The merger of urban agglomerations is called. Urban agglomerations

urban agglomeration

a group of closely located cities, united by close industrial, labor, cultural, community, recreational ties; it also includes urban-type settlements and rural settlements. In the 20th century cities very often appeared and grew faster near the largest centers. Although this gave rise to urban and environmental problems, the economic benefits turned out to be more important: a high degree of territorial concentration of industry, transport and engineering networks, scientific and educational institutions, as well as a high population density provided the opportunity to develop various links between settlements that are necessary for the functioning of the economy and the life of society. in the era of modern scientific and technological revolution. Therefore, the formation of agglomerations is a natural stage in the development of settlement in the era urbanization.
The urban agglomeration consists of a core (large city) and a peripheral zone. There are monocentric agglomerations, in which one core city is much larger than all other settlements and subordinates them to its influence (for example, Moscow, London or Paris), and polycentric, with several core cities (for example, Rhine-Ruhr). In the peripheral zone are satellite cities, other urban, as well as rural settlements and individual industrial, agricultural, transport, communal, recreational enterprises, agricultural - x. lands and natural landscapes. Agglomerations on the ground look like this: huge spaces of dense multi-storey buildings are connected by highways, on which numerous settlements, sometimes merging with each other, are strung; between the highways are located in the main. undeveloped land plots of various sizes, less intensively used. From a bird's eye view, polycentric agglomerations look like a network, monocentric agglomerations look like stars.
Signs of agglomerations are obvious: the presence of a core city and several nearby cities, a high density of the urban population, intense ties, including pendulum migration between settlements. However, there are no generally accepted criteria for identifying urban agglomerations (therefore, quantitative data on them are even more conditional than according to cities). Even in Russia, several methods are used: agglomerations include such forms of settlement in which the core population varies from 100 to 250 thousand people, the suburban area includes the territory. within 2- or 1.5-hour accessibility from the center, there are at least 2 or 4 urban settlements with a total number of inhabitants of at least 50 thousand people. There are approx. 600 urban agglomerations, they concentrate almost 45% of the urban population. When using the more stringent of the above criteria, there are 49 urban agglomerations in Russia, uniting more than 330 cities and 65 million people. The world has formed approx. 15 agglomerations, each with more than 10 million inhabitants; the largest of them are Tokyo, New York and Shanghai.

Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Under the editorship of prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .

See what "urban agglomeration" is in other dictionaries:

URBAN Agglomeration, see Agglomeration of settlements … Modern Encyclopedia

urban agglomeration- The accumulation, and in some places the fusion of settlements, united by close economic, labor and cultural ties. Syn.: agglomeration of settlements… Geography Dictionary

urban agglomeration- URBAN AGGLOMERATION, see Agglomeration of settlements. … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

A compact spatial grouping of settlements (mainly urban), united into one whole by intensive industrial, labor, cultural, community and recreational ties. Stand out: monocentric urban agglomerations with ... ... Political science. Vocabulary.

URBAN AGGLOMERATION- (from lat. agglomero I attach, accumulate, pile up). A compact spatial grouping of settlements (chief arr. urban), united by diverse intensive ties (industrial, labor, cultural, community, recreational) ... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

View of Greater Tokyo (agglomeration of 35 million people) A compact cluster of settlements, mainly urban, months ... Wikipedia

The developed territorial system of urban settlements, united into one whole by sustainable production, labor, cultural, community, recreational and other ties, is characterized by a high population density, concentration ... ... Construction dictionary

urban agglomeration- building. territorial economic integration of densely located and functionally connected cities and other settlements, different in size and economic profile ... Universal additional practical explanatory dictionary by I. Mostitsky

Books

Creator of nightmares, Pekhov Alexey Yuryevich, Bychkova Elena Alexandrovna, Turchaninova Natalia Vladimirovna. Bangkok is a cybernetic giant that has taken over the entire southeast of Asia. Alexandria urban agglomeration in northern Africa. Beijing is a powerful industrial metropolis on the verge of…

Due to the growth of the industrial development of cities in the 20th century, the world's population gradually moved to cities.

So at the end of the 20th century, the city population on the planet became almost 50%, while at the beginning of the century the urban population was an insignificant 13% of the world's population.

At the moment, there are more than 50% of citizens on the planet, and everyone strives for life in the metropolis.

In this article, I want to consider the 10 largest agglomerations in the world, which have sheltered more than 230 million inhabitants within their borders.

The largest agglomeration city is Tokyo with a population of 37.7 million, which is equal to the population of Poland.

The total area occupied by the Tokyo agglomeration is 8677 km? and a population density of 4,340 people per km². The Tokyo agglomeration is so large because it combines 2 large cities of Tokyo and Yokohama and a number of other smaller settlements.

The second place in this list belongs to the capital of Mexico - Mexico City.

The number of inhabitants of the Mexico City agglomeration reaches 23.6 million people who get along on an area of 7346 km². At the same time, the population density is 3212 people per km². The Mexico City metropolitan area is located above all others on this list above sea level.

The third largest agglomeration in terms of the number of inhabitants is the city of New York, in which 23.3 million people live on an area of 11,264 km². The population density is 2,070 inhabitants per km². The city is the largest financial center in the world.

In fourth place is the agglomeration of the city of Seoul - the capital of South Korea. The population is 22.7 million inhabitants. The total area occupied by the agglomeration is 1943 km? and a population density of 11,680 people per km².

The fifth place in this list belongs to the agglomeration city of Mumbai (until 1995 Bombay). The number of inhabitants in the agglomeration is 21.9 million. Territory - 2,350 km? and a population density of 9,320 inhabitants per km². The city itself and the entire agglomeration are developing very rapidly.

The sixth in our list was the urban agglomeration of Sao Paulo (Brazil). The number of inhabitants living within this administrative unit is 20.8 million inhabitants. The area of the agglomeration is 7944 km? and a population density of 2620 inhabitants per km².

The Philippine capital Manila ranks seventh on the list of urban agglomerations and has 20.7 million inhabitants. The agglomeration area is 4863 km? and a population density of 4256 people per km².

Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, is in 8th place on this list with a population of 19.2 million inhabitants. The area of Jakarta urban agglomeration is 7,297 km? and a population density of 2,631 people per km².

The ninth place among the largest urban agglomerations in the world is the capital of Delhi. The population in this agglomeration is 18.9 million people with an area of 1425 km². The population density is 13,265 inhabitants per km², which puts this agglomeration in first place in terms of population density.

Lotus Temple in Delhi

urban agglomeration is a compact cluster of settlements, mainly urban, merging in places, united into a complex multicomponent dynamic system with intensive industrial, transport and cultural ties. The formation of urban agglomerations is one of the stages of urbanization.

Distinguish monocentric(formed around one large core city, for example, the New York metropolitan area) and polycentric agglomerations (having several core cities, for example, clusters of cities in the Ruhr basin of Germany).

The proximity of settlements sometimes gives the so-called agglomeration effect - economic and social benefits by reducing costs from the spatial concentration of industries and other economic facilities in urban agglomerations.

1Merge criteria
2Conurbation
3Largest agglomerations
4See also
5Notes
6Literature

Merging Criteria

The criteria for uniting territories in different countries are different. But the main generally accepted criteria for combining cities and settlements into one agglomeration are:

direct adjoining of densely populated territories (cities, towns, settlements) to the main city (city core) without significant gaps in development;
the area of built-up (urbanized) territories in the agglomeration exceeds the area of agricultural land, forests;
mass labor, educational, household, cultural and recreational trips (pendulum migrations) - at least 10-15% of the able-bodied population living in cities and settlements of the agglomeration work in the center of the main city.

Not taken into account:

the existing administrative-territorial division;
direct distance itself (without taking into account other factors);
close subordinate settlements without direct communication along transport corridors;
nearby self-sufficient cities.

An example of established criteria for agglomeration is the definition of the term "agglomeration" adopted by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office, namely:

a) agglomerations unite several municipalities with at least 20 thousand inhabitants;

b) each agglomeration has a main zone, the core of the city, which includes at least 10 thousand inhabitants;

c) each community of the agglomeration has at least 2 thousand working-age people, of which at least 1/6 are employed in the main city (or groups of main cities for a polycentric agglomeration),

d) for polycentric agglomeration, additional criteria may be:

no gaps in the building (agricultural land, forests) more than 200 meters,
the excess of the built-up area over the unbuilt area in the agglomeration is 10 times,
Population growth in previous decades has been at least 10% above average.

Agglomerations in developed countries concentrate significant masses of the population. The growth of agglomerations reflects the territorial concentration of industrial production and labor resources. The spontaneous growth of agglomerations sometimes leads to the formation of a megalopolis (superglomeration or superagglomeration), the largest form of settlement.

Conurbation

Conurbation- (from lat. con - together and urbs - city),

An urban agglomeration of a polycentric type has as cores several cities of more or less the same size and importance in the absence of a clearly dominant one (for example, a cluster of cities in the Ruhr basin, Germany).
in some countries it is synonymous with any urban agglomeration.

The most significant conurbations (polycentric agglomerations) were formed in Europe - the Ruhr in Germany (according to various estimates, depending on the composition of the included cities, from 5 to 11.5 million inhabitants), Randstad Holland in the Netherlands (about 7 million).

Largest agglomerations

The world's largest agglomeration is led by Tokyo, which has 38 million inhabitants. According to the UN in 2010, there were about 449 agglomerations on Earth with more than 1 million inhabitants, including 4 - more than 20 million, 8 - more than 15 million, 25 - more than 10 million, 61 - more than 5 million. 6 states have more than 10 millionaire agglomerations: China (95), USA (44), India (43), Brazil (21), Russia (16), Mexico (12).

According to some estimates, there are up to 22 millionaire agglomerations in Russia, including 7 located in non-millionaire cities. The Moscow agglomeration, the largest in Russia, has, according to various estimates, from 15 to 17 million and is in 9-16th place in the world. Another (St. Petersburg) Russian agglomeration has from 5.2 to 6.2 million people, three (polycentric conurbation of Samara-Tolyatti, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod) - more than 2 million, Novosibirsk - about 1.8-1.9 million people .

View of Greater Tokyo (agglomeration with a population of 38 million people)

Examples of city merging

1. Unification of Cheboksary and Novocheboksarsk- a project to unite the capital of Chuvashia, the city of Cheboksary, and its satellite city of Novocheboksarsk.

The project has been discussed since the 1990s.

In 2008, the question of the unification of the two cities was put to a referendum. At the referendum held on March 2, 2008, 75.21% of the residents of Cheboksary who took part in the vote voted for the unification. At the same time, 60.31% of Novocheboksarsk residents who took part in the voting voted against the unification of cities. The merger did not take place.

Observers regarded the results of the referendum as a failure of the idea of unification, but since 2008 the issue has been repeatedly raised again.

It was supposed to combine the trolleybus systems of the two cities, as well as launch a high-speed tram line between cities (districts) through the so-called 40,000-strong New City, which is being built up on the free territory between Cheboksary and Novocheboksarsk.

2 The idea of merging Saratov and Engels has a rich history. It was first announced back in the late 1980s. One of the main advantages of the association was the possibility of building a subway.

The next campaign to unite the largest cities in the region started in 2007.

Supporters of the idea of unification appealed to the Saratov Regional Duma with a request to hold a nationwide referendum. On December 20, 2007, the deputies rejected the proposal. One of the reasons for the refusal was that the referendum included two questions: about the association and the name, while, according to the law, the question on the ballot must be put in such a way that it could only be answered "yes" or "no" .

The idea of unification is not approved by the authorities of Engels, whose status in this case will be reduced to that of a district. The opinion of the population in this case remained unheard.

The cities have a very close geographical location. At present, cities have a common infrastructure: power networks, information and fiber optic lines, dams, and a common ring road are common. Until 2004, there was a common trolleybus system (it was disconnected due to technical problems). In addition, official maps of Saratov and Engels have not been issued separately since 2001.

The de facto merger has already practically taken place and it remains only to recognize it officially, since many residents of these cities already consider them appendages to each other.

Notes

Issues of urban agglomeration development. //lib.vscc.ac.ru. Retrieved August 31, 2012. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012.
http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/regionen/11/geo/analyse_regionen/04.parsys.0002.downloadList.00021.DownloadFile.tmp/agglodefdt.pdf
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision. Population of urban agglomerations with 750,000 inhabitants or more, 1950–2025
Demographia World Urban Areas, published in 2012, provides population estimates, city area estimates and urban population density for almost 850 urban agglomerations of the world with a population of 500 thousand or more people.

In some places they grow together, united in a complex multicomponent dynamic system with intensive production, transport and cultural ties. The formation of urban agglomerations is one of the stages of urbanization.

Merging Criteria

The criteria for uniting territories in different countries are different. But the main generally accepted criteria for combining cities and settlements into one agglomeration are:

direct adjoining of densely populated territories (cities, towns, settlements) to the main city (city core) without significant gaps in development;
the area of built-up (urbanized) territories in the agglomeration exceeds the area of agricultural land, forests;
mass labor, educational, household, cultural and recreational trips (pendulum migrations) - at least 10-15% of the able-bodied population living in cities and settlements of the agglomeration work in the center of the main city.

Not taken into account:

the existing administrative-territorial division;
direct distance itself (without taking into account other factors);
close subordinate settlements without direct communication along transport corridors;
nearby self-sufficient cities.

An example of established criteria for agglomeration is the definition of the term "agglomeration" adopted by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office, namely:

a) agglomerations unite several municipalities with at least 20 thousand inhabitants;

b) each agglomeration has a main zone, the core of the city, which includes at least 10 thousand inhabitants;

c) each community of the agglomeration has at least 2 thousand working-age people, of which at least 1/6 are employed in the main city (or groups of main cities for a polycentric agglomeration),

d) for polycentric agglomeration, additional criteria may be:

no gaps in the building (agricultural land, forests) more than 200 meters,
the excess of the built-up area over the unbuilt area in the agglomeration is 10 times,
Population growth in previous decades has been at least 10% above average.

Conurbation

Conurbation- (from lat. con - together and urbs - city),

An urban agglomeration of a polycentric type has as cores several cities of more or less the same size and importance in the absence of a clearly dominant one (for example, a cluster of cities in the Ruhr basin, Germany).
in some countries - a synonym for any urban agglomeration.

Largest agglomerations

According to some estimates, there are up to 22 millionaire agglomerations in Russia, including 7 with non-millionaire cities. The Moscow agglomeration, the largest in Russia, has, according to various estimates, from 15 to 17 million and is in 9-16 place in the world. Another (St. Petersburg) Russian agglomeration has from 5.2 to 6.2 million people, three (

The specificity of the definition of the concept of "city" depends, of course, on the position from which the problem is considered. In its most general form, a city is a large settlement, the vast majority of whose inhabitants are employed outside of agriculture: in industry, trade, services, science, and culture.

The following characteristic features of modern cities can be distinguished:

economic - employment of the population outside agriculture;
ekistic - the concentration of a significant population in a relatively small area and, consequently, a high population density (up to several tens of thousands of inhabitants per 1 km2 of the city);
demographic - the formation of specific urban characteristics and its structure;
architectural - the formation of a characteristic urban architectural and planning environment;
sociological - the formation of an urban lifestyle;
legal - cities, as a rule, - administrative centers of the adjacent territory.

The degree of favorable development of the city in one direction or another is determined by it.

Sociologists propose to look for the specific features of the city in the structure of its “social space”, “in the urban lifestyle”, which, first of all, is expressed in a higher degree of mobility of urban residents and in an increase in the number of contacts between them, considered as a measure of potential human interactions.

The following characteristics of the urban lifestyle can be found in the literature: increased mobility of the population; freedom to choose one's environment, as well as the ability to easily isolate oneself from it; regulated working hours and the possibility of planning free time; family disintegration; a decrease in the average size of a family and households.

In the system of the geographical division of labor, each city is, first of all, a place of complex concentration of functions involved in this division of labor. From this follows the economic definition of the city as a place of complex concentration of socio-economic functions.

From the standpoint of population studies, a city is a place of life activity (in the broadest sense) of concentrated masses of the population, distinguished by specific socio-demographic characteristics and factors of population development.

In our opinion, the most correct economic structure and functional profile of cities can be quantitatively characterized by identifying the city-forming contingent of city workers, i.e. that part of the workers who are employed in the city-forming branches of the city's economy, in enterprises and institutions of importance beyond the scope of this paragraph (industry, external, warehouses and bases of procurement and supply organizations, administrative institutions, research institutes and educational institutions, construction organizations, rural, other institutions of non-urban significance).

Currently, the concept of "city" is significantly transformed. Being a form of settlement of people on the territory, the city has long been associated in our minds not only with a place where non-agricultural activities are concentrated (industry, trade, transport, etc.), but also with a place where people accumulate, dwellings are concentrated, roads cross. The concept of "city" is inextricably linked with the idea of some kind of center - functional, populated, residential. It can be noted that the performance of various functions of such a center is no less typical for cities than their industrial role. In this sense, cities as centers have long been, as it were, in the focus of the territorial structure of settlement, but at the same time remained only separate, albeit focal points on the map. The essence of the new modifications introduced into the development of cities is that the city as a point form of settlement is being replaced by urban agglomerations.
Production, labor, cultural ties between the city and its surroundings at a certain, sufficiently high level of development of productive forces become so close that neither the city nor the settlements adjacent to it can exist without each other. This process of merging, coalescence is so fast and intense that some scientists propose to replace the concept of "city" as obsolete.

Cities have a variety of economic and superstructural functions, the content of which has changed significantly in different historical epochs. In this regard, the very concept of "city" has historically changed. In the definitions of the city of the late XIX and early XX centuries. preference was given to trade, while industry was given a smaller role.

In pre-revolutionary Russia, the definition of a city corresponded to the administrative-territorial and class structure of the Russian Empire. The name "city" originally meant a fortified settlement, a fenced area, and the territory of the city was limited to the boundaries of the fortress. Gradually, the city "acquires" the population living outside it, but in the immediate vicinity of the walls of the fortress. Over time, these settlements turn into parts of the city (in Russia, these are “suburbs” or “posadas” with artisans and merchants). Moreover, the term "city" itself takes on two meanings: a city as a fortress and a city as a populated place, i.e. fortress with its surrounding forefront.

Until the beginning of the 20th century. the term "agglomeration" was used to define territorial clusters of industrial enterprises, and A. Weber (1903) introduced it to denote the process of a large concentration of the population in cities. As large cities grew and more and more urban and rural settlements poured into their sphere of influence, this term began to be used to refer to new territorial entities. The main features of such formations:

close economic ties in the combination and cooperation of industrial enterprises between the production and consumption of industrial and products (indicators of the tightness of these ties are much more powerful cargo flows within the agglomeration compared to external cargo flows);
labor (part of those working at enterprises and institutions of one settlement live in other settlements, i.e. within the agglomeration there is an interconnected relationship and there are daily pendulums between the main city and settlements of the suburban zone, as well as between these settlements);
cultural and recreational (institutions or places of rest of one or several settlements partially serve the inhabitants of other settlements, there are daily or weekly pendulum migrations for cultural and household or purposes);
close administrative-political and organizational-economic (causing daily business trips between the settlements of the agglomeration - for production, service and public work).

All these characteristic features determine the specifics of the development of the agglomeration as a diversified, multifunctional center of national importance with specialization in the most progressive sectors of the national economy. Thus, the agglomeration should be considered simultaneously as a subsystem of the general system of production location and as a subsystem of the general system of the country's settlement.

The economic prerequisite for the rapid development of agglomerations is the advantages inherent in this form of location of production and settlement, namely: a high degree of concentration and diversification of production, which determines its maximum efficiency; concentration of qualified personnel, close connection of production with science and training centers; the most efficient use of production and social systems.

There is also a form of settlement in which the role of "leader" is played not by one, but by two or a group of cities; some authors use the term "conurbation" in this case. Other authors use the terms "agglomeration" and "conurbation" as equivalent. The difference lies in the fact that the agglomeration took shape when a large city “attached” its surrounding territories, while conurbation took shape when several cities, often of equal economic and population density, merged. In the case of such an understanding, gender and centric highly developed systems of urban settlements should be attributed to conurbations. But usually such systems are transformed into monocentric (with one center), in which case the distinction between conurbation and agglomeration is erased.

The stages of population dynamics in agglomerations are as follows:

the population of the core is increasing, while the outer (suburban) zone is decreasing due to migration to the core; in general, the population of the agglomeration is growing;
the core is growing strongly, the outer zone is also growing, strong concentration throughout the agglomeration;
the core continues to grow and the highest concentration in the suburban area, the agglomeration continues to grow;
the population of the core begins to decline, but in the suburban area it increases, the agglomeration as a whole is growing;
the population of the core is declining, growth continues in the suburban area, but the population in the agglomeration is declining (this stage is now characteristic of the series);
both the population of the core and its population in the outer zone are decreasing, the population of the agglomeration is decreasing.

The merger of urban agglomerations is called. Urban agglomerations

See what "urban agglomeration" is in other dictionaries:

Books

Merging Criteria

Conurbation

Largest agglomerations

Examples of city merging

see also

Notes

Merging Criteria

Conurbation

Largest agglomerations