Denomination is the officially declared value of a banknote or security. In some cases, this indicator may not be identical to its actual value, since buying and selling is carried out at a price set by the exchange. It may be higher or lower than the face value.

The nominal value is also called the market value. It is indicated on shares, coins, banknotes, coupons, bonds or bills.

The denomination is a mandatory requisite for banknotes or important papers of a certain value. As a rule, it is set by the issuer and in most cases reflects the face value of the product. But as noted above, sometimes there may be certain discrepancies due to price fluctuations in the currency market. The denomination must be applied to a banknote or security in order to reflect the actual value.

Formation of face value

Due to the fact that the nominal value will not always be equivalent to the nominal value of the financial product, the process of forming the first is not identical for the second indicator. The actual cost is formed depending on the direct influence of the market.

Possible fluctuations in supply and demand are taken into account. Due to the operation of such complex mechanisms, the final formation of a figure reflecting the actual value of a currency or securities takes place.

It is these indicators that characterize the possibility of acquiring or selling securities on the market at a set price. In this case, these price indicators will act as the market value of the product.

Formation of the actual cost and exceptions to the rules

If the face value and actual value of a banknote may not be identified, then the nominal and actual value are identical. Fluctuations in supply and demand in this case do not have a big impact on the formation of the final indicator.

An exception may be collectible and commemorative coins or banknotes, the denomination of which is slightly lower than the market price, which has not lost its relevance in a certain time period.

To identify the value of coins that were minted from precious metals, it is necessary to determine the amount of material used for their manufacture. The final cost will be determined by the cost of the precious material spent to make the coin. Quite often, a coin is assigned an appropriate denomination, but there are situations when the face value of a product will differ significantly from its actual value.

A fairly large number of companies specializing in the issuance of shares carry out their issue without specifying a nominal price. Instead, the value of a single share in the balance sheet is indicated. , then in this case, the face value will be understood as the face value of the security, on which dividends will subsequently be credited.

Currency parity

Having touched on the topic of the nominal value of cash and securities in the form of bonds, bills of exchange or shares, it is necessary to mention the currency parity and its essence. To be extremely precise, we are talking about the officially fixed exchange rate in relation to gold - this is the name of the gold parity. The reserve currency can also be used as a benchmark. It is important to note here that after the floating exchange rate was introduced, such parities were completely abolished.

The term "face value" means the officially declared price of a banknote, share, bill or any other financial instrument.

Face value features

The face value, as a rule, does not correspond at all to the actual, market value. Unlike the latter, it must be indicated on securities, coins, banknotes or other financial instruments.

If the face value is higher than the market value, then it is characterized as a premium. The situation (quite rare) when the face value is equal to the market value is called. If the nominal price is below the market price, then it is defined as .

At face value, they are offered to their first holders at their initial placement. As soon as a financial instrument begins to circulate on the trading floor, a certain difference is formed between its main price and the market estimate.

The investor, on the basis of this, receives a loss or. Therefore, participation in the initial placement is a special type of business in terms of investment, which in practice is associated with great risks and often brings really big losses or profits.

For example, in 1998 the price of theGlob.com stock soared from $9 to $97. Investors on this operation in a matter of days received over 1000% profit.

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You will need

• Information on the amount of the balance on the savings book with a deposit opened with Sberbank before June 20, 1991
• Calculation formulas and coefficients
• Information about the state of the deposit and previously received compensation on the deposit.
• Information about the age and nationality of the recipient of the compensation.

Instruction

The following persons are eligible for compensation in 2011:
Citizens of the Russian Federation up to and including 1991, as well as their heirs up to 1991.
Heirs or persons who paid for funeral services, if the death of the depositor occurred in 2001-2010. The base amount for which compensation is calculated is the balance as of June 20, 1991. The calculation is based on the so-called face value of banknotes in 1991, those. 1 1991 is equal in value to 1 of the current period.

Compensation for deposits is calculated in the following amounts:
Citizens of the Russian Federation up to and including the year of birth 1945 are paid compensation in the amount of three times the balance of the deposit.
Citizens of the Russian Federation 1946 - 1991 birth, inclusive, compensation is paid in double the amount of the balance of the contribution on June 20, 1991.

Also, a number of coefficients are used to calculate compensation: Deposits currently operating, as well as deposits closed in the period 1996 - 2011. - one
Contributions valid in 1992 - 1994 and closed in 1995 - 0.9
Contributions valid in 1992 - 1993 and closed in 1994 - 0.8
Deposits active in 1992 and closed in 1993 - 0.7
Deposits closed in 1992 - 0.6Deposits closed in the period from June 20, 1991 to December 31, 1991 are not compensated during this period of validity of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1092.

In order to calculate the final amount of compensation, information on compensations received in previous years should be available. The previous compensation amounts are subtracted from this compensation amount.
In the final version, the formula for calculating compensation in three times the amount is as follows (see image):

To calculate compensation in double size, the number "3" in this formula is changed to "2". It should be noted that compensation to the heirs of depositors is calculated based on the age not of the depositor himself, but of the heir to the deposit. Moreover, the heirs at the time of receiving compensation must also be citizens of the Russian Federation, as well as the testator of the deposit at the time of death. Heirs must have a document for the right to inherit the deposit.

note

Additional information on compensation payments can be obtained by calling the information service of Sberbank of the Russian Federation 8 800 555 55 50.

Helpful advice

On the official website of Sberbank of the Russian Federation, an online service Calculator for calculating compensations of Sberbank of the Russian Federation "Calculator for calculating compensations" has been opened. It can be accessed at http://www.sbrf.ru/moscow/ru/person/contributions/compensation/. If the fields are filled in correctly, the calculator instantly calculates the amount of compensation.

Related article

Sources:

• Official website of Sberbank of the Russian Federation
• how to calculate vacation pay

Advice 2: How to calculate unused vacation upon dismissal

Upon dismissal, unused during work annual paid vacation can be obtained as compensation. Calculating it is quite simple, for this you will need: the date of employment, the date of dismissal and the total number of days of vacation received for the entire period of work (or for the last year). It is worth noting that usually personnel officers do not count vacation days for the full period of work, since the employee, by law, must use his annual leave during the calendar year.

Instruction

Basis for and is not a calendar year, but a year from the date of employment. Therefore, in order for the period for which vacation is due, you need to add a year to the date of employment. For example, the date of employment is 04/18/2010. The settlement period for vacation will be from 04/18/2010 to 04/17/2011. For each full period in the calculation period, 2.33 days of vacation are required.

If the employee leaves without having worked a full year, then for each month worked, he is entitled to the same 2.33 days. For example, the date of dismissal is February 15, 2011. For the period from April 18, 2010. to 15.02.2011 9 full months and 28 days have passed. 2.33x10=23.3 days. If less than 15 days are worked in an incomplete month, then it is not accepted for calculation.

The number of days of vacation due is multiplied by the average wage. Thus, the amount of compensation for unused vacation is obtained.

note

It must be remembered that, according to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the employer is obliged to pay wages, compensation for unused vacation and work book on the day of dismissal.

Sources:

• how to calculate vacation in 2011

Tip 3: How to calculate compensation for unused vacation

According to labor legislation, each employee working under an employment contract has the right to an annual paid leave of at least 28 calendar days. For unused leave for production reasons and upon dismissal of an employee, monetary compensation is accrued and paid.

Instruction

Compensation for unused is calculated based on the average earnings for the 12 months that were worked out before the billing period. If the employee did not use vacation in previous years, the average earnings are calculated not for the years of unused vacation, but for the last year, even if there was a lower salary before.

The amount includes all funds from which taxes were withheld and paid. Amounts received from social benefits are not taken into account. It is necessary to add up the entire amount earned for the 12 months that were worked out before the calculation and divide by 365. Multiply the resulting figure by the number of days needed for unused vacation days.

When dismissing an employee who has not worked for 12 months, it is necessary to calculate and pay compensation for unused vacation for the time actually worked. For days worked in a month, of which more than 15 - the amount of compensation for the entire month is paid, less than 15 days in a month - this period for payment of compensation is not taken into account.

It is necessary to divide 28 by 12, you get the amount that is paid for one month, that is, 2.33. Average earnings are calculated from the money actually earned. The amounts received on social benefits are not taken into account in the calculation of total earnings, but must be divided by the calendar number of days in the billing period.

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Tip 4: How to calculate compensation for unused vacation days

The Labor Code of the Russian Federation requires employers to provide each employee with annual leave of at least 28 calendar days. At their own request or due to production needs, they can be involved in work during the vacation period, only with the written consent of the employee and for no more than 14 days. Compensation is paid for these days. It is also paid upon dismissal, regardless of who initiated the termination of the employment contract.

Instruction

Other employees can be involved in work on vacation days for operational reasons or for. They must provide written consent. Compensation can be paid within 14 days. The rest of the days the employee must stay and it is impossible to pay compensation instead of vacation.

Compensation is calculated from the average earnings for 12 months. You need to add up all the amounts earned from which income was withheld, divide by 365 and multiply by the number of vacation days for which compensation is paid.

Upon dismissal of an employee, compensation is paid for all the required vacation days based on the amount earned for the 12 months that were the last before dismissal.

If more than 15 calendar days are worked in a month, then compensation is paid for the entire month, less than 15 are not paid.

If the employee worked for less than 1 year, the calculation is made for the actual period worked. For calculation, they take the amount actually earned taxable and divide it by the actually worked calendar days.

If an employee has worked for less than one month, no leave compensation is paid.

To calculate the number of days required for payment of compensation, you need to divide 28 by 12. The resulting number will be compensation for one month worked for more than 15 calendar days. It is multiplied by the number of months worked for which compensation is due and multiplied by the average daily salary for 12 months.

Compensation should be paid in full if the employee has worked at the enterprise for 11 months.

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In accordance with article 127 part 2 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the employer is obliged to pay compensation for all unused vacation days, regardless of the reason for the dismissal of the employee. To pay compensation, you need to determine the length of service at the enterprise, based on the norms of Article 121 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. In addition to compensation for unused vacation days, a full payment is made to the employee for all days worked. This must be done on the day of dismissal, that is, on the last working day in accordance with Article 84.1 Part 4 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. If the last day of working is considered a weekend or holiday, all due payments should be made the day before.

To calculate compensation for unused days, you need to determine the length of service at the enterprise. The length of service does not count the days that the employee took at his own expense, and caring for a child under three years old, absence without subsequent documentary evidence, suspension from work for good reasons.

Samples of banknotes and coins are approved by the BR. The announcement of the issue of banknotes and coins of new designs, as well as their description, is published in in mass media. They are obligatory for acceptance at their face value throughout territory of the country and in all types of payments, as well as for crediting accounts, deposits and transfers. The period of withdrawal of old banknotes should not be less than one year, but not more than five years. When exchanging, no restriction on the amount of subjects of exchange is allowed. Banknotes and coins may be declared null and void by law. legal tender). Counterfeiting and illegal production of money are punishable by law.

Dividend - part of the profit joint-stock company distributed annually to shareholders after paying taxes, deductions for expansion of production, replenishment of reserves, payment of loans and interest on bonds and directors' compensation. By preferred shares it is paid in the amount of a predetermined fixed percentage of their face value. By ordinary shares The dividend fluctuates depending on the size of the company's profit.

Status and dynamics of exchange banknotes as of April 1, 1998 (million rubles in new face value)1

This type of bond pays periodic income until maturity (usually annually or semi-annually) at an agreed rate of par and in moment of redemption- denomination. Thus, cash flow in this case, it is made up of receipts (F) and the face value of the bond (L /) that are the same over the years (Fig. 11.5).

Obviously, in the general case, equation (11.19) with respect to r can be solved using a computer or a specialized financial calculator. In addition, there is a formula that allows you to get rough estimate coupon yield bonds without rights early repayment using a common calculator. This indicator is calculated by the ratio of the average annual income (annual percentage plus part of the difference between the face value and purchase price bonds) to average investment and gives rough estimate YTM indicator

The main method of payment was cash payment. At the same time, there were a number of restrictions on the use of credit and paper money. It was required that duties were paid not of any kind banknotes allowed for circulation, but certainly in metal, and not at the rate, but at face value (the tariffs themselves

Face value - face value of shares, bonds, banknotes, coins, etc.

In accordance with QO article 140 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the ruble is legal tender, mandatory for acceptance at face value throughout the Russian Federation. Payments on the territory of the Russian Federation are carried out by cash and non-cash payments.

Ministries of Finance of the Autonomous Republics. What are terms of payment released into circulation treasury bills According to those published in redemption circulation K. o. d. paid their face value and outstanding coupons of previous years, including the coupon of the year in which the obligation is redeemable. In case the holder treasury bill which came out in redemption circulation, has not presented it for payment, he retains the right to receive coupon income until the expiration of its validity. After this period treasury bills become null and void and are not payable.

LAJ - deviations in the direction of excess market price gold denominated in paper money, from the gold denomination in them deviations in the direction of exceeding the market rate banknotes, bills and other valuable papers from their face value. LIBERALIZATION - the transition to free movement of prices under the influence of market factors, the process of expanding the list of goods, the prices for which are formed on free market. That is, these prices are not regulated by the state. There may be a full L. price, there may be a partial one. With partial pricing, some prices, for example, for bread, butter, milk, meat, etc., are regulated by the state, while the rest are released. The main thing in L. prices is by no means their increase, as some people sometimes think, but the creation of economic incentives production development, resulting in a balance on consumer market, stabilization of the economic situation and exit from the crisis state of the economy. Price policy should be organically linked to income policy, tax system, with steps towards privatization and demonopolization of production. Decisive value in the conditions of L. of the prices is got by timely corrective influences on economic, social processes from the side of the government. At present, among those prices that are being liberalized, only a minority will change under the influence of market forces. The main part of them, under the conditions of today's L., will indeed begin to drift, but not at all under the influence of market, but, generally speaking, under the influence of structural and administrative circumstances. In particular, the main factor in price formation is not the consumer and his demand, in fact dictating prices. In reality, prices are set by the manufacturer and plus a trade markup, that is, the cost principle still works. At the core such a price lies not market concept prices and values, but still the same trend of costs and expenses that determined our development in previous times.

Bank of Russia, are provided with all its assets and are required to be accepted at face value for all types of payments, for crediting to accounts, deposits and for transfer throughout the country.

The state sets the face value ( nominal price) bonds. The face value is indicated on the bonds and expresses the amount of money provided by the bondholder to the state for temporary use. This is the amount paid to the owner of the bond in moment of redemption and on her interest accrues. However, the real bond yield for their holders may be above or below the established nominal percentage. This is due to the fact that bonds are sold at market price deviating from face value. Deviation is called exchange rate difference and it depends on a number of factors. These include, in particular, the value of the nominal interest on the bond, saturation government securities market, the state of the economic situation, the degree of public confidence in the government.

Loans are repaid by draws of winnings(when the face value of the bond is paid along with the winnings), and redemption runs on winning and interest-bearing loans or through buyouts government securities from creditors. The payment of income on loans is made by draws of winnings, annual payment of coupons by banks or transfer of the amount of income in a cashless manner to the accounts of enterprises and organizations. The non-cash procedure for obtaining income is provided for state internal 5% loan in 1990, placed on enterprises, as well as banks, insurance and other financial and credit institutions.

Face value - the face value indicated on the securities , paper money, banknotes, coins.

Snar - loan amount (face value) T - loan term (number of years) H - tax rate on profit (fractions of a unit).

Bank certificates must have the following details security- certificate name credit institution who issued the certificate and its location serial number and date of issue amount of the deposit deposit withdrawal period (for fixed-term certificates) name of the owner (for registered certificates) who made the deposit (who is the certificate holder) signature of the head of the bank or other authorized person. Enterprises acquire certificates at the expense of funds placed at the disposal of their labor collectives, and citizens - for