribe), where part of the former large community lived. The sacred name of Moscow is the place where the "power of forces" is located. Which is confirmed by the history of this city. Although, if you look at the map, it is quite far from the mouths of the rivers that gave rise to many other capitals of the world. (See the topic "Zyuratkul and the Burning Bush").
I read an article about representatives of the Dyakonovskaya (Andronovskaya) culture, who are now even impossible to restore, since they burned their bodies at the stake. It directly states that they came to the place of a different (Fatyanovo?) culture, and, obviously, forced them to leave in a slightly militant way (and these were most likely the ancestors of the Lithuanians). But then they lived quietly in this place for almost a thousand years, until guests arrived from Kyiv. Two hundred years before the arrival of the southern Slavs, the Finno-Ugric peoples changed their language and joined the community of the Drevlyans and Krivichi, like the Vyatichi.
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Among the Krivichi, the second tribe that became the ancestor of the Russian people, and who most likely were at first close to the Balto-Lithuanians, but maybe Estonians (who are a Finno-Ugric people), however, modern Belarusians, most likely they are Krivichi, there was a very interesting snake cult. They kept monitor lizards at home and fed them milk.
If you look at the geographical map, you can clearly see that raising a large number of livestock is very convenient in the Mongolian steppes, the steppes adjacent to the Caspian Sea, in Altai.
The possibilities of these steppes were fully used by the ancient pastoralists. And from here many peoples went to conquer when, for example, dry years arose. It is hardly possible to feed a mass of cattle on dry grass. And, of course, it is worth going somewhere to the flood meadows to the north, where settled peoples lived. Cattle could be fed with grain. Hence the desire to take tribute from settled peoples, most likely in grain. Possessing great mobility, the nomadic peoples quickly assimilated the alien peoples, or changed their language during the next invasion from the Mongolian steppes. From here began the paths of many barbarians who destroyed the Roman Empire.
An ancient memory - energy connections - is still pulling former nomads settled in the west. Perhaps that is why there were completely incomprehensible from the point of view. sane man of war and displacement of people such as the crusades, the conquest of America, the invasion of Napoleon, the first and second world wars.
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Astrological digression:
Astrologically, the movement of people to a new place of residence is associated with Jupiter - the planet of expansion, increase in space. He is associated with his house of possession - the 9th (sign of Sagittarius) and the 12th (sign of Pisces).
USA - have in their composition a large proportion of the ancient roots of nomads (sons of the Saks - sax-sons), if they promote constant movement as the basis of life (in the natal chart of the USA - the sun is in conjunction with Jupiter, though in cancer - the main movements occur after all in your own home).
But the ancient basis of the people remaining on today's territory of the steppes and forests (former Saks and other tribes) is not nomads at all, but settled people.
Hence, it is very difficult to apply the psychology of nomads to sedentary peoples, it is very difficult to apply the principles that have been formed in a certain state of the West (including the Wild West) to settled states that have not rushed to other lands and villages for generations.
And to say that you need to change your place of work at least once every five years, as happens in the USA - for the settled population of the old woman of Europe and Russia and other similarly formed countries - is simply stupid. Nonsense.
In order to achieve any progress in life, settled peoples successfully use the energy of illumination, that is, the use of the energy flows of the Earth itself through their roots, like plants. Therefore, a strange country "e-go" arose literally from nothing (in Chinese - the country of surprises - Russia.
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The tribes of the Bashkirs are the most ancient of the representatives of the Turkic-speaking population of the steppes of the Urals and the Caspian Sea. Are they not the descendants of the first invasion of the Mongol nomads, who moved the Aryans from their homes. Although the steppes are great, they did not get along together.
Since toponymy in the Urals largely has a Finno-Ugric basis, and a large percentage of the population of modern Bashkiria does not have a Mongolian gene component, we can again assume that the original Aryan population changed their language to the Turkic language.
The most interesting thing is that the Bashkirs themselves do not know, but only assume from which word the name of the tribe originated.
It is surprising that udm.yaz. retained the original basis of the names, which indicates a possible assimilation by newcomer tribes - the Finno-Ugric tribes, most likely due to the nomadic way of life, from which the Finno-Ugric tribes gradually moved away.
The name of the tribes Massagets (see above from the Udm. language - What do they say?), mentioned in the recorded chronicles, is well known now. But, judging by the sound
Translation, we can say that the word "Massagets" was originally just the name of a newcomer tribe in the tribes that lived in the steppes before him.
The Massagets (or maybe the Sakas, it is very difficult to judge this from the tablets that have not yet been deciphered - perhaps this is the ancestor of the English language ??? Komi ??? Udmurt ???) according to the descriptions, they differed in wedge-shaped hats on their heads, as well as in the custom of changing shape skull to wedge-shaped (ovoid) by winding the skull.
Bashkort (original name of the Bashkirs) - easily translated from Udm.
Bash - wedge, bushing; ko: rt - iron (There is an opinion that this is an Iranian word. Having searched in the dictionary, fortunately, now there are all kinds of dictionaries on the Internet, I did not find any correspondence kort - compare, dagger - dagger, or ko: rt with other languages, except for the nearest Mari and Komi languages, which speaks of its local origin.And this name of iron - see the topics "Iron", "Iron and metals" - bears a sign of origin in the form of a ring, a ball, in Genesis).
Since the tribe was distinguished by such hats, then the next. the meaning of the word "bash" - head, is simply connected with this particular feature of the newcomer Turks.
With the word bash in Udm.yaz. there are a few derivative words left: bashly - sensible (where ly - bone, cf. lyd - number, count - bones were originally considered, which speaks of the cattle-breeding nature of the Udmurt tribe => and it is also interesting that arlyd - counting years - an elderly person remained in English lang. as auld= modern spelling old).
Bashlyk - from lyktyna, what comes to the head is a hood;
Bashlany - to start, from doe - desire (cf. English long);
Shoe - from a wedge-shaped pommel on the leg (makes - thigh, thigh - most likely, originally a shoe - something like large and long boots);
The tower is also connected with the wedge, nya - perhaps from nya-kyrtyny - to bend, nyalmytyny - to become sloping. Nya (on - in Russian) - this is clearly an angle (angle - angle in English - and immediately the question is: did the Angles ever wear something angular? Or is it still not Gauls - un-galls?)
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The name of the people "Tatars" also has an obscure etymology from the point of view. today's knowledge about the coming of the Turks from Mongolia.
However, "ar" already speaks of the local Ural-Caspian region. Ar is udm. "year" or "year, age" (cf. English year) or a person walking through life as in one year. The word "hozh" in Udm. - the outlined circle, line, also resembles a "year". It is possible that this word is Russian. has to do with the solar circle and, if we recall the expression: "in the first circle", then, obviously, there are both the second and third circles of life. The annual circulation of the sun is embedded in the word "year-year".
So, based on the meaning of the words "ar" - this is a man-year-circle-sun. What is "tat"?
Udm.lang gives this: "tatu" - amicably, peacefully, in agreement. Tatars are a friendly circle of people, peaceful in nature. And, if you look at the history of the people, then its name is entirely justified. Even having an alien religion for the founding fathers of Orthodoxy, they managed to preserve their original beliefs (and, most likely, even more ancient than modern Islam). To trace the etymology of Tatar words from the point of view. the common kinship of the former nomadic peoples would be interesting. Interestingly, I recently read an article about the genotypic features of the Chechen people and ... it is close to the Udmurt. Chuvash and Russian genotypes, and the mountain Chechens are closer. Ancient migrations were reflected in the descendants.
It is also interesting that in the genotype of the Tatars there are genes similar to the genes of the people of the Middle East and the Dravidians (South India), which indicates the past mixing of nomads with the population of the places where they were before.
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Armenians, Khaz-Ars, Ar-Abs, Ma-ari, Suv-Ars, Mad-Ars, Tat-Ars and just Udmurts-Vyatichi-Ars - all have AR in their composition - i.e. year, or the solar circle, or the life of a person at the basis of the name.
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Just recently, I found another analogy and an interesting correlation of three languages, Mari, Udmurt and Russian.
How could they unite?
In just one word - artel.
I came to it through the site of the etymology of words from the point of view of the Tatar language. It is obvious that those analogies that the Turkic language has (later I will find, I have already forgotten, like ....), do not agree at all with the concept of an artel, a group of people who have gathered to produce certain things together.
And ... look at the Udmurt-Russian dictionary. Art or ard - side, neighboring side (English word - bastard - bast-yns - to take, ard - from the side). This word also correlates with the word ort - soul in Udmurt, or org - to organize, or horde - an organized community. What is el? This is the community, the people. Everything becomes clear - art-spruce - people, a community gathered from one side or the other, edges, places for conducting some kind of activity. It is obvious that in this case there is a correlation with the Kal - the people, since the energy of the incarnation Ka (kol - ball, circle) meets with the people, the el community - it turns out Ka-el or the later Kal - the people incarnated. Everything is so simple.
And why the Mari language? Yes, because the Republic of Mari El is called so - the people of the Mari. El - community, people.
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It is interesting that ar- or ary in the Tatar language means "red" color. Obviously, in this case, the Turkic language simply fixed the external side, as it were, a distinctive feature of the Aryans. And this can be said about many words in the Tatar language, one has only to take the Tatar-Russian dictionary. The etymology of many words in Russian and other languages cannot be determined based on the Turkic languages, although they are still fond of this, since the Turks at one time managed to form their own state structure (there is an undoubted influence of centralization on the historical views of people - see the post "Driving Forces history"), but they are, though ancient, but still a newcomer population (unless, of course, they simply changed their language under the influence of an external force) on the territory of the Caspian steppes. At the same time, numerous borrowings from the Finno-Ugric languages in the Tatar or Bashkir languages \u200b\u200bcan be noted, which is natural, since many centuries have passed, multinational ties have left their mark on the languages.
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It is obvious that the current Scots have some words in their language that have analogies in Russian, for example, the name scots itself - it is obvious that these are the words cattle, cattle breeders, then, oich is night, claideach is a sword-treasurer. This is just what I noted right away. But another name for the Scots is Gaelic or Gaels. And what could that mean? Everything is very simple from the point of view of the same Udmurt language. Ga is a modified "z:a" or "dza" or "tsa" (see posts on the topic "Etymology of the word Volga from the point of view of udm.yaz.", "Sun, king, Russia") - that is, fire , fever. Well, el - el is a community, a people. Translation: hot, bright, shining people. And the second name Albion - from the word Alba - white - this confirms the "bright" essence of Scotland. However, in the Udmurt language there is also such a description of the word Alba - al - scarlet, pink, well, Ba is the energy of Being (see posts on the topics of Ka and Ba). Fire of Being. Which is quite consistent with the passionate red-haired essence of Scotland, which has preserved many ancient beliefs through the centuries. And even retained their tribal tribal relations. Fire carries the Scots up the ladder of human ascension, one example of the Beatles and JK Rowling speaks volumes.
It can also be noted that the "redhead index", i.e. the presence of a large number of red-haired people in Scotland is as pronounced as in Udmurtia and the Komi Republic.
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As I wrote earlier, az - in the Udmurt language and not only in it, but, for example, in the language of the ancient Alans, and the current Ossetians, means - before, forward. Or front view, or full face, or facade, or face in English, which means face, facial image.
Interestingly, the same root -az- is associated with the root of coercion to act for a person and not only for him - "kaz" - in Russian. For example, the word "kaz-thread", "y (by) -kaz-yvat". In the Udmurt language, "kaz" turns into "kos": kosyny - indicate, the same in English - force - this is force (here, explicit for - for, as (c) person). The name of many peoples has this root: kaz-akhi, slightly modified - khaz-ar, ab-khaz... Kazakhs - Tengri, Khazars - ..., Abkhazians - ...
Yes, and the very name of the Russian word eye - could not do without a goal (oval) and az - in front.
By the way, Ab-Khazs are also connected with the connection of heaven and earth (see posts on the topic of Ka Energy), since Ab is a connection, a ray of energy, and the words: the shrine of Mecca - Ka-Ab-Ba shows this (Ka-Kol- Kal - a ball of manifestation energy, Ab - gravitational connection, beam, Ba - energy of Existence); Lake Ba-y-Ka-l and others ...
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The name of the Mordvinian people is very interesting, which has rather distant dialects from each other - Erzya and Moksha. Well, firstly, the name itself is Mordovian, it is obvious that ma is "earth", ord is order, the organization of chaos into the form of earthly existence through third-party influence "urd" or "ard" (let me remind you that the English. the word "bast-ard" from bastyna - i.e. take, ard is a side, edge - a child taken, conceived from the side), va is a "branch" of a people born on earth, as well as the former people of Moscow ... or mos-cal-va.
It is interesting that "Erzya" is most likely an arrangement, a modification of "ar-dza" into the Mordovian language, i.e. "man of the crumbling light, people of the light" in Udmurt, the city of Ar-za-mas is still a well-known toponym (see the topic "People of the Light", "Arzamas and 36").
But moksha is a directly sacred name that has remained in Indian mythology as a synonym for Nirvana - a departure from the circle of incarnations, the wheel of Samsara. And this is the people of Nirvana, the people who have reached the peak of their energy capabilities to escape from the circle of generation on earth. Many toponyms on the territory of Mordovia confirm this and they largely repeat the names of the gods and goddesses of Egyptian mythology, which indicates ancient connections and the transfer of knowledge over a vast territory. It's just that the Egyptians, due to historical features, managed to preserve the original names of the gods, even if they were aliens.
In the Udmurt language, moko is a bear, a scarecrow, a monster; shai is a shadow, or a graveyard...
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Estonians - "Eston" in Udmurt means "stove", a source of fire. Compare the English word - stove.
It is surprising that Estonians have the highest index of white hair in their mass - true Aryans (look at the history of the Second World War!) - just like the Udmurts - the highest index of red hair (see the post "Celts are red ...") Could this circumstance be some kind of artificial selection in the ancient tribes, like "will we leave only white or only redheads, because we worship fire"? Why did this selection survive only among the Finno-Ugric peoples? However, the Russians were also noted for their blond hair, and their name from the Udmurt is quite logical - dz - white swans ... (see the posts "Geese-swans", "Children of the Sun").
So, if the Udmurts worshiped fire as an element, then the Estonians worshiped the fire that warms the house, driven into the stove. And they, most likely, were one of the first settled tribes in Europe. There are too many words in the Udmurt language that correlate with the nomadic way of life, including the clothes of the Udmurts. In M. Semenova's book "Volkodav" - the sacred place of the stove is mentioned, it was built closer to the north side, as if protecting the dwelling from the cold northern winds.
In the word "Eston" you can also find another decoding by studying the Udmurt dictionary, since each syllable of the Udmurt language has its own meaning.
So, es is a modified "az" - see above.
Tone is "you", that is, an object that is outside the zone of "I", outside the zone of personality.
Connect me and you.
The fire of the original personality manifests itself outwardly. In the objects of the surrounding reality.
Again we see the sacredness of the name of the tribe, the original sign, which certainly still determines the deep essence of the people ... And, of course, such a name could not be accepted just like that, without the influence of people of light - the wisest and wisest of antiquity.
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The Magyars and Hungarians also belong to the Ars, people who entered the annual circle of the sun.
Mad is a word, speech, song; ar is a person. People are storytellers, people are songwriters. From the Udmurt language. But what are Hungarians?
Very close in English. hungry to Hungarians - hungry??? (Now I noticed that the Uralskins in the Udmurt language also mean starving. Why would the Ural Mountains, where, as you know, the ancient tribes of Hungarians and Ars roamed, can lead people to starvation ?? Ridiculous!). In the Udmurt language there is an incomplete correspondence - congro - hook, congyrtyny - to cling and from Greek in geometry - congruent, i.e. mutually suitable, linked parts, images, etc. (There are studies of the Udmurt and Greek languages, at least five hundred words are identical there! Perhaps it is worth digging into Greek mythology, it is obvious that the most detailed classification of the forces of Nature in Greek mythology did not arise from scratch.) hook - a hook, a little further.
So, my hypothesis is that Hungarians are people with hooks. And according to legend, there were ten tribes. People who cling to the environment with all their might and know how to adapt to it.
However, one can still divide the hung-hang-ar. It can be assumed that this is none other than the Ang-ly, only in a later modification, since they moved to Europe later. In Udmurt, an-ges is a chin, where an is the palate, ges is a comparative suffix, i.e. below. We look - below the sky, sons of the sky. And, perhaps, the same as English, where angle is the angle, the angle of reflection, or caps in the form of cones.
From the Turkish name of the Hungarians - onogur, it can be assumed that this is uno - a lot, a lot in Udmurt, gur - this is again a melody, a chant.
A complete coincidence of two names - mad-ar and uno-gur - people with a song, songs ... It's easy on the heart from a cheerful song ...
(Guess from the first time who the Indian gurus are???)
Most likely, it is. And it is not for nothing that the Verger song is still so different from others and recognizable in Europe.
And there is another tribe that is now in China - the Uighurs. Uy - evening in Udmurt, gur - song, speech. Evening song - beautiful! Are there peoples with a day song???
But why is there some discrepancy between Hungaria and Hungary? But there is a correspondence - the Hungarians and the supreme Kazakh, Bashkir deity Tengri.
Maybe Tengri is the patron of sound, song???
The word gur has several more meanings in the Udmurt language. One of them is a stove. Again - fire, limited by a wall, like the Estonians. From the gur in the Udmurt language comes the name gurt - a house, (t is a tyn - a fence, a wall).
So let's see what happens? Gur - and a song, a motive, and a stove, a fire. And even by analogy - people in whom the fire of life lives.
Obviously, the song in this case is not simple, but clearly a prayer to the place where a person is born and lives. And the guru in India is also a person who prays with the help of a motive, a song. The main action in the Muslim religion is also the singing of the holy book of the Koran by specially appointed people - muezzins (mu is not the lowing of cows, although it reminds you whether mu or ma is the land, homeland; well, dza is, as already mentioned, a crumbling light, scattering light, tsa-chi energy).
There are several surviving clan names of the Hungarian nomadic people.
Transparent from the point of view of the Udmurt language are - ono-gur (uno - a lot, gur - songs, stoves, fireplaces). Kutur-gur from ko:tyr - circle, gur - songs in a circle, stoves in a circle, round dance => possible location of dwellings of nomadic tribes in the parking lot - yurts with a stove inside. Or ko: tyr is a territory within sight, possession, i.e. country, compare country in English.
Sara-gur?? Ooty gur???
Barn - temporary building; Utyny is preservation, upbringing.
We can conclude: most likely these are not exactly the names of clans or clans, but simply the division of a certain tribe, and a nomadic tribe, according to work: some protect, others educate, others sing songs and pray, and then they unite together, for example, for winter time.
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In fact, the Hungarians had other clan names (in Udmurtia they are called - vorshud - see the topic "Vorshud - steal a piece of happiness"). They were called - nyek, madieri, kyurt-dyarmat, taryan, ene, ker or kari, kesi or Kasi. The headquarters itself in the Wild Field (guess where? Well, of course, the current Ukraine, which is still shaking!) Was called Etelkez; the country itself in today's Hungarian is ursag or orszag.
From these names, one can roughly determine: ker is the core (cf. French couer - heart), keremet is the spirit of the ancestors; kyurt is ko:rt - iron; kesi - possibly from kesyny - to tear, kos-kaz - this is from ordering (see kaz-akhi, ab-khazy). In general, quite militant names.
Etelköz - approximately: these: z - dexterous, resourceful, nimble; el - people, people; kozmany - to bless, i.e. clever and resourceful and blessed people. Don't praise yourself...
In general, there are names that clearly bear the connection of the two languages, moreover, timeless, and, therefore, these were the names that were adopted at certain gatherings with the participation of priests, and therefore did not change over time. But there are names of tribes, clans, which have an implicit meaning and therefore were most likely the latest and have a touch of influence from other languages on Hungarian.
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If you look at my topic "The Ball is just the beginning...", then you will immediately determine why the Bal-Kars are also people of the world, such as Ga-el - the Scots. Ba is being, ba-l is through a beam, through people, a ball of manifestation (cf. English ball), balli - in Udm. it is "shiny". Kar is a nest, a settlement.
Balkar - light, a ball of light that helped build the city, the settlement "kar".
Balga, one of the names of the Kazakh clans, Vorshuds - light crumbling, because "ga", this is a modified "dza" (see the topic "Etymology of the word Volga from the Udm. language")
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About the Udmurts themselves, see the topic "The strange name of ud-murt".
In short: ud or uk is the preposition "without", mort or murt is "ma, mu - earth", ort is ord-a, organization, the same as in the word ko: rt - "iron " in Udmurt (see also about flame, fire, "o: r- er" - below). The people of the immortals, without the earthly organization of atoms, what causes the transition, Mort - death .... An amazing name for the people, don't you think???
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The annals mention various tribes that earlier, before the arrival of the Turkic tribes, roamed the territory of the Ural-Caspian region. The Venedo-Alans are one of them. Wends are one of the Slavic tribes (how Slavic?), Alans are Ossetians who have settled in the North Caucasus today.
The biggest question is why, despite its large number (the territory of the distribution of the Ar tribes made up a vast part of Eurasia - Northeast China, Afghanistan, India, the Caucasus), did this group of tribes still leave ancient Turan? And now the historical description of this territory for some reason completely denies the previous millennia of development of the peoples of this area? Barbarians - that's what remains in the historical chronicles of Western empires. But is "var-var" really a bad thing?
Var is a service, a service person, a slave - in Udmurt. "Yag" - forest, forest. "Var - yag" (there should be a postposition: "yn" - where from? from the forest) - i.e. Varangian - a forest man, and even in the service. Is it worth looking for some Ruriks from the north, if everything is right here, in the forests of the Russian Plain? Let me also remind you of other words with the root "yag" in Russian: yag-ode - wild berry, Baba-Yaga (yagyn - from the forest) - forest woman, snag - kor (log) - yaga (yagyn - from the forest) - log from forests, etc.
What strikes me most in my search for the etymology of Russian words is the complete denial of the etymology of Russian words from the Permian languages. Wherever they look, almost in the Indian language, Persian, Greek, Turkic. There are, of course, historical reasons for this, since the proclamation of the empire by Peter the Great, and before him the oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible, and before him the planting of Christianity, and before him the invasion of Turkic tribes, etc. - completely blacked out the "local" view of the history of the tribes that made up the vast majority of people in the conquered territories. At the same time, written sources were lost (burned). So we have to invent a new story with beautiful words (see the historical studies of A. Fomenko).
Many dialect words of the Russian language do not correlate with Western, southern languages, or with Turkic borrowings. But they correlate very well with the Permian languages. Here is the answer. Genetics also confirms the presence in the Russian people of the original autochthonous population of the Russian Plain, which by no means had the language of only the Slavic group, and the tribes that formed the current basis of the Russian people spoke the languages of the Permian group.
The presence of a historical taboo - fear, what if everyone starts speaking "non-Russian" again? - obviously. And in connection with this, the not entirely voluntary Slavicization of the autochthonous peoples of the places where Russia is now located is also obvious, otherwise this taboo would not exist. Dictionaries of languages of the Permian group were published in the 70s of the last century; just by opening the dictionary - you can find many, many words that are in Russian, but not in other Slavic languages. For example, the word "ball"; "sharyns" is to appear in Udmurt, sha is a shadow, this is light ... And other similar examples (see the topic "Celts are redheads ..."), but do we see them in etymological dictionaries? No.
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Quote from Wikipedia:
Yurt - a portable frame dwelling with a felt covering among the Turkic and Mongolian nomads.
Name etymology
The most common meaning of the common Turkic word "jurt" is "people", as well as pasture, ancestral land. In the Kyrgyz and Kazakh languages, the word "Ata-Zhurt" means "Fatherland" is a synonym for the word "Motherland", literally: "Father's house". In modern Mongolian, the word yurt (ger) is synonymous with "home". In the Tuvan language, a yurt is pronounced "o:g", which, when added "-bo: (e) le", will form the word "family".
Wikipedia
The yurt is an invention of either the Turks, or the Mongols, or the Huns, made in the very area from which all these wild inhabitants flooded before becoming Siberian, Central Asian, European, etc. - somewhere in region of Inner Mongolia or slightly to the west.
So what is a yurt? The word "yurt" (yurt, jurt, jurd) is of Turkic origin. Among the Mongols (as well as among the Buryats, who are also almost Mongols), the yurt is called ger. Among the Turks, the word "yurt" originally meant a certain territory, possession, but gradually this name moved to the actual dwelling. Namely (in the most general case) - a dwelling based on a cylindrical wicker frame, covered with something to protect against rain, wind and cold, with a rounded or conical top. At the very top, a round hole is usually left for smoke to escape.
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Question: What is the yurt for? And the name of the tribe?
If you noticed in the Mongolian language, as well as in the Permian languages, then here you can also notice - gur - but in the Mongolian language this is not a stove, but a community, a people. The stove there has a completely different name. From this we can draw an interesting conclusion that the "gur" tribes are not Mongolian, and migrated during the great migration of peoples not only to the west, but also to the east, which is confirmed by archaeological research.
Is there any correlation between fire and dwelling, herd or yurts?
There is an obvious analogy of the flame of fire in different languages. In Russian, it can be found in the word "bonfire" (see below). In English - fire, in Udmurt - To: ro - elder (plus here the fire is also twisted into a whirlwind - a toroid); then organize in Udmurt style loses r - gazeyans, hence - og (fire), hence God - Ba-og (Ba - being, compare - Ba-Ba), and even from here the word - Od-in, the god of Finnish mythology. Everywhere there is light and fire.
I mean: yur-ta is a place where a flame burns, a fire.
Fenced - tyn, suburban, as in the "herd" - a house with fire. What is the difference between "herd" and "yurt"? The fact that Ga - ur-tyn - is more durable, perhaps stone, more wooden. Hence the city. And also "City" in Udmurt - kar - a nest, or from "karyn" - to do.
Here it is also obvious that t-yur-k (al) is the people "kal", which has a fire "yur" or "ur", fenced outside the portable dwelling, the same and t-ur-k (al)-men-s - here is added transparent with t.sp. English men - people (cf. ar-myang-e). Such are the ancient connections of the former nomadic peoples, manifested in the language.
Further, I looked at the materials on the topic - the etymology of the word Kostroma. Obviously, this name contains - Ma or Mu - earth, earthly, material - as in the word "Kama"; "kostany" in Udmurt - "to roll", hence "deadwood", for a fire - a fire; for what: for fire - ir-o: r-yor-yur-ur - this is similar to English. fire - "flame", which is present in the word - ort-mort (ma-ort) - dead - court (Ka-ort - iron - see bash-kort above) and even the word Or-da and even the word yur-ta - a place where a flame burns, and a gur - a stove, and a city where there are many rivers, etc. Those. Kostroma - Persephone - is going from deadwood to burn it at the stake and bury Ma.
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Bonfire in Udmurt - z: o: r (dzo: r). Lake Zyuratkul carries a fire-flame-bonfire. This is probably why they found the moose geoglyph there (see topics about Zyuratkul).
You can make one more assumption about the "gur".
It is possible that gur is a combination of the words "gu" - a pit in which a fire was made, ur is a modification of "yur", i.e. flame, heat of fire. Therefore, there is a difference between a herd - a capital house in the Udmurt style, and a yurt - a portable dwelling.
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The tribes of "gur" can also be attributed to the American tribe of Indians - the Hurons. And they, too, "dance" from the stove.
Once I read one book with the mention of some phrases in the Comanche language - and noted very close words to English. But "com" in this case is the same as com in Russian (and in Udmurt), that is, an accumulation of particles in the form of an irregular ball (not an ideal accumulation, but effective!) And the words - command, commander (command , commander) - go from him. Those. "Comanche" is from the word "com" - a bunch.
The proximity of the Indian languages to the Altaic has been proven. But the Permian, the most ancient Aryan languages, for some reason, remain aloof from research, although they carry the clue to many names of ancient tribes (see above).
And here you can also speculate on the topic of the Altai tribes, for example, the Shors.
Exploring the astrological types of countries (see Separation: horoscopes of England and Scotland, the Sunset Zone), I found an undoubted correspondence of astrological events on the territory of Eurasia to the cardinal points and the zodiac map.
The most interesting thing is that somewhere there must be the middle of the continent (geographical? the center of mass of the Eurasian continent?), where, as it were, everything is "zero". And this is Altai.
It is Altai that is considered Shambhala... (See the topic "From Side to Side...")
So, about the middle ... I suddenly found out after watching a film on the theme of megaliths in Gornaya Shoria, wonderful, by the way. I myself was not there, but I lived nearby for almost three years in Novokuznetsk and visited those places a couple of times.
What can be noted? The people of the Shors - previously had a different, Ugric language (Uyghur? Hungarian?), although later they changed it to Turkic, close to Kyrgyz. But even now they separate themselves from the rest of the Kirghiz.
If you look at the topology of the Sayan Mountains, it is surprising that here you can also note some names that are completely translatable from the Udmurt language. For example, Tashtagol - tash - is "dense", that - this, goal - round, like "head-ova". Hearts, a very beautiful and meaningful name.
So "shor", that's what the people call themselves, in Udmurt it is "the middle", there are still "shorkizhi" - Kizhiyans - to speak, conjure in Udmurt (see the island of Kizhi, famous for its wooden architecture), the people are also spoken, and the name "tor" also slips - this is "senior", and also the name of the totem is a crane, and this is also close to tor - "turi" in Udmurt.
It can also be noted that "shori" is "half" in Udmurt. Either the middle or half.
Most likely - Mountain Shoria - a middle country !!! Just like the empire of Qin, Xing, China (however, China clearly does not pull on the center of mass or geographical center, and the astrology of events confirms this).
No wonder everyone thinks that somewhere in the Altai, and this is next to the Sayan Mountains, there is a country of Shambhala (Shambalskyns - "discard" in Udmurt, something not of this world), and everyone stamps their feet on the famous Mount Belukha, where something they say there really is...
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Types of light energy
There is a definition of light: o:r (as in the Udmurt word that: ro - elder) or yor (as in the word of the Russian language - fire, let me remind you that "Costa" in Udmurt is "tumbled wood", that is, branches, firewood) . How can you define this light? Like a lightning light of several thousand volts coming from above (top ?? top? It is surprising that the English name coincides in spelling with the god Thor in the Scandinavian version, it is possible that this is simply a transfer of the signs of writing and runic letters into English in a slightly different pronunciation " top", which can also be judged by the English word circle - a circle, which, according to the original meaning, should be read "kirkl", but not sekl, see the topic "Celts are red, analogies ...") down (bottom, bottom? ?). Thor is the god of thunder and lightning in Norse mythology. The Torah is a scholarly book considered sacred by the Jews.
But for some reason, there is no such god left in the Udmurt language. The Udmurts raised the sky (In), but not the god of fire and lightning.
There is also a definition of light, seemingly different from the previous one, but not quite: jur. As in the word "zyur" - a fire. Let us recall the transitional pronunciation from "o" to "u": zo:r - thunderstorm - in Udmurt. The transitional pronunciation of a syllable in the Udmurt language from o (yo) to y (yu) indicates that initially there was no strong difference between these two types of light. That is, this light was originally from the power of thunderstorm-lightning. From top to bottom (top - bottom)?
But in various names of tribes, for example, t-yur-ki, in the name of the dwelling of nomads - yur-ty, as well as in the name of the cardinal direction in Russian - south (from the word yugyt - light), it is clear that there is a difference "ё" from "yu".
My guess: yo - from top to bottom, yu - and the force is less, and the fire is associated with the surface, including the horizon line. And therefore, yur-ta is a place where a fenced-in fire burns. And the south is the light that is visible from the horizon (yugyt - light). However, then it is not clear why only one name remained in the Russian language - a fire. Is it really only out of great reverence for Perun the Thunderer?
And there is also y-ar - or z:ar (dzar) or heat (gar) For more details, see the topic "Etymology of the word Volga from the point of view of the Udmurt language".
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I looked up the names of some clans in present-day Syria, including the name of the clan where the current Syrian President Bashar al-Assad comes from. This clan is called Kalbiya. Almost transparent with t.sp. in the Udmurt language: Kal is a people (see above), biyya is perhaps something connected with Genesis. The people who will always be (see the topic about the horoscope of Syria)
And the most interesting thing, when I read about all sorts of historical events in Syria, I came across one now well-known name of the people living in Russia - Marie. So it is quite possible that the Mari language or the Arabic language are in contact somewhere. I myself, having listened to native speakers, did not understand anything.
It can, however, be assumed that the difference in the languages of the meadow and mountain Mari did not happen by chance, but as a result of an unknown number of years spent by part of the people in the deserts of present-day Syria, and returned back together with the Volga Bulgars, the present Tatars, to their former ancient homeland. Multiple borrowings from Bulgar in the Mari language, therefore, are quite logical, since it was a joint resettlement. Most likely, the language of the mountain Mari is closer to the ancient basis than the meadow ones. Plus, of course, the influence of the Semitic languages of the Arabian Peninsula should also be felt.
Syria is one of the centers of the Arab Caliphate. We look - ar-abas - people-ares (see above), with a bunch of "ab" (see the topics "Energy of Ba and Ka ..."), as well as in the name of the Ka-Ab-Ba temple, carrying a semantic load connections of energy Ka (kol - rotation - rotation - ball) and Ba (Genesis).
The same for Mari: Ma-Ar-i - where Ma is the earth.
It can also be assumed that the Mari carry genes related to the representatives of the Arabian Peninsula, i.e. Arabs and Jews share a common genotype with them.
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She was engaged in vorshuds, this is the same as clans in Scotland, only in Udmurtia, or teips in Chechnya, etc.
A lot of interesting things just from the name itself - vorshud.
Thief - from the word "crows" - i.e. "to steal" - a close meaning and even a word close in pronunciation, which speaks of the ancient connections between the Udmurt and Russian languages
As a result of reasoning and quotes from the Internet, it turned out that the "thief" is not exactly the thief who should be sent to places not so remote.
And a thief is a word that has no analogies in other Slavic languages, nevertheless, the Udmurt language gives the closest analogy from the word "vorany" - "to steal"; Hungarian and Uighur words - Op.
And the meaning of the word: va-or is a creature, a person who takes part of the va (twig) of fire (or) from the great fire of Thor, T-or is fire from above, millions of volts in one lightning. It seems that the god Thor did not give up fire so easily, and therefore he had to resort to all sorts of tricks so that Thor would not find out right away ....
But the most interesting thing is that both the energy of the Thief and the energy of Thor have a twisting moment, since - the gate - to turn around is similar to the word toroid, as if coming from the Greek language, torsion fields were drawn right there, etc. .
So the very word Vor-shud also means the presence of torsion energy, the energy of gravity, which then you need to carefully work with in order to get something...
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Wa is still a kind of art, the work of T-va-or-eniya.
From a certain whole "O" - the original plus fire "Ra" (dza-zha-za-ga - let me remind you that this is a scattering light) - you need to create something. And so the person begins Ta-va-or-it. And we get - the goods. To-var - from the same group, as you can see. And who gets?
Var-var or var-yag (I remind you that this is "a service man from the forest" in Udmurt). Var - service. Var-it - to create something from a certain. Var-ra-va - a man twice skilled in service and creation, the Creator. But always from the whole one has to somehow single out a part, a branch of wa-.
Va-yat-el (as well as a ball) - this word also has no analogues in Slavic languages. And this is natural, since the word is not Slavic.
It turns out that the contact of the languages of the Permian and Slavic groups took place more than one year and not even one century, but many, many centuries, even if it is difficult to establish the original basis of the word even now.
Most of all, I like that the word "var-var" in this case turns out to be not quite what the ancient Roman authors had in mind, just as the word "Varangian" does not have direct Finnish roots at all. And quite accurately reflects the original meaning. "Va" - creation, the process of changing matter with the help of the power of "vi" - life. "Ar" - the annual circle, the zodiacal circle, the circle of the life of a human being. Wa-ar - twice. This is not "va-or", the one that, by the power of some art, is trying to split off part of the heavenly fire, branches ("va) of the eternal tree of life, but "va-ar" is akin to the "sculptor", which creates its life in the earthly circle ( va - to create, to unhook a part from the whole, "yat" in Udmurt "alien, unfamiliar", any creation from the material will be alien in relation to the creator, "to yat" - that is, "cool" to create!). Double circle of "barbarians" "perhaps it comes at the expense of the imposition of the earthly and the heavenly ... (???) About the "Varangian" - it's simple, because "yag" is "forest, forest", and Baba Yaga, and Kor-Yaga, and ford -yaga - everyone exists in the forest ...
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I decided to look at the etymology of the word "crisis", and for some reason it occurred to me to look at the name of the people "Kyrgyz".
There are, as it were, two pronunciations - kir-giz, and kir-giz.
Are there any differences between them?
Quote from internet:
Kirgi; s the name of the Turk. people. From Turkic. kyr;yz, chagat. kir;iz "Kyrgyz", Alt., Tel. kur;us (Radlov 2, 751 ff.). From Kazakh, Kirg., Tur., Azerb., Crimean-Tat. kуr "desert, field" (Radlov 2, 733 et seq.) and gizm;k "roam". Here is the Turk.-Bolg. ;;;;;; (Menander Prot., Fragm. 20; Müller, FHG. 4, 228b); see Markwart, Streifz. 354; UJb. 9, 89; Mladenov, Gesch. bulg. Spr. 17.
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From the Udmurt language transparently:
Kyr - steppe, and will, freedom, and wild.
Takyr - i.e. the place where the dirt is in its purest form, from here.
Kyr - close to omyr - air, dive - nose. And it all comes down to yr - or air in English, that is, air. In this case - ka - force (or stake - circle, ball), yr - air. Hence the freedom, wildness.
What is gyz.
It is also transparent from the point of view. Udmurt language: gyzy - slow, quiet, and affectionate
That is, a Kyrgyz is a person who loves freedom, the steppes are a nomad, and are not in a hurry, love to take care of themselves and the herd
I read that among the southern (mountainous) Kirghiz about 20% are Finno-Ugric genes. Therefore, the analogy that "emerges" from the Udmurt language is not surprising.
About kyr-gyz - see the topic "Some names of ancient tribes with t.z.udm.yaz."
The second name, Kirghiz, seems to me to be more in line with the tradition of introducing fire, light into the name of the tribe (see Balkars, Russ, Turks).
Kir - from kirdans - fall, fall, kirgans - fall, fall. That is - kir - is connected with the process of descent down.
What is "giz" - from "gizya" - a particle, a fragment, a spark. That's where it is - light and fire.
Thus, it can be assumed that the Kirghiz is a shooting star, a spark that fell on the Earth. How beautiful!
People who fell into generation from the fire and light of the universe.
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What is better? The Kyrgyz is a nomadic man with a philosophical attitude to life, he is in no hurry to go anywhere. Kirghiz is a spark, a star that has fallen [from the sky].
I think all titles are good. That's why both stayed. Ancient people were poets, therefore the names of different tribes reflected and reflect their dreams and their lives.
By the way, there is an interesting analogy with the Russian word "kiryat" - kir - to fall, to fall out, "yat" - someone else's, unfamiliar - that is, literally "to precipitate." Many slang words in Russian are simply modified Finno-Ugric expressions. Why? Probably because these tribes at one fine moment turned out to be outcast in reality when the union of Slavic tribes arose.
The word "cross" in the Udmurt language also changed into "kyros". Seems close, but...
Cyrus - fall into generation. From where - from God, here God is osto, compare "hosanna", "overshadow", etc. the words.
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By the way, the name of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, originally from modern Turkestan on the territory of modern Turkey, Khan Osman, is associated with "OS".
Os is the name of a god. Man is a person. Divine man (cf. G-os-under).
The name of the Egyptian god Osiris is also associated with "os". God accepted the cross as a symbol of the new birth at his departure. The Christian religion in many ways comes from this cult. So, it is not clear what is primary "kir-os" or "cross" ...
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As well as the Giza plateau, i.e. "a spark, a fragment of the sky", on which the pyramids of Egypt are located.
Gizy is also gu - pit, or go - path, izy - from the word "from" - a stone.
That is, the tranquility of the Giza - from a stone, from eternal sleep.
From Dahl's explanatory dictionary:
GIZA m. pl. thief. lower abusive nickname of courtyard people; serf, lakala, smerd, boor
Thus, there were "wild, steppe" Giza. And there were those who fell into slavery.
Here is another lost tribe in history.
What could the Giza do?
Most likely, they built all sorts of necropolises, mausoleums, dolmens, etc. structures. Therefore, the name of the plateau remained, where there was a large necropolis of Egypt by the name of the tribe. It appeared from the steppes of Eurasia along with the flow of the Hyksos and other tribes during the Great Migration of Nations.
In Russia, perhaps, there is also a mention of settled giza, who were able to build somewhere in the outskirts.
A very interesting conclusion about present-day Kyrgyzstan in connection with the past activities of the Giza. It just has to be littered with necropolises. However, the habitation of the former tribe may be in a completely different place on the territory of the Caspian Sea.
But, most likely, the Giza, as a tribe, moved to the territory of present-day France. The de Guise dynasty is widely known in the history of France. Guise - giz - the word retained in itself - gu - pit, and from - a stone in Udmurt.
Obviously, there will be some connections between the Kyrgyz, Coptic and Lorraine dialects of French. Although it seems that they are the languages of different groups. By the way, doesn't it remind you of a Coptic digger? As well as Ptah - a bird and many other gods, who most likely were not born in Egypt. But they remained there in their most recorded form for future generations of historians.
There are also several villages with "giz" - in the Caucasus. Moreover, Irgiz is a "star", sort of like from Turkish.
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Some digression: with the word stone - from, the well-known diagnosis of a "split" personality, an incorrect assessment of reality - sh (a) - from - of ofrenia, is also associated. "Shai" - a shadow or light, "from" - a stone or asleep. A soul turned into stone, asleep, and therefore unable to correctly assess reality.
A bit of "ir"
Obviously, "ir" is the accumulation, or the construction of the form. This is what "ka-ir" says, i.e. kol-ir - the formation of a body in the form of a ball (see topics about the energies of Ba, Ka). Or take the word "fat" (zhi is the energy of light, or qi, as in Chinese), where this accumulation is clearly visible (in English gear). Live, live...
Vyatichi is a union of East Slavic tribes that lived in the second half of the first millennium AD. e. in the upper and middle reaches of the Oka. The name Vyatichi supposedly came from the name of the ancestor of the tribe, Vyatko. However, some associate this name by origin with the morpheme "veins" and Venedi (or Veneti / Venti) (the name "Vyatichi" was pronounced as "Ventichi").
In the middle of the 10th century, Svyatoslav annexed the lands of the Vyatichi to Kievan Rus, but until the end of the 11th century, these tribes retained a certain political independence; campaigns against the Vyatichi princes of this time are mentioned.
Since the XII century, the territory of the Vyatichi became part of the Chernigov, Rostov-Suzdal and Ryazan principalities. Until the end of the 13th century, the Vyatichi retained many pagan rituals and traditions, in particular, they cremated the dead, erecting small mounds over the burial place. After Christianity took root among the Vyatichi, the rite of cremation gradually went out of use.
Vyatichi retained their tribal name longer than other Slavs. They lived without princes, the social structure was characterized by self-government and democracy. The last time the Vyatichi are mentioned in the annals under such a tribal name was in 1197.
Buzhans (Volynians) - a tribe of Eastern Slavs who lived in the basin of the upper reaches of the Western Bug (from which they got their name); since the end of the 11th century, the Buzhans have been called Volynians (from the locality of Volyn).
Volynians are an East Slavic tribe or tribal union, mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years and in the Bavarian chronicles. According to the latter, the Volhynians owned seventy fortresses at the end of the 10th century. Some historians believe that the Volhynians and Buzhans are descendants of the Dulebs. Their main cities were Volyn and Vladimir-Volynsky. Archaeological research indicates that the Volynians developed agriculture and numerous crafts, including forging, casting and pottery.
In 981, the Volynians were subordinated to the Kyiv prince Vladimir I and became part of Kievan Rus. Later, the Galicia-Volyn principality was formed on the territory of the Volynians.
Drevlyans - one of the tribes of Russian Slavs, lived along Pripyat, Goryn, Sluch and Teterev.
The name Drevlyane, according to the chronicler, was given to them because they lived in the forests.
From archaeological excavations in the country of the Drevlyans, it can be concluded that they had a well-known culture. A well-established burial rite testifies to the existence of certain religious ideas about the afterlife: the absence of weapons in the graves testifies to the peaceful nature of the tribe; finds of sickles, shards and vessels, iron products, remnants of fabrics and leather indicate the existence of arable farming, pottery, blacksmithing, weaving and leather crafts among the Drevlyans; many bones of domestic animals and spurs indicate cattle breeding and horse breeding; many items made of silver, bronze, glass and carnelian, of foreign origin, indicate the existence of trade, and the absence of coins suggests that the trade was barter.
The political center of the Drevlyans in the era of their independence was the city of Iskorosten; at a later time, this center, apparently, moved to the city of Vruchiy (Ovruch)
Dregovichi - an East Slavic tribal union that lived between Pripyat and the Western Dvina.
Most likely the name comes from the Old Russian word dregva or dryagva, which means "swamp".
Under the name Drugovites (Greek δρονγονβίται), the Dregovichi are already known to Konstantin Porfirorodny as a tribe subordinate to Russia. Being aloof from the "Road from the Varangians to the Greeks", the Dregovichi did not play a prominent role in the history of Ancient Russia. The chronicle mentions only that the Dregovichi once had their own reign. The capital of the principality was the city of Turov. The subjugation of the Dregovichi to the Kyiv princes probably happened very early. On the territory of the Dregovichi, the principality of Turov was subsequently formed, and the northwestern lands became part of the principality of Polotsk.
Dulebs (not dulebs) - an alliance of East Slavic tribes on the territory of Western Volhynia in the 6th-early 10th centuries. In the 7th century they were subjected to the Avar invasion (obry). In 907 they took part in Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad. They broke up into tribes of Volhynians and Buzhans, and in the middle of the 10th century they finally lost their independence, becoming part of Kievan Rus.
Krivichi is a numerous East Slavic tribe (tribal union), which occupied the upper reaches of the Volga, Dnieper and Western Dvina, the southern part of the Lake Peipus basin and part of the Neman basin in the 6th-10th centuries. Sometimes the Ilmen Slavs are also classified as Krivichi.
The Krivichi were probably the first Slavic tribe to move from the Carpathians to the northeast. Limited in their distribution to the northwest and west, where they met stable Lithuanian and Finnish tribes, the Krivichi spread to the northeast, assimilating with the living Tamfins.
Having settled on the great waterway from Scandinavia to Byzantium (the path from the Varangians to the Greeks), the Krivichi took part in trade with Greece; Konstantin Porphyrogenitus says that the Krivichi make boats on which the Rus go to Tsargrad. They participated in the campaigns of Oleg and Igor against the Greeks as a tribe subordinate to the Kyiv prince; Oleg's contract mentions their city of Polotsk.
Already in the era of the formation of the Russian state, the Krivichi had political centers: Izborsk, Polotsk and Smolensk.
It is believed that the last tribal prince of the Krivichi Rogvolod, together with his sons, was killed in 980 by the Novgorod prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich. In the Ipatiev list, the Krivichi are mentioned for the last time under 1128, and the Polotsk princes are called Krivichi under 1140 and 1162. After that, the Krivichi are no longer mentioned in the East Slavic annals. However, the tribal name Krivichi was used for quite a long time in foreign sources (until the end of the 17th century). The word krievs entered the Latvian language to designate Russians in general, and the word Krievija to designate Russia.
The southwestern, Polotsk branch of the Krivichi is also called Polotsk. Together with the Dregovichi, Radimichi and some Baltic tribes, this branch of the Krivichi formed the basis of the Belarusian ethnic group.
The northeastern branch of the Krivichi, settled mainly in the territory of modern Tver, Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions, was in close contact with the Finno-Ugric tribes.
The boundary between the territory of settlement of the Krivichi and Novgorod Slovenes is determined archaeologically by the types of burials: long barrows near the Krivichi and hills among the Slovenes.
The Polochans are an East Slavic tribe that inhabited the lands in the middle reaches of the Western Dvina in today's Belarus in the 9th century.
Polochans are mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years, which explains their name as living near the Polota River, one of the tributaries of the Western Dvina. In addition, the chronicle claims that the Krivichi were descendants of the Polotsk people. The lands of the Polochans stretched from the Svisloch along the Berezina to the lands of the Dregovichi. The Polochans were one of the tribes from which the Polotsk principality was later formed. They are one of the founders of the modern Belarusian people.
Polyane (poly) - the name of the Slavic tribe, in the era of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs, who settled along the middle course of the Dnieper, on its right bank.
Judging by the chronicles and the latest archaeological research, the territory of the land of the glades before the Christian era was limited to the course of the Dnieper, Ros and Irpin; in the northeast it was adjacent to the derevskaya land, in the west - to the southern settlements of the Dregovichi, in the southwest - to the Tivertsy, in the south - to the streets.
Calling the Slavs who settled here glades, the chronicler adds: “outside in the gray field.” The glades differed sharply from the neighboring Slavic tribes both in moral properties and in the forms of social life: and to sisters and to their mothers .... marriage customs having a husband.
History catches the glades already at a rather late stage of political development: the social system is made up of two elements - communal and princely-druzhina, the former being strongly suppressed by the latter. With the usual and most ancient occupations of the Slavs - hunting, fishing and beekeeping - cattle breeding, agriculture, "woodworking" and trade were more common among the meadows than other Slavs. The latter was quite extensive not only with Slavic neighbors, but also with foreigners in the West and East: it is clear from the coin treasures that trade with the East began as early as the 8th century - it stopped during the strife of the specific princes.
At first, about the middle of the 8th century, the glades, who paid tribute to the Khazars, due to their cultural and economic superiority, from a defensive position in relation to their neighbors, soon turned into an offensive one; Drevlyans, Dregovichi, northerners and others by the end of the 9th century were already subject to the glades. They also adopted Christianity earlier than others. Kiev was the center of the Polyana (“Polish”) land; its other settlements are Vyshgorod, Belgorod on the Irpen River (now the village of Belogorodka), Zvenigorod, Trepol (now the village of Trypillya), Vasilev (now Vasilkov) and others.
Zemlyapolyan with the city of Kyiv became the center of the possessions of the Rurikovichs from 882. The last time in the annals the name of the glades was mentioned in 944, on the occasion of Igor's campaign against the Greeks, and was replaced, probably already at the end of the Χ century, by the name Rus (Ros) and Kiyane. The chronicler also calls the Glades the Slavic tribe on the Vistula, mentioned for the last time in the Ipatiev Chronicle under 1208.
Radimichi - the name of the population that was part of the union of East Slavic tribes that lived in the interfluve of the upper reaches of the Dnieper and the Desna.
Around 885 Radimichi became part of the Old Russian state, and in the XII century they mastered most of Chernigov and the southern part of Smolensk lands. The name comes from the name of the ancestor of the Radima tribe.
Northerners (more correctly, the North) - a tribe or tribal union of Eastern Slavs who inhabited the territories east of the middle reaches of the Dnieper, along the Desna and Seimi Sula rivers.
The origin of the name of the north is not fully understood. Most authors associate it with the name of the Savir tribe, which was part of the Hunnic association. According to another version, the name goes back to the obsolete Old Slavic word meaning "relative". The explanation from the Slavic siver, north, despite the similarity of sound, is considered extremely controversial, since the north has never been the most northerly of the Slavic tribes.
Slovenes (Ilmen Slavs) - an East Slavic tribe that lived in the second half of the first millennium in the basin of Lake Ilmen and the upper reaches of the Mologa and made up the bulk of the population of Novgorod land.
The Tivertsy are an East Slavic tribe that lived between the Dniester and the Danube near the Black Sea coast. They are first mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years along with other East Slavic tribes of the 9th century. The main occupation of the Tivertsy was agriculture. The Tivertsy took part in the campaigns of Oleg against Tsargrad in 907 and Igor in 944. In the middle of the 10th century, the lands of the Tivertsy became part of Kievan Rus.
The descendants of the Tivertsy became part of the Ukrainian people, and their western part underwent Romanization.
Ulichi is an East Slavic tribe that inhabited the lands along the lower reaches of the Dnieper, the Southern Bug and the Black Sea coast during the 8th-10th centuries.
The capital of the streets was the city of Pereseken. In the first half of the 10th century, the streets fought for independence from Kievan Rus, but nevertheless they were forced to recognize its supremacy and become part of it. Later, the streets and neighboring Tivertsy were driven north by the arriving Pecheneg nomads, where they merged with the Volhynians. The last mention of the streets dates back to the annals of the 970s.
Croats are an East Slavic tribe that lived in the vicinity of the city of Przemysl on the San River. They called themselves white Croats, in contrast to the tribe of the same name with them, who lived in the Balkans. The name of the tribe is derived from the ancient Iranian word "shepherd, guardian of cattle", which may indicate its main occupation - cattle breeding.
Bodrichi (encouraged, rarogs) - Polabian Slavs (lower reaches of the Elbe) in the VIII-XII centuries. - the union of the Wagrs, Polabs, Glinyakov, Smolensk. Rarog (among the Danes Rerik) is the main city of the Bodrichs. Mecklenburg in East Germany.
According to one version, Rurik is a Slav from the Bodrich tribe, the grandson of Gostomysl, the son of his daughter Umila and the Bodrich prince Godoslav (Godlav).
The Wislans are a West Slavic tribe that has lived at least since the 7th century in Lesser Poland. In the 9th century, the Wislans formed a tribal state with centers in Krakow, Sandomierz and Straduv. At the end of the century, they were subjugated by the king of Great Moravia Svyatopolk I and were forced to be baptized. In the 10th century, the lands of the Vistulas were conquered by the Polans and incorporated into Poland.
Zlichane (Czech. Zličane, Polish. Zliczanie) - one of the ancient Czech tribes. They inhabited the territory adjacent to the modern city of Kourzhim (Czech Republic). East and South Bohemia and the region of the Duleb tribe. The main city of the principality was Libice. The princes of Libice Slavniki competed with Prague in the struggle for the unification of the Czech Republic. In 995, the Zlichans were subjugated by the Přemyslids.
Lusatians, Lusatian Serbs, Sorbs (German Sorben), Wends - the indigenous Slavic population living in the territory of Lower and Upper Lusatia - areas that are part of modern Germany. The first settlements of the Lusatian Serbs in these places were recorded in the 6th century AD. e.
The Lusatian language is divided into Upper Lusatian and Lower Lusatian.
The dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron gives a definition: "Sorbs are the name of the Wends and, in general, the Polabian Slavs." Slavic people inhabiting a number of areas in Germany, in the federal states of Brandenburg and Saxony.
Lusatian Serbs are one of the four officially recognized national minorities in Germany (along with gypsies, Frisians and Danes). It is believed that about 60 thousand German citizens now have Serbian Lusatian roots, of which 20,000 live in Lower Lusatia (Brandenburg) and 40 thousand in Upper Lusatia (Saxony).
The Lyutichi (Wiltzes, Velets) are a union of West Slavic tribes that lived in the early Middle Ages on the territory of present-day eastern Germany. The center of the union of the Lyutichs was the sanctuary "Radogost", in which the god Svarozhich was revered. All decisions were made at a large tribal meeting, and there was no central authority.
The Lyutichi led the Slavic uprising of 983 against the German colonization of lands east of the Elbe, as a result of which colonization was suspended for almost two hundred years. Even before that, they were ardent opponents of the German king Otto I. About his heir, Henry II, it is known that he did not try to enslave them, but rather lured them with money and gifts to his side in the fight against Poland, Boleslav the Brave.
Military and political successes strengthened the adherence to paganism and pagan customs in the Lutiches, which also applied to related Bodrichs. However, in the 1050s, civil war broke out among the Lutici and changed their situation. The union quickly lost power and influence, and after the central sanctuary was destroyed by the Saxon duke Lothar in 1125, the union finally broke up. Over the following decades, the Saxon dukes gradually expanded their holdings to the east and conquered the lands of the Luticians.
Pomeranians, Pomeranians - West Slavic tribes that lived from the 6th century in the lower reaches of the Odryn coast of the Baltic Sea. It remains unclear whether there was a residual Germanic population prior to their arrival, which they assimilated. In 900, the border of the Pomeranian area passed along the Odra in the west, the Vistula in the east and the Notech in the south. They gave the name of the historical area of Pomerania.
In the 10th century, the Polish prince Mieszko I included the lands of the Pomeranians into the Polish state. In the 11th century, the Pomeranians revolted and regained their independence from Poland. During this period, their territory expanded westward from the Odra into the lands of the Luticians. At the initiative of Prince Vartislav I, the Pomeranians adopted Christianity.
From the 1180s, German influence began to grow and German settlers began to arrive on the lands of the Pomeranians. Because of the devastating wars with the Danes, the Pomeranian feudal lords welcomed the settlement of the devastated lands by the Germans. Over time, the process of Germanization of the Pomeranian population began.
The remains of the ancient Pomeranians who escaped assimilation today are the Kashubians, numbering 300 thousand people.
Sosnovy Bor news
Ancient historians were sure that warlike tribes and "people with dog heads" live on the territory of Ancient Russia. A lot of time has passed since then, but many mysteries of the Slavic tribes have not yet been solved.
Northerners living in the south
The tribe of northerners at the beginning of the 8th century inhabited the banks of the Desna, the Seim and the Seversky Donets, founded Chernigov, Putivl, Novgorod-Seversky and Kursk.
The name of the tribe, according to Lev Gumilyov, is due to the fact that it assimilated the nomadic tribe of the Savirs, who lived in Western Siberia in ancient times. It is with the Savirs that the origin of the name "Siberia" is also associated.
Archaeologist Valentin Sedov believed that the Savirs were a Scythian-Sarmatian tribe, and the toponyms of the northerners are of Iranian origin. So, the name of the river Seim (Seven) comes from the Iranian śyama or even from the ancient Indian syāma, which means "dark river".
According to the third hypothesis, the northerners (northers) were immigrants from the southern or western lands. On the right bank of the Danube lived a tribe with that name. It could easily be "moved" by the Bulgars who invaded there.
The northerners were representatives of the Mediterranean type of people. They were distinguished by a narrow face, an elongated skull, were thin-boned and nosy.
They brought bread and furs to Byzantium, back - gold, silver, luxury goods. Traded with the Bulgarians, with the Arabs.
The northerners paid tribute to the Khazars, and then entered into an alliance of tribes united by the Novgorod prince Prophetic Oleg. In 907 they participated in the campaign against Tsargrad. In the 9th century, the Chernigov and Pereyaslav principalities appeared on their lands.
Vyatichi and Radimichi - relatives or different tribes?
The Vyatichi lands were located on the territory of the Moscow, Kaluga, Orel, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tula, Voronezh and Lipetsk regions.
Outwardly, the Vyatichi resembled the northerners, but they were not so nosey, but they had a high bridge of the nose and blond hair. The "Tale of Bygone Years" indicates that the name of the tribe came from the name of the ancestor Vyatko (Vyacheslav), who came "from the Poles."
Other scientists associate the name with the Indo-European root "ven-t" (wet), or with the Proto-Slavic "vęt" (big) and put the name of the tribe on a par with the Wends and Vandals.
Vyatichi were skilled warriors, hunters, collected wild honey, mushrooms and berries. Cattle breeding and slash-and-burn agriculture were widespread. They were not part of Ancient Russia and more than once fought with the Novgorod and Kyiv princes.
According to legend, Vyatko's brother Radim became the ancestor of the Radimichi, who settled between the Dnieper and the Desna in the territories of the Gomel and Mogilev regions of Belarus and founded Krichev, Gomel, Rogachev and Chechersk.
Radimichi also rebelled against the princes, but after the battle on Peschan they submitted. Chronicles mention them for the last time in 1169.
Krivichi - Croats or Poles?
The passage of the Krivichi is not known for certain, who since the 6th century lived in the upper reaches of the Western Dvina, Volga and Dnieper and became the founders of Smolensk, Polotsk and Izborsk. The name of the tribe came from the ancestor of Kriv. Krivichi differed from other tribes in high growth. They had a nose with a pronounced hump, a well-defined chin.
Anthropologists attribute the Krivichi to the Valdai type of people. According to one version, the Krivichi are the migrating tribes of white Croats and Serbs, according to another, they come from the north of Poland.
The Krivichi worked closely with the Varangians and built ships on which they went to Constantinople.
The Krivichi became part of Ancient Russia in the 9th century. The last prince of the Krivichi Rogvolod was killed with his sons in 980. Smolensk and Polotsk principalities appeared on their lands.
Slovenian vandals
Slovenes (Itelmen Slovenes) were the northernmost tribe. They lived on the shores of Lake Ilmen and on the Mologa River. Origin unknown. According to legend, their ancestors were Sloven and Rus, who founded the cities of Slovensk (Veliky Novgorod) and Staraya Russa even before our era.
From Slovene, power passed to Prince Vandal (known in Europe as the Ostrogoth leader Vandalar), who had three sons: Izbor, Vladimir and Stolposvyat, and four brothers: Rudotok, Volkhov, Volkhovets and Bastarn. The wife of Prince Vandal Advind was from the Varangians.
Slovene now and then fought with the Vikings and neighbors.
It is known that the ruling dynasty descended from the son of Vandal Vladimir. The Slavs were engaged in agriculture, expanded their possessions, influenced other tribes, engaged in trade with the Arabs, with Prussia, with Gotland and Sweden.
It was here that Rurik began to reign. After the emergence of Novgorod, the Slovenes began to be called Novgorodians and founded the Novgorod Land.
Russ. A people without a territory
Look at the map of the settlement of the Slavs. Each tribe has its own lands. Russians are not there. Although it was the Rus who gave the name to Russia. There are three theories of the origin of the Russians.
The first theory considers the Rus to be Varangians and relies on The Tale of Bygone Years (written from 1110 to 1118), it says: “They drove the Varangians across the sea, and did not give them tribute, and began to rule themselves, and there was no truth among them , and generations stood up against generations, and they had strife, and began to fight with each other. And they said to themselves: "Let's look for a prince who would rule over us and judge by right." And they went across the sea to the Varangians, to Russia. Those Varangians were called Rus, as others are called Swedes, and others are Normans and Angles, and still others are Gotlanders, and so are these.
The second says that the Rus are a separate tribe that came to Eastern Europe earlier or later than the Slavs.
The third theory says that the Rus are the highest caste of the East Slavic tribe of the Polyans, or the tribe itself, which lived on the Dnieper and on the Ros. “The meadows are even more called Rus” - it was written in the “Laurentian” chronicle, which followed the “Tale of Bygone Years” and was written in 1377. Here the word "Rus" was used as a toponym and the name of the Rus was also used as the name of a separate tribe: "Rus, Chud and Slovene", - this is how the chronicler listed the peoples who inhabited the country.
Despite the research of geneticists, disputes around the Rus continue. According to the Norwegian researcher Thor Heyerdahl, the Varangians themselves are descendants of the Slavs.
The Tale of Bygone Years tells about the settlement of Slavic tribes. At first, according to the chronicler, the Slavs lived on the Danube, then they settled along the Vistula, Dnieper, and Volga. The author indicates which tribes spoke the Slavic language, and which - in other languages: “Se bo tokmo, the Slovene language in Russia: Polyana, Drevlyans, Novgorodtsy, Polochans, Dregovichi, Sever, Buzhan, zane sedosha along the Bug, after de -Lynyans. And this is the essence of other languages and others give tribute to Russia: Chyud, Merya, Ves, Muroma, Cheremis, Mordva, Perm, Pechera, Yam, Lithuania, Zimigola, Kors, Norova, Lib. These are the essence of their language property from the tribe of Afetov, who live in the midnight countries. The chronicler also gives a description of the life and customs of the Slavs: “... I live each with my family and in their places, owning each with their family in their places”, etc.
Vyatichi
Vyatichi, an ancient Russian tribe that lived in part of the river basin. Okie. The chronicle considers the legendary Vyatko to be the ancestor of V.: “And Vyatko is gray-haired with his family according to Otse, from whom they are called Vyatichi.” Vyatichi were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding; up to 10-11 centuries. Vyatichi retained the patriarchal tribal system, in the 11-14 centuries. feudal relations developed. In the 9th-10th centuries. The Vyatichi paid tribute to the Khazars, later to the Kyiv princes, but until the beginning of the 12th century. Vyatichi defended their political independence. In the 11th-12th centuries. on the land of the Vyatichi, a number of craft cities arose - Moscow, Koltesk, Dedoslav, Nerinsk, etc. In the 2nd half of the 12th century. the Vyatichi land was divided between the Suzdal and Chernigov princes. In the 14th century Vyatichi are no longer mentioned in the annals. The early burial mounds of the Vyatichi, containing cremations, are known from the upper Oka and the upper Don. They contain several burials of relatives. The pagan burial rite persisted until the 14th century. From 12th-14th centuries Numerous small mounds of the Vyatichi with corpses reached.
Lit .: Artsikhovsky A. V., Vyatichi barrows, M., 1930; Tretyakov P. N., East Slavic tribes, 2nd ed., M., 1953.
Krivichi (East Slavic tribal union)
Krivichi, an East Slavic tribal association of the 6th-10th centuries, which occupied vast areas in the upper reaches of the Dnieper, Volga and Western Dvina, as well as the southern part of the Lake Peipsi basin. Archaeological monuments - mounds (with cremations) in the form of long rampart-like mounds, the remains of agricultural settlements and settlements, where traces of iron-working, blacksmithing, jewelry and other crafts were found. The main centers are Smolensk, Polotsk, Izborsk and possibly Pskov. The composition of K. included numerous Baltic ethnic groups. At the end of the 9th-10th centuries. rich burials of warriors with weapons appeared; there are especially many of them in the Gnezdovsky barrows. According to the chronicle, before they were included in the Kievan state (in the second half of the 9th century), they had their own reign. The last time the name of K. was mentioned in the annals was in 1162, when the Smolensk and Polotsk principalities had already formed on the land of K., and its northwestern part became part of the Novgorod possessions. K. played an important role in the colonization of the Volga-Klyazma interfluve.
Lit .: Dovnar-Zapolsky M., Essay on the history of the Krivichi and Dregovichi lands until the end of the XII century, K., 1891; Tretyakov P. N., East Slavic tribes, 2nd ed., M., 1953; Sedov V.V., Krivichi, "Soviet archeology", 1960, No. 1.
POLYANES - a Slavic tribe that lived along the Dnieper. “It’s the same with the Slovenes who came and grayed along the Dnieper and swung across the clearing,” the chronicle reports. In addition to Kyiv, the Polyany owned the cities of Vyshgorod, Vasilev, and Belgorod. The name Polyana comes from the word "field" - treeless space. The Kiev Dnieper region was already mastered by farmers in Scythian times. A significant part of the Dnieper forest-steppe, according to some researchers, belonged to another Slavic tribe - the northerners. The meadows buried their dead both in graves and by burning.
RADIMICHI - union of tribes c. Slavs in the interfluve of the upper reaches of the Dnieper and Desna. The main region is the river basin. Sozh. The culture is similar to other Slavic tribes. Main features: seven-ray temporal rings. The dead were burned on the site of mounds on a special bedding. From the 12th century they began to place the dead in pits specially dug under the mounds.
Russian Slavs and their neighbors
As for the Slavs, their oldest place of residence in Europe was, apparently, the northern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains, where the Slavs under the name of Wends, Antes and Sklavens were known back in Roman, Gothic and Hun times. From here, the Slavs dispersed in different directions: to the south (Balkan Slavs), to the west (Czechs, Moravians, Poles) and to the east (Russian Slavs). The eastern branch of the Slavs came to the Dnieper, probably as early as the 7th century. and, gradually settling, reached Lake Ilmen and the upper Oka. Of the Russian Slavs near the Carpathians, Croats and Volynians (Dulebs, Buzhans) remained. Polyany, Drevlyans and Dregovichi settled on the right bank of the Dnieper and on its right tributaries. The northerners, Radimichi and Vyatichi crossed the Dnieper and sat down on its left tributaries, and the Vyatichi managed to advance even to the Oka. The Krivichi also left the Dnieper system to the north, to the upper reaches of the Volga and the West. The Dvina, and their Slovene branch, occupied the river system of Lake Ilmen. In their movement up the Dnieper, on the northern and northeastern outskirts of their new settlements, the Slavs came into close proximity to the Finnish tribes and gradually pushed them further north and northeast. At the same time, Lithuanian tribes turned out to be neighbors of the Slavs in the northwest, gradually retreating to the Baltic Sea before the onslaught of Slavic colonization. On the eastern outskirts, from the side of the steppes, the Slavs, in turn, suffered a lot from the nomadic Asian newcomers. As we already know, the Slavs especially "tormented" obras (Avars). Later, the meadows, northerners, Radimichi and Vyatichi, who lived to the east of other relatives, in greater proximity to the steppes, were conquered by the Khazars, one might say, became part of the Khazar state. So the initial neighborhood of the Russian Slavs was determined.
The most savage of all the tribes neighboring the Slavs was the Finnish tribe, which constituted one of the branches of the Mongol race. Within the boundaries of present-day Russia, the Finns lived from time immemorial, subject to the influence of both the Scythians and Sarmatians, and later the Goths, Turks, Lithuanians and Slavs. Dividing into many small peoples (chud, whole, em, Estonians, Merya, Mordovians, Cheremis, Votyaks, Zyryans and many others), the Finns occupied the vast forest spaces of the entire Russian north with their rare settlements. Scattered and having no internal structure, the weak Finnish peoples remained in primitive savagery and simplicity, easily succumbing to any invasion of their lands. They quickly submitted to more cultured newcomers and assimilated with them, or, without noticeable struggle, ceded their lands to them and left them to the north or east. Thus, with the gradual settlement of the Slavs in central and northern Russia, the mass of Finnish lands passed to the Slavs, and the Russified Finnish element peacefully poured into the Slavic population. Only occasionally, where the Finnish priests-shamans (according to the old Russian name "magicians" and "magicians") raised their people to fight, did the Finns stand against the Russians. But this struggle ended with the invariable victory of the Slavs, and which began in the VIII-X centuries. Russification of the Finns continued steadily and continues to this day. Simultaneously with the Slavic influence on the Finns, a strong influence on them began from the Turkic people of the Volga Bulgarians (so named in contrast to the Danube Bulgarians). The nomadic Bulgarians who came from the lower reaches of the Volga to the mouths of the Kama settled here and, not limited to nomads, built cities in which lively trade began. Arab and Khazar merchants brought their goods here from the south along the Volga (by the way, silver utensils, dishes, bowls, etc.); here they exchanged them for valuable furs delivered from the north by the Kama and the upper Volga. Relations with the Arabs and Khazars spread Mohammedanism and some education among the Bulgarians. Bulgarian cities (especially Bolgar or Bulgar on the Volga itself) became very influential centers for the entire region of the upper Volga and Kama, inhabited by Finnish tribes. The influence of the Bulgarian cities also affected the Russian Slavs, who traded with the Bulgarians, and subsequently were at enmity with them. Politically, the Volga Bulgarians were not a strong people. Initially dependent on the Khazars, they had, however, a special khan and many kings or princes subordinate to him. With the fall of the Khazar kingdom, the Bulgarians existed independently, but they suffered a lot from Russian raids and were finally ruined in the 13th century. Tatars. Their descendants, the Chuvash, now represent a weak and poorly developed tribe. The Lithuanian tribes (Lithuania, Zhmud, Latvians, Prussians, Yotvingians, etc.), which constitute a special branch of the Aryan tribe, already in ancient times (in the 2nd century A.D.) settled those places where the Slavs later found them. Lithuanian settlements occupied the basins of the Neman and Zap rivers. Dvina and from the Baltic Sea reached the river. Pripyat and the sources of the Dnieper and Volga. Retreating gradually before the Slavs, the Lithuanians concentrated along the Neman and the West. Dvina in the dense forests of the strip closest to the sea and there for a long time retained their original way of life. Their tribes were not united, they were divided into separate clans and were mutually hostile. The religion of the Lithuanians consisted in the deification of the forces of nature (Perkun is the god of thunder, among the Slavs - Perun), in the veneration of dead ancestors and was generally at a low level of development. Contrary to the old stories about Lithuanian priests and various sanctuaries, it is now proven that the Lithuanians had neither an influential priestly class nor solemn religious ceremonies. Each family made sacrifices to the gods and gods, revered animals and sacred oaks, treated the souls of the dead and engaged in fortune-telling. The rough and harsh life of the Lithuanians, their poverty and savagery put them below the Slavs and forced Lithuania to cede to the Slavs those lands to which Russian colonization was directed. In the same places where the Lithuanians directly neighbored the Russians, they noticeably succumbed to their cultural influence.
Vyatichi is a union of East Slavic tribes that lived in the second half of the first millennium AD. e. in the upper and middle reaches of the Oka. The name Vyatichi presumably came from the name of the ancestor of the tribe, Vyatko. However, some associate this name by origin with the morpheme "Ven" and Veneds (or Venets / Vents) (the name "Vyatichi" was pronounced as "Ventichi").
In the middle of the 10th century, Svyatoslav annexed the lands of the Vyatichi to Kievan Rus, but until the end of the 11th century, these tribes retained a certain political independence; campaigns against the Vyatichi princes of this time are mentioned.
Since the XII century, the territory of the Vyatichi became part of the Chernigov, Rostov-Suzdal and Ryazan principalities. Until the end of the 13th century, the Vyatichi retained many pagan rituals and traditions, in particular, they cremated the dead, erecting small mounds over the burial place. After Christianity took root among the Vyatichi, the rite of cremation gradually went out of use.
Vyatichi retained their tribal name longer than other Slavs. They lived without princes, the social structure was characterized by self-government and democracy. The last time the Vyatichi are mentioned in the annals under such a tribal name was in 1197.
Buzhans (Volynians) - a tribe of Eastern Slavs who lived in the basin of the upper reaches of the Western Bug (from which they got their name); since the end of the 11th century, the Buzhans have been called Volynians (from the locality of Volyn).
Volhynia is an East Slavic tribe or tribal union, mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years and in the Bavarian chronicles. According to the latter, the Volhynians owned seventy fortresses at the end of the 10th century. Some historians believe that the Volhynians and Buzhans are descendants of the Dulebs. Their main cities were Volyn and Vladimir-Volynsky. Archaeological research indicates that the Volynians developed agriculture and numerous crafts, including forging, casting and pottery.
In 981, the Volynians were subordinated to the Kyiv prince Vladimir I and became part of Kievan Rus. Later, the Galicia-Volyn principality was formed on the territory of the Volynians.
Drevlyans - one of the tribes of Russian Slavs, lived along Pripyat, Goryn, Sluch and Teterev.
The name Drevlyane, according to the chronicler, was given to them because they lived in the forests.
From archaeological excavations in the country of the Drevlyans, it can be concluded that they had a well-known culture. A well-established burial rite testifies to the existence of certain religious ideas about the afterlife: the absence of weapons in the graves testifies to the peaceful nature of the tribe; finds of sickles, shards and vessels, iron products, remnants of fabrics and leather indicate the existence of arable farming, pottery, blacksmithing, weaving and leather crafts among the Drevlyans; many bones of domestic animals and spurs indicate cattle breeding and horse breeding; many items made of silver, bronze, glass and carnelian, of foreign origin, indicate the existence of trade, and the absence of coins suggests that the trade was barter.
The political center of the Drevlyans in the era of their independence was the city of Iskorosten; at a later time, this center, apparently, moved to the city of Vruchiy (Ovruch)
The Dregovichi are an East Slavic tribal union that lived between the Pripyat and the Western Dvina.
Most likely the name comes from the Old Russian word dregva or dryagva, which means "swamp".
Under the name of Drugovites (Greek δρονγονβίται), the Dregovichi are already known to Konstantin Porfirorodny as a tribe subordinate to Russia. Being aloof from the "Road from the Varangians to the Greeks", the Dregovichi did not play a prominent role in the history of Ancient Russia. The chronicle mentions only that the Dregovichi once had their own reign. The capital of the principality was the city of Turov. The subjugation of the Dregovichi to the Kyiv princes probably happened very early. On the territory of the Dregovichi, the principality of Turov was subsequently formed, and the northwestern lands became part of the principality of Polotsk.
Duleby (not duleby) - an alliance of East Slavic tribes on the territory of Western Volhynia in the 6th - early 10th centuries. In the 7th century they were subjected to the Avar invasion (obry). In 907 they took part in Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad. They broke up into tribes of Volhynians and Buzhans, and in the middle of the 10th century they finally lost their independence, becoming part of Kievan Rus.
Krivichi is a numerous East Slavic tribe (tribal association), which occupied the upper reaches of the Volga, Dnieper and Western Dvina, the southern part of the Lake Peipsi basin and part of the Neman basin in the 6th-10th centuries. Sometimes the Ilmen Slavs are also classified as Krivichi.
The Krivichi were probably the first Slavic tribe to move from the Carpathians to the northeast. Limited in their distribution to the northwest and west, where they met stable Lithuanian and Finnish tribes, the Krivichi spread to the northeast, assimilating with the living Tamfins.
Having settled on the great waterway from Scandinavia to Byzantium (the path from the Varangians to the Greeks), the Krivichi took part in trade with Greece; Konstantin Porphyrogenitus says that the Krivichi make boats on which the Rus go to Tsargrad. They participated in the campaigns of Oleg and Igor against the Greeks as a tribe subordinate to the Kyiv prince; Oleg's contract mentions their city of Polotsk.
Already in the era of the formation of the Russian state, the Krivichi had political centers: Izborsk, Polotsk and Smolensk.
It is believed that the last tribal prince of the Krivichi Rogvolod, together with his sons, was killed in 980 by the Novgorod prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich. In the Ipatiev list, the Krivichi are mentioned for the last time under 1128, and the Polotsk princes are called Krivichi under 1140 and 1162. After that, the Krivichi are no longer mentioned in the East Slavic annals. However, the tribal name Krivichi was used for quite a long time in foreign sources (until the end of the 17th century). The word krievs entered the Latvian language to designate Russians in general, and the word Krievija to designate Russia.
The southwestern, Polotsk branch of the Krivichi is also called Polotsk. Together with the Dregovichi, Radimichi and some Baltic tribes, this branch of the Krivichi formed the basis of the Belarusian ethnic group.
The northeastern branch of the Krivichi, settled mainly in the territory of modern Tver, Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions, was in close contact with the Finno-Ugric tribes.
The boundary between the territory of settlement of the Krivichi and Novgorod Slovenes is determined archaeologically by the types of burials: long barrows near the Krivichi and hills among the Slovenes.
The Polochans are an East Slavic tribe that inhabited the lands in the middle reaches of the Western Dvina in today's Belarus in the 9th century.
Polochans are mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years, which explains their name as living near the Polota River, one of the tributaries of the Western Dvina. In addition, the chronicle claims that the Krivichi were descendants of the Polotsk people. The lands of the Polochans stretched from the Svisloch along the Berezina to the lands of the Dregovichi. The Polochans were one of the tribes from which the Polotsk principality was later formed. They are one of the founders of the modern Belarusian people.
Glade (poly) - the name of the Slavic tribe, in the era of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs, who settled along the middle course of the Dnieper, on its right bank.
Judging by the chronicles and the latest archaeological research, the territory of the land of the glades before the Christian era was limited to the course of the Dnieper, Ros and Irpin; in the north-east it was adjacent to the derevskaya land, in the west - to the southern settlements of the Dregovichi, in the south-west - to the Tivertsy, in the south - to the streets.
Calling the Slavs who settled here glades, the chronicler adds: “outside in the gray field.” The glades differed sharply from the neighboring Slavic tribes both in moral properties and in the forms of social life: and to sisters and to their mothers .... marriage customs having a husband.
History finds the glades already at a rather late stage of political development: the social system is composed of two elements - communal and princely-druzhina, the former being strongly suppressed by the latter. With the usual and ancient occupations of the Slavs - hunting, fishing and beekeeping - cattle breeding, agriculture, "woodworking" and trade were widespread among the glades more than other Slavs. The latter was quite extensive not only with Slavic neighbors, but also with foreigners in the West and East: the coin treasures show that trade with the East began as early as the 8th century - it stopped during the strife of the specific princes.
At first, about the middle of the 8th century, the glades, who paid tribute to the Khazars, due to their cultural and economic superiority, from a defensive position in relation to their neighbors, soon turned into an offensive one; Drevlyans, Dregovichi, northerners and others by the end of the 9th century were already subject to the glades. They also adopted Christianity earlier than others. Kiev was the center of the Polyana (“Polish”) land; its other settlements are Vyshgorod, Belgorod on the Irpen River (now the village of Belogorodka), Zvenigorod, Trepol (now the village of Trypillya), Vasilev (now Vasilkov) and others.
Zemlyapolyan with the city of Kyiv became the center of the possessions of the Rurikovichs from 882. The last time in the annals the name of the glades was mentioned in 944, on the occasion of Igor's campaign against the Greeks, and was replaced, probably already at the end of the Χ century, by the name Rus (Ros) and Kiyane. The chronicler also calls the Glades the Slavic tribe on the Vistula, mentioned for the last time in the Ipatiev Chronicle under 1208.
Radimichi - the name of the population that was part of the union of East Slavic tribes that lived in the interfluve of the upper reaches of the Dnieper and the Desna.
Around 885 Radimichi became part of the Old Russian state, and in the XII century they mastered most of Chernigov and the southern part of Smolensk lands. The name comes from the name of the ancestor of the Radima tribe.
Northerners (more correctly, the North) are a tribe or tribal union of Eastern Slavs who inhabited the territories east of the middle reaches of the Dnieper, along the Desna and Seimi Sula rivers.
The origin of the name of the north is not fully understood. Most authors associate it with the name of the Savir tribe, which was part of the Hunnic association. According to another version, the name goes back to the obsolete Old Slavic word meaning "relative". The explanation from the Slavic siver, north, despite the similarity of sound, is considered extremely controversial, since the north has never been the most northerly of the Slavic tribes.
Slovene (Ilmen Slavs) - an East Slavic tribe that lived in the second half of the first millennium in the basin of Lake Ilmen and the upper reaches of the Mologa and made up the bulk of the population of Novgorod land.
The Tivertsy are an Eastern Slavic tribe that lived between the Dniester and the Danube near the Black Sea coast. They are first mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years along with other East Slavic tribes of the 9th century. The main occupation of the Tivertsy was agriculture. The Tivertsy took part in the campaigns of Oleg against Tsargrad in 907 and Igor in 944. In the middle of the 10th century, the lands of the Tivertsy became part of Kievan Rus.
The descendants of the Tivertsy became part of the Ukrainian people, and their western part underwent Romanization.
The Ulichs are an East Slavic tribe that inhabited the lands along the lower reaches of the Dnieper, the Southern Bug and the Black Sea coast during the 8th-10th centuries.
The capital of the streets was the city of Pereseken. In the first half of the 10th century, the streets fought for independence from Kievan Rus, but nevertheless they were forced to recognize its supremacy and become part of it. Later, the streets and neighboring Tivertsy were driven north by the arriving Pecheneg nomads, where they merged with the Volhynians. The last mention of the streets dates back to the annals of the 970s.
Croats are an Eastern Slavic tribe that lived in the vicinity of the city of Przemysl on the San River. They called themselves white Croats, in contrast to the tribe of the same name with them, who lived in the Balkans. The name of the tribe is derived from the ancient Iranian word "shepherd, guardian of cattle", which may indicate its main occupation - cattle breeding.
Bodrichi (encouraged, rarogs) - Polabian Slavs (lower reaches of the Elbe) in the VIII-XII centuries. - the union of the Wagrs, Polabs, Glinyakov, Smolensk. Rarog (among the Danes Rerik) is the main city of the Bodrichs. Mecklenburg in East Germany.
According to one version, Rurik is a Slav from the Bodrich tribe, the grandson of Gostomysl, the son of his daughter Umila and the Bodrich prince Godoslav (Godlav).
The Vistulas are a West Slavic tribe that has lived in Lesser Poland since at least the 7th century. In the 9th century, the Vistulas formed a tribal state with centers in Krakow, Sandomierz and Straduv. At the end of the century, they were subjugated by the king of Great Moravia Svyatopolk I and were forced to be baptized. In the 10th century, the lands of the Vistulas were conquered by the Polans and incorporated into Poland.
Zlichane (Czech. Zličane, Polish. Zliczanie) - one of the ancient Czech tribes. They inhabited the territory adjacent to the modern city of Kourzhim (Czech Republic). East and South Bohemia and the region of the Duleb tribe. The main city of the principality was Libice. The princes of Libice Slavniki competed with Prague in the struggle for the unification of the Czech Republic. In 995, the Zlichans were subjugated by the Přemyslids.
Lusatians, Lusatian Serbs, Sorbs (German Sorben), Wends - the indigenous Slavic population living in the territory of Lower and Upper Lusatia - areas that are part of modern Germany. The first settlements of the Lusatian Serbs in these places were recorded in the 6th century AD. e.
The Lusatian language is divided into Upper Lusatian and Lower Lusatian.
The dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron gives a definition: "Sorbs are the name of the Wends and, in general, the Polabian Slavs." Slavic people inhabiting a number of areas in Germany, in the federal states of Brandenburg and Saxony.
Lusatian Serbs are one of the four officially recognized national minorities in Germany (along with gypsies, Frisians and Danes). It is believed that about 60,000 German citizens now have Lusatian Serb roots, of which 20,000 live in Lower Lusatia (Brandenburg) and 40,000 in Upper Lusatia (Saxony).
The Lyutichi (Wiltzes, Velets) are a union of West Slavic tribes that lived in the early Middle Ages on the territory of present-day eastern Germany. The center of the union of the Lyutichs was the sanctuary "Radogost", in which the god Svarozhich was revered. All decisions were made at a large tribal meeting, and there was no central authority.
The Lyutichi led the Slavic uprising of 983 against the German colonization of lands east of the Elbe, as a result of which colonization was suspended for almost two hundred years. Even before that, they were ardent opponents of the German king Otto I. About his heir, Henry II, it is known that he did not try to enslave them, but rather lured them with money and gifts to his side in the fight against Poland, Boleslav the Brave.
Military and political successes strengthened the adherence to paganism and pagan customs in the Lutiches, which also applied to related Bodrichs. However, in the 1050s, civil war broke out among the Lutici and changed their situation. The union quickly lost power and influence, and after the central sanctuary was destroyed by the Saxon duke Lothar in 1125, the union finally broke up. Over the following decades, the Saxon dukes gradually expanded their holdings to the east and conquered the lands of the Luticians.
Pomeranians, Pomeranians - West Slavic tribes that lived from the 6th century in the lower reaches of the Odryn coast of the Baltic Sea. It remains unclear whether there was a residual Germanic population prior to their arrival, which they assimilated. In 900, the border of the Pomeranian area passed along the Odra in the west, the Vistula in the east and the Notech in the south. They gave the name of the historical area of Pomerania.
In the 10th century, the Polish prince Mieszko I included the lands of the Pomeranians into the Polish state. In the 11th century, the Pomeranians revolted and regained their independence from Poland. During this period, their territory expanded westward from the Odra into the lands of the Luticians. At the initiative of Prince Vartislav I, the Pomeranians adopted Christianity.
From the 1180s, German influence began to grow and German settlers began to arrive on the lands of the Pomeranians. Because of the devastating wars with the Danes, the Pomeranian feudal lords welcomed the settlement of the devastated lands by the Germans. Over time, the process of Germanization of the Pomeranian population began.
The remains of the ancient Pomeranians who escaped assimilation today are the Kashubians, numbering 300 thousand people.
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