Cases of amazing rescue after earthquakes. Reference

These people are helping. She is a very important job. Few are capable of such feats. Rescuers don't hesitate to go rescue. And they don't care what day it is. Without them, there would be fewer people. Lifeguards are probably the hardest job. And not everyone is so brave to save people.
I would sum up that they are unimaginable heroes!

Disaster cleanup is a very dangerous and difficult job. It is inevitably fraught with risk. One of the most dangerous activities is the elimination of the consequences of an earthquake. Firstly, rescuers need to find and free people injured as a result of the disaster from the rubble as soon as possible. In this case, it is necessary to act as quickly and accurately as possible, because earthquake victims often need immediate medical attention. Sometimes first aid to victims has to be provided by the rescuer himself.

Disaster recovery is a very dangerous and difficult job. It is inevitably fraught with risk. One of the most dangerous activities is the elimination of the consequences of an earthquake. Firstly, rescuers need to find and free people injured as a result of the disaster from the rubble as soon as possible. In this case, it is necessary to act as quickly and accurately as possible, because earthquake victims often need immediate medical attention. Sometimes first aid to victims has to be provided by the rescuer himself.
Secondly, rescuers must evacuate the population from the earthquake zone, since there is a risk of repeated tremors or collapses of affected buildings and structures.
Thirdly, emergency services are obliged to restore the supply of electricity and water as soon as possible, to localize and extinguish fires that have arisen at the site of the disaster, to eliminate accidents on technological networks and their consequences.
The work of a rescuer at the site of a natural disaster is one of the most dangerous jobs. Of course, the rescuers working in the earthquake zone deserve respect for their courage, dedication and fortitude.

Earthquakes are the most devastating natural disasters, occupying one of the first places among other disasters in terms of the number of people killed, the volume and severity of destruction, as well as the magnitude of material damage. The main damaging factors of earthquakes are seismic waves. They are subdivided into hypocentral (longitudinal and transverse) and superficial (Rayleigh and Love waves).

Hypocentral longitudinal waves (P-waves)- seismic waves propagating from the earthquake source in all directions with the alternate formation of compression and tension zones. The displacement of soil particles in this case occurs along the direction of wave propagation.

Hypocentral transverse waves (S-waves)- seismic waves propagating from the earthquake source in all directions with the formation of shear zones. The displacement of particles occurs perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.

Rayleigh and Love waves (R-waves and L-waves)- seismic waves propagating from the epicenter of an earthquake in the thickness of the upper layer of the earth's crust. The displacement of soil particles in the R-wave occurs in the vertical plane, and in the L-wave - in the horizontal plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of these waves.

The main parameters of seismic waves are: propagation speed, maximum amplitude of oscillations, period of oscillations and time of action of waves.
The speed of propagation of hypocentral longitudinal waves is about 8 km/s, hypocentral shear waves about 5 km/s, and surface waves - 0.5 - 2 km/s.

The maximum amplitude of oscillations, the period of oscillations and the time of action of the waves depend on the soil conditions, the location of the source and the power of the earthquake.

The total impact of the given damaging factors of an earthquake on the earth's surface is characterized by the intensity of the earthquake, which is expressed in points. Depending on the intensity of the earth's surface vibrations, the following classification of earthquakes has been established (Table 2).

The complexity of rescuing people in an earthquake is due to the suddenness of its occurrence, the difficulties of bringing in forces and deploying search and rescue operations in the zone of mass destruction; the presence of a large number of victims requiring emergency assistance; limited time of survival of people in the rubble; difficult working conditions for rescuers. The focus of an earthquake in the general case is characterized by: the destruction and overturning of buildings and structures, under the rubble of which people die; the occurrence of explosions and mass fires resulting from industrial accidents, short circuits in energy networks and depressurization of containers for storing flammable liquids; the formation of possible foci of infection with chemical toxic substances; destruction and blockage of settlements as a result of the formation of numerous cracks, landslides and landslides; flooding of settlements and entire regions as a result of the formation of waterfalls, ponds on lakes and deviation of river beds.

table 2

Earthquake classification

Points	Intensity	Brief description of the consequences
1	imperceptible	Recorded only by seismic instruments
2	Barely noticeable	Felt by individuals at rest
3	Weak	Felt by a small number of people
4	tangible	Recognized by slight rattling and vibration of dishes, window panes, creaking of doors
5	Moderate	General shaking of buildings, shaking of furniture, cracks in windowpanes, plaster, awakening of sleepers
6	Significant	Felt by everyone, pieces of plaster chip off, light damage to buildings
7	Strong	Cracks in the walls of stone buildings. Buildings of anti-seismic structure and wooden buildings are not destroyed
8	Very strong	Cracks in steep mountain slopes and damp soil, severe damage to buildings
9	destructive	Severe damage and destruction of stone buildings
10	devastating	Large cracks in the soil, landslides, collapses, destruction of stone buildings, deformation of rails on railways
11	catastrophic	Wide cracks in the ground, numerous landslides and collapses, complete destruction of stone buildings
12	The strongest seismic disaster	Changes in the soil of enormous dimensions, numerous cracks, collapses, landslides, deviations in river flows, not a single structure can withstand the load and collapses

The main goal of emergency rescue and other urgent work during earthquakes is to search for and rescue victims blocked in rubble, damaged buildings, structures, provide them with first aid and evacuate those in need of further treatment to medical institutions, as well as the priority life support of the affected population.

The main requirements for the organization and conduct of rescue and other urgent work in the aftermath of earthquakes are:

Concentration of the main efforts on saving people;
organization and performance of work in time to ensure the survival of the victims and the protection of the population in the danger zone;
application of methods and technologies for conducting emergency rescue operations that correspond to the current situation, ensuring the fullest use of the capabilities of rescuers and technical means, as well as the safety of victims and rescuers;
prompt response to changes in the situation.

Rescue operations in the aftermath of earthquakes include:

Search for victims;
release of victims from the blockages of building structures, enclosed spaces, from damaged and destroyed floors of buildings and structures;
provision of first medical and first aid to victims;
evacuation of victims from danger zones (places of blocking) to collection points for victims or to medical centers;
evacuation of the population from dangerous places to safe areas;
implementation of priority measures for the life support of the population.

Emergency work during earthquakes is aimed at localizing, suppressing or reducing to the minimum possible level the impact of harmful and dangerous factors that impede the conduct of emergency rescue operations and threaten the life and health of victims and rescuers, and provide the affected population with the necessary assistance. Said works include:

Equipment and clearing of traffic routes in the destruction zone;
collapse and strengthening of structures threatening collapse;
localization and extinguishing of fires, carrying out anti-smoke measures in the areas (objects) of rescue operations;
localization and disinfection of sources of contamination with chemically dangerous and radioactive substances;
localization of damages on utility networks and hydraulic structures, which can become secondary sources of infection;
carrying out anti-epidemic measures.

The forces and means of liquidation of emergency situations associated with earthquakes are involved in the conduct of rescue and other urgent work in the prescribed manner.

The management of emergency rescue and other emergency operations during earthquakes consists in the purposeful activities of the management for the effective use of available forces and means in rescuing the victims, providing them with medical care, evacuating from the disaster zone and further life support.

The basis for the organization of management is an action plan developed in advance to prevent and eliminate an emergency.

Rescue and rescue operations during earthquakes should begin immediately and be carried out continuously, day and night, in any weather, to ensure the rescue of the victims in terms of their survival in the rubble.

Continuity and efficiency of emergency rescue operations are achieved:

the creation of a grouping of forces corresponding to the prevailing situation;

stable and firm leadership of rescuers;

concentrating the main efforts in places where the victims are most concentrated and where the victims are most at risk;

full and timely provision of the actions of rescuers with the necessary material and technical means;

organization of the mode of work in accordance with the prevailing situation.

As a rule, rescue operations in earthquake damage zones have five stages (Table 3).

In the course of rescue work in the rubble and in other difficult conditions, micro-pauses can be assigned - "minutes of silence" lasting 2-3 minutes for a short rest and listening to the rubble in order to search for victims.

Breaks in work lasting 10-15 minutes. assigned taking into account the state of health of rescuers. During hard work, rest during a break should be passive. At negative ambient temperatures, recreation places are organized in warm rooms, and in hot weather - in the shade.

After the end of the last (during the day) work shift, rescuers are provided with inter-shift rest - at least 7-8 hours of good sleep, as well as to meet the needs and active rest - based on the need for a full restoration of working capacity.

Meals during rescue operations are organized before and after the end of the work shift.

A formation (military unit) is assigned several areas of work to conduct emergency rescue operations during an earthquake, a battalion - one area of ​​work.

In order to ensure sustainable management, the site is divided into work objects, which include a certain area with buildings and structures located on it. The number of sites and objects of work is determined based on the current situation, the volume of debris, the degree of destruction of buildings, the expected number of victims, their condition.

The search and rescue squad (service) is assigned one or two objects of work.

The organizational and technological scheme for conducting emergency rescue operations is selected by the commander of the formation (military unit), the head of the search and rescue squad (service), based on the situation, volume, working conditions in the earthquake area and the adopted technology for working out individual work operations (Table 4).

Practical techniques used in the conduct of search operations are presented in Table. 5.

The release of victims during rescue operations in the conditions of destruction of buildings is a set of measures taken to provide access to the victims, release them from the debris of building structures and enclosed spaces, and organize ways for their evacuation from places of blocking.

Types and methods of release of victims are listed in Table. 4.

First aid to victims is a complex of simple medical measures performed by rescuers, medical instructors and doctors of rescue units directly at the site of injury by the injured using standard and improvised means, as well as by the victims themselves in self-help and mutual assistance. The main goal of first aid is to save the life of the victim, eliminate the continuing impact of the damaging factor and prepare the victim for evacuation from the affected area.

Table 3

Stages of emergency rescue operations in earthquake damage zones

Stage 1	Evaluation of the destruction zone. A search for possible victims is carried out in the area (on the surface and / or in the rubble), the stability of building structures and the safety of rescue operations are assessed. All household communications are checked for safety.
Stage 2	Rapid collection of all casualties on the surface. Particular attention should be paid to the safety of rescuers, who should not rely on the appearance of the structure, as a heap of debris may not have the necessary support under it and lead to a sudden secondary collapse.
Stage 3	Search for living victims in all internal voids and accessible spaces formed as a result of destruction. At this stage, a system of sound call, interrogation can be applied. Only trained personnel or specially trained rescuers can search inside the rubble. Collecting data from the local population on the whereabouts of other likely victims can significantly contribute to the operation.
Stage 4	Extraction of the victims, who are in the rubble. If a casualty is found, it may be necessary to partially remove the debris using special tools and techniques to gain access to the casualties.
Stage 5	General clearing of rubble. Usually given after the collection and extraction of all detected victims.

The optimal time for first aid is up to 30 minutes. after injury. When breathing stops, this time is reduced to 5–10 minutes.

The provision of first aid begins with determining the condition of the victim: alive or dead. For this you need:

Determine if consciousness is preserved;
feel the pulse on the radial artery, and in case of damage to the upper limbs - on the femoral or carotid arteries. The pulse is determined in the lower part of the forearm at 23 cm above the wrist joint along the palmar surface, slightly retreating from its middle towards the thumb. If it is impossible to check the pulse in this place (for example, if there is a wound), the pulse can be determined on the lateral surface of the neck, in the middle part of the shoulder on its inner surface, in the middle of a third of the thigh on the inside;
determine if the victim is breathing; breathing, which in a healthy person is carried out in the form of 16–20 breaths per minute, in people who have been injured, can be weak and frequent;
determine whether the pupils narrow to the light, note their size. In the absence of a pulse, breathing and consciousness, a wide pupil that does not react to light, death is stated. If two of the three signs (consciousness, pulse, breathing) are determined with a pupil that reacts to light, the victim is alive, he is given first aid.

First of all, the head and chest of the victim should be relieved of pressure. Before the release of the compressed limbs from under the blockage, a tourniquet or a tight twist must be applied as soon as possible above the place of compression. After removing the victim from the rubble, it is necessary to assess the state of his health.

If the victim is in an extremely difficult, unconscious state, first of all, it is necessary to restore the patency of the respiratory tract, clear the mouth, throat of earth, sand, construction debris and begin to do artificial respiration and chest compressions. Only if the victim has independent breathing and a pulse can other injuries be dealt with.

When providing first aid, they stop bleeding in case of skin damage, injury of soft tissues with the help of pressure bandages or the application of a tourniquet, twists from improvised means, apply bandages for burns or frostbite, create immobility for limbs in case of bone fractures, tissue compression, bruises, warm frostbitten areas of the body before the appearance of redness, painkillers are administered, other activities are carried out.

The evacuation of the victims can be carried out in two parallel flows:

From the littered premises of the lower floors, blockages of building structures, basements;
from the upper floors.

Victims are evacuated from places of blocking in stages:

I stage– from the places of blocking to the working platform;
II stage- from the working site to the collection point for the injured.

When rescuing a large number of victims located in neighboring blocked premises (floors, levels), evacuation is carried out in three stages.

At the first stage (for example, when rescuing from the upper floors), the victims are regrouped and concentrated in the safest room with free access to evacuation routes, then (or in parallel) evacuation routes are organized from this room to the working site, and from it to the point collection of victims.

In case of emergency (for example, a fire that spreads upwards of a building, a high danger of collapse of building debris), an evacuation platform can be equipped on the roof of the building (the upper remaining floor), and evacuation can be carried out using helicopters or equipped cable cars to neighboring buildings.

Table 4

Principal organizational and technological scheme of search and rescue operations

Search affected	Release of victims	First aid	Evacuation (transportation) of victims from hazardous areas
1. Inspection of the entire area of ​​rescue operations. 2. Determination and designation of the location of the victims and the establishment of communication with them. 3. Determination of the functional state of the victims, the nature of injuries and methods of first aid. 4. Elimination of the impact of secondary damaging factors on the victims. Ways: 1. Organoleptic examination of the work site: visual inspection; Carding; sounding; Search by footprints; Search using vehicles. 2. Canine. 3. Technical (acoustic, magnetometers, thermal imagers, radio search, fiber optic probes). 4. According to eyewitnesses. 5. Study of reporting and project-but-technical documentation.	1. Ensuring access to victims. 2. Extraction from places of blocking. Release types: A. From under the debris of rubble, avalanches, landslides. B. From enclosed spaces, vehicles. B. From the upper floors, levels; from isolated sites. Ways: 1. Consistent dismantling of the blockage. 2. The device of the manhole. 3. Arrangement of a gallery in the ground under the rubble. 4. Making openings in walls and ceilings. 5. Use of aerial platforms, lifts, helicopters. 6. According to the preserved flights of stairs. 7. Use of climbing equipment. 8. Use of assault ladders. 9. Application of ropeways. 10. The use of a rescue sleeve, various shock absorbers.	1. Determination of signs of life (pulse, consciousness, breathing, reaction to the light of the pupil). 2. Releasing the head and chest from the pressure of various objects, restoring breathing and pulse. 3. Stop bleeding, wound treatment, warming, anesthesia, immobilization, etc. First aid is performed by rescuers, doctors and the victims themselves directly at the site of injury (or after extraction) using standard and improvised means.	1. Determination of methods and routes of transportation. 2. Preparation of the victim and vehicles. 3. Ensuring the safety of victims and rescuers (insurance when overcoming obstacles, organizing recreation, monitoring the condition of victims). 4. Loading victims onto vehicles. Evacuation steps: 1. From the blocking points to the work platform. 2. From the work site to the casualty collection point (to the medical facility). Ways: 1. Independently, with the help of a lifeguard. 2. Carrying (on the back, arms, shoulders, stretcher...). 3. Pulling away (on the back, with a cloth, sled...). 4. Descent, ascent (with the help of a rescue belt, strap, ladder, stretcher, cable car...).

Table 5

Tactical methods of conducting search work
in zones of destruction of earthquakes

Tactical technique	disadvantages	Advantages
Eyewitness interview Physical search	The desire of eyewitnesses to wishful thinking. Language barrier. High time consumption, danger to personnel	Simplicity. Minimal risk when working in hazardous areas. Does not require the mandatory participation of trained specialists, dog handlers or the use of complex electronic equipment
		It is possible to quickly train/engage volunteer rescuers under the supervision of SAR personnel
Sound call/tap (call/response method)	Failure to detect an unresponsive or weakened casualty	It does not require the mandatory participation of trained specialists, dog handlers or the use of complex electronic equipment. Staff can inform the victim about help. This technique can be modified and used in combination with listening devices.
Electronic listening devices of seismic, acoustic type (device of seismic type "Peleng")	The impossibility of detecting an unresponsive person. interference from ambient noise. The victim must give certain recognizable sound signals. High requirements for the qualification of the operator.	They can cover large areas of search and triangulate the position of the victim. The only equipment capable of capturing weak noises and vibrations. Can be used in conjunction with other search instruments for confirmation.
Electronic listening devices of a seismic, acoustic type with correlation signal processing (a device of an acoustic and seismic type, supplemented by a surveillance video camera and an intercom).	Limited access to voids, danger to personnel	They allow you to locate the sound source with a specified accuracy up to a meter, centimeter, etc.
Radar search instruments	The reliability of detection is low. Large antennas and low resolution. High requirements for the qualification of the operator.	The ability to "see" the victim behind the barrier.
Search with a dog	Limited search in time. Efficiency depends on the individual characteristics of the cynologist / dog.	Ability to explore large areas in a short time. Penetration into voids and other places of possible location of victims. Ability to work in hazardous areas.
Electronic surveillance devices (fiber-optic device SVK-3 with a backlight device).	Inability to inspect extended or inaccessible voids due to the lack of flexibility of the fiber optic cable and insufficient lighting. Limited penetration of equipment.	Provide general information about the position and condition of the victim. They can be used to confirm the results of using other tactics, control in the process of rescue operations.
Active infrared (thermal) surveillance devices (NVD "Voron" with active illumination)	The instrument cannot detect temperature differences through solid screens.	Some models are cheaper than most listening devices.

When carrying out the evacuation of victims from the rubble and littered rooms of destroyed buildings, the following are used:

Medical stretcher;
raincoat tent;
stretcher strap;
means from improvised materials;
pieces of fabric.

With the help of these means, the victims can be carried, dragged, lowered or raised.

When carrying out the evacuation of victims from the upper floors of destroyed buildings, the following methods are used:

Descent along the side or assault ladders;
descent with a rescue belt;
descent with a loop;
descent with the help of a chest bandage;
descent of a horizontally suspended stretcher with the victim;
descent with the help of a cable car.

The effectiveness of work to counter emergency situations caused by earthquakes largely depends on the activities of executive authorities, local self-government, RSChS management bodies at all levels.

C) What you sow is what you reap
Previously, when I heard the proverb “What you sow, you will reap,” I thought that it was only about human labor. Do something - and then you will find something. But if you think about the meaning of these words, then they can be transferred to human relationships.
If you sow something bad, not good, that's why you will reap it. These will be bitter fruits from your life field. You can often see that a person who wishes harm to someone, slanders, deceives, is treated very badly by those around him.
And vice versa. When a person is sincere, benevolent, polite, then she reaps the reciprocity and respect of others from her field. Good begets good, and evil separates people, destroys their souls.
Therefore, everyone should think about how to sow their field in order to reap good fruits.

A) If you start listing all the qualities that a real friend should have, then he will turn out to be not an ordinary person, but a superman: kind, cheerful, loyal, honest, devoted, helping, able to support in difficult times and help out of trouble, brave, interesting. .. And that's not all. I wonder if there is a person in the world who has all these virtues? Perhaps, but there are only a few such people, these are people-heroes, people-legends. But even they have the right to make mistakes, because a person cannot and should not be perfect, otherwise he will be very lonely in our world.
Who do we choose as our friends? Probably those who have qualities that are of paramount importance to us. Not all of the above, but only a few. And we value this person because he is what he really is. In a friend, we value not individual qualities, but a person as a whole: with his habits, manner of behavior and conversation.
You often realize that a stranger to you has become a true friend after experiencing troubles, failures, difficulties together, in which a person opens up from the inside, not being able to lie to himself.
A true friend. .. This is something close, infinitely expensive, warm, cozy. "A friend in trouble will not leave, he will not ask too much." Yes it is. But a friend is not only when he is for you. I believe that one-sided friendship is a mirage, an illusion. Friendship is when two take, but two also give to each other. To be honest, without deceit, without the use of one person by another.
Do I possess many of the qualities that I consider important and necessary for a true friend? What am I willing to sacrifice for a friend? It seems to me that you need to ask yourself these questions more often, that is, to become a true friend yourself, and then there will definitely be people who will support you in difficult times, without hesitation, give a helping hand and share with you all the sorrows and joys of life.

The main goal of rescue operations during earthquakes is to search, rescue and provide assistance to victims blocked in buildings, structures and under rubble, evacuate people, transport them to medical institutions, provide life support for the population, etc. The requirements for conducting rescue operations and the main stages of rescue operations are discussed in this article. Also find out how they are held.
Requirements for the organization of rescue operations
Basic requirements for the organization and conduct of emergency rescue operations related to the elimination of the consequences of earthquakes:

• concentration of all forces and means to save people;


• organization and timely execution of works to ensure the survival and protection of the population;


• application of the methods and technologies necessary in a given situation during the conduct. They must correspond to the situation, every possible involvement of rescuers and technical means is required to ensure the safety of victims and rescuers;


• prompt response to any changes (new shocks, collapses, etc.).

The actions of rescuers are simplified if the population behaved correctly during the earthquake. We considered the rules of conduct during an earthquake in.

Basic rescue work

During the liquidation of the consequences of earthquakes, the following rescue operations are carried out:

• search for affected people;


• extraction of victims from the rubble of houses and other structures, from the destroyed floors of buildings;


• transportation of victims to a safe area;


• providing people with first aid;


• evacuation of the population to safe zones;


• activities for the life support of the population.

Stages of emergency rescue operations

All rescue operations during earthquakes include 5 stages. As for, they should be dealt with by specially trained emergency rescue services and formations.

1. Evaluation of the destruction zone. After the earthquake, victims are searched both on the surface and in the rubble, the stability of damaged structures is assessed, the possibility and methods of rescue operations are assessed. You also need to check whether household communications are safe.

2. Collection of victims on the surface. The safety of emergency rescue operations is ensured so that neither rescuers nor other people are endangered during operations. It is taken into account that buildings can collapse at any moment.

3. Search for victims in the voids that formed during the destruction. At this stage, an audio call system is used. Data is being collected from the public about where the victims may be.

4. Extraction of the victims who were found in the rubble. If a person is found in the rubble, if possible, remove the debris using a special one.

5. Clearing rubble. Usually such works are given after the collection and extraction of the victims.

Providing first aid to the injured

Earthquakes are associated with collapses, which, of course, entail injured people. It is important to provide first aid to the person within 30 minutes after the injury. In case of respiratory arrest, it is important to provide assistance within 5-10 minutes.

First, you need to determine m - the condition of the victim. Determine if the person is conscious, feel if there is a pulse, establish the presence of breathing, constriction of the pupils to light and their size. If there are signs of life, it is important to provide first aid quickly.

The victim's head and chest are relieved of pressure. Before release, apply a tourniquet or tight twist on the squeezed places. If, after removing a person, it turned out that his state of health is extremely serious and he is unconscious, the patency of the respiratory tract is restored first of all, the mouth and throat are cleared of earth, sand and debris, artificial respiration and indirect heart massage are performed. When breathing is restored, you can proceed to the study of other injuries to a person.

Naturally, rescue work during earthquakes is associated with stopping bleeding in case of damage to the skin and soft tissues. To do this, a tourniquet or pressure bandage is applied or. Many players have already come across sites with cases that turned out to be either fake or banned for victories, but Fun-Gun is an honest CS:GO case opening simulator with real prizes, and not some third-rate site, csgocard on our site is new, cards in which it is not luck that decides, but your intuition. It is important to ensure the immobility of the limbs in case of bone fractures, bruises, tissue compression, warm frostbitten areas and send the person to a medical facility.