Continuous and hyphenated spelling of adjectives. Compound adjectives: spelling

III. Adjectives

§ 80. Compound adjectives are written together:

1. Formed from conjointly spelled complex nouns, for example: tap water(water pipes), agricultural(farmer, agriculture) Novosibirsk(Novosibirsk).

2. Formed from combinations of words, subordinate to one another in their meaning, for example: railway(Railway), economic(National economy), natural science(natural Sciences), complex(difficult in the way of subordination), rail rolling(rolling the rails) nationwide(common to the people), marshy scrub(forming protection for fields), metal-cutting(cutting metal); this also includes denoting a single concept of education (including terminological ones) from an adverb and an adjective (or participle), for example: obscure, nearby, burning, highly respected, freshly baked, clairvoyant, potent, wild-growing, evergreen, plain-colored.

Note. Compound adjectives, which include adverbs, should not be mixed with phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle) and written separately, for example: diametrically opposed, directly opposite, purely Russian, childishly naive, poorly concealed, clearly expressed.

3. Used as terms and formed from two or three bases, regardless of the nature of the latter, for example: abdominal(block), Indo-European(languages), Old High German(language), bicarbonate(gas); also - deaf-mute.

§ 81. Complex adjectives are written with a hyphen:

1. Formed from nouns written with a hyphen, from personal names - combinations of names and surnames, as well as from the names of settlements, which are combinations of names and surnames, names and patronymics, for example: diesel-engine, social-democratic, Buryat-Mongolian, north-eastern, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Nizhne-Maslovsky, Ust-Abakansky, Romain-Rollanovsky, Walter-Scottovsky, Lev-Tolstoy, Erofei-Pavlovichsky.

Note 1. The adjective is written together moskvoretsky.

Note 2. Adjectives formed from proper names, written with a hyphen, and having a prefix that is not present in the noun, are written together, for example: Amudarya, Zaissyk-Kul.

2. Formed from two or more bases denoting equal concepts, for example: interest-free, convex-concave, party-komsomol, gardening, meat-and-milk, English-Japanese, Russian-German-French(vocabulary), blue-white-red(flag).

3. Formed from two bases and denoting: a) quality with an additional connotation, for example: booming-loud, bitter-salty; b) shades of colors, for example: pale pink, bright blue, dark blond, black-brown, bluish blue, golden yellow, ash gray, bottle green, lemon yellow, yellow red.

4. Included in geographical proper names and starting with east-, west-but-, north- and north, south and south-, For example: West Kazakhstan region, East China Sea, Union of South Africa.

Note 1. Adjectives formed from two or more stems that do not fit the listed rules are written with a hyphen, for example: literary and artistic(almanac), mass political(Job), vocabulary and technical(the Department), podzolic-marsh, loose-cloddy-silty, oblong-lanceolate.

Note 2. Words are also written through a hyphen, the first component of which is self-, self- , For example: self-friend, self-third, self-heel, self-heel.

Compound adjectives are parts of speech created by combining two words. They can be converted back into a phrase, the components of which will either have grammatical relations, or simply adjoin each other. In the latter case, words can be related to each other only in meaning.

Methods of education

In Russian, there are compound adjectives consisting of two elements, which in their original form are words related to each other by grammatical agreement. For example:

Russian-speaking population (Russian language);
general historical method (general history);
general education school (general education);
seriously ill patient (severe patient);
one-way traffic (one side).

Adjectives can be formed from nouns interconnected with each other by such a type of grammatical meaning as control. For example:

metalworking machine (metal processing);
forest protection sign (forest protection);
house-building company (building a house);
car rental company (car rental);
petty-bourgeois thinking (petty bourgeoisie).

Compound adjectives can come from words that do not have any grammatical relationship and names of geographical features. For example:

easily injured person (easy to hurt);
sharpened knife (sharpen sharply);
Nizhny Tagil plant (Nizhny Tagil);
North Ossetian branch (North Ossetia);
Bolshie Vyazemsky Museum (Bolshiye Vyazemy).

Consolidated spelling of terms

The spelling of compound adjectives can vary. It depends on the method of formation and the area of vocabulary to which these words belong. In the scientific, technical and medical literature, there are often terms that come from two words. For example: oxygen-containing, ancient Slavic, spinal, thermal insulation, chromic acid, privately owned, alkaline earth. Among these words there are also those that cannot be converted into a phrase. For example: equestrian; herbivorous. The continuous spelling of complex adjectives of this category cannot be in doubt, since they consist of elements, one of which (and in some cases both) cannot be used separately. It should also be remembered that adjectives are always written together, starting with such elements as common-, late-, upper-, ancient-, lower-. Separately, it is also impossible to write words of terminological subjects that begin with high, wide, low, deep, small, narrow, many, little, strong, sharp, steep, thick, and so on. For example:

potent hypnotic;
highly developed country;
large-scale actions;
highly specialized production;
densely populated area.

Separate spelling of terms

The spelling of complex adjectives is influenced by the presence of explanatory words in the sentence. More precisely, if they are present, only the spelling of separate words can be correct. For example:

densely populated area (densely populated by foreigners area);
little-studied problems (a problem little studied by science).

In spelling, you also need to pay attention to word order. Compound adjectives almost always precede the noun they refer to. And the free phrase, examples of which were discussed above, usually follows it. For example:

quick-drying paint (paint that dries quickly in the open air);
pungent (a solution that smells pungent at high air temperature);
easily achievable goal (a goal that is easily achievable for a person who has special knowledge);
perishable milk (milk that spoils quickly without prior pasteurization).

It should also be remembered that compound words, like all others, have only one stress. There are two of them in phrases.

Compound adjectives are also words, the first component of which is a quarter-. For example: quarter-final, quarter-blood.

Hyphen in adjectives and nouns

Hyphenated and continuous spelling of complex adjectives is a section of spelling, ignorance of which often leads to spelling errors. In order to avoid them, you just need to remember a few simple rules.

You need to know that adjectives are always hyphenated if they are formed from hyphenated nouns. For example:

social democratic party (social democracy);
southeastern district (southeast);
Karachay-Circassian population (Karachay-Cherkessia);
New York park (New York);
prime ministerial corps (prime minister).

But if such complex adjectives have a prefix, they are written together. For example:

anti-social democratic views;
near the Syrdarya city.

Individual affiliation

Words created from proper names are always written with a hyphen. Whereas it is necessary to know that in such cases a hyphen must necessarily stand between the main elements of the adjective. For example:

Ilfo-Peter characters;
mine-read novel;
Robin Hood exploits;
Potap-Potapychev portfolio;
Ivan Groznov time.

Adjectives that include two equal concepts

The spelling of complex adjectives depends on the semantic load that each of the components carries. And if one word contains elements that have equal concepts, they are written with a hyphen. For example:

cultural and entertainment center;
reporting and examination concert;
cardiovascular disease;
promotional event;
English-German dictionary;
worker-peasant movement;
Russian-Turkish war;
artistic and journalistic genre;
Distillery;
electronic-automatic method.

Adjectives formed from parts with heterogeneous features

Hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives is applicable when the word consists of elements that can be converted into nouns or other parts of speech that are not homogeneous members of speech. As the first part in such adjectives, such foundations as mass-, folk-, military-, scientific-, educational- often act. For example:

Research Institute;
folk arts and crafts;
Navy;
Training and Consulting Center.

Adjectives denoting quality

If an adjective means a property, and an additional element is added to give it some shade, a hyphenated spelling is used. The same rule applies in writing complex adjectives denoting colors and shades. For example:

sweet and sour sauce;
courageous and severe look;
anxious obsessive thoughts;
good-natured and friendly smile;
pale pink lips;
bright red dress.

Writing terms with a hyphen

Many terminological adjectives are written with a hyphen. For example:

cereal and legume herbs;
gastro-hepatic collection;
soft magnetic materials;
stone-concrete foundation;
filling and drain valve.

Compound adjectives are not written together if the first part of them is a borrowing from a foreign language with the suffix "-iko". When writing words of this type, a hyphen is used. For example:

historical and ethnographic;
critical and journalistic;
health-improving;
political and legal;
chemical-technological.

Hyphenated and continuous spelling of complex adjectives occurs in the same definitions. The spelling in such cases depends on the context. For example:

courageously severe appearance (severe and courageous);
courageously severe appearance (courageous severity).

Adjectives often consist of elements that are individually synonymous. And their synonymy is the right basis for hyphenated spelling. For example:

naive-childish reasoning;
solemnly sublime vocabulary;
condescending attitude.

A significant part of Russian orthography is occupied by the rules of hyphenated, separate and continuous spelling of word forms. Compound adjectives, spelling examples of which will be given in the article, illustrate the spelling rules of the Russian language.

Compound word - what is it?

In the lexical arsenal of the Russian language there are simple words consisting of one root, one stem ( blue, young, red, autumn j). If a word consists of several bases or parts of bases, then it is considered complex. Compound adjectives, examples of which are given in the tables below, consist of two roots.

Compound word: ways of education

They are formed in three main ways: addition, fusion, abbreviation.

Compound words: ways of education

Way	Description	Compound nouns and compound adjectives: examples
Addition	Morphological, in which a compound word is formed by merging stems with a vowel (the connecting vowel O follows hard consonants, the vowel E follows soft ones).	woolly, carnivorous, bloody, long-range
Union	Lexico-syntactic method: a whole combination of words without connecting vowels merges into a complex one.	two-story (of two floors), forty-day (of forty days), crazy (crazy)
Abbreviation	Conditional phonetic method: a compound word (noun) is formed from combinations of words, but, unlike fusion, only parts of the bases are connected: syllables, letters.	department store, salary, KAMAZ, NATO, USE

Compound adjectives: continuous spelling

The spelling of complex adjectives is subject to a number of spelling rules, illustrated by complex examples of which are given in the tables below.

At the same time, complex adjectives can be written with a hyphen and together or be part of a phrase, where the adjective is not part of a compound word.

Spelling compound adjectives

№	rule	Compound adjectives: examples
Slitno
1	In the formation of a complex from a complex which is written together.	oil pipeline - oil pipeline, steamship - steamboat
2	When forming a complex adjective from a subordinating combination of words, including from the phrases "noun + adjective", naming geographical objects.	mountain skiing - mountain skiing, natural science - natural sciences, average daily - average per day; Lysogorsky - Yagodnopoliansky - Yagodnaya Polyana
3	If the adjective designates a scientific term or is a special word.	squamoptera, viviparous, mammals, milk cannery, bakery, exploration
4	If the first part of the compound word is: high, above, deep, thick, cool, large, light, little, small, many, low, below, sharp, flat, strong, weak, thick , thin, difficult, heavy, narrow, wide. If there are explanatory words for such elements, then the spelling is separate.	little studied (but: little studied by students), difficult to remove (but: difficult to remove from the body), widely known (widely known abroad)
5	general, upper, middle, lower, ancient, early, late.	common, Central Russian, Lower Volga, Old English, Early Ripe, Late Scythian

Compound adjectives: hyphenated

Many are written semi-continuously. The rules for hyphenation and compound adjectives (examples) are given in the table below.

№	rule	Complex adjectives with a hyphen: examples
Through a hyphen
1	When forming a compound adjective from a compound noun, which is written with a hyphen.	northwestern - northwest, social democratic - social democracy, Issyk-Kul - Issyk-Kul (but: Zaissyk-Kul, as there is a prefix)
2	If the adjective is formed from two proper names, for example, from two surnames or a given name and a surname. The exception is eastern surnames.	Pushkin-Gogol, Leo-Tolstoy, Jules-Vernovsky (but: Dzhekichanskaya, Ho Chi Minh)
3	If the adjective is formed by merging several equal words (you can put a union between them and or but).	convex-concave, apple-plum, Russian-Chinese, expressive-emotional
4	If the adjective is formed by merging several equal, but heterogeneous words.	official business, electronic computing, comparative historical
5	If the first part of the compound word is military, national, mass, educational, scientific.	military legal, people's liberation, mass sports, educational and methodological, scientific and technical
6	If the adjective reflects a shade of color.	grey-green, yellow-blue, deep black
7	Compound adjectives-toponyms.	West Korean, North Ossetian, South Ural

The phrase "adverb + adjective"

Compound words - adjectives, examples of which are given above, can be difficult to distinguish from similar phrases.

So, moral and ethical is an adjective and morally insleepy- a phrase where you can ask a question to an adverb: " In what respect?"

Spelling compound adjectives: examples from the literature

Compound adjectives are widely used in works of fiction.

They allow you to accurately describe the object, highlight it from the environment; they bring uniqueness to the text. For example, in the stories of I. A. Bunin, there are many individual epithets - complex adjectives: smoky purple distance, cloudy milky fog, matte pale foliage, gray-winged eagles, impudently beautiful woman, light golden maples, thin broad-shouldered doctor, metallic-voiced screams other.

§ 80. Compound adjectives are written together:

1. Formed from conjointly spelled complex nouns, for example: tap water(water pipes), agricultural(farmer, agriculture) Novosibirsk(Novosibirsk).

§ 81. Complex adjectives are written with a hyphen:

Note 1. The adjective is written together moskvoretsky.

Note 2. Adjectives formed from proper names, written with a hyphen, and having a prefix that is not present in the noun, are written together, for example: Amudarya, Zaissyk-Kul.

4. Included in geographical proper names and starting with east, west, north and north, south and south-, For example: West Kazakhstan region, East China Sea, Union of South Africa.

Note 2. Words are also written through a hyphen, the first component of which is self-, self- , For example: self-friend, self-third, self-heel, self-heel.

III. Adjectives

§ 80. Compound adjectives are written together:

1. Formed from conjointly spelled complex nouns, for example: tap water(water pipes), agricultural(farmer, agriculture) Novosibirsk(Novosibirsk).

§ 81. Complex adjectives are written with a hyphen:

Note 1. The adjective is written together moskvoretsky.

Note 2. Adjectives formed from proper names, written with a hyphen, and having a prefix that is not present in the noun, are written together, for example: Amudarya, Zaissyk-Kul.

4. Included in geographical proper names and starting with east-, west-but-, north- and north, south and south-, For example: West Kazakhstan region, East China Sea, Union of South Africa.

Note 2. Words are also written through a hyphen, the first component of which is self-, self- , For example: self-friend, self-third, self-heel, self-heel.