Dictionary entries for the new word Internet. (8) Thesaurus

The purpose of the dictionary……………………………………………………………….4

The composition of the dictionary…………………………………………………………………….4

The structure of the dictionary entry…………………………………………………….4-5

List of abbreviations…………………………………………………………...5-6

Symbols……………………………………………………………………6

Glossary of terms and concepts……………………………………………………7-9

This dictionary was created on the basis of L.P. Krysin's Illustrated Explanatory Dictionary of Foreign Words. At present, hundreds of new foreign words have appeared and begun to be used with a certain regularity in Russian speech. Mostly Anglicisms. They belong to different thematic areas: science, technology, politics, medicine, sports, musical art, mass media, etc. The influx of computer vocabulary and terminology is especially significant.

The main feature of the dictionary that you hold in your hands, as follows from its very name, is the presence of illustrations in the form of pictures, drawings. Thus, remaining generally linguistic (that is, reporting information mainly about the word, and not about the thing called the word), the dictionary has acquired some similarity with the encyclopedia, since the illustrations and brief comments on them make our ideas about objects and phenomena more visual and complete, which are denoted by one or another foreign word.

Dictionary assignment.

"Illustrated Dictionary of Modern Foreign Words" is intended for the widest range of readers. It contains information about what this or that foreign word means, what its origin is and how it should be used in modern Russian. This dictionary is an explanatory dictionary of foreign words that exist in the modern Russian literary language.

The composition of the dictionary.

The dictionary includes the most active foreign language vocabulary, functioning both in the literary Russian language and in special sublanguages of science and technology.

The structure of the dictionary entry.

The dictionary entry in its structure and the nature of the information contained in it is close to the dictionary entry of modern explanatory dictionaries.

The dictionary entry consists of the following eight zones: 1) the head word in its original Form; 2) information about pronunciation; 3) grammatical information about the word; 4) zone of etymology; 5) stylistic marks (to the whole word or to its individual meanings in cases where the word is ambiguous); 6) interpretation of the word; 7) derivational derivatives; 8) encyclopedic information about the reality denoted by the given word.

Zones 1, 3, 4, 6 are mandatory: they are in the dictionary entry of any word; the rest of the zones are optional: they are filled in only if the relevant information is available.

headword dictionary entry is given in its original form. For nouns, it is the nominative singular form.

Information about pronunciation words may relate to the pronunciation of the lexeme as a whole or its individual forms.

Grammar information about the word include an indication of the main forms of the given word. For nouns, this is: singular genitive ending.

Etymology zone contains an indication of the source language of the borrowing and the word of this language, which served as the prototype of the given one.

Stylistic notes. A note about the sphere of the predominant use of the word is indicated, as a rule, in the dictionary entries of special terms.

Word interpretation in character does not differ from the interpretations in ordinary explanatory dictionaries.

Derivatives demonstrate the word-formation activity of a foreign word, which is one of the indicators of its rooting in the Russian language.

Encyclopedic information(scientific, technical, historical and cultural, etc.) about a given phenomenon, subject, concept can be included in the interpretation itself or occupy a separate zone.

List of abbreviations.

English - English language; English

vb. - verb

ch.arr. - mainly

others - others

units - singular

well. - feminine

inf. - term of computer science

m - masculine

pl. - plural

prof. - professional

unfold - colloquial word

Russian - Russian

with. - neuter gender

abbr. - abbreviation, abbreviated

noun - noun

Conditional signs.

‌‌ ‌‌/ - a sign that separates encyclopedic information about a given phenomenon, concept from philological information about a word that names this phenomenon, concept.

//- a sign followed by a list of analogue words.

Dictionary of terms and concepts.

Internet,[te, ne], - a, m .., with a capital letter[English] Internet, inter(national) international + net network]. inf. An international computer network that allows users of personal computers to communicate with each other, being anywhere in the world, to send and receive textual and pictorial information. Internet(colloquial) - pertaining to the Internet.

Internet-…[Internet]. The first component of compound words, meaning "relating to the Internet", for example: Internet version, Internet business, Internet service. // web...

email,[me], -a, m. [eng. Email. E (lectronic ) electronic + mail mail]. inf. A method of electronic communication that is carried out by connecting to the Internet and allows you to send and receive text messages from one computer to another.

A laptop,-a, m. Notebook notepad, notebook]. inf. Flat portable personal computer with liquid crystal display.

Online [ English . On(on the) - line(line)]. inf. In real time. Eg. online conference.

Pressing - a, m.[English] topressto press, to press, to impede]. inf. A form of pressure on an individual or social. group to achieve certain goals.

Printer, - a, m.[English] toprint print]. inf. Printing in computers. Printer - pertaining to the printer, printers.

provider,[de], -a, m. [eng. to provide to supply, provide]. inf. An organization, a firm that provides users with access to electronic information systems. (eg to the Internet). Provider - pertaining to provider, providers.

Advertising,-a, w. [English] to reclaim to attract attention]. inf. 1) information about the consumer properties of goods and various types of services in order to sell them, create demand for them. 2) Dissemination of information about a person, organization, work of literature and art, etc., in order to create popularity for them.

The reporter,-a, m. to report to make a message, report]. inf. Newspaper, delivering information about incidents and events of local life.

Website,-a, m. site place]. inf. A place on the Internet allocated to the user of this network (a person or institution) for posting visual information on it (usually for a fee).

Server,[se], - a, pl. servers, -ov and professional servers, -ov, m.[English] to serve live]. inf. 1. A program that controls access to information resources in computing systems. 2. A computer that performs the functions of servicing users when accessing information resources in computing systems. Server- pertaining to the server, servers.

Safe,-a, m. safe safe, reliable]. inf. A steel fireproof box or cabinet for storing documents, money and material values.

Supermarket,- a, m.[eng.. super (over) market (market)]. inf. a large self-service store selling everyday goods (mainly food).

chat,-a, m. chat informal conversation, chatter,] inf. Conversation, dialogue on computer sites in real time.

The structure of the dictionary and dictionary entry

The dictionary consists of two parts: explanatory-ideographic (semantic-classifying), which is a description of the semantics of synonymic series, and an alphabetical index. Each part is structured differently.

First part is the basis of the dictionary. In it, all synonymic rows are divided into semantic (ideographic) groups that have their own rubrication, and the main unit of description is a separate synonymic row, the subject of description is the general, typical semantics of the synonymic row.

In the second part an alphabetical list of all the synonyms described in the explanatory-ideographic part is given, indicating the number of the group in the general heading of the Dictionary. This part facilitates the search for that synonymous series and synonymous series of the same semantic group that are close in meaning, which include this or that word.

The presence of these two parts will allow you to use the Dictionary in different ways and search for the necessary synonymic series: from the concept, meaning - to the search for a synonymous series of words expressing this meaning (part 1) or from a single word - to the search for a synonymic series in which this word is included along with other synonyms and expresses a meaning similar to them (part 2).

The dictionary is built on the conceptual principle of the arrangement of synonymic rows. In the first part of the dictionary, all 5010 synonymic rows of words are distributed, taking into account the expressed meaning, into semantic groups of different sizes. These groups are organized hierarchically. The top of the classification, its basis are the largest groups, which we called semantic spheres (the first highest level of the hierarchy). In total, 15 such voluminous semantic spheres were identified: “Inanimate nature” (1), “Wildlife” (2), “Man as a living being” (3), “Emotions” (4), “Evaluation” (5), “Speech "(6), "Intellect" (7), "Supernatural" (8), "Concrete physical activity" (9), "Social activity" (10), "Social sphere of human life" (11), "Life" ( 12), "Settlement" (13), "Perception of the surrounding world" (14), "Universal representations, meanings and relationships" (15). Within these semantic spheres - super-volumetric associations of synonymous series - semantic classes are first distinguished (hierarchy level 2), within them - semantic groups (hierarchy level 3) and semantic subgroups (hierarchy level 4). In total, 84 classes, 255 groups, and 185 subgroups were consistently identified in this way.

It should be noted that all these semantic associations of synonymic series have their own quantitative, structural and content features. So, most of all synonymous rows are in such areas as "Emotions", "Speech", "Intellect". They make up more than thirty percent of the total volume of synonymic series presented in the Dictionary. In turn, there are very few synonymous rows in such areas as "Life", "Settlement", "Number". The features of the structural organization of spheres are manifested in the degree and parameters of concretization of the general concept expressed by synonyms, meaning, which cause a different number of fields, groups, subgroups in their composition, which leads to the fact that the semantic spheres do not coincide in the set of their constituent groups and subgroups of synonyms. On the one hand, there are very simple semantic spheres in terms of their structural organization, when they contain a small number of groups of the same hierarchy level. So, in the sphere "Settlement" there are only four semantic groups: 1. Type of settlement; 2. Location of the settlement; 3. Part of the settlement; 4. A person by habitat, in relation to the locality. These groups, in different aspects, concretize the concept of "settlement". As we can see, this sphere is very simply organized structurally (see also the spheres "Inanimate Nature", "Supernatural"). On the other hand, there are spheres that are very structurally complex (see "Wildlife", "Emotions", "Concrete physical activity", "Social activity", "The social sphere of human life." "Perception of the surrounding world", "Universal representations , meanings and relationships). In such areas, there are usually several semantic fields, groups and subgroups that clarify each other. Let's take, for example, the sphere "Social activity" (10), which includes 15 semantic fields: 10.1. Science and education; 10.2. Religion; 10.3. Art; 10.4. Economy; 10.5. Right; 10.6. Military service; 10.7. Hunting and fishing; 10.8. Agriculture; 10.9. Construction; 10.10 Medicine; 10.11. Service sector; 10.12. Transport; 10.13. Technics; 10.14. Sport; 10.15. Entertainment and recreation. All of the above semantic fields, in turn, include semantic groups and subgroups. For example, in the semantic field 10.10 "Medicine", 11 groups are distinguished (10.10.1. Disease process; 10.10.2. Name of the disease; 10.10.3. Characteristics of the disease and infection; 10.10.4. Symptoms of the disease; 10.10.5. Disease state, its causes and manifestations; 10. 10.6. Treatment process; 10.10.7. Methods of treatment, medicines and their qualities; 10.10.8. Devices and devices; 10.10.9. Preventive actions; 10.10.10. institutions; 10.10.11. Man), many of which have subgroups in their composition. For example, in the last group 10.10.11. these are subgroups of 10.10.11.1. The person who heals; 10.10.11.2. A sick person.

As we can see from the above examples, the hierarchy of the above associations of synonyms of different ranks is reflected in the corresponding heading. Thus, semantic spheres are initially distinguished on the basis of 15 basic categories, which are indicated by Arabic numerals. Further, within the spheres, the semantic classes are refined by the introduction of new rubrics, the indicators of which are the second additional digits in the rubric. Accordingly, groups and subgroups of synonyms are distinguished by additional numbers in the general heading.

Within the semantic group, synonymous rows of words are arranged taking into account their grammatical nature in parts of speech: first, nouns are given, then adjectives, verbs and adverbs.

Let us give as an example the arrangement of synonymous rows of words in the group 4.1.13.1. Kindness:

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The structure of the dictionary entry 1. Heading words or phrases are arranged in alphabetical order, they are given in their original form and are provided with an accent mark. For nouns, it is the nominative singular form; for words that have only the form

Dictionary entry structure

Left side of the dictionary. A dictionary entry of any dictionary starts with headword(in a different way: headword, lemma, black word - from the bold type that usually marks the headword).

The set of head words form dictionary, or the left side of the dictionary. The choice of a dictionary (which words will be included in this dictionary and which will not) depends on the purpose of the dictionary (highly specialized, universal, etc.).

The dictionary may consist of language units:

phonemes (sounds) - have recently been widely developed in connection with the development of automatic speech recognition;
morphemes (prefixes, roots, suffixes ..) - for morpheme dictionaries, grammar dictionaries, word-building dictionaries;
lexemes (words in the "basic form") - most dictionaries are built according to this criterion: explanatory, spelling, etc.;
word forms (words in a certain number, case ..) - for grammar dictionaries, rhyming dictionaries, etc.;
phrases (not one word, but several somehow related words) - for example, for phraseological dictionaries, idiom dictionaries, cliché dictionaries, etc.

Sometimes the vocabulary consists of lexemes and phrases (for example, for encyclopedic dictionaries).

Right side of the dictionary- one that explains the heading unit. The structure of a dictionary entry is determined by the tasks of the dictionary. The right side zones are developed for each dictionary. These can be: a list of synonyms for a given word (for a dictionary of synonyms), translation of a word (for dictionaries of foreign words), disclosure of a concept that is described by a given word, with the possible application of graphs, diagrams, drawings (for encyclopedic dictionaries), etc. For example , the right part of the explanatory dictionary, as a rule, includes zones:

grammatical;
stylistic;
interpretations;
illustrations (quotes, sayings);
value type (direct, figurative);
derivational nest;
the so-called "zarhombo" part (phraseologisms);
and etc.

Often inside a dictionary entry there may be area (zone) litter(or simply litters). Marks can be stylistic, grammatical and others. Most often, marks are located immediately after the head word, but they can be in other places (for example: obsolete- obsolete value, rare- value is rarely used, scientific- scientific value, etc.)

The totality of all dictionary entries forms dictionary corpus. In addition to the corpus, any dictionary usually has a preface, a section "How to use the dictionary"; a list of conditional abbreviations, etc. In addition, dictionaries can contain indexes (in Wikipedia, the role of indexes is partially played by redirect pages, pages "ambiguity" and "Categorization")

Example

Dictionary entry "Goods" in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by D. N. Ushakov.

PRODUCT, a (y), m. 1. (pl. in the meaning of different species, varieties). A product of labor that has a value and is distributed in society through the sale and purchase (economy); in general, everything that is the subject of trade. (Stalin). (Zhukovsky). Red t.(see red). The stores have a lot of goods. Khodkiy t. Lying t. Colonial t. 2. (only units). Dressed finished leather (boot.). Opoykovy t. 3. (only units). Ore mixture ready for smelting (hearth). ◊ Living goods. See live in 6 digits Product face show- to show something from the best, most advantageous side. (Dostoevsky).

Example Analysis

PRODUCT- headword;

a (y) - grammatical zone: indication of the ending in the genus. p. units h., in parentheses is the ending option;

m. - grammatical zone: an indication of the generic reference of the word, it is masculine;

1. - the number of the value of a multi-valued word (for single-valued words, the number is not indicated);

(pl. in the meaning of different types, varieties) - the grammatical zone of the first meaning: it is indicated that in the plural this meaning of the word does not have the meaning of plurality (which is characteristic of the grammatical meaning of the plural), but the meaning "different types, varieties";

A product of labor that has a value and is distributed in society by buying and selling - an interpretation of the first meaning;

(economy) - stylistic zone: an indication of the limited nature of this meaning by special vocabulary, namely economic;

in general, everything that is the subject of trade is the second part of the interpretation of the first meaning, a sign; before this part of the interpretation indicates that it can potentially be separated into a separate meaning;

Finally, we must understand that commodities are produced in the last analysis not for production, but for consumption.

My ship anchored in the bay is full of rare goods- illustration zone: a quote is given as an example;

Red t.- zone of illustration: as an example, a saying is given - a set expression;

(see red) - reference zone: with the help of this zone, a connection is established between the elements of the dictionary: the reader is referred to the dictionary entry "red", which gives an interpretation of the phraseological unit red goods;

There are a lot of products in the shops- zone of illustration: a saying is given as an example;

Khodkiy t. Lying t. Colonial t.- illustration zone: sayings are given as examples, pay attention to the last example - today it should be given in a rhomboid part or with a hint, since this is historicism;

Dressed finished leather - interpretation zone;

(boot) - stylistic zone: an indication of the scope of restriction of use;

Opoykovy t.- zone of illustration: a speech is given as an illustration;

3. - number of the value of a polysemantic word;

only ed. - grammatical zone: a restriction is indicated for this value, only in the singular;

Ore mixture ready for smelting - interpretation;

(gorn.) - stylistic zone: an indication of the scope of restriction of use;

◊ - a sign of a rhombus, after which the “zarhomb part” begins, where phraseological units are presented. Each phraseological unit also has its own input, its own black words, they (despite the fact that there are at least two of them) represent one lexical unit;

Live goods- heading word of the rhomboid part;

See live in 6 digits - interpretation-reference, the reader should turn to the word living in the 6th meaning, where the interpretation of the phraseological unit living goods will be given. It would be nice to repeat the interpretation, and not send it, but if we consider that in the time of Ushakov dictionaries were always only printed, it is immediately obvious that the references are saving paper;

Show the goods by the face - the heading word of the rhomboid part;

Show something from the best, most advantageous side - the interpretation of a phraseological unit;

An inspector is coming from St. Petersburg ... It was heard that everyone was cowardly, fussing, they wanted to show the goods with their faces- illustration zone: a quote is given as an example;

Links

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Dictionary entry structure

Left side of the dictionary. A dictionary entry of any dictionary starts with headword(in a different way: headword, lemma, black word - from the bold type that usually marks the headword).

The set of head words form dictionary, or the left part of the dictionary. The choice of a dictionary (which words will be included in this dictionary and which will not) depends on the purpose of the dictionary (highly specialized, universal, etc.).

The dictionary may consist of language units:

phonemes (sounds) - have recently been widely developed in connection with the development of automatic speech recognition;
morphemes (prefixes, roots, suffixes ..) - for morpheme dictionaries, grammar dictionaries, word-building dictionaries;
lexemes (words in the "basic form") - most dictionaries are built according to this criterion: explanatory, spelling, etc.;
word forms (words in a certain number, case ..) - for grammar dictionaries, rhyming dictionaries, etc.;
phrases (not one word, but several somehow related words) - for example, for phraseological dictionaries, idiom dictionaries, cliché dictionaries, etc.

Sometimes the vocabulary consists of lexemes and phrases (for example, for encyclopedic dictionaries).

Right side of the dictionary- one that explains the heading unit. The structure of a dictionary entry is determined by the tasks of the dictionary. The right side zones are developed for each dictionary. These can be: a list of synonyms for a given word (for a dictionary of synonyms), translation of a word (for dictionaries of foreign words), disclosure of a concept that is described by a given word, with the possible application of graphs, diagrams, drawings (for encyclopedic dictionaries), etc.
For example, the right part of the explanatory dictionary, as a rule, includes zones:

grammatical;
stylistic;
interpretations;
illustrations (quotes, sayings);
value type (direct, figurative);
derivational nest;
the so-called "zarhombo" part (phraseologisms);
and etc.

Often inside a dictionary entry there may be area (zone) litter(or simply litters). Litters can be stylistic, grammatical and others. Most often, marks are located immediately after the head word, but they can be in other places (for example: obsolete- obsolete value, rare- value is rarely used, scientific- scientific value, etc.)

Example

Dictionary entry "TOVAR" in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by D. N. Ushakov.

PRODUCT, a (y), m. 1. (pl. in the meaning of different species, varieties). A product of labor that has a value and is distributed in society through the sale and purchase (economy); in general, everything that is the subject of trade. (Stalin). (Zhukovsky). Red t.(see red). The stores have a lot of goods. Khodkiy t. Lying t. Colonial t. 2. (only units). Dressed finished leather (boot.). Opoykovy t. 3. (only units). Ore mixture ready for smelting (hearth). ◊ Living goods. See live in 6 digits Product face show- to show something from the best, most advantageous side. An inspector is coming from St. Petersburg ... It was heard that everyone was cowardly, fussing, they wanted to show the goods with their faces(Dostoevsky).