The word is borrowed from Italian. Borrowings from Italian

What is the etymology of Italian words? Today we will talk about the origin of Italian words that were borrowed into Russian. For the purity of the experiment, and also in order to understand whether this article will be useful to my readers, for several weeks I asked my numerous acquaintances the question of what this or that word familiar to us in Russian means. At the same time, I did not say that the words, the meaning of which I ask to explain to me, are related to such a concept as the etymology of Italian words. It was very interesting to watch the reaction of my acquaintances: they were all very surprised by my, as it seemed to them, stupid questions and could not understand why I was asking them. Of course, at first glance, they may seem elementary, because even a child knows the answer to them! But, as it turned out, not every adult knows the etymology (origin) of these words. Let's check ourselves. These questions related to the meaning of words in Russian, you can also ask your friends. I hope that this article, which tells what the etymology of Italian words is, will help you learn a lot of new and interesting things. So:

Bankrupt- a person who is unable to pay his debts.

The etymology of this word goes back to the Italian language and consists of two words: banca(bench) and rotta(broken) or banco(counter) and rotto(broken). That is, this word means "broken bench" or "broken counter." In the Middle Ages, various money changers, bankers and other persons associated with a relatively honest taking of money from the population gathered in special trading places (analogues of modern markets), and counters (benches) were installed in front of them, which were called mensaargentaria(silver plated table). On these "silver-plated tables" financiers, if they can be called that, kept the money necessary to complete certain financial transactions during the day. According to the law, it was necessary to have a certain amount, below which a person was deprived of the right to carry out financial transactions. Consequently, if a person did not have enough money on the table, according to the decision of the judge, his mensa argentaria was subject to immediate destruction (scrapping), and the person himself was deprived of the right to engage in any kind of financial transactions. Consequently, he became bankrupt. Now let's look at other examples that fall under the concept of etymology of Italian words.

Props- fake.

Consists of two Italian words: buttare(throw away) and fuori(to the street, out). Often in the windows of expensive shops there are dummies (props) of one or another item. It can be a sealed package of expensive perfumes, which actually does not contain perfume, a bottle of French "cognac" of the beginning of the last century, where, instead of cognac, cheap tea is poured, and even iron "jewelry" with polished glass instead of diamonds. These fake items are of no value. They are used for window dressing, and naive buyers think that they have real objects in front of them. In fact, these dummies are a direct road to the trash, but the store owners have a different point of view ...

Newspaper- a printed periodical published at least once a month.

Initially, the word "newspaper" was used to refer to a small Venetian coin in the 16th century, which got its name from the fact that it depicted a magpie bird, which in Italian sounds like gazza. Suffix - etta is a diminutive in Italian. In Russian, forty with such a diminutive suffix would sound like “forty”, “sorokovushka”, etc. It must be said that this coin in Venice could only buy a news bulletin, a prototype of a modern newspaper, just like 1 kopeck in the USSR could only buy a box of matches. Consequently, after some time, the word "newspaper" acquired a meaning that has survived to this day.

Carnival- masquerade ball.

carne(meat) and vale(goodbye). The fact is that in the old days, the carnival in Italy was preceded by a strict fast, during which a ban was imposed on the use of a number of products, including meat. Consequently, at carnivals it was possible not only to have fun from the heart, but also to eat your fill of meat, and then say goodbye to him. It should be noted that the Italian word vale has another meaning, namely “to be in authority”, “to have weight, value”. That is, according to another version of the expression carnevale means that only on this holiday meat has weight, authority, because after the carnival it will be declared a non grata product.

Carousel- a children's attraction with wooden seats in the form of horses for riding in a circle.

Consists of two Italian words - gara(competition) and sella(saddle). In the Middle Ages, jousting tournaments were common in Italy, in which participants often maimed and killed each other. Later, in the 17th century, these bloody tournaments were replaced by festive events in which riders on horseback took part. They no longer killed each other, as before, but gracefully moved in and out to the sounds of wind instruments, crossed and spread swords, and also formed various figures. They were accompanied by squires and other smartly dressed participants in the celebrations. Now you know where horses appeared on modern carousels.

Tuple- solemn passage, procession, departure.

This word is derived from the Italian word corteggiare which means "to care for". Indeed, the highest officials of the states, driving on the roads, accompanied by cars of law enforcement agencies, are “cared for” by these very structures ...

Passport- the main document proving the identity of a citizen.

It goes back to the Italian language and consists of two words: passare(pass) and porto(port), place of anchorage of ships. That is, initially the passport was a pass document for ships to ports in order to carry out loading and unloading operations, and only then acquired its modern meaning.

Soldier- a low-level soldier.

This word in its modern meaning came into Russian from the Italian language of the 11th century and is formed from the word soldo- the monetary unit of Italy at that time. A "soldier" was a hired military who received a salary for military service. By the way, the Italian word "soldo" and the Russian word "money" are peculiar relatives. After all, the word “money” was used to refer to a Russian coin with a denomination of half a kopeck during the time of Catherine I. Later, the word “ money", and in Italian -" soldi”, according to the rule of plural formation of nouns.

Here is such an entertaining etymology of Italian words ...

As a manuscript

LUKINA Evgenia Sergeevna

VOCABULARY OF ITALIAN ORIGIN IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

dissertations for a degree

candidate of philological sciences

MOSCOW - 2012

The work was done at the Department of the History of the Russian Language and General Linguistics

Moscow State Regional University

Supervisor: ,

Doctor of Philology, Professor

Official opponents: ,

Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor

(Moscow State Regional

university, department of modern

Russian language)

Candidate of Philology

(Russian Orthodox Institute of St.

John the Evangelist)

Lead organization: Moscow State Regional

Humanitarian Institute (Orekhovo-Zuyevo)

The defense will take place on "____" _______ 2012 at _______ hours at a meeting of the dissertation council D 212.155.02 for the defense of doctoral and master's theses (specialties 10.02.01 - Russian language, 13.00.02 - theory and methodology of training and education [Russian]) at Moscow State Regional University a.

The dissertation can be found in the library of the Moscow State Regional University a.

Scientific Secretary

dissertation council

Doctor of Philology

professor yova

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK

The interaction of cultures is always reflected in the language of a particular people. At different periods of the development of the Russian language, lexemes from French, German or English could prevail among borrowed words in speech. The intensity of their appearance largely depends on economic, trade, military, political, cultural ties with other peoples. For example, at the beginning of the XX century. there is a passive process of borrowing, and in the XVIII century. and at the beginning of the XXI century. active influx of foreign words.

The dissertation is devoted to the study of vocabulary of Italian origin, which was part of the recipient language in different eras.

Relevance research lies in the fact that the vocabulary of Italian origin in the Russian language has not yet been studied in depth. Basically, these are the works of linguists, indirectly affecting this problem. Modern dissertations, monographs and other scientific works are more devoted to the topic of borrowings from other languages: from English (,), from the Romance group of languages ​​(,). For the purposes of a comprehensive and in-depth study of this problem, the works of many well-known scientists were considered, such as, and others, as well as dissertations covering the topic of borrowings in the Russian language in general and borrowings from Romance languages:, and others.

object of this study is the borrowed vocabulary of Italian origin in the Russian language.

Subject research is the history of the appearance of borrowed words from the Italian language and the process of their adaptation in the Russian language system, as well as non-adapted vocabulary (insertions, barbarisms, exoticisms), the process of its adaptation, determining the role, place of use and development prospects in modern Russian.

Target dissertation work - to determine the place and role of Italian borrowings in modern Russian, to analyze the process and degree of their language adaptation.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks:

1. clarify the concepts of "foreign word", "foreign word", "loanword", "foreign inclusion";

2. to determine the ways and reasons for borrowing Italian vocabulary in the system of the Russian literary language;

3. trace the history of the appearance of words borrowed from the Italian language in modern Russian in different eras;

4. consider the change in the semantics of Italian borrowings in different eras based on the analysis of dictionary entries and examples from fiction;

5. classify Italian borrowings by communicative spheres;

6. indicate the meaning and place of the adapted Italian vocabulary in the system of the Russian literary language;

7. analyze the word-formation adaptation of Italian borrowings in Russian;

8. to consider and analyze non-adapted vocabulary (foreign inclusions, barbarisms and exoticisms) of Italian origin (its place, role and process of adaptation in the Russian language).

Novelty work consists in the study of new vocabulary that has appeared in recent years, determining the prospects for its adaptation in the Russian language system. An attempt is made to classify Italian borrowings by spheres of communication, and the periodization of the process of borrowing Italian words in Russian is determined.

Theoretical significance This work consists in an in-depth study of adapted and non-adapted Italian borrowings, as well as the reasons for their appearance in the Russian language and the degree of adaptation (thanks to the use of not only Russian dictionaries, but also Italian dictionaries), which is reflected as a result of sociolinguistic research and analysis of word-formation chains.

Practical significance. The dissertation materials can be used in lectures on the history of the Russian literary language, modern Russian and Italian, in the practice of teaching Russian to foreign students, in compiling dictionaries of foreign words.

As methods research uses methods of historical-etymological, semantic, phonetic-grammatical, morphological and word-formation analysis, experimental method (testing students).

Research materials. In the dissertation work, explanatory, etymological and derivational dictionaries of the 18th, 19th, 20th and 21st centuries were used. (“Dictionary of the Russian Academy”, as well as dictionaries, M. Popov,, M. Fasmer,, “Big Illustrated Dictionary” (hereinafter BIS), “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by and other authors), Italian etymological dictionary “Dizionario etimologico" ; dissertations, scientific papers and fiction in Russian and Italian, media publications, results of own research (in Appendix I, II, III, IV).

Volume and structure research. The work consists of introduction, two chapters, conclusion, bibliography and appendices.

Approbation of the study. The main provisions of the study are reflected in 5 publications, including the publication of the list of the Higher Attestation Commission (MGOU Bulletin, Russian Philology series). On the topic of the dissertation, reports were made at the annual conferences of teachers, students and graduate students of Moscow State Educational Institution and at meetings of the Department of Foreign Languages ​​of the GMPI. -Ivanova.

In Administered the relevance of the problem under study is substantiated, the object and subject of the study are defined, the goal and objectives are formulated, the scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the study, as well as research methods are determined, and the main provisions submitted for defense are formulated.

AT first chapter dissertation, the concepts of "borrowed word", "borrowing", "foreign word" are considered, in explaining the differences of which the works of researchers were involved: , , , , etc.

The process of appearance and consolidation of foreign lexemes in the language has always caused an ambiguous attitude. For example, at the beginning of the XX century. in the statements of many linguists, a negative attitude towards borrowings is noted, for example, he notes that “sometimes foreign words that have entered Russian speech are unbearably painful, but most often this<…>words completely assimilated, almost completely dissolved in the Russian element. We can also judge the attitude towards borrowed words by the degree of intensity of their appearance in the language in conjunction with a number of external reasons.

In section 1.1. words borrowed from different languages, including Italian, are studied using examples from ancient Russian monuments. As a result of the analysis of lexemes, it was determined that the main composition of the borrowings of the Old Russian language was the vocabulary of Turkic, Greek, Latin. Words of Italian origin began to appear in Russian around the 16th century. through intermediary languages ​​(Latin, Polish, German) in small quantities, so it is difficult to determine any dominant area of ​​communication. For example, the culinary field includes the words lemon, paste, to literature and music - pastorello, pasticcio, to the household sphere - paper, mail, taffeta, map, gimp etc. Such passivity in the process of borrowing from the Italian language can be explained by the fact that trade and economic relations were carried out most often through other countries, so all words are borrowed indirectly.

Section 1.2. Italian borrowings of the 17th century are analyzed. The number of borrowings of this period is also insignificant, and they appeared mainly indirectly, however, it is already possible to single out the dominant sphere of use - military ( soldier, battle, musket, captain, cavalry etc.), the rest of the vocabulary refers to the sphere of cooking, transport, everyday life, etc.

In section 1.3. the vocabulary borrowed from the Italian language in the 18th century is analyzed. Since this period is characterized by active interaction with other countries due to the policy of Peter I, with the advent of new objects, as a result, many new words and concepts appeared in the language. Musical terminology was mainly borrowed from Italian ( trio, baritone, opera, chapel, tenor, alto, mandolin etc.), to a lesser extent, words from the military sphere ( casemate, artillery) and food ( sausage), everyday life ( wineglass, bag, napkin), painting ( caricature, fresco), banking ( bank, bankrupt, currency). The semantics of some words has narrowed (for example, the word barrack).

As for the semantics of borrowed words, in most cases the receiving language first chooses one meaning, which eventually takes root in the language, but if the borrowing appears in different areas, then other meanings appear. Note that in Russian, Italian borrowings appeared both indirectly through French (predominant) and German, and directly from the source language.

In section 1.4. Italian borrowings of the 19th century are considered. Almost all the analyzed words of this period have an expansion of the meaning of words, the loss of old ones ( pomade, tirade). For example: according to the dictionary the word pomade originated from fr. pomade ‘Apple', i.e. previously prepared from apples; According to the dictionary, this word came from him. Pomade, fr. pomade < ит. pommata and meant ‘cosmetic ointment for touching up the lips’, obsolete. – ‘ointment for giving elasticity and shine to hair’. In the dictionary it is ‘cosmetic product, fragrant ointment’. In the dictionary - 'cosmetic product for softening and coloring lips'.

The main sphere of communication of this period is everyday life.

At the beginning of the XX century. the vocabulary of Russian-speaking speakers is dominated by political terminology from different European languages ​​( demonstration(from Polish) rally(from English)). In 40-50 years. the process of borrowing subsides, and only in the second half of the 20th century. Until now, borrowings from different languages, from different spheres of communication began to appear in the Russian language in huge quantities, some of which remain and adapt to the language system of the Russian language, and some fall out of use or are replaced by Russian lexemes. In section 1.5. words are given as fixed by dictionaries of foreign words ( cappuccino, pizza, pizzeria, trattoria, jacuzzi) and unrecorded, but actively used by Russian speakers in various areas of communication ( Mozzarella, crostino, ciabatta, latte, barista, lavender, lasagna, chianti). For example: « Some dishes from the menu: fried polenta crostini with chicken liver».

As a result of the analysis of vocabulary borrowed in different periods of the development of the Russian language, we have distributed all the studied borrowings (about 346 lexical units) by spheres of communication (Section 1.6.) And distributed them into 28 communicative spheres. Dominant among them is the sphere of "food", which has replaced the sphere of "music". Further, the following areas are distinguished: “the concept of a person”, “groups of people, mental state”, “architecture and construction”, “military terminology”, “profession”, “financial and banking terminology, documents”, “fabric and clothing, shoes”, "painting, color designation", "everyday life", "theater", "marine terminology and transport", "medicine", "plants and flowers", "land transport and terminology", "words of speech etiquette", "decorations", " public institutions”, “holidays and recreation”, “games”, “printing”, “literature”, “media vocabulary”, “shopping and shopping”, “linguistics”, “insects”, “geography”, “cinema”, and also words that are not included in the listed areas - beach, recitative, tirade, biennale (biennale).

In the conclusions on the first chapter, we noted that in the etymological dictionaries of the XX century. (, M. Fasmera,) there are few words borrowed directly from the Italian language, but the development of trade and economic relations contributed to the replenishment of the Russian language with Italian borrowings from the source language at the beginning of the 21st century.

Among the reasons for borrowing, the following stand out: the need to name an object or phenomenon; socio-psychological reasons (prestige of sound); expanding the idea of ​​the concept, its detailing; the distinction of semantic shades, i.e. the semantics of a borrowed word and an already existing one in the Russian language, may intersect with each other, but not completely coincide. Of course, over time, new causes may arise, subject to active relations with other countries, as well as the influence of the media and the Internet.

As a result of the analysis of borrowings from different periods, many Italian words are noted that appeared in the Russian language through the French intermediary language. This fact is explained by the geographical proximity of the two countries and the influence of Italian culture on French since the 17th century, and, consequently, the influence of Italian on French. However, it should be noted that in the dictionaries of the late XIX - early XX centuries, when analyzing some borrowings, it was difficult to determine the source language, since the word could be borrowed with different meanings from different languages, so there was no way to determine which this borrowing originates from languages ​​(for example, gimp, map, jar etc.). For example: word map borrowed through Polish. karta < лат. charta'paper' (,); geographical k.- from the Dutch. lang. kaart'geographic map'< лат. charta'paper'< греч. chartē s‘paper’, but playing paper - in the VI century. from Polish. lang., where karta'playing card'< ит. card- so.< ‘лист бумаги’ (М. Фасмер). Первые два определения слова в словарных статьях словарей, и совпадают – 1) ‘четырехугольный листок бумаги, на котором изображены знаки одной из четырех карточных мастей’, 2) ‘чертеж неба, земли, моря’, и т. п. Толкования третьего значения в указанных словарях расходятся: по и – ‘список кушанья и напитков в гостиницах’; по – ‘бланк для заполнения какими-н. сведениями’.

In such cases, you should pay attention to the meaning in which it is used.

In the process of the development of the Russian language, many borrowings changed their semantics: a word could narrow its meaning, lose its primary meaning and move from one sphere of communication to another (for example, the word conservatory- at the end of the XVII century. meant ‘a shelter for orphans and the homeless, where they taught crafts’, and already from the 18th century. there they began to teach mainly music), to expand their meaning and scope of use ( short story, banquet abbreviation, cardboard, accident and etc.).

The most active in terms of quantity and variety of Italian borrowings are the periods of the 18th century. and the 21st century, and the main area of ​​borrowings of the beginning of the 21st century. became the food industry (names of drinks, dishes, products, shops, restaurants, etc.). In other eras, borrowings from this area were sporadic. There are no borrowings from political, scientific, technical and sports terminology, as well as from the scientific and technical sphere.

In second chapter dissertation examines the process of mastering Italian borrowings: the conditions for the entry and adaptation of borrowed words are highlighted. In the process of studying this issue, studies of such scientists as, etc.

Since the process of assimilation of a foreign word begins with phonological and graphic-phonetic adaptation, in section 2.1. several words of Italian origin were analyzed ( latte, Mozzarella, cappuccino etc.), in which it is noted that Italian sounds are transmitted quite simply, among them there are some letter combinations uncharacteristic for the Russian language (for example, j acusi, solfe j and about, j insy etc.). Some Italian sounds can be replaced by English during pronunciation, this is mainly due to ignorance of Italian phonetics and the rules for pronouncing some letter combinations. For example, the name of the store “Oggi” is pronounced by native Russian speakers in accordance with the rules for pronouncing the English consonants “oggy”, but according to the rules of the Italian language, it is “oji”.

Not all borrowed Italian words appear with a fixed accent; many dictionaries note two options, for example pizzeria and pizzeria, latte and latte. In the process of adaptation to the system of the Russian language, such a fluctuation is quite typical for many foreign words.

When studying examples where words of Italian origin are used, we observe several options for graphic design. Graphic design options allow you to determine the spelling of Italian borrowings. In the dictionaries of recent years, spellings are given for some words (from English. badge – badge, flyer – flyers), however, if we analyze examples from various texts of articles, then for example, for the word biennale will be characterized by a single design. For example, in the dictionary there are two variants of the use of the lexeme: b jenne ale and b ie on the ll e, as in the dictionary: b jenne ale and b yen ale. We met only one version of this lexeme:

Italians often compare Biennale with the World Cup<…>»,

"On the biennale, which was successfully held the year before last, the works of 160 artists were presented<…>».

Thus, it can be assumed that in the new dictionaries of foreign words of the XXI century. the given word will be presented in the indicated variant.

One of the reasons for the variance of grammatical indicators in a borrowed word is oral borrowing, as well as poor adaptation to the Russian language system. Many of the adapted Italian borrowings have grammatical indicators of gender and number, however, among them there are words (adapted and non-adapted) ending in about, e, that(For example, carpaccio, barista, biennale), which is typical of the Italian language and does not allow defining grammatical categories. Such words belong to different areas of use, but most of them are borrowed recently from the field of cooking.

Adapted Italian borrowings develop word-building activity. Thanks to prefixes and productive suffixes of nouns (among Italian borrowings, masculine lexemes with suffixes predominate: - ep,-ir, -ist, -that (stylist, dresser, novelist)), adjectives and verbs (- irov for Italian verbs balance, fatten; -ova for verbs strike, bandage) it is possible to distinguish and analyze various types of word-formation nests (hereinafter SG): one-word, two-word, chain, fan, tree-like. So, on the example of the analysis of the tree type, which includes all types of SG, there is a predominance of two-word and fan types. The noun is most often used as a generating word, there are cases of formation from adjectives ( beige, grandiose) and verbs ( skimp, isolate).

Consider an example of a tree type:

derivational nest from the word layout includes 4 word-building chains: 1) layout - layout 2) layout - layout - layout; 3) layout - layout; 4) mock-up - mock-up: mock-up, mock-up, mock-up. The first and third chains contain two components each, the second - three components, the fourth - five components. All chains refer to the same area of ​​terminology - "architecture and construction". In the formation of derivative words, various morphemic units are used, as a result of the addition of which words of other parts of speech appear. For example, noun suffixes: diminutive -ik (layout), -chik (layout designer) with the value of a person by occupation, -ing (prototyping), which determines the book coloring of the word; adjective suffix -n(layout); verbal suffix -irova (mock up); postfix reflexive verb -sya (mock up) with the meaning of an action directed at oneself, a productive prefix with- (mock up) indicating an incremental value. As we can see, three types of word formation are used in this word-building chain: suffixal, postfixal and prefixal.

As a result of the analysis of several SGs in a similar way (from the words currency, caprice, bank etc.), we came to the conclusion that the main way of word formation is suffixal for all parts of speech. In all parts of speech, suffixes appear in different meanings, however, for a noun, the meaning of a person by occupation or profession is predominant; for an adjective - the meaning of belonging of an object or object to someone, something; for the verb - suffixes express the meaning of ‘to engage in some kind of activity’; among the prefixes, there are no prevailing meanings.

According to our classification of Italian borrowings, given in the first chapter, Italian terms correspond to different areas of use: in the 18th century - this is musical terminology, in the 21st century. culinary words pasta, pizza, tiramisu, panna cotta etc.), which can be classified as international terms, since in most countries of the world these words are not translated. One of the leading reasons for the emergence and spread of internationalisms is bilingualism, as well as the desire to specify a new phenomenon (term) in order to avoid misunderstanding. Italian terms in Russian are distributed not only through print and television media, the Internet, but also as a result of their use in scientific research

Section 2.5. we examined the non-adapted vocabulary of Italian origin, namely the relationship between the concepts of "foreign inclusion", "barbarism" and "exoticism". The problem of adapting new foreign vocabulary in the Russian language was dealt with by scientists:, -Pravda, and others.

At present, researchers have not come to a common opinion in defining the concepts of "barbarism" and "foreign inclusion": which of them is semantically independent, and which requires clarification, i.e. which of them is used occasionally, and which one with a conscious meaning and appropriate use. We tried to distinguish between them, relying on material from various articles in both print and electronic media.

It should be noted that in the media covering Italian life and culture, one can often find barbarisms in Russian graphics without explanation, but only on condition that the same lexeme is often used in texts of various subjects, its meaning has already been explained and it is semantically independent . Let's look at a few examples:

1. « Bella lodi easily recognizable among thousands of other varieties due to its unusual “appearance”, or rather, the unique black crust covering the perfect white body of the cheese” - “This contrast is the hallmark of cheese makers who createBella lodi on a farm that is over 100 years old”;

2."September 2 in one of the most famous restaurants in Novosibirsk"La Maison» Italian Fashion Day in Siberia was held, an event organized by Italian Foreign Trade Institute ( ICE ) and federation "System Fashion Italy" ( SMI ) » – “Italian Fashion Day in Siberia was held as part of a project organized by the FederationSMI supported by branchesICE in Moscow and Novosibirsk.

As shown in the examples, the highlighted words and phrases do not always have explanations, they are used several times in one or different texts, which means they gradually acquire semantic independence.

Barbarisms of Italian origin (especially of recent years) prevail over Italian exoticisms due to their active use in speech (names of products, for example parmesan, mascarpone, ciabatta, and lexemes from other communicative spheres, for example barista, pizzaiolo arividerci, ciao, pronto, senti, sconti, saldi, paparazzi), as well as the growing influence of the media and the Internet.

Unlike the barbarisms and inclusions of the end of the 20th - 21st centuries, many Italian exoticisms, fixed in dictionaries, do not need explanation and are transmitted mainly by means of Russian graphics.

Exoticisms are vocabulary nationally and territorially fixed, for example, the words gondolier,gondola,gondolier belong to the Venetian region; Mozzarella appeared in the Campania region; tokens pizza, lasagna, cappuccino,chianti,barcarolle, palazzo,trattoria,pizzeria used throughout Italy.

From the point of view of word formation, some of these exoticisms have zero word-formation productivity ( palazzo,jacuzzi).

In the conclusions on the second chapter, there is a minimal variation in consonant sounds in words of Italian origin ("oggy" "oji").

As a result of the analysis of word-building nests, we have identified productive suffixes, thanks to which most of the lexemes correlate with the noun and adjective, to a lesser extent with the verb, there are isolated cases of the formation of adverbs and verbal nouns and adjectives; a small number of words consist of two stems

In the modern Russian language, when borrowing new lexemes from the Italian language, mainly of the last decade, there is an unfixed stress, which is associated with a weak adaptation of words.

As a result of the study of non-adapted vocabulary, a step-by-step entry of a foreign word into the receiving language was determined: a foreign inclusion - barbarism - exoticism - a borrowed word.

Since not all scientists distinguish between the concepts of "foreign-language inclusion" and "barbarism", we conducted a study of these concepts and determined that foreign-language inclusions, as a rule, are not fixed in dictionaries of foreign words and explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, are used occasionally and are not semantically independent, i.e. they are not independent. e. their meanings are explained within the text. Barbarisms, in turn, like inclusions, are transmitted by means of Russian and Latin graphics, are used occasionally, taking into account the morphology of another language, while they are semantically independent, that is, they are used by speakers in the language with awareness of the semantics of the word, but from borrowings and exoticisms distinguishes phonetic and graphic instability.

Among the exotic vocabulary of Italian origin, there is no predominant communicative sphere; dictionaries contain a small number of them from different communicative spheres in the graphics of the Russian language, for example, pizza, trattoria, gondola, barcarolle. Musical vocabulary should be considered separately, since it can be transmitted both by the graphics of the Latin language and the Russian language.

If we consider the unadapted vocabulary of Italian origin as a whole, then foreign inclusions and barbarisms are predominant.

Conclusion. As a result of intensive borrowing of foreign language vocabulary at the beginning of the XXI century. we daily encounter vocabulary of an adapted and non-adapted nature. The opinions of researchers regarding such language activity are divided: some researchers demand the protection of the language, others speak of language progress. In any case, three criteria (conditions) for the appearance of borrowings in the language should be taken into account: necessity, relevance, accuracy. Italian borrowings meet these criteria, if only because in Russian it is quite difficult to find synonyms for them, such as for the names of dishes or for musical terminology, etc.

The process of lexico-semantic adaptation of Italian words takes quite a long time, while it should be noted that the most active periods of development of semantic series and expansion of communicative spheres should be noted in the 18th century. and the beginning of the XXI century.

Analysis of dictionary entries in dictionaries of the XX-XXI centuries. showed that some Italian borrowings have a semantic inconstancy of meanings, which depends on activity in various areas of communication, on changes in the main components that make up the subject, which can change the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bit itself and the word denoting it (for example, the word conservatory). Borrowings, constantly used in any communicative sphere, can form whole rows of words (for example, short story, banquet, abbreviation, cardboard, accident and etc.). However, as a result of the loss of one of the meanings, Italian borrowing could narrow its concept (for example, in the word barrack).

As we have already noted, the predominant communicative sphere (out of 28 studied) is “food” (names of dishes, drinks, products), mainly barbarisms, less often exoticisms.

As a result of considering the vocabulary of Italian origin from the point of view of graphic-phonetic, grammatical and morphological development, we note that until about the end of the 20th century. it is completely subordinated to the norms of the Russian language, that is, it develops word-formation activity, receives different meanings and is used in various styles of speech. Italian borrowings of the late XX century. are at the stage of integration, i.e. they begin to enter the phonetic and grammatical systems of the language, become familiar to Russian-speaking native speakers. Words of Italian origin that appeared at the beginning of the XXI century. are at the stage of penetration and belong to non-adapted vocabulary, because they are characterized by instability in writing, pronunciation and stress.

Most lexemes of Italian origin at the beginning of the 21st century. characterized by instability in writing ( ciabatta - ciabatta) and pronunciation ( latte - latte). From the point of view of graphic and phonetic adaptation, among words of Italian origin, there is a minimal variation in consonant letters, one of the reasons is the substitution of Italian consonants for English during pronunciation (cf., it. “Oggi” - ‘oggy’ and ‘oji’). The result of such a substitution is a constant influx of new, unadapted lexemes of Italian origin, while the former ones do not have time to get used to, as a result of which the influence of another language is observed in the Russian language.

As a result of the word-building activity of Italian borrowings, namely, due to the addition of suffixes, prefixes, postfixes to their stems, word-building nests arose, the leading ones being fan and two-word types. The main word-top of such word-building chains is mainly a noun, there are cases of formation from a verb ( skimp, isolate), while only one of them forms a tree type of SG, but there are also cases of the formation of two-word nests from borrowed Italian adjectives: grandiose and beige.

In the course of the study, it turned out that not all linguists distinguish between the concepts foreign language interspersed and barbarism, since it is quite difficult to determine in the text whether it is interspersed or barbaric. However, it should be noted that foreign inclusions, as a rule, are not fixed in dictionaries of foreign words and explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, are used occasionally and are not semantically independent, that is, their meanings are explained within the text. Barbarisms, in turn, as well as blotches, are transmitted by means of Russian and Latin graphics, occasionally, taking into account the morphology of another language, while they are semantically independent, that is, they are used by native speakers in the language with awareness of the semantics of the word, however, they are distinguished from borrowings and exoticisms phonetic and graphic instability.

Inclusions, barbarisms, exoticisms, internationalisms practically do not have variant intermediary languages, they are mostly borrowed directly from the Italian language and do not vary semantically, they function in one communicative sphere.

Vocabulary of Italian origin is not dominant in Russian compared to other European languages ​​(for example, English), but it performs its function in the process of nominating new phenomena, realities, which cannot be found an analogue in the Russian language system. Like all new words, they may change their appearance or be replaced by synonyms.

Applications. The first appendix presents the results of a sociological study on the development of adapted and non-adapted borrowings. The second and third appendices present an analysis of the word-formation adaptation of Italian borrowings. The fourth appendix gives the meanings of unadapted borrowings of Italian origin.

The main provisions of the dissertation are reflected in the following publications:

1. Lukin's tense forms of the past tense of the verb in Russian in comparison with Italian. // Russian language: history, dialects, modernity. Issue X. M., 2010. - S. 44-49.

2. Lukin borrowings from the Italian language in the modern Russian literary language. // Russian language: history, dialects, modernity. Issue IX. M., 2010. - S. 41-46.

3. Lukin - semantic analysis of Italian borrowings in modern Russian. Vestnik MGOU. // Vestnik MGOU. Series "Russian Philology". – M.: Ed. MGOU, No. 3, 2011. - S. 70-75.

4. Lukin's borrowings from the Italian language in the modern Russian literary language. Vestnik MGOU. // Vestnik MGOU. Series "Russian Philology". – M.: Ed. MGOU, No. 4, 2011. - S. 79-81.

5. Lukin's vocabulary of Italian origin in Russian Vestnik MGOU. // Vestnik MGOU. Series "Russian Philology". – M.: Ed. MGOU, No. 6, 2011. - P. 74-76

Gornfeld buzzwords and old words. - Petersburg: Kolos, 1922. - S. 26.

Chudinov of foreign words included in the Russian language. - 3rd ed. - St. Petersburg: Ed. , 1910. - S. 474.

Krysin dictionary of foreign words / - M .: Eksmo, 2010. - P.616.

Ozhegov of the Russian language /; Under total ed. prof. . - 24th ed., rev. - M.: house "ONYX XXI century", 2003. - S. 547.

Lopatin dictionary of the modern Russian language. / . - M.: Eksmo, 2011. - S. 538.

J. Italia. 2010, No. 12. - S. 72.

Mikhelson of all foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with an explanation of their roots. - M.: ed. type Indrich 1875. - S. 243.

Chudinov of foreign words included in the Russian language. - 3rd ed. - St. Petersburg: Ed. , 1910. - S. 253.

Fasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. In 4 vols. T. 2 (E - Husband) / Per. with him. and additional . - 2nd ed., erased. - M.: Progress, 1986. - S. 203.

Krysin dictionary of foreign words / - M .: Eksmo, 2010.–S. 340.

Bobrov etymological dictionary of the Russian language. Origin of words. - 4th ed., stereotype. - M .: Bustard, 2001. - P. 144.

The latest dictionary of foreign words / ed. - comp. - 2nd ed., Rev. - M.: Iris-press, 2009. - S. 199.

Nechaev Dictionary of Foreign Words: over 25,000 words and phrases. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M .: "Azbukovnik", 2008. - S. 155.

J. Italia, 2011, No. 7. - S. 58.

J. Italia, 2011, No. 7. - S. 12.

Semenov Dictionary of the Russian Language. – M.: UNVES, 2002.–S. 339.

J. Italia, 2011, No. 7. - p. 81

See ibid. (p. 81).

J. Italia 2010, No. 12. - P. 18.

J. Italia 2010, No. 12. - P. 19.

Economic and political ties between England and Italy began to develop intensively from the XIV century. The English economy was linked to Italian manufacture, which could not exist without English wool. Preparations for the Hundred Years' War were carried out by Edward III with the money of Florentine bankers. These economic and political ties are reflected in the vocabulary of the English language, which, starting from the 14th century, borrows Italian words related to trade, manufacture and military affairs.

However, the Italian language had its strongest influence during the Renaissance. We know the significance that the literature and art of the Renaissance had for the whole of European culture. England also experienced this influence. Acquaintance with the Italian literature of this period, travels to Italy, the study of its painting, sculpture and architecture, interest in Italian music, in the country itself, all this was reflected in a number of borrowings from the Italian language.

It should be noted that, due to the wide spread of Italian borrowings in European languages, some Italian words were borrowed into English not directly, but through other languages. For example, barouche (Italian word baroccio - baroque); cohl-rabi (it. cavoli rape -- kohlrabi) are borrowed from German. Most Italian words before the 16th century were borrowed through French, and only from the 16th century did borrowings appear directly from Italian.

The earliest (XIV-XV centuries) borrowings relate to trade and military affairs. So the words were borrowed from the field of trade and finance: ducat, million, lombard. From the field of military affairs and navigation: alarm (alarm), brigand (bandit), bark (barque).

In the 16th century, economic ties with Italy caused new borrowings: carat (carat), traffic (traffic), porcelain (porcelain), contraband (smuggling), bankrupt (bankrupt), soldo (soldo), battalion, squadron, citadel, pistol.

However, the largest number of words borrowed from the Italian language is associated with the field of art (literature, painting, music, architecture). For example: sonnet, stanza, motto, model, miniature, madonna, fresco.

Other borrowings from this period: bandit, biretta, mustachio, lottery, bravo, duel, cavalcade, escort, artichoke, gondola.

In the 17th century, the number of borrowings related to public life, trade, as well as art and music, increases, for example: manifesto, intrigue, bulletin, risk, umbrella, balcony, corridor, pedal, solo, opera, vivace, piano, largo, allegro, grotto, volcano, cascade.

In the 18th century, the continuing fascination with Italian musical culture caused a new influx of musical terms from the Italian language of this period, such words as soprano, falsetto, viola, cantata, mandolin, trombone, trio, fantasia, aria, tempo, obligate, crescendo, andante appeared.

Words were borrowed from the field of other types of art: picturesque, costume, terracotta, dilettante.

In the 19th century, some words are borrowed that reflect the political struggle in Italy. For example, carbonary, cammorra. The group of borrowings related to science is increasing, however, the largest number of borrowings, as in the previous two centuries, came from the field of music and art. Examples include the following words: sonatina, cavatina, legato, prima donna, diva, fiasco, studio, replica.

From the borrowings of the beginning of the 20th century, one can note: autostrada, duce and fascist.

The last word is associated with the Latin word fasces - the name of the emblem of the executive power in Ancient Rome (a bundle of birch twigs with an ax stuck in the middle).

It should be noted that in English, as in a number of other European languages, some Italian phraseological combinations are used, for example, sotto voce (in a whisper, in an undertone), traditori and others.