Dictionary of foreign words online. Dictionaries of foreign words

Borrowings are the most dynamic part of the lexical system of the Russian language, therefore, dictionaries of foreign words, giving an interpretation of foreign vocabulary that entered the Russian language at various periods of its history, have always been one of the most common types of lexicographic publications. Due to the significant expansion of the place of borrowings in the Russian language in recent decades, the need for this type of reference publications has increased dramatically, which, in turn, has led to the emergence of a large number of new dictionaries of various sizes.

Modern dictionaries of foreign words, being of the aspect type, describing certain fragments of the lexical system, are closest to explanatory dictionaries, while the etymological reference is an obligatory component of the dictionary entry. A feature of the dictionaries of foreign words is also their encyclopedic nature. Often the interpretations in the dictionaries of foreign words come close to the dictionary entries of the encyclopedic dictionary. For example:

MASONS[francs-magons letters, freemasons] - otherwise freemasons - members of a religious and ethical society that arose in the 18th century. in England, and then spreading a network of its cells (lodges) in other European countries (including Russia); the preaching of moral self-improvement was accompanied by freemasons with special, ritual and mystery; Masonic organizations (lodges) still exist in France, the USA and other countries.

Many dictionaries of foreign words combine the features of explanatory and etymological dictionaries, encyclopedias, normative reference books and reflect a certain level of society culture. “The integration in the dictionary of interpretations and elements of the field structure, etymological and encyclopedic references of various sizes carries cognitive-semantic information about the modern linguistic picture of the world, in which borrowings occupy a very significant place” [Glinkina 2007: 99].

Due to the fact that the most active process of borrowing occurs in the field of science and technology, a large percentage of the lexical units described in the dictionaries of foreign words is terminological in nature. Dictionaries of foreign words respond faster than other lexicographic publications to changes in the vocabulary, significantly complement the materials of neological dictionaries, promptly presenting lexical innovations that reflect the development of science, technology, culture of their time, ties with other countries and peoples.

In Soviet times, dictionaries of foreign words were a very ideologized type of lexicographic publications, they were under pressure from censorship, their content was strictly controlled by party bodies. For a long time, the Dictionary of Foreign Words, edited by F.N. Petrov, created in 1939, regularly updated with relevant vocabulary and reprinted many times (later edited by I.V. Lyokhin and F.N. Petrov), remained the most common for a long time. It contains common vocabulary, common terms and terminological combinations in various fields of knowledge, borrowed by the Russian language at different times, as well as words formed from elements of ancient Greek and Latin. The appendix contains a list of foreign words and expressions found in the literature in Latin spelling.

Profound transformations in public life in the 80-90s. 20th century demanded prompt "lexicographical reaction". In 1992, the “Modern Dictionary of Foreign Words” was prepared and published (compiled by N.M. Landa and others), based on the “Dictionary of Foreign Words” by I.V. LyokhinaiF.N. Petrov, but supplementing it with lexical innovations of recent decades and reflecting significant changes in the ideological orientations of society.

Comparison of dictionaries of foreign words of different years of publications allows you to clearly see the change in ideological attitudes, the changing climate of the era. Let us illustrate this by comparing the interpretation of the word cosmopolitanism in the 7th edition of the Dictionary of Foreign Words by I.V. Lyokhin and F.N. Petrov (1980) and in the Modern Dictionary of Foreign Words. In the first one, it is “a reactionary bourgeois ideology that preaches the rejection of national sovereignty, national traditions and culture in the name of the abstractly understood “unity of the human race”, “a single state 44 , which denies patriotism under the slogan “man is a citizen of the world 44 ; to. the opposite of the proletarian internationalism »; in the second - “the ideology of the so-called. world citizenship, acts in the form of various ideological and political orientations - from the interaction and rapprochement of peoples and states to a nihilistic attitude towards national cultures and traditions.

The end of the XX - the beginning of the XXI century. marked by the appearance of a large number of new dictionaries reflecting the results of an extremely intensified borrowing process.

"Explanatory dictionary of foreign words" L.P. Krysina is the first proper philological dictionary of foreign words and is one of the most authoritative publications of this type. It reflected the author's many years of research in the field of borrowed vocabulary and the principles of its description [Krysin 1997; 2004]. The preface notes that the dictionary “describes the properties the words, and not the thing it denotes: its origin, meaning in modern Russian, as well as pronunciation, stress, grammatical characteristics, semantic connections with other foreign words, stylistic features, typical examples of use. Much attention is paid to grammatical information about a foreign word, as well as to the representation of the semantic structure of a polysemantic word in its dynamics. The dictionary contains both common vocabulary and special terms and terminological phrases. Particular attention is paid to borrowings of the 80-90s. 20th century ( airbus, grant, zombie, yogurt, kickboxing, copyright, cursor, couturier, stapler, talk show and many others. etc.). In addition to common nouns, the dictionary includes a number of proper names that name persons and objects that have general cultural and historical significance. (Apollo, Hercules, Cupid, Buddha, Golgotha, Koran, Antarctica, Renaissance). The dictionary is normative, so the author of the dictionary carefully introduced insufficiently mastered lexical innovations into it. Let us give examples of dictionary entries demonstrating the specifics of L.P. Rat:

IMMIGRANT,-a, m., shower [immigrans (immigratis) moving in]. 1. A foreigner who arrived in some. country for permanent residence. Immigrant- pertaining to immigrants. || Wed migrant, emigrant. 2. zool. An animal is a representative of a species, genus or other groups that have settled in a given territory from another territory where these groups arose and developed.

CRACKER,-a, collected, m.[yayag/g. cracker - pertaining to cracker 1, 2. || See: chips.

L. P. Krysin’s dictionary “1000 new foreign words” contains the most common foreign words borrowed by the Russian language in the second half of the 20th - early 21st centuries. (brand, voucher, jacuzzi, driver, email, image maker, clone, mentality).

Taking into account the pragmatic interests of a potential reader, the names of many dictionaries of foreign words appear in the names big, new, newest, modern, up-to-date. So, the purpose of the Dictionary of New Foreign Words, as its author N.G. Komlev, - to fill the natural lexicographic gap that was characteristic of the fundamental dictionaries of foreign words due to their specificity. Due to the rare reprinting, they were not able to quickly respond to current lexical innovations and usually included such borrowed words that had already taken root in the Russian language and received a stable composition of meanings. The dictionary includes foreign borrowings that are either already quite widespread in Russian speech (such as collage), or used in professional language (for example, designat or operand), or generally met by the compiler of the dictionary in the Russian version 2-3 times (for example, brokerage). The later and more complete “Dictionary of Foreign Words” by the same author contains words and expressions that are foreign in origin, often used in modern media, in business documentation (for example, scanner, squash, skateboard, skinhead, duct tape, slacks, slogan, spray, sponsor, stagnation, stapler). A special section of the book is the “Index of Russian-Foreign Correspondences”, which includes Russian words and descriptive phrases and their corresponding foreign borrowings (cf .: a large amount of winnings in the lottery - jackpot, inaccessible to knowledge transcendent, equally, in half fifty-fifty, insurance receipt - policy, enlargement of the national currency - denomination).

The interpretation of new borrowings that is relevant for a wide user is presented in a brief dictionary-reference book by G.N. Sklyarevskaya and E.Yu. Vaulina “Let's speak correctly! The latest and most common borrowings in modern Russian. It includes foreign words that are actively used in modern speech and reflect current concepts from the most significant areas (politics, economics, finance, commerce, journalism, computer science). An essential feature of the dictionary is the inclusion in it, along with borrowings rooted in Russian, of many words that have appeared in recent years and are often absent in other lexicographic publications. (blockbuster, bowling, badge, brand, guest worker, grant, euro, cloning, condominium, laptop, top manager, hacker, euthanasia and etc.). An important part of a number of dictionary entries are encyclopedic information and etymological references. Yes, the word spam, updated in modern speech recently, receives (with marks inform., disapproved.) interpretation (“Mass mailings (usually of an advertising nature) conducted without the consent of the user; online garbage, the issuance of unsolicited commercial advertising and other information on the Internet”), accompanied by illustrative material ( Advertising spam. Fight against spam. spam checker) and etymological reference: "From spannedham- canned ham (an intrusively advertised product)." Thus, the reader receives information about the semantics of the word (including the connotative components explicated not only in labels, but also in the elements of interpretation - network junk) about the typical contexts of its use, about the etymology, which, in combination with encyclopedic information, creates the “image of the word”, fixes it in the mind of the reader. The dictionary reflects the constant expansion of the sphere of functioning of lexical units observed in modern speech. indicative word best-seller, which is accompanied by the following interpretation: “Goods, services, etc., in high demand, which are especially popular in any period of time” ( Series "World Bestseller". The film became a bestseller. The record is a real bestseller. New scanner model - bestseller of September). At the end of the dictionary entry, the compilers note: “Initially: only about a book published in a huge circulation”, thereby transferring the usual usage from the category of erroneous or undesirable to normative or at least acceptable. The dictionary demonstrates the process of development of the semantic structure of a borrowed word. Yes, the word martyr[Arab., letters. martyr for the faith], which is absent in other dictionaries of foreign words, but actively used in modern speech, two meanings are presented: “1. A follower of Islam who fell in the war against the enemies of this religion. 2. Islamic suicide bomber, kamikaze.” An important stage in the development of many borrowed words is their variance (spelling, accentological, orthoepic). The dictionary expressively illustrates this phenomenon: high tech and hi-tech, kitsch and kitsch, mass media and mass media, marketing and marketing, fast food and fast food, town house and townhouse, sequester and sequester, realtor and realtor, public relations, public relations and public relations, laptop and laptop, remake and remake, player and player.

"Modern Dictionary of Foreign Words" M.N. Cherkasova and L.N. Cherkasova contains lexical units that are actively used in modern speech, in journalism, on television, among young people, in the socio-political sphere, in the field of computer and nanotechnologies. The dictionary corpus includes: the latest borrowings of the 1990-2008s. ( avatar, anime, bandana, boutique, jacuzzi, rave, website, tattoo, foie gras, chat and etc.); new borrowings of the 1960s-1990s ( camping, cybernetics, slide, hippie and etc.); units that became widespread in the 20th century. or changing their semantics: (address, album, archive, virus, directive, president, pilot, editor and etc.); actual frequency derivatives formed on the basis of foreign roots ( animeshnik, disk, disk drive", limitchik, limitchitsa", license, licensed, licensed); transliterated words and expressions ( public relations, ready-to-wear, icq, iq and etc.); tracing paper (microwave oven, brain drain, cover girl, computer or electronic virus and etc.).

In the "New Dictionary of Foreign Words" E.N. Zakharenko and others also reflected the latest foreign borrowings of the late XX - early XXI century. A significant proportion was the terminology: computer (applause, posting, emoticon etc.), technical (validator, concept car, crash test etc.), medical (generic, iridology, mammogram etc.), political and sociological (anti-globalism, monetization, exit poll etc.), sports (aquabike, veloball, railing and etc.). Widely represented foreign vocabulary related to the field of economics and business (account, keouch, retail etc.), to the service sector (barista, cleaning, hostel, etc.), to advertising activities (wobbler, sting, pillar etc.), to the religious sphere (bodhi, irmos, prokimen etc.), to the sphere of art and show business (brit-non, preview, trash etc.), to other spheres of life (bomber, vintage, spa and many others).

Orientation to the general reader determined the emergence of a number of popular illustrated dictionaries of foreign words. A good example of such publications is the dictionary of E.A. Grishina. A feature of the "New Illustrated Dictionary of Foreign Words", republished under the title "Dictionary of Foreign Words" (edited by

V. Butromeev), is its construction not only alphabetically, but also according to the thematic principle: words united by one or another topic are interpreted in one nest. With the help of references, the user gets the opportunity not only to find out the meaning of an unfamiliar word, but also to obtain additional information about the corresponding area. For example:

CERAMICSgr. Keramos clay] - pottery, baked clay products: dishes, small plastic, architectural details, tiles, plumbing, chemical equipment, etc. MAJOLICA it. Maiolica from the name of the island of Mallorca] - artistic K. Made of colored clay, covered with opaque glaze. TERRACOTTA [it. terra earth + cotta burnt] - fired colored clay without glaze and products from it. PORCELAIN [pers.] - 1) artificially made mineral mass with various impurities (quartz, feldspar) for the manufacture of various products in accordance with its physical and chemical properties; 2) porcelain items as a type of ceramics. FAIENCE fr. faience by name, etc. Faenza, where it was produced] - a white or colored mass of special varieties of clay with gypsum and other impurities.

A number of dictionaries purposefully describe borrowings from specific languages. Here, first of all, one should name dictionaries that introduce the ancient heritage in the Russian language. Yes, a dictionary

A.I. Voronkova, L.P. Ponyaeva, L.M. Popova "Latin heritage in the Russian language" characterizes Latin borrowings and their derivational potential. The first part of the work is a historical sketch of words with Latin roots in Russian from the 10th to the 20th centuries. The second part presents the Latin words that form the basis of Russian derivatives. The third part contains an alphabetical list of Russian derivatives, the time of the first fixation of these words is indicated. A similar goal of introducing users to ancient borrowings is pursued by the dictionaries of S.Yu. Afonkina, N.T. Babichev and Ya.M. Borovsky, L.S. Ilinskaya, V.P. Somov.

In the "Explanatory Dictionary of French Borrowings in Russian" T.I. Belitsa collected lexemes that came into the Russian language in the period from the end of the 17th century to the end of the 17th century. to the present and related to the thematic fields "Nominations of fashionable realities" (names of varieties of fabrics, clothes, accessories, jewelry, hairstyles, etc.) and "Culinary terms" (names of dishes and cooking methods, varieties of cheese, alcoholic beverages and other nominations related to the field of culinary arts: ambigu, bardyrovanie, Cahors, salers, pastillage and etc.). The actual linguistic characteristics of lexemes are combined in the dictionary with national and cultural information about the named realities.

Since the vocabulary of the Russian language is also enriched by the vocabulary of the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia and the former USSR, a number of dictionaries describe these layers of borrowings. However, it should be borne in mind that not all of the words given in them are fixed in the vocabulary of the Russian literary language. Many function only in the Russian speech of the inhabitants of the national republics and other states and are used in fiction as exoticisms. So, in the short thematic dictionary of G. G. Goletiani "Georgian vocabulary in Russian" contains Georgian words that cannot be translated into Russian ( chakhokhbili, chacha, suluguni, toastmaster etc.), presented in 40 thematic groups: names of grape varieties, wines, dishes, clothes, etc.

"Dictionary of Turkisms in the Russian language" E.N. Shipova is distinguished by a serious historical and etymological basis (borrowings from the Turkic languages ​​are widely represented in it, starting from ancient Russian written monuments, the etymology and history of the appearance of words in the Russian language is disclosed), which allows it to be used in the study of Russian vocabulary in a historical aspect.

Dictionary R.A. Yunaleeva “Tree of Turkisms in the Russian language”, compiled on the basis of numerous and diverse sources, also contains Turkisms “in the genealogical tree of derivatives formed on Russian soil” ( quince: quince, quince, quince", buy: bay, baystvo; coarse calico: calico, calico; apricot: apricot, apricot, apricot", jackal: jackal-like, jackal, jackal etc.).

A specific layer of foreign borrowings is presented in a special lexicographic publication - "Dictionary of Foreign Words and Expressions" by A.M. Babkin and V.V. Shendetsova. It contains lexical borrowings, which, despite their long functioning in the Russian language, do not break with their foreign appearance at all and are used in non-transliterated form. The dictionary contains expressions, word-terms and common quotations or their fragments, usually used (or used in the past) without reference to the source and replenishing the phraseological stock of the language (adhoc, censor morum comme si comme ga homo sapiens and etc.). The base of the dictionary was made up of selections from scientific, artistic, memoir and epistolary literature in chronological boundaries from Pushkin's time to our time.

Extraordinary intensification of the process of borrowing in the late XX - early XXI century. leads to the fact that existing authoritative dictionaries do not have time to reflect new language acquisitions. Reference dictionaries appear, giving the user a prompt answer to questions that arise. Such, for example, are a small reference dictionary by I.V. Gladkova, B.V. Emelyanov, A.E. Zimbuli "Nenashi words in our language", containing borrowings that are quite actively used in the media and in many cases not included in explanatory dictionaries and dictionaries of foreign words, "Dictionary-fellow traveler: a small explanatory and etymological dictionary of foreign words", designed for a wide range of readers and includes foreign words commonly used in modern media (for example: impeachment, lobby, publicity, voucher, dealer, marketing, voice recorder, air conditioner, printer).

In the "Dictionary of abbreviations of foreign origin" L.N. Baranova considered abbreviations of the type NATO, NASA, CD, DVD, their decoding is given, their pronunciation and use in speech are indicated.

In recent years, many educational dictionaries of foreign words have appeared, which, both in the composition of the vocabulary and in the methods of description, are focused on students of different ages.

In the "School Dictionary of Foreign Words" L.P. Krysin, preference is given to the vocabulary that is often found and actively used in the speech practice of schoolchildren. In addition to interpretations and data on the origin of the word, the dictionary entry includes grammatical and stylistic marks, indications of the correct pronunciation, and short sentences illustrating the different meanings of borrowed words. Information of a cultural and historical nature is also important for students. The dictionary includes many borrowings of recent years (fax, file, shaping, hacker etc.).

A useful guide for students is the "School Dictionary of Foreign Words" by V. V. Odintsov and others, which includes the most common foreign words in modern oral and written speech. Dictionary entries contain a wide range of information: they reveal the meaning of the word, its origin, give a grammatical and accentological characteristic. The dictionary entry contains words with the same root as the heading word, forming a nest. Where possible, cultural and historical commentary is given. The meanings of words are illustrated by sayings and examples from fiction. For example:

potpourri, neskl., cf. (fr. pot-pourris- letters, food from different types of meat). 1. A piece of music composed of excerpts from well-known musical melodies. A military band in the city garden played a potpourri of operettas. 2. (transl.) A hodgepodge, a mixture of dissimilar things.

In fr. In the language, the word "potpourri" originally called a dish consisting of small pieces of various products. And in the Russian language in the first half of the XIX century. it meant a dance composed of small dances or fragments of different dances.

Afonkin S.Yu. Look at the root: an explanatory dictionary of foreign words of Greek and Latin origin. SPb. : Himizdat, 2000. 336 p.

Babichev N.T., Borovsky Ya.M. Dictionary of Latin winged words / ed. Ya.M. Borovsky. M. : Bustard: Russian language - Media, 2008. 987 p. .

Babkin A.M., Shendetsov V.V. Dictionary of foreign expressions and words used in Russian without translation: in 3 books. 2nd ed., rev. SPb.: QUOTAM, 1994. Book. 1-3. .

BaranovaL.N. Dictionary of abbreviations of foreign origin [about 1000 abbreviations]. M.: AST-Press Book, 2009. 320 p.

BarbashovaL.AT. Dictionary of foreign words [about 4000 words of foreign origin]. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg. state un-ta, 1999. 171 p.

Belitsa T.I. Explanatory dictionary of French borrowings in Russian: (on the material of the thematic fields "Nominations of fashionable realities" and "Culinary terms"). Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk. state un-t, 2007. 223 p.

A large illustrated dictionary of foreign words [about 60,000 foreign words and expressions]. M. : East - West: Biblio, 2009. 958 p.

Large Illustrated Dictionary of Foreign Words. M.: Astrel [et al.], 2006. 957 p.

Large dictionary of foreign words / comp. V.Yu. Nikitin. M. : House of the Slavonic Book, 2009. 991 p.

Large Dictionary of Foreign Words: A-Z [more than 25,000 words] / comp.

A.Yu. Moskvin. 7th ed., rev. and additional M. : Tsentrpoligraf, 2008. 685 p. .

Big Dictionary of Foreign Words. M.: LadKom, 2008. 703 p. (Russian language). .

BrusenskayaL.A. Dictionary of immutable foreign words of the Russian language. Rostov n / a .: Publishing house Rostov, state. ped. un-ta, 1997. 236 p.

Bulyko A.N. Big Dictionary of Foreign Words. 3rd ed., rev. and reworked. M.: Martin, 2010. 702 p. .

Vasyukova I.A. Dictionary of foreign words [about 3000 most common foreign words] / otv. ed. E. E. Zorina. M.: ACT [et al.], 2006. 415 p.

Vasyukova I.A. Dictionary of foreign words [about 6000 words] / ed. I. K. Sazonova. M. : AST-Press Book, 2001. 631 p. .

Galchenko I.E. Glossary of the vocabulary of the languages ​​of the peoples of the North Caucasus in Russian: a textbook. Ordzhonikidze: Publishing House of the North - Ossetians. un-ta, 1975. 199 p.

Gilyarevsky R.S., Starostin B.A. Foreign names and titles in the Russian text: a reference book. 3rd ed., rev. and additional M.: Higher school, 1985. 303 p. .

Gladkova I.V., Emelyanov B.V., Zimbuli A.E. Nenashi words in our language: a reference dictionary [about 800 borrowings]. Yekaterinburg [b. i.], 2011. 128 p.

Goletiani G.G. Georgian vocabulary in Russian: a brief thematic dictionary. Tbilisi: Tbil Publishing House. un-ta, 1972. 255 p.

Grishina E.A. Illustrated dictionary of foreign words [about 5000 words and phrases, more than 1200 illustrations]. M.: ACT: Astrel, 2008. 319 p.

Grishina E.A. Brief dictionary of foreign words [about 8000 units]. M.: Astrel: ACT, 2005. 638 p. [The same in 2002].

Grishina E.A. The latest illustrated dictionary of foreign words [about 30,000 words and phrases, more than 5,000 illustrations]. M.: ACT [et al.], 2009. 878 p.

Danilyuk I. G. A modern dictionary of foreign words for secondary and higher education. Donetsk: BAO, 2008. 560 p.

Egorova G.V. Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language for schoolchildren. M.: Adelant, 2014. 351 p. (Library of pocket dictionaries).

Zhukovsky S. G. A living dictionary of foreign words in modern Russian [more than 600 words]. Moscow: School Press, 2001. 189 p.

Zakharenko E.N., Komarova LN., Nechaeva I.V. A new dictionary of foreign words [over 25,000 words and phrases]. 3rd ed., rev. and additional M.: Azbukovnik, 2008. 1040 p. .

Ilyinskaya L.S. Latin heritage in Russian: a reference dictionary. M.: GLOSS-PRESS, 2003. 400 p. .

KavetskayaR.K.,Lenchenko K.P. Foreign words on the pages of the modern press: a dictionary [about 660 words]. Voronezh: Voronezh Publishing House. state un-ta, 1996. 97 p.

Komlev N.G. Foreign word in business speech: a concise dictionary of new words with translation and interpretation. M.: MKDCI, 1992. 125 p.

Komlev NG. Foreign words and expressions. M.: Sovremennik, 1997. 205 p.

Komlev N.G. Dictionary of foreign words [more than 4500 words and expressions]. M.: Eksmo, 2006. 669 p.

Komlev N.G. Dictionary of new foreign words: (with translation, etymology and interpretation). M. : Publishing House Moek. state un-ta, 1995. 142 p.

Komlev N.G. School dictionary of foreign words. M.: Eksmo-Press, 1999. 544 p.

Krysin L.P. An illustrated explanatory dictionary of foreign words [over 25,000 words and phrases, 2,000 illustrations: the most common foreign words that entered the Russian language in the 18th-20th and early 21st centuries]. M.: Eksmo, 2011. 863 p. Krysin L.P. New dictionary of foreign words. M.: Eksmo, 2007. 480 p. (School dictionaries).

Krysin L.P. New dictionary of foreign words: the most common foreign words that entered the Russian language in the 18th-20th and early 21st centuries. M.: Eksmo, 2005. 475 p.

Krysin L.P. Modern dictionary of foreign words [over 7000 words and expressions] / Ros. acad. Sciences. M.: AST-Press, 2012. 410 p. (Desk dictionaries of the Russian language).

Krysin L.P. Explanatory dictionary of foreign words [over 25,000 words and phrases] / Ros. acad. Sciences, Institute of Rus. lang. them. V. V. Vinogradova. M.: Eksmo, 2010. 939 p. .

Krysin L.P. Educational dictionary of foreign words. M. : Eksmo, 2010. 704 p.

Krysin L.P. School dictionary of foreign words [about 1500 lexical units]. M.: Bustard: Russian language, 1997. 299 p.

Krysin L.P. 1000 new foreign words. M.: AST-Press Book,

2009. 319 p. (Small desktop dictionaries of the Russian language). Latin heritage in Russian: a reference dictionary / comp.

A.I. Voronkov, L.P. Ponyaeva, L.M. Popov. Moscow: Flinta: Science,

Moskvin A.Yu. Large dictionary of foreign words [more than 25,000 words]. 7th ed., rev. and additional M. : Tsentrpoligraf, 2008. 685 p. .

Muzrukova T.G., Nechaeva I.V. Popular dictionary of foreign words [about 5000 words] / ed. I.V. Nechaeva. M.: Azbukovnik, 2002. 496 p. .

Nechaeva I.V. Dictionary of foreign words. M. : ACT, 2007.

538 p. (Pocket library of dictionaries).

The latest dictionary of foreign words: A-Z [about 5000 words] / ed.- comp. E.A. Okunpova. 2nd ed., rev. M.: Iris-press, 2009. 509 p. .

The latest dictionary of foreign words and expressions [more than 25,000 entries, over 100,000 foreign words and expressions]. Minsk: Modern Literator: Belarusian House of Press, 2007. 975 p.

The latest school dictionary of foreign words / comp. L.A. Aslanova. M.: Dom slavyanskoi knigi, 2012. 639 p.

New illustrated dictionary of foreign words / comp. L.V. Barbashova, V.A. Grachev, V.P. Rose; ed. V. Butromeeva. M.: Dekont+, 1998. 309 p.

New dictionary of foreign words [more than 4500 words] / comp. M. Sitnikova. 4th ed., ster. Rostov n/a. : Phoenix, 2008. 299 p. (Dictionaries). .

New Dictionary of Foreign Words [more than 20,000 words] / ch. ed

V. V. Adamchik. Minsk: Modern writer, 2005. 1087 p. Popular Dictionary of Foreign Words / ed. T.N. Gurieva. M.: RIPOL classic, 2002. 799 p. (Encyclopedic dictionaries). Semyonova N.M. New concise dictionary of foreign words: over 6500 words. 3rd ed., ster. M.: Bustard: Russian language - Media, 2008. 793 p. [In 1st ed. 2005, in 2nd ed. 2007 otv. ed. N.M. Semyonov (no author indicated)].

Sklyarevskaya G.N., Vaulina E.Yu. Let's talk right! The latest and most common borrowings in modern Russian: a short reference dictionary. SPb. : Philol. fak. St. Petersburg. state un-ta, 2004. 217 p.

Dictionary of foreign words / ed. T.N. Gurieva. M. : Mir knigi, 2003.415 p.

Dictionary of foreign words / comp. I.E. Zemlyanskaya [and others]; ed.

T.N. Gurieva. M.: Terra - Book Club, 2009. 398 p.

Dictionary of foreign words in Russian [for schoolchildren and students] / comp. E. Gruber. Moscow: Lokid-Press; Minsk: Sovremennoe slovo, 2005. 654 p.

Dictionary of foreign words [in 2 volumes] / otv. ed. S.N. Berdyshev [i dr.].

M .: Terra - Book Club, 2002. T. 1-2.

Dictionary of foreign words for schoolchildren / ed.-comp. V. V. Morkin.

M.: Iris-Press: Rolf, 2001. 406 p.

Dictionary of foreign words for schoolchildren [about 3500 words] / author, - comp. L.A. Saturday. [Republished]. Yekaterinburg: U-Factoria,

2007. 317 p. .

Dictionary of foreign words for schoolchildren / ed. M.P. Sterligov. St. Petersburg: Regatta: Litera, 2000. 509 p.

Dictionary of foreign words for schoolchildren [about 6000 words] / comp.

G. A. Lebedeva. M.: Slavyansky book house, 2002. 509 p.

Dictionary of foreign words and expressions [more than 17,000 units] / author, - comp. E.S. Zenovich; scientific ed. L.N. Smirnov. M. : ACT: Olympus,

2008. 778 p. [Also in 1997; also in 2006 under the title: Dictionary of foreign words].

Dictionary of foreign words [about 2500 words] / ed. D.K. Khachaturian. M.: Omega, 2001. 303 p. (To help the student).

Dictionary of foreign words [about 3000 words] / ed. E.D. Goncharova. M.: Bustard: Russian language - Media, 2008. 211 p.

Dictionary of foreign words [about 4000 words] / comp. V.P. Butromeev, T.V. Rose; ed. V. Butromeeva. M. : Prestige book. [et al.], 2005. 541 p. (Library of encyclopedic dictionaries). [The same in 2000 in the series "Illustrated Schoolchildren's Dictionaries"].

Dictionary of foreign words [about 5000 words] / comp. M.P. Sterligov; ed. K. B. Vasil'eva. St. Petersburg: Avalon: Azbuka-klassika, 2010. 382 p.

Dictionary of foreign words [about 10,000 most common words of the modern lexicon] / comp. M.Yu. Zhenilo, E.S. Yurchenko. Rostov n / D .: Phoenix, 2001. 797 p. (Dictionaries).

Dictionary of foreign words [about 10,000 words] / comp. T.Yu. Usha. St. Petersburg: Victory: Victoria plus, 2008. 813 p.

Dictionary of foreign words [about 20,000 words and terms] / ed. I.V. Lyokhin and F.N. Petrov. 19th ed., ster. M. : Russian language, 1990. 624 p. .

Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language for schoolchildren / comp. T.V. Egorova. M.: Adelant, 2014. 351 p. (Library of pocket dictionaries).

Dictionary of foreign words [over 6000 words] / otv. ed. T.M. Martynova, N.G. Kotov. M.: Alta-Print, 2008. 542 p.

Dictionary of foreign words [over 21,000 words] / otv. ed. V. V. Burtseva, N.M. Semyonov. 6th ed., stereotype. M. : Bustard: Russian language - Media, 2009. 817 p.

Dictionary of foreign words of the modern Russian language / comp. T.V. Egorova. M. : Adelant, 2012. 799 p. (Library of school dictionaries).

Dictionary of foreign words / ed.-comp. L. Orlova. Minsk: Harvest, 2010. 447 p. (Modern Dictionary of the Russian Language).

Modern dictionary of foreign words [about 20,000 words] / comp. N.M. Landa [and others]; leading ed. L.N. Komarov. 4th ed., ster. M.: Russian language, 2001. 740 p. .

Modern dictionary of foreign words [about 7,000 words, 14,100 phrases and sentences, 1,750 citations] / comp. L.M. bash,

A.V. Bobrova, G.L. Vecheslov, R.S. Kimyagarova, E.M. Sendrovich. M.: Veche, 2012. 959 p. [The same in 2000, 2005, 2006].

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There are adopted words in absolutely every language of the world. They come with any interaction of countries. This article will help you understand what borrowed words are and how to distinguish between them.

In contact with

Loanword Dictionary

Borrowed words in Russian appear in relationships with representatives of other countries, nationalities, in a similar way speech is supplemented and improved. Borrowed vocabulary appears when an important concept is missing.

Borrowing words from other languages ​​significantly complements the speech, where they enter, make people closer to each other, it becomes easier to understand foreigners who use international terms in speech.

The dictionary of borrowed words contains borrowed words that came to Russian in different time periods. Meaning they are revealed very fully, the etymology is explained. You can find the necessary word by the first letter, as in a regular glossary.

Words borrowed from other languages

Foreign words that came through adoption behave differently. Some take root, enter into speech, changing according to all the rules of the Russian dialect (for example, a sandwich), while others do not change, they are used in their original state (a vivid example of the word sushi).

Borrowed words divided into Slavic and non-Slavic. For example, Slavic dialects - Czech, Ukrainian, Old Slavonic, Polish, etc. Non-Slavic - Finno-Ugric, Germanic, Scandinavian, Turkic, etc.

List of foreign words in Russian

Borrowed words in the majority are simply forced to change according to all the rules of the Russian dialect: phonetically, semantically and morphologically. But over time, such terms are so firmly established in everyday life that most simply cease to be regarded as alien. For example, words "school", "sugar", "activist", "banya", "artel" and others were originally brought into Russian from other dialects, only now they are taken for Russian.

Attention! Borrowed from others adverbs words can change dramatically: some change only the endings, others can change gender, others even change their meaning.

Consider the words conservatory, conservative, canned food.

At first glance, their meanings are completely different, even these three expressions came from completely different countries, but they have something in common, something that catches the eye even at first glance - they are similar in spelling.

This is explained very simply. They came to our dialect from Italian, French and Latin. And in their turn came one term from Latin, meaning "preserve."

Important! To correctly determine the lexical meaning of any word, you need to find out where it was introduced from.

If there is no certainty whether an expression came from other languages ​​or is native Russian, dictionaries come to the rescue, which explains not only the meaning, but also the occurrence.

For clarity, below are examples of borrowed words in Russian:

Borrowing language	adopted word	Semantics
	Business	Occupation, business
	Price list	price list
	Gameplay	Game process
	Diving	Swimming underwater
	Penalty	Punishment
	Blogger	Man posting online diary on internet
	parking	Parking
	Cake	Cake
Arab	Admiral	sea ​​lord
	Score	Stock
	Robe	Honorary Outfit
ancient greek	Aristocracy	The power of the chosen
	Atheism	godlessness
	Comedy	Joyful songs
	Optics	See
	Skeleton	withered
	Telephone	far audible
	Tragedy	goat song
	Photo	light recording
	Bank	Bench
Italian	Vermicelli	Worms
	Paparazzi	Annoying mosquitoes
	Tomato	Golden Apple
Latin	gravity	severity
	Oval	Egg
	Rail	straight stick
	Soldier	Coin for military service, salary
	Stimulus	animal stick
	Pot	round cauldron
Deutsch	Mug	Bowl
	Camp	storage
	Mouthpiece	Mouth product
	Leggings	Pants for riders
	Market	Circle, square
	Prison	Tower
	Apron	front handkerchief
	Barrier	felled tree
	State	State
	Chess	Shah passed away
Persian	Shashlik	six slices
	Suitcase	Warehouse of things
	redneck	livestock
Polish	begging	Kneel
	Bouillon	Decoction
	Conductor	drive
French	Corset	Body
	Marauder	Robber
	Still life	dead nature
	Dude	Pigeon
	Masterpiece	business professional
	Floor	platform

foreign words

You can often hear the phrase foreign word. What are foreign words what are they?

Foreign words are adopted terms from other dialects. The introduction of borrowed words occurs in two ways: through conversation and through literature. This is a natural process in the interaction of two different languages ​​and cultures.

There are a number of differences that can be used to determine How do native Russian words differ from borrowed ones?.

The first sign is phonetic:

1. Starts with the letter a. It is easy to distinguish them, since truly Russian expressions with the letter a begin extremely rarely. They start with a only interjections, imitate sounds and their derivatives.
2. Native Russian words do not have the letter e at the root, this is typical for adopted terms. Exceptions - , interjections and formed from adopted words.
3. Letter f. Exceptions are imitation of sounds, interjections, the word owl.
4. Several vowels at the root of a word indicate loanwords in Russian.
5. Consonant combinations"kg", "kd", "gb" and "kz" in the roots of words.
6. Combinations of "ge", "ke" and "he" in the root. Originally Russian words have these combinations only in the stem-end combination.
7. Combinations of "vu", "mu", "kyu" and "byu" in the root.
8. Doubled consonants in the root.
9. A solid consonant sound before the vowel e, read as e.
10. The words, starting with the letter e.

The second sign is morphological:

1. Nouns that are not inflected.
2. Invariability of gender and number of nouns.

The third sign is derivational:

1. Prefixes of foreign origin.
2. Suffixes of foreign origin.
3. Roots such as aqua-, geo-, marine-, grapho-, etc.

Summing up, it should be noted that original Russian and borrowed words easy to distinguish, just paying attention to the above signs.

Borrowed vocabulary

What is borrowed, really? These are expressions that have entered speech from other languages ​​due to external (political, commercial, general cultural ties, definitions of concepts, objects) and internal (the law of conservation of verbal means, language enrichment, a popular term) reasons.

Consider examples of loanwords and their meaning.

Examples of English words

Russian term	English term	Meaning
Bodysuit	Body - body	body-hugging outfit
Jeans	Jeans - denim	This type of trousers is in the wardrobe of almost everyone.
clutch	To clutch - squeeze, grab	Small women's bag, carried in the hand
Leggings	Leggings - gaiters, leggings Leg - leg	Tight gaiters of various textures and colors have been extremely popular among fashionistas for more than one year.
Sweater	To sweat - sweat	The sweater is very warm and the origin of the name is obvious
Stretch	To stretch - stretch	Highly stretchy fabrics. The Russians transformed it into a "stretch"
Hoodie	Hood - hood	Hoodie
Shorts	Short - short	Cropped trousers
Jam	To jam - crush, squeeze	Jelly density jam
Roast beef	Roast - fried Beef - beef	Most often a piece of meat, grilled
Chips	Chips - crispy fried potatoes	One of the favorite treats of children and adults
Brand	Brand - name, brand	Popular Brand
Investor	Investor - contributor	A company or individual who invests money in projects in order to multiply the invested funds
know-how	To know - to know	A unique technology that allows you to make an exceptional product or service
Release	Release - release	Production of products such as a music disc, a book, etc.
Browser	Browse - browse	Utility for viewing sites on the Internet
A laptop	Notebook - notebook	laptop computer
Best-seller	Best - the best Seller - sold	The product that serves the best
Loser	To lose - lose, fall behind	Jonah
puzzle	puzzle	Puzzle with an impressive number of pieces
Rating	To rate - evaluate	Product awareness level
Soundtrack	sound - sound Track - track	Most often music written for a film
Thriller	Thrill - nervous trembling	A movie that can make you chill with fear

List of foreign words in Russian can be continued indefinitely. Finding out from which language the word came into speech, one can trace how the interaction between countries took place.

Examples of native Russian and borrowed words in the science of lexicology are strictly distributed according to their origin.

There are many glossaries explaining what foreign language terms are. They explain, from what language some expression came. It also contains sentences with borrowed words from all ages. Many expressions after a long time began to be perceived as primordially Russian.

Now the most famous dictionary is the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words” by V.V. Ivanova. It describes what language the word came from, what it means, and examples of usage. This is one of the most comprehensive glossaries, covering the most basic concepts of the most commonly used terms.

Examples of loanwords

Are borrowed words necessary?

Conclusion

Find out what language some word came, quite simply, having understood its original meaning. The dictionary gives a whole list of expressions, while it is constantly updated. The history of terms and their origin can tell a lot, one has only to look for a word in a glossary.

The wealth and power of the Russian language only grows stronger over time. Foreign words are an active source of replenishment. They came and come from other nations, like everything else. At the present stage, the merging of cultures is increasingly taking place, this is reflected in all spheres of human activity. So traveling, people adopt each other's various traditions, culinary recipes, demeanor and much more. This could not but affect the Russian language. The Internet speeds up the process of exchanging experience, thanks to which a dictionary of foreign words is available online.

This manual contains words of foreign origin. Its main task is to give a brief definition and explanation of the terms. It contains foreign words used in Russian. They appear in various publications. For example, in fiction, scientific-journalistic, technical, political literature. Some of the words are part of the International Vocabulary Fund. Using a dictionary of foreign words online is very convenient due to the available functionality.

Moreover, for each word, in addition to a brief description, its origin is indicated, whether it be Latin or French. And next to it is written the word in its original version. As additional information, references to authoritative sources are given below: dictionaries of Ozhegov, Ushakov, BES and others. This makes it possible to get a complete picture of an unfamiliar term. Using such a school dictionary of foreign words online, children will be able to gain the necessary knowledge. For quick searches, the words are listed alphabetically. This option is one of the most accessible and generally accepted dictionary bases. This eBook is a valuable source of information. And most importantly, you can flip through the dictionary of foreign words online for free.

The book itself is intended for a wide audience. It can serve as a useful guide for philologists, journalists, teachers, linguists and anyone interested in words and their etymology. People whose activities are directly related to the Russian language simply need to constantly replenish their vocabulary reserves. Progress in the technological and scientific fields entails an update in terminology. Thanks to this, the dictionary of buzzwords is constantly updated with new definitions. To prove yourself a true professional and be competent in many matters, it is better to study them right away. There is one more positive moment. Constant reading of the dictionary allows you to increase the level of knowledge. So being in any society, in a short time you can gain a reputation as an intelligent and erudite person.

Indeed, in our time, a lot of words have appeared that were taken from other nations, but I don’t see anything wrong with this, since this makes it possible to expand ours even more, into a large vocabulary it helps to communicate with anyone and in any way. Of course, it's better when you know all your native words and don't resort to replacing them with a foreign word, but modern society probably can't do it any other way, and this has become a habit. I don't know if I need to change anything, as long as everyone seems to be happy. Nikita23

There are a lot of foreign words in Russian. There are words that came to us from another language, but we no longer notice them and consider them our own, because they were firmly absorbed by their roots in our Russian speech many years ago. Basically, words of foreign origin are technical names or objects that were not invented in Russia, the name of medicines, etc. The online dictionary of foreign words shows the variety of borrowed words. It is quite interesting to dive into the history of the origin of foreign words. I believe that the borrowing of words entails an exchange of culture and enriches the language, but Belinsky had a different view on this, he believed that using a foreign word when there is a Russian equivalent to it means insulting common sense and healthy taste. Elena Helen

Foreign borrowing of words takes place in all languages ​​of the world, and our language cannot be called an exception. The process of borrowing can rightly be called a completely natural exchange of vocabulary among the countries of the world, moreover, it is virtually impossible to prevent it, because in the conditions of modern reality, relations between states are only growing, which inevitably entails the flow of certain parts from one language to another. It remains only to watch with pleasure how the standard school dictionary of foreign words is filled with more and more new expressions, the exact translations of which are sometimes not found in Russian and which are increasingly fitting into youth slang. Contrary to the conflicting opinions and condemnations of the older generation, the process of borrowing can also be called useful: it is he who introduces a foreign culture and prevents possible contradictions. In view of this, we should not care too much about the integrity of the Russian language, which remains unshakably rich and the only native language for us. DictionaryOnline

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Dictionary of foreign words

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what the "dictionary of foreign words" is in other dictionaries:

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Included in the Russian language (v. 1 2, 1845 46), published under the editorship of V. N. Maikov and M. V. Petrashevsky with the aim of promoting materialistic and democratic ideas, utopian socialism. Destroyed by censorship... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Included in the Russian language, a valuable source for the study of the ideology of the Russian socialist utopian Petrashevites (See Petrashevtsy). The Petrashevists used the edition of the dictionary undertaken by officer N. S. Kirillov for propaganda ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Included in the Russian language ”(v. 1 2, 1845 1846). Published under the editorship of V. N. Maikov and M. V. Petrashevsky with the aim of promoting socialist ideas. Destroyed by censorship... encyclopedic Dictionary

Included in the Russian lang., a valuable source for studying the ideology of the Petrashevists. Undertaken by officer N. S. Kirilov, the publication of a reference book explaining the terms of journalism was used by the Petrashevists to promote democratic. and materialistic. ideas... Soviet historical encyclopedia

DICTIONARIES OF FOREIGN WORDS- DICTIONARIES OF FOREIGN WORDS. Dictionaries that give a brief explanation of the meanings and origin of foreign words, indicating the language of the source, which brings such dictionaries closer to etymological ones. In addition to large S. and. with. there are short dictionaries. For example,… … A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

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Books

• Dictionary of foreign words, . The dictionary of foreign words gives an interpretation of words of foreign origin, often found in common use. Contains about 5000 words...
• Dictionary of foreign words, . This concise dictionary of foreign words aims (unlike encyclopedic reference books and a political dictionary) to give only a brief explanation of words of foreign origin, ...