Continuous hyphenation of nouns and adjectives. Spelling compound adjectives

compound adjectives formed from compound nouns written together, for example: chronicle (chronicle), local history (local history);
compound adjectives formed from such combinations of words in which one word is subordinate in meaning to another (connected in a way of agreement, control or adjunction), for example: widescreen (wide screen), iron foundry (iron casting), precocious (which will sing soon).

Notes
Compound adjectives, the first part of which is formed from adverbs, should be distinguished from ordinary phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle), written APART, For example: diametrically opposite, purely Russian, bad hidden, distinctly expressed. In the sentence, the first part of the combinations acts as a separate member of the sentence (answers questions as? in what degree? how?).
As the first part of such phrases are adverbs absolutely ( absolutely calm), impeccably ( impeccably honest), vital ( vital necessary), originally ( primordially Russian), true ( true revolutionary), authentic ( truly scientific), straight ( straight opposite), sharply ( sharp negative), fatal ( deadly poisonous, deadly pale), strictly ( strictly logical) and others
APART phrases are written that include adverbs in -ski , For example: historically important.
A number of compound adjectives, the first part of which is formed from adverbs, is written ONE. Such adjectives are bookish in nature and are often terms, denoting a single, integral concept, for example: highly ideological(spectacle), highly qualified(specialist), the above(example), easily soluble(material), insignificant(fact), promising(experiment), following(review), visually impaired(Human), hard to reach(climb). If dependent words are used with such adjectives, then the adverb and adjective are usually written separately (that is, they become a phrase). Compare: promising student(= very talented, promising) — student, very promising but not fulfilling its obligations; hard to reach (= almost inaccessible) vertex — hard to reach even for experienced climbers.

Write with a hyphen:

compound adjectives formed from names, for example: northeastern (northeast), Orekhovo-Zuevsky (Orekhovo-Zuyevo);
compound adjectives formed from combinations of words that are equal in meaning, independent of each other (related according to the method of composition), for example: interest-free deposits(interest-free, but winning), scientific and technical progress(scientific and technical), spinning and weaving factory(spinning and weaving), blue-white-red flag(blue, white and red) (in these cases, a union can be inserted between the words from which the compound adjective is formed and or but );
compound adjectives denoting shades of colors, for example: bright blue, silver grey, lemon yellow, dark brown, yellow red;
compound adjectives, the first part of which is formed from foreign words and ends in -iko , For example: chemical-technological, physical-mathematical, mechanical-mathematical(but: great Russian, high society).

Notes
with a hyphen complex adjectives denoting quality are written with an additional connotation, for example: bitter-salty(salty and bitter) respectfully polite(polite and respectful).
with a hyphen a number of complex adjectives are written, parts of which denote heterogeneous features, for example: military revolutionary the committee(military revolutionary), mass-political Job(mass political), popular science magazine(scientific popular). It should be borne in mind that among complex adjectives there are many traditional spellings, for example: world-historical(but: world famous), national liberation(but: economic). Therefore, if in doubt about spelling, you should refer to the spelling dictionary.

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Compound adjectives are parts of speech created by combining two words. They can be converted back into a phrase, the components of which will either have grammatical relations, or simply adjoin each other. In the latter case, words can be related to each other only in meaning.

Methods of education

In Russian, there are compound adjectives consisting of two elements, which in their original form are words related to each other by grammatical agreement. For example:

Russian-speaking population (Russian language);
general historical method (general history);
general education school (general education);
seriously ill patient (severe patient);
one-way traffic (one side).

Adjectives can be formed from nouns interconnected with each other by such a type of grammatical meaning as control. For example:

metalworking machine (metal processing);
forest protection sign (forest protection);
house-building company (building a house);
car rental company (car rental);
petty-bourgeois thinking (petty bourgeoisie).

Compound adjectives can come from words that do not have any grammatical relationship and names of geographical features. For example:

easily injured person (easy to hurt);
sharpened knife (sharpen sharply);
Nizhny Tagil plant (Nizhny Tagil);
North Ossetian branch (North Ossetia);
Bolshie Vyazemsky Museum (Bolshiye Vyazemy).

Consolidated spelling of terms

The spelling of compound adjectives can vary. It depends on the method of formation and the area of vocabulary to which these words belong. In the scientific, technical and medical literature, there are often terms that come from two words. For example: oxygen-containing, ancient Slavic, spinal, thermal insulation, chromic acid, privately owned, alkaline earth. Among these words there are also those that cannot be converted into a phrase. For example: equestrian; herbivorous. The continuous spelling of complex adjectives of this category cannot be in doubt, since they consist of elements, one of which (and in some cases both) cannot be used separately. It should also be remembered that adjectives are always written together, starting with such elements as common-, late-, upper-, ancient-, lower-. Separately, it is also impossible to write words of terminological subjects that begin with high, wide, low, deep, small, narrow, many, little, strong, sharp, steep, thick, and so on. For example:

potent hypnotic;
highly developed country;
large-scale actions;
highly specialized production;
densely populated area.

Separate spelling of terms

The spelling of complex adjectives is influenced by the presence of explanatory words in the sentence. More precisely, if they are present, only the spelling of separate words can be correct. For example:

densely populated area (densely populated by foreigners area);
little-studied problems (a problem little studied by science).

In spelling, you also need to pay attention to word order. Compound adjectives almost always precede the noun they refer to. And the free phrase, examples of which were discussed above, usually follows it. For example:

quick-drying paint (paint that dries quickly in the open air);
pungent (a solution that smells pungent at high air temperature);
easily achievable goal (a goal that is easily achievable for a person who has special knowledge);
perishable milk (milk that spoils quickly without prior pasteurization).

It should also be remembered that compound words, like all others, have only one stress. There are two of them in phrases.

Compound adjectives are also words, the first component of which is a quarter-. For example: quarter-final, quarter-blood.

Hyphen in adjectives and nouns

Hyphenated and continuous spelling of complex adjectives is a section of spelling, ignorance of which often leads to spelling errors. In order to avoid them, you just need to remember a few simple rules.

You need to know that adjectives are always hyphenated if they are formed from hyphenated nouns. For example:

social democratic party (social democracy);
southeastern district (southeast);
Karachay-Circassian population (Karachay-Cherkessia);
New York park (New York);
prime ministerial corps (prime minister).

But if such complex adjectives have a prefix, they are written together. For example:

anti-social democratic views;
near the Syrdarya city.

Individual affiliation

Words created from proper names are always written with a hyphen. Whereas it is necessary to know that in such cases a hyphen must necessarily stand between the main elements of the adjective. For example:

Ilfo-Peter characters;
mine-read novel;
Robin Hood exploits;
Potap-Potapychev portfolio;
Ivan Groznov time.

Adjectives that include two equal concepts

The spelling of complex adjectives depends on the semantic load that each of the components carries. And if one word contains elements that have equal concepts, they are written with a hyphen. For example:

cultural and entertainment center;
reporting and examination concert;
cardiovascular disease;
promotional event;
English-German dictionary;
worker-peasant movement;
Russian-Turkish war;
artistic and journalistic genre;
Distillery;
electronic-automatic method.

Adjectives formed from parts with heterogeneous features

Hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives is applicable when the word consists of elements that can be converted into nouns or other parts of speech that are not homogeneous members of speech. As the first part in such adjectives, such bases as mass-, folk-, military-, scientific-, educational- often act. For example:

Research Institute;
folk arts and crafts;
Navy;
Training and Consulting Center.

Adjectives denoting quality

If the adjective means a property, and an additional element is added to give it some shade, a hyphenated spelling is used. The same rule applies in writing complex adjectives denoting colors and shades. For example:

sweet and sour sauce;
courageous and severe look;
anxious obsessive thoughts;
good-natured and friendly smile;
pale pink lips;
bright red dress.

Writing terms with a hyphen

Many terminological adjectives are written with a hyphen. For example:

cereal and legume herbs;
gastro-hepatic collection;
soft magnetic materials;
stone-concrete foundation;
filling and drain valve.

Compound adjectives are not written together if the first part of them is a borrowing from a foreign language with the suffix "-iko". When writing words of this type, a hyphen is used. For example:

historical and ethnographic;
critical and journalistic;
health-improving;
political and legal;
chemical-technological.

Hyphenated and continuous spelling of complex adjectives occurs in the same definitions. The spelling in such cases depends on the context. For example:

courageously severe appearance (severe and courageous);
courageously severe appearance (courageous severity).

Adjectives often consist of elements that are individually synonymous. And their synonymy is the right basis for hyphenated spelling. For example:

naive-childish reasoning;
solemnly sublime vocabulary;
condescending attitude.

In Russian, a huge lexical layer belongs to complex adjectives, the spelling of which can cause difficulties and provoke errors. However, they should not be afraid, because there are well-defined rules.

Adjectives formed by adding two stems are written together if:

1. Derived from conjointly spelled nouns. For example:

Novorossiysk (Novorossiysk), Krasnodar (Krasnodar), freedom-loving (freedom-loving).

2. Derived from phrases, the types of connection between which were originally subordination or composition. For example:

railway (railroad), legitimate (born in a legal marriage), Red Army (Red Army), woodworking (woodworking), meat processing (meat harvesting), rail rolling (rolling rails), nationwide (common for the people), etc.

This group also includes adjectives denoting a single concept, including terminological units. They are formed from a phrase like "adverb + adjective". For example:

wild, evergreen, highly respected, little used, etc.

Note 1. Adjectives formed from compound proper nouns are written with a small letter .

Note 2. Compound adjectives formed by merging an adverb with a simple adjective are often confused with phrases like "adverb + adjective (or participle)", which, of course, are written separately. For example:

childishly gullible, poorly concealed, wildly annoying, forever young .

Such phrases differ from complex adjectives in that they are not stable.

3. They are terminological units, formed from several bases, the nature of which does not matter. For example:

hip (bone), ankle (joint), Old Church Slavonic (language), deaf-mute, etc.

Adjectives formed by merging two stems are written with a hyphen if:

1. Derived from nouns, the spelling of which was originally hyphenated. This group also includes compound adjectives formed from combinations of personal names and patronymics, given names and surnames. This group also includes the names of geographical objects (most often settlements) formed from combinations of personal names and patronymics, first names and surnames. For example:

diesel engine, social democratic, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, northeastern, Buryat-Mongolian;
Leo Tolstoy, Alexander Pushkin, Stephen King, Chuck Polanovsky, etc.
Erofey Pavlovichsky

Note 1. An exception is the adjective "Zamoskvoretsky", which is written together.

Note 2. All of the above subgroups of adjectives formed from proper names are written together if a prefix appears in them:

Podalmaatinsky, Zaorekhovozuevsky.

2. Derived from two or more equal words:

interest-free winning, gardening, meat and dairy, bouquet and candy (period in a relationship), blue-white-red (flag), etc.

2. Derived from two bases and denote either quality with an additional shade, or shades of colors and halftones. For example:

rolling-loud, iridescent-melodious, fervently-voiced;
pale pink, blue-green, light orange, dark blue, yellow-red, blue-black, smoky gray, etc.

3. They are part of geographical names with the first parts north (north), south (south), east, west, for example:

North Caucasian, South Korean, East Chinese, West Ukrainian, etc.

Note 1. All other adjectives formed from two or more stems are written with a hyphen. For example:

Literary and artistic (circle), political and mass (propaganda), vocabulary and technical (department), etc.

Note 2. Words, the first part of which is the stem "sam-", "sama-" are also written with a hyphen. For example:

Self-third, self-heel, etc.

Hyphenated and continuous spelling of complex adjectives

Russian language lesson in 6th grade

Lesson Objectives:

Formation of knowledge of spelling of complex adjectives,

Develop analytical thinking, memory of students

To promote the education of a responsible attitude to educational work.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment

2. Checking homework

What are the homework questions?

Children, under dictation on pieces of paper, write down phrases with adjectives, where -НН- is written:

wooden products

duck nose

with an ordinary cutter

glass decanter

leather briefcase

tin soldier

Sandy shore

windless day

peat bog

thatched roof

Children must write out the numbers 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10.

3. Preparation for learning new material

At the break, the teacher distributes printed texts (one per desk) - an excerpt from the work of I.A. Bunin

In the excerpt of the text, which is photocopied for each student, it is proposed to highlight the words that help Bunin to convey the color and shades of colors.

One child reads aloud:

…Above us, in the bottomless depths, the fabrics of the clouds were painted in a soft crimson color. And in a moment everything changed: the east wind turned blue-lilac, the sea above it - deep purple. And the streaks in the sunset sky flared up more and more.

The teacher immediately asks:

– What is this text about? (About nature, about the onset of evening, sunset)

Let's find adjectives denoting shades of color and write them out in a notebook:

Gentle raspberry Blue-lilac deep purple

What is special about these adjectives? The peculiarity lies in the fact that these adjectives are written with a hyphen.

4. Explanation of new material

The teacher, following the child, clearly pronounces the rule: complex adjectives denoting shades of colors, additional shades of quality or attribute are always written with a hyphen. The emphasis is always on the word.

For example:pale blue, sweet-sour, blue-black, etc.

The teacher offers to open the textbook for the children (textbook grade 6 M.T. Baranov, T.A. Ladyzhenskaya) and get acquainted with the rule of writing adjectives with a hyphen.

One child reads aloud and comments on the rule, coming up with their own examples.

A hyphen is used if a compound adjective is formed from compound nouns that are written with a hyphen:in the textbooksouthwestern (southwest) , your example:northeast (northeast);

A hyphen is used if a complex adjective is formed by adding equal words, between which a union can be insertedand:

Example: bitter-salty (bitter and salty), Russian-English (Russian and English).

Complex adjectives are written together, which are formed on the basis of the phrase: railway (railway).

The teacher now asks you to complete the following task:

It is necessary to divide the notebook into two parts (filling in the table for the passed rule, the teacher has previously drawn or projected on the board):

Task: fill in the table with your examples.

Continuous spelling of adjectives

Hyphenated adjectives

In a notebook for writing words, we write out difficult words with a green pen that you need to remember:socially useful and socio-political.

5. Primary fastening

The teacher reads a hint poem, the children listen carefully and write out complex adjectives, then explain how they wrote and by what rule:

Dark blond boy Went to the northeast So he was tired in the evening, What has become lemon yellow, But I managed to understand Where to insert a hyphen in words. Will you remember our lesson At school, the teacher will say: "This guy is a head!"
("Baby Monitor")

The guys write:dark blond, northeast, lemon yellow.

(Most often, children fall for the trick and write out the northeast as an adjective).

Children explanation:

Dark blond - a complex adjective denotes a shade of color, therefore it is written with a hyphen.
lemon yellow - a complex adjective denotes a shade of color, therefore it is written with a hyphen.

What part of speech isnortheast ?

Students' reasoning:

A noun, you can form a compound adjective from it -northeastern , which will be written with a hyphen.

The word is written on the boardbitter-salty , the teacher asks the question: how will we reason when writing a complex adjective?

This is a compound adjective formed from two independent words between which a conjunction can be insertedand bitter and salty, so this adjective is written with a hyphen.

According to the textbook, the following exercise is performed orally in a chain:

(Agricultural) economic, (physical) mathematical, (Russian) English, (steel) foundry, (medium) age-old, (tight) fusible, (greenish) gray, (ten) storey, (steam locomotive) repair, (south) eastern, (yellow) red, (three) meter, (garden) garden, (rail) rolling, (north) western, (forty) kilometer, (ancient) Russian, (factory) factory, (cotton) paper, (two) room, (cast iron) foundry.

We open the notebook of Bogdanova G.A. p.39, exercise 79:

One of the students reads the task: mark the main word and the dependent word in the phrases and form adjectives from them:

Far East - Ancient Rome - (languages) of the Eastern Slavs - Black hair - Long legs (crane) - Broad shoulders (boys) - (house) from large paila -

The teacher asks randomly.

Guys, complex adjectives denoting shades of color or combinations of colors help to “see” the diversity, diversity of the world around us.

In the works of I.A. Bunin - the great master of the word - such adjectives are very often used (we have already considered them in part today).

Write out compound adjectives along with nouns from examples taken from the writer's works. Insert the missing letters, open the brackets:

(Green) silver light,
(In) perceptible light
Sunrise ... t above the ground.

(Transparently) pale, as in spring,
Next ... zit ... snow is (not) a long cold.
Suddenly lightning lit up the whole thicket
Mysterious… and (pale) blue light.

…There are blocks of (well ... lto) ashy stones.

And berries (hazy) blue
On dry juniper.
…Only the sea in the summer ... calm
Still pouring ... t affectionately on the reefs
(Azure) phosphorus dust.

In the family, a stallion ... m (grey) of iron color was proud.

The crescent of the moon, (cloudy) red and drooping to one side,
Swayed at the edge of the sky.

In the clearings, in a sunny ... brilliance, cobwebs sparkled and (light) golden maples glowed motionlessly.

Weakly glimmer ... t (bluish) leaden light of the fading day.

Students perform independently, the teacher checks three students, puts marks, and checks out loud with the rest.

6. Summary of the lesson

Let's say the rule again when complex adjectives are written together, and when separately:

Complex adjectives are written together, which are formed on the basis of a phrase.

Railway< железная дорога

Complex adjectives are written with a hyphen:

indicate shades of colors: yellow-blue

formed from compound nouns that are written with a hyphen: southwestern< юго-запад

The word is formed from a combination of independent words: gardening< сад и огород.

There are words to remember:

public benefit Socio-political

7. Homework

The teacher writes homework on the blackboard. Homework at the discretion of the teacher. For example, ex. 309. Complex adjectives must be written in one column, and adjectives written with a hyphen in another column. One of the students is reading the assignment. The teacher checks if everyone understands how to do the exercise.