Complex sentences with divisive unions examples. SSP with separating unions

List of dividing unions: or, or, but that, not that, but not that; or ... or, either ... or; whether ... whether, whether ... or, at least ... at least, what ... what, be it ... or; otherwise, not ... so, if (and) not ... then; not that ... not that, either ... or; then ... then;union analogues : and maybe (be), and maybe (be) and; maybe (be) ... maybe (be), maybe (be) ...:

These are open structure proposals. The main relations between PUs in the BSC with divisive unions are the relations of mutual exclusion and alternation:

1. Relations mutual exclusion: unions or, or, not that ... not that; either ... or: Or pan, or gone. Whether winter, either Spring, either autumn(K. Simonov). Either the plague will pick me up, or the frost will ossify, Or the barrier will slam into my forehead(A. Pushkin). I won't come back to you, or maybe I'll stay with you(City 312).

2. In separating SSPs with the value alternation a sequence of successive events that do not coincide in time is reported: That the sun shines dimly, then a black cloud hangs(Nekrasov).

TASKS FOR SELF-ANALYSIS (checking at the lecture)

Exercise 1. Give a description of compound sentences of an open structure in terms of their structure and semantics. Specify shades of values. For example: Either you are stupid or you are deceiving me. This SSP consists of 2 PUs: 1 PU You're stupid and 2 PE You're lying. The formal means of communication is a repeated disjunctive union or either. Mutual exclusion relations between the parts of the BSC.

1. During the night, the sea calmed down a little, the wind died down, and the fog began to dissipate.

2. Let either he leave, or we will leave.

3. Not a single insect buzzes in the grass, not a single bird chirps in a tree.

4. The pines parted, and Margarita quietly rode up through the air to a chalk cliff (Bulg.)

Task 2. Describe the BSC with the union AND, indicating the structural type (open or closed structure), structural-semantic category (relationships between parts of the BSC) and shades of meaning (semantic varieties). For example: The shells thunderedand the bullets whistled, / And the machine gun scribbled loudly, / And the girl Masha infrozen overcoat / Leads all the fighters to the attack. This is an open structure SSP, since there are more than 2 PUs and others can be added. Structural-semantic category: NGN with self-connecting relations. The connotation of meaning is the meaning of simultaneity.

1. He was given an apartment, and he settled in a fortress (Lerm.).

2. The night was windy, rainy, and this contributed to the success.

3. Silence reigned all around, and only at the top, on the rifts, the water rustled dully.

4. One jump - and the lion is already on the buffalo's head.

5. The river was completely covered with fins, and, therefore, everywhere it was possible to freely move from one bank to another.

6. They gave six fur coats for Nadia, and the cheapest of them, according to her grandmother, cost three hundred rubles (A.P. Chekhov)

7. I have a wife, two girls, and, moreover, my wife is an unhealthy lady (A.P. Chekhov)

Task number 3. Make a complete parsing of the SSP.

Parsing sample.

And the sluggish grass smells, crystal hoarfrost, and, barely distinguishable, the sad star shines(V. Tushnova)

1. According to the purpose of the statement - narrative.

2. By emotional coloring - non-exclamatory.

3. Complex, because consists of 2 PU: 1 PU: And[sluggish grass smells, crystal frost]. 2 PE - and[hardly distinguishable, the sad star shines]. PEs are interconnected by a coordinating union And, therefore, this is a compound sentence (CSP). Union AND connecting, therefore, in the most general form, relations in the BSC can be characterized as connecting. The parts of the SSP are an open series, i.e., a sentence of an open structure: it can be continued by adding other PUs with the same grammatical meaning (enumerative). Relationships are autosemantic. The situations reflected in the PE are thought by the speaker as simultaneous. The grammatical means of expressing simultaneity are the forms of the non-syn. type of verbs-predicates: smells - shines.

Scheme: and , and .

4. Analysis of each PU.

1 PE: And the sluggish grass smells, from crystal hoarfrost.

grass smells

b) Complete.

c) Common: grass (what?) sluggish

from frost crystal, expressed by an adjective with dependent words.

2 PE: and, barely visible, the star shines sadly.

a) A two-part sentence. Subject star expressed by a noun in I.p. Simple verb predicate glitters expressed by conjugated verb present. temp. inconsistent in

b) Complete.

c) Common: star (what?) sad - an agreed definition expressed by an adjective.

d) Complicated by a common isolated definition barely visible, expressed participle turnover.

Suggestions for parsing

1. I don’t want to think about anything, or thoughts and memories wander, muddy and unclear, like a dream (A. Serafimovich).

2. The kick is short - and the ball is in the goal.

compound called complex sentences , in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and connected by coordinating conjunctions. The parts of a compound sentence do not depend on each other and form one semantic whole.

Depending on the type of coordinative union that connects the parts of the sentence, all compound sentences (CSP) are divided into three main categories:

1) BSC with connecting unions(and; yes in the meaning of and; neither ... nor; also; also; not only ..., but also; both ..., and);

2) BSC with dividing unions (then ... then; not that ..., not that; or; or; whether... or);

3) SSP with opposing alliances (but, but, yes in the meaning of but, however, but, but, only, the same).

The semantic connection of simple sentences combined into a complex one is different. They can send:

Phenomena happening at the same time.

For example: And far to the south there was a battle, and in the north the earth trembled from bombing attacks, clearly approaching at night (in such sentences, changing the sequence of parts of the sentence does not change the meaning);

Phenomena that occur sequentially.

For example: Dunya got into the wagon next to the hussar, the servant jumped on the pole, the driver whistled, and the horses galloped(in this case, the permutation of sentences is not possible).

1. BSC with connecting unions (and, yes /=and/, neither - nor, how - so and, not only - but also, also, also, yes and).

In compound sentences with connecting unions, the following can be expressed:

- temporary relationship.

For example: Morning came, and our ship approached Astrakhan(compare: When morning came, our ship approached Astrakhan);

Unions and yes can be either single or repetitive:

For example: The transparent forest alone turns black, and the spruce turns green through the hoarfrost, and the river glistens under the ice.(A.S. Pushkin) - the described phenomena occur simultaneously, which is emphasized by the use of repeating unions in each part.

I shouted and echo answered me- the second phenomenon follows the first.

- action and its result.

For example: Pugachev gave a sign, and they immediately released me and left me.

- causal relationships.

For example: Several dugouts, which were especially heavily covered, remained completely intact, and the people, who had become chilled and exhausted by the battle, falling down from fatigue and the desire to sleep, rushed there with all their might to warm themselves;
I was unwell, so I didn't wait for dinner- the second phenomenon is a consequence of the first, caused by it, as indicated by the concretizer - adverb because.

Neither the sun I can see the light, nor for my roots there is no space(I. A. Krylov).

The narrator froze in mid-sentence, I also heard a strange sound- unions too and also have the peculiarity that they are not at the beginning of the part.

Unions too and also introduce the meaning of assimilation into the sentence. For example: And now I lived with my grandmother, she also told me stories before going to bed. Unions too and also always stand inside the second part of a compound sentence. Union too, usually used in colloquial speech, conjunction also- in the bookstore.

The union also has a colloquial character. Yes in meaning and .

For example: It was useless to hide the truth, and Serpilin did not consider himself entitled to do so.

2. SSP with opposing alliances (but, yes /=but/, however, but, but, but).

AT compound sentences with opposing conjunctions, one phenomenon is opposed to another.

For example: The storm was there, behind them, above the forest, and here the sun was shining.

With the help of the union, however, a reservation is transmitted to what was said earlier. For example: She could hardly force herself to smile and hide her triumph, but she soon managed to assume a completely indifferent and even stern air.

The sentences of this group always consist of two parts and, having a common adversative meaning, can express the following meanings:

She was about thirty, but she seemed like a very young girl.- the second phenomenon is opposed to the first.

Some helped in the kitchen, while others set the tables.- the second phenomenon is not opposed to the first, a matched with it (replacement union a on the but impossible).

Unions but , but indicate the reimbursement of what was said in the first sentence.

For example: The moose was gone, but nearby there was a sound made by some living and, probably, weak creature; He has a lot of work to do, but in the winter he will rest.

Particles are used in the meaning of adversative conjunctions same , only .

For example: The head still hurt, but the consciousness was clear, distinct; The war did not cancel anything, only all feelings became sharper in the war.

Union same like the unions too and also, always stands not at the beginning of the second part of the sentence, but directly after the word that is opposed to the word of the first part.

For example: All the trees have put out sticky leaves, but the oak is still without leaves.

3. BSC with dividing unions (or / il /, either, not that - not that, either - either, that - that).

In compound sentences with disjunctive conjunctions, phenomena are indicated that cannot occur simultaneously: they either alternate, or one excludes the other.

For example: In the sweltering air now there was a sound of pickaxes hitting stone, now the wheels of wheelbarrows sang mournfully; Now it was drizzling, then large flakes of snow fell- union then- then indicates an alternation of phenomena.

On Peresyp, something was burning, or the moon was rising- union not that -not that indicates mutual exclusion of phenomena.

Only sometimes a birch will flash or a spruce will stand in front of you like a gloomy shadow.- union or indicates mutual exclusion of phenomena.

Either the gate creaks, or the floorboards crackle- union either - either indicates mutual exclusion of phenomena.

Divisive unions or and or can be single or repetitive.

For a more detailed description of the types of SSP There are three more types of SSP: SSP with connecting, explanatory and gradational unions.

Unions are affiliated yes and, also, also, placed in our classification in the group of connecting unions.

Unions are explanatory. that is, namely :

For example: He was expelled from the gymnasium, that is, the most unpleasant thing happened to him.

gradation unions - not only ... but also, not that ... but .

For example: It wasn't that he didn't trust his partner, but he did have some doubts about him.

Compound sentence should be distinguished from a simple sentence with homogeneous members connected by coordinating unions.

Compound sentences	Simple sentences with homogeneous sentence members
With a whistling whisper, centennial pines exchanged among themselves, and dry frost with a soft rustle poured from the disturbed branches.	And suddenly another beetle fell away from the swarm dancing in the air and, leaving behind a large, magnificent tail, swept straight to the clearing.
The stars were still shining sharply and coldly, but the sky in the east was already beginning to lighten.	In obedience to this powerful feeling, he jumped to his feet, but immediately, groaning, sat down on the bear carcass.
The forest is noisy, the face is hot, and a prickly cold creeps from the back.	In good weather, the forest swirled with caps of pine peaks, and in bad weather, shrouded in gray fog, it resembled a darkened water surface.
For a change, a white cobblestone flashes in the weeds, or a gray stone woman grows for a moment, or a gopher crosses the road, and again weeds, hills, rooks run past the eyes.	I had to stand with my eyes closed, leaning back against a tree trunk, or sit down on a snowdrift and rest, feeling the pulse in my veins.

2. BSC with separating relations (= using separating unions).

The unions of this group include OR and OR (single and repeated), THEN ... THEN, NOT THAT ... NOT THAT and OR ... OR (repeating).

The main meaning of such proposals is mutual exclusion and alternation. Both of these meanings can be expressed using the conjunctions OR and OR. For example, the meaning of alternation is expressed in the sentence Duremar either caught leeches in the swamp, or he was drawn to collect worms on the paths. And the meaning of mutual exclusion is expressed in the sentence "Either I went crazy, or this doll came to life," thought Papa Carlo. Note that the single use of the conjunctions in question also expresses these meanings.

Only the meaning of the alternation expresses the union TO ... TO: Either Pinocchio believed the words of the fox and the cat, then he considered them scammers. The remaining two unions NOT THAT ... NOT THAT and THAT ... WHETHER express the meaning of mutual exclusion: Either Karabas did not like children at all, or he did not know how to handle them.

For NGN of the first two types, such a structural moment is also important: sentences with connecting and adversarial conjunctions are open-type sentences, they can include an almost unlimited number of parts joined using the same coordinating union. For other types of SSP, this is impossible, sentences can only consist of two predicative units (you can continue the sentences we have compiled ourselves).

3. SSP with adversarial relations (= using adversarial conjunctions).

The unions of this group include BUT, YES (=but), ZATO, HOWEVER, SAME, A, AT THE TIME AS, THEN, BETWEEN AS, IF ... THEN.

Sentences of this type may indicate the opposition or comparison of two phenomena.

The opposition is expressed by the unions BUT, YES, ZATO, HOWEVER and SAME: Pinocchio did not want to sell the alphabet, but he could not cope with the desire to go to the theater. Duremar could not find out the secret of the golden key, but he managed to catch a lot of thick and expensive leeches (the ZATO union has an additional connotation of compensation, compensation). Pinocchio wanted to slip away from the tavern without paying, however, the owner of the "Three Minnows" closely followed the visitors (in this sentence, HOWEVER is similar to BUT, but it should be borne in mind that HOWEVER is also an introductory word). Malvina really wanted to educate Pinocchio, but he only wanted to mess around (the union SAME combines the meaning of an opposing union and an intensifying particle, therefore it stands inside the second part, after the first word. Often this union is forgotten when drawing up a diagram, so the proposal according to the scheme turns out to be union-free).

Union A often expresses comparative relations, they are also expressed by the book analogues of the union A - WHEN, BETWEEN THE HOW, THEN AS and IF ... THEN. For example: Piero really wanted to find Malvina, but Pinocchio scoffed and did not want to give the address of his beautiful lover. If Pinocchio looked like Papa Carlo, then Piero was the spitting image of Giuseppe (the second part of the union is mandatory, if it is possible to remove TO, the union is considered as subordinating).

The listed book analogues of A very often cause confusion in the syntactic analysis of the sentence, many consider the sentence as a complex one. To a certain extent, this error is due to the fact that in the rules of punctuation these unions are listed in the same row as the subordinate ones. We would recommend for practice to make 10 sentences with these unions and think about the meaning.

4. BSC with affiliations (= using affiliations).

The unions of this group include YES AND, AND, AND, ALSO, TOO.

The first two of the unions listed in the list indicate additional information: Papa Carlo decided to go in search of Pinocchio, and Giuseppe advised him to travel.

Unions ALSO and ALSO indicate that what is reported in both parts is correlated with each other. At the same time, these unions are inside the second part of the MTP, therefore, like the union of the SAME, they are often lost when analyzing the proposal and drawing up the scheme: Pierrot was happy to see Malvina, the doll with blue hair was also delighted with the boy in love with her.

5. SSP with explanatory relations (= using explanatory conjunctions).

Only two unions belong to the unions of this group - THAT IS and NAMELY.

Sentences using these unions usually refer to the book style, they are quite rare in ordinary speech, but we will still try to give an example: The old cricket predicted Pinocchio's life full of dangers, that is, he predicted in advance all the terrible adventures of Pinocchio himself and his friends.

6. SSP with gradation relations (= using gradation unions).

The alliances of this group include double alliances NOT ONLY... BUT AND NOT THAT... BUT: Not that Duremar was an evil person, but he always acted for his own benefit. Not only was the nasty Bat on his side with Alice and Basilio, but the police dogs were on their side as well.

We have described all types of SSP. Now, before giving the task, we would like to talk about the difficulties that schoolchildren and applicants have when answering the question about the SSP.

The main problem lurks when you give examples of different SSPs. Not everyone makes sure that the invented sentence has two predicative bases. Often given as an SSP, an example turns out to be a simple sentence, because a coordinating conjunction, correctly used, connects two homogeneous members - either two predicates, or two subjects. For example: * Not only Pinocchio, but also his friends wanted to solve the mystery of the golden key. * It was dark, and cold, and scary.

Therefore, our first task will be associated with this type of error.

Exercise 1.

Below is a text that uses different coordinating conjunctions. Place punctuation marks and underline the SSP, describing the type of this SSP.

And the Goat and her relatives and all the other animals in the forest were very afraid of the wolf. They were not only afraid to leave their children at home alone, but they themselves tried not to walk through the forest alone. But life required, if not constantly, then at least occasionally to go to forest shops to purchase food. This morning, either the goats didn’t eat cabbage leaves well, or the goat herself understood the need to diversify the children’s diet, but after breakfast she got up and informed the children that they were left alone while she, their mother, went to the supermarket on the opposite side of the forest.

The goats weren't upset. All children, both in ordinary families and in animal families, like to stay at home alone. What is life like with parents? No running, no hide-and-seek, no movie to watch. They saw off their mother and immediately they all began to indulge together. More precisely, the older brothers dabbled while the younger sister tried to calm them down. The noise in the house was incredible and no one paid attention to the quiet steps outside. Either the wolf was attracted by an unusual noise in the neighboring house, or he saw a goat leaving on business, but the wolf stood under the door and knocked. At first, the kids did not hear the knock, but the little sister drew their attention to incomprehensible sounds.

The kids asked the usual question in such a situation and tried to speak very strictly. The wolf introduced himself as a mother goat, but the children did not believe it. They found a forgery, that is, the voice of the speaker was too thick. Therefore, the elder goat told the uninvited guest to leave, the brothers also joined in the request. At the same time, not only were they not afraid, but they did not even realize who the guest was.

The wolf went to the forest blacksmith and he forged a new voice for him. If the voice began to look like a goat, then the predator itself did not at all resemble a goat, however, the stupid kids nevertheless made a mistake and opened the door to the wolf and were immediately eaten by a terrible beast. The younger goat, however, hid. As her mother punished her, so did the little girl.

The goat returned and saw the door wide open and immediately understood everything. She became ill and cried. Either by some chance, or by the will of the storyteller, hunters were walking through the forest. It was they who helped solve the problem and freed the kids from the wolf's belly, and then the fairy tale ended.

The second problem arises when placing punctuation marks in the SSP. The usual rule says that a comma is placed between parts of the SSP. Exceptions are possible when using the union I.

The comma is not put if:

Both parts have a common secondary member: Malvina had large gray eyes and blue curls fell to her waist. In the girl's garden, birds sang and multi-colored butterflies fluttered.

Two impersonal sentences are combined, which have synonymous members in their composition. "We must take his temperature and try to give him castor oil," both doctors agreed.

· common for those connected by a coordinating union And two parts is a subordinate clause: While Pinocchio was washing, breakfast appeared on the table and smelled of freshly brewed coffee and buns.

Parts of the BSC have a common introductory word. Most often, this word indicates the same source of the message for both parts: According to the inhabitants of the Land of Fools, police dogs constantly growl at them and they are afraid to go out alone into the streets. There may be a common introductory word indicating the degree of reliability of both statements (it will turn out to be the same for them): Fortunately, Pinocchio managed to hide in a jug and he was able to stir up the conversation between Karabas and Duremar.

two parts of a complex structure connected by the union And can have a common third part that unites them. It includes the meaning of both parts and is connected with them by an allied connection: It was like a miracle: a magical land turned out to be outside the door and a new puppet theater rose in the center of the fabulous city.

If two indefinitely personal sentences are parts of the SSP, then a comma is not put between them if the same producer of two actions is thought of: Puppets in this theater are tortured and do not give them the opportunity to rest between performances.

More rare cases when a comma is not put between parts of the SSP are the combination of two interrogative sentences, incentive, exclamation or nominal: "Who are you and what do you need?" - Carabas asked angrily. "Let the winter end and warm days come!" - dreamed dolls locked in cramped quarters.

So, in order to correctly place the signs in front of the "and" connecting the parts of the BSC, you need:

1. Determine that you have a complex sentence in front of you, see both of its bases.

2. Consistently check if your example fits the above cases of non-placement of a comma.

3. If the proposal does not contain anything that would allow us to refuse a comma, put it.

Task 2.

Place punctuation marks between homogeneous members of the sentence and SSP. Emphasize SSP.

Grandfather planted a turnip and a large turnip grew. The huge vegetable was almost to the waist of the grandfather and protruding menacingly from the ground with its very appearance terrified the grandfather. "How can I pull it out of the ground and where will I put it then?" - the grandfather thought, waking up at night, and pushing the grandmother, he tried to discuss the problem with her. But the grandmother turned over on the other side, not understanding the problems of her husband and confident that everything would somehow manage to fall asleep.

By the end of summer, the turnip filled almost the entire garden, and thus it ruined almost the rest of the crop. While the grandmother sawed her husband and demanded to dig up a vegetable that turned out to be the only family food for next winter, the first frosts came and the turnip froze tightly to the garden. Then the grandfather put on warm gloves given by his wife for the last New Year and went to extract a giant product from the earth. Only, even after an hour of work, the turnip did not give in and the exhausted grandfather was forced to call his wife. The grandmother, convinced, like all women, that pulling a turnip is not a woman's job, grumbled and groaned for a long time and scolded her grandfather for his male failure. But then she looked out the window and looked at her exhausted husband, took pity on him and went to help. Grandfather took the grandma's turnip for the grandfather and it became clear that the two of them could not cope.

Fortunately, the summer holidays are not over yet and the granddaughter who was visiting the old people has not yet left for the city. It was necessary to call her for help and it was necessary to convince the spoiled girl that her help was really needed. Grumbling, the granddaughter nevertheless came to the garden and, seeing a giant plant, was delighted. "What a beauty and how great she would look in a photograph!" - the granddaughter exclaimed for the first time in three months of rest when she saw a turnip and ran into the house for a camera. Seeing the activity of the hostess, her dog, a huge St. Bernard named Zhuchka, ran after her and, growling menacingly, tried to help in pulling the turnip out of the garden. You should have seen it: a grandfather, out of breath, holding on to a turnip and a sweaty grandmother trying to hold on to her husband, and a granddaughter in fashionable sandals grabbed her grandmother, and even Zhuchka was pulling her granddaughter by the hem at the risk of tearing off a piece of expensive chiffon. But all efforts are in vain and the turnip remains in the garden.

Then the granddaughter decides to take an extreme measure and brings a fat and lazy cat Vaska and demands help in harvesting. But even in such a company: grandfather and grandmother and granddaughter and Zhuchka and Vaska - they are not able to finally pull the turnip out of the ground. After half an hour of hard work, everyone was tired and grandfather announced a smoke break. Everyone sat down right on the beds despite the dirt and began to think about further actions. And only Vaska dozed off, clinging to the warm back of the Bugs and falling into a blissful state, he even rumbled. And then a mouse ran past Vaska and, feeling the cat's food, immediately woke up. True, he forgot about the nearby back of the St. Bernard and clinging to it with sharp claws caused a desperate ... th scream of the Bugs. The unfortunate woman screamed and jumped up from the garden and jumped on her granddaughter, and she, falling, grabbed the end of her grandmother's scarf and, pulling it towards herself, tied the knot around the grandmother's neck even tighter. The light dimmed before the grandmother's eyes and cursing the day when she married her grandfather, which led to the birth of her granddaughter and her arrival on vacation and to the events described with the turnip, the grandmother, with her last strength, grabbed the hand of her husband sitting next to her. From surprise, the grandfather yelled and jumped to his feet, grabbed something that was nearby and pulled it with all his might. A minute later, a turnip pulled out of the ground lay upside down in the garden, and the whole company danced around it, not believing in unexpected happiness.

The main culprit of the events, the mouse, was never found, and we think that another direct culprit of the incident, the cat Vaska, dined on it.

Task 3.

We would highly recommend that all schoolchildren try to compose a coherent text in which to combine sentences with homogeneous members, combined with the help of coordinating unions, and SSP. This will be a practice for answering the exam, and will also help you review the rules of punctuation.

§ 3. Complex sentence, its types.

A complex sentence (CSP) is a type of joint venture in which parts are connected using subordinating conjunctions and allied words.

Before talking about the types of NGN, it is necessary to define some important concepts for this type of complex sentence.

As a rule, there are two parts in NGN, they are unequal, one part turns out to be the main one, the other is dependent, traditionally it is called subordinate. From the main to the subordinate, you can ask a question, the type of the subordinate part is determined by the question. Another way to determine the type of clause would be the nature of the allied remedy used. True, the second method of verification must still be corrected by raising the question, since in some types of the subordinate clause one union can be used. For example, Pinocchio's proposal was stupid and naive, so it was not difficult for the fox and the cat to deceive him; it refers to the SPP with a subordinate consequence. This can only be determined by the use of the union "so", because this union is not used anywhere else. For a proposal, Pinocchio loved to be looked after, it is necessary to ask from the main part to the subordinate question (what did he love?). After all, the union "to" can be not only in the explanatory, but also in other types of subordinate clauses - goals, measures.

Parts of the NGN can be connected using subordinating conjunctions (lists can be found in various textbooks on the Russian language) and using allied words. The role of allied words is played by relative pronouns (who, what, which, which, whose, what, how much) and relative pronominal adverbs (where, where, when, where, why, why, why, how). Unions stand between the parts, not entering into any, although they are located in the subordinate. Allied words not only connect parts, but are also members of the clause of the subordinate part. The difficulty is that some unions and allied words turn out to be homonymous (this is what, how, when, what). We will talk about the criteria for distinguishing when talking about each type of NGN.

All SPPs could be divided into two groups. There are types of clauses that refer to the entire main part, and there are those that refer to one of the words in the main part (=conditional). The adjectives include attributive clauses, explanatory clauses, some clauses of time, clauses of place, measures and degrees, modes of action, and comparative comparatives. The rest are inconsequential.

In the main part of the NGN, there may be so-called correlative (or demonstrative) words that are used in tandem with allied words and even with unions. In the role of correlative words, demonstrative pronouns are used that, everything, so much and demonstrative pronoun adverbs there, there, everywhere, nowhere, and so on. In some types of NGN, the use of correlative words is mandatory, it is a reference for attaching a subordinate clause. For example, this is necessary in pronominal-defining clauses: Everyone who spoke with Pinocchio was surprised at his lack of education. In other types of subordinate clauses, correlative words are possible, but not necessary, they can be removed from the sentence structure, for example, in the explanatory clause: Pinocchio constantly dreamed of how he would get rich.

It must also be said that the subordinate part can stand in different positions in relation to the main one. Maybe at the beginning (preposition): When Papa Carlo went to buy dinner for Pinocchio, the boy got off the table and stuck his long nose into the painted hearth. It may appear after the main part (post-position): Pinocchio pierced a hole in the hearth, because the hearth was only painted on canvas. And, finally, interposition is possible when the subordinate part is located in the middle of the main one: In the house, which was comfortably located on the edge of the forest next to a lovely pond, lived the most beautiful doll of Karabas - Malvina. For some types of clauses, no matter where the clause is located, the sentence can be changed so that the position of the clause in relation to the main one changes (this is possible, for example, for clauses of time with the union "when"). There are types of subordinate and certain groups of allied means that fix a certain position of the subordinate part in relation to the main one. For example, the use of the temporary union “as suddenly” requires the postposition of the subordinate part: Malvina was about to go outside and sit down for breakfast, when she suddenly saw Pinocchio hanging upside down on a tree.

Now let's talk about each type of accessory part. When characterizing each type of subordinate clause, we will adhere to the following plan: the question that the subordinate clause answers; is it conditional or not; the type of allied means used in the subordinate part; the place of the subordinate clause in relation to the main one, as well as the obligatory or optional use of the correlative word in the main part. We would advise schoolchildren and applicants to follow the same plan when answering a question on an oral exam.

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Every day, the school curriculum gradually leaves our minds and many simple things can be misleading. The rules of the Russian language cause such difficulties most often. And even such a thing as a compound sentence can lead an adult to a dead end. This article will help you study or update your mind on this topic.

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Compound sentence

A compound sentence (CSP) is one in which the parts are connected writing connection, which is expressed by coordinating conjunctions. All elements are equal and independent.

Division by the meaning of conjunctions of a compound sentence

1. Connective: and, yes (=and: bread and salt), yes and, and..and.., not only..but also, like..so;
2. Dividing: or, or .. or, either, then .. that, or .. whether, not that .. not that;
3. Opposite: ah, but, yes (= but: handsome, yes stupid), but, however.

When children are only introduced to the types of sentences at school, only the three groups of coordinating conjunctions described above stand out. However, in high school Students are divided into three groups:

1. Gradational: not only, not so much .. how much, not that .. but, not that .. but also;
2. Explanatory: namely, that is;
3. Connecting: moreover, moreover, and, too, also.

Thus, a compound sentence is distinguished with connecting unions, dividing and adversative, as well as additionally with gradational unions, explanatory and connecting.

Compound sentences: examples and schemes

After the weekend, he felt better, and he recovered completely.

Scheme: (), and (). Compound sentence with conjunction and shows the sequence of actions.

Every day he had to do his homework or help his mother with the housework.

Scheme: () or (). Dividing andwhether mutually exclusive events.

You now shoot something, and I'll make a fire.

Scheme: (), and (). Union a- adversative, which means that there is an opposition in the sentence.

Not only relatives admired her mind, but also complete strangers.

Schema: not only (), but also (). This compound sentence structure separates events by significance and importance.

His leg was broken, meaning he could no longer continue on his own.

Scheme: (), that is (). There is an explanatory union i.e.

We have to do it, and we have very little time.

Scheme: (), moreover (). Union besidesgives additional facts and information.

Punctuation in compound sentences

In SSP, elements are separated by commas, semicolons, or dashes.

The most common punctuation mark is comma. It is placed before both single and repeating coordinating conjunctions:

Let it be as God pleases, but the law must be obeyed.

Scheme: (), and ().

Either I'll come tomorrow, or you come.

Scheme: either (), or ().

Semicolon used when SSP elements are very common and commas are already in use:

The boy rejoiced at the new kite, ran after it and was the happiest man; and the elements are already preparing to pour rain, disperse the wind and break tree branches.

Scheme: (); a ().

A semicolon can also be used when a sentence has multiple parts:

I have an opinion, and you – other; and each of us is right in our own way.

Scheme: (), and (); and ().

Dash is put in the event that parts of a compound sentence have a sharp opposition or a sharp change of events:

Hall froze for a second – and then there was wild applause.

Scheme: () - and ().

When there are no punctuation marks

The parts of the MTP are:

1. Interrogative: When will you be in town again and do I dare to ask for a meeting?
2. Incentives: Do everything well and let you cope with everything.
3. Exclamation points: You are so good and I love it so much!
4. Denominations: Cold and wind. Dullness and heat.
5. Impersonal offers: Cold and windy. Dull and sultry.

In the process of communication, a person forms his thoughts into simple or complex syntactic constructions. Not the last place among them is occupied by a compound sentence.

The examples and theoretical information presented below will help you understand the construction and punctuation of syntaxes of this type.

A complex syntactic construction, consisting of two or more simple components equal in meaning, united by means of coordinating conjunctions, is called a SSP, or a compound sentence.

Let's look at examples: “The doctor told jokes, but the conversation still didn't go well. The crowd flowed like a river in front of them, but, finally, it thinned out, and the last congratulators left ”(According to Maupassant).

The first of the presented designs consists of two parts, the second - of three. They are connected by unions and, but .

It is impossible to ask a question from one predicative construction to another.

Take note! It is necessary to distinguish between compound sentences and non-union, expressing a sequence of actions or their comparison:
“Sparrows chirped under the windows, the darkness dissolved, the whole district was illuminated by the morning sun. The night has long since come and he hasn't gone to bed."
Although their components are equal, there are no unions between them that necessarily connect parts of a compound sentence.

Unions within the SSP

Simple sentences that form compound sentences connect the coordinating conjunctions of the following groups:

• and, and ... and, too, yes (in the meaning of and), neither ... nor, also, not only ... but also, like ... and - connecting;
• but, yes (in the meaning of but), but, on the other hand, however, but on the other hand, however - adversative;
• or, either, not that ... not that, then ... that, or ... or - dividing;
• i.e., explanatory.

Accordingly, compound sentences are combined into three groups, namely:

• with connecting unions;
• explanatory;
• separating;
• opposing.

Let's take a closer look at each of these groups.

Constructions with connecting unions

A compound sentence of this type can be gleaned from literature and colloquial speech: “ Kolomeichenko invites me to sit on the hay, and a long conversation about boibaks begins ”(According to V. Orlov). "Friends hurried home, I followed them too."

“The water murmured merrily in the stream, and a bird unknown to me sang somewhere nearby.” “Not only adults went out to harvest, but the children did not fall behind them.” "And Ivanov couldn't come to the meeting, and his partner got sick." "You will harvest, and you will winter."

“I can’t see the light of the sun, nor is there room for my roots” (I. Krylov). “Mom received her nephew cordially, he also tried to give her every attention.”

The most common are compound sentences containing constructions with the union and. The semantic connection of the parts that form the SSP of this type is not the same. They can express:

• Temporary relationship. At the same time, the phenomena that they talk about occur either simultaneously or sequentially: “Somewhere in the distance, muffled chords were heard, and a hoarse male voice was heard. This invisible wall suddenly parted, and long-restrained sounds gushed out from behind it with terrifying force ”(A. Kuprin).
• Cause-and-effect relationships: “Grandfather always looked after his health, and therefore even old age did not deprive him of vigor and a clear mind. Indistinct chatter and noise ran through the whole crowd, and after that the words were clearly heard: "Stolen." ().

Constructions with separating unions

Consider some examples of syntactic constructions of this type: “A bird will take off, or an elk will blow in the distance. Either I don't understand, or you don't want to understand me. “The thunder rumbled, or the cannon struck. Clouds will come in, then the sun will suddenly come out.

Separative SSPs with repeated or, less often, single unions are called phenomena that, according to the speaker, are not able to occur at the same moment.

Either one of them excludes the other, or they follow in succession.

Take note! Compound sentences and complicated by homogeneous members are simple with the union or, as well as and, but, but are often confused. To avoid mistakes, you should look at the number of grammatical bases.
Compare:
“For a second, a stone will appear in the bushes, or an animal will jump out of the grass, and the steppe will flash again.”
“Meanwhile, the devil crept slowly towards the moon and already stretched out his hand to grab it, but suddenly pulled it back, as if burned, dangled with his foot and ran from the other side, and again jumped back and pulled his hand back” (N. Gogol).

Adverse SSP

Consider examples with the union but, but, but, yes, which are most often found in the modern language: “Angelica’s eyes are weepy, but he didn’t notice anything” (According to V. Shishkov). He began to work, and lazy, domestic thoughts wandered in his head for a long time ”(A. Chekhov).

“The pie was not baked, but the compote was a success. I wanted to call my parents, but the phone disappeared somewhere. As we can see, the phenomena referred to in these SSPs are opposed to each other.

SSPs with an adversative meaning can only contain particles and all that perform the function of unions in them: “Separation did not help to forget, only the pain worsened. The back of the head ached a lot, but the legs almost let go.

Constructions with explanatory unions

In this form, the SSP is used only, namely, that is. In colloquial speech, such constructions are rare. The scope of their application is book styles: "The time was good, that is, no one could enter." "The weather is terrible, namely the rain pours incessantly."

Features of punctuation marks

The SSP of any group usually contains a comma separating its components.

However, if there is a common secondary member, or subordinate clause, in front of them, then it should not be put: “During a blizzard, the wolf does not leave the den and the lynx does not hunt.” “When the sun rose, everything around sparkled with colors and the water turned silver.”

An exception will be cases when we have a sentence with a repeating union: “Laden carts slowly crawled along the road, and light riders rushed by, and the peasants were slowly going nowhere.”

Take note! If parts of the SSP are nominative, interrogative or impersonal constructions with predicates similar in meaning, then they are not separated by a comma:
"Tour of the city and lunch at a diner." “How much sand has flowed and what is the current date?” "Don't be late and don't miss class."

It is also necessary to mention those cases when in SSP a comma is replaced by a colon or a dash.

A dash is placed if:

1. The second sentence is unexpectedly opposed to the first.
2. The second predicative construction contains an instant attachment to the previous one.

A colon is placed between the components of the BSC if:

1. They already have commas inside.
2. They have many members.
3. They are not very closely related in meaning.

To illustrate a compound sentence of a special type, consider examples from fiction:

“I didn’t have time to go out the door - and now, at least gouge out my eye!” (N. Gogol)

“I was ready to leave with every cart, to leave with every gentleman of respectable appearance who hired a cab; but no one, resolutely no one, invited me, as if they had forgotten me ”().

“He stopped, squatted down, but as soon as she approached him with hesitant steps, he, jumping up like a devil jumping out of a box, flew to the opposite end of the living room” (G. Maupassant).

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Summing up

As you can see, sentences with coordinating conjunctions not only differ in typical variety, but also do not have standard punctuation. We hope that the material presented in the article will be useful in solving theoretical and practical problems related to the BSC.

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