Writing unions.

One of the important elements of speech in everyday life are unions. In Russian, it is very difficult to communicate without them: after all, they are the connecting elements in any text. With them, speech becomes more beautiful and varied.

Let's see what is meant in our language by this term. What words can be attributed to them, what are their functions.

Consider what types and categories of this part of speech are, find out the main features. Let's draw up a plan for parsing these words as a specific category of speech and make an analysis using a specific example.

Definition and functionality

The Russian language is rich in different types of helper words. One of these basic categories of speech are unions.

The essence of this term is as follows: they can be called words that connect various repeating elements in a passage, its segments, several different sentences.

These are kind of linking words.

It is important to know: words of this category do not change and should not be elements (members) of the sentence!

Union types

The classification of such terms occurs, as a rule, in 3 directions. Let's consider each separately.

According to syntactic

These words connect fragments of complex or complex sentences. Let's look at each type separately.

writing

They are also called compound words. These words can only be used when linking equal fragments of a complex sentence.

There are groups of coordinating words, some of them are given in the table.

Subordinating

They are used as follows - one fragment of a complex sentence is subordinate to another. These segments are considered subordinate.

The following groups of such words are distinguished.

Sometimes the elements of the 7th subspecies can be easily confused with explanatory and other categories of this service category of speech. To avoid confusion, clarifying questions should be asked.

According to morphological features

They are divided as simply as the previous type into:

simple (in one word) - a, and, but, etc .;
compound (several words) - not only, but also; other.

Moreover, the latter are also divided into 2 categories: double and repetitive. Most often, the second type is a subtype of the first.

Double can be attributed: if ... yes, when ... then ...; and to repeating - this ... that, neither ... nor ...

By word formation

According to how they are formed, they can be divided into:

non-derivative - occurred independently of other categories;
derivatives - formed from words of other categories.

There are such types of the last variety of words:

a combination of several words of this category of the 1st type;
decree. word ch. sentence member + simple union;
word of this category + generalizing link;
historical education.

Algorithm for parsing a union as a part of speech

How to find and determine the nature of unions in any text is written either in a reference book, or in a textbook or collection.

An example of parsing according to the specified plan

We prepared a scene to perform well at the regional competition of theatrical art. In order to there was a variety, we included dance, literary, game and musical numbers. Hope, what we'll do well.

For clarity, the search terms are highlighted.

Union - connects members of the NGN;
Subordinating, simple, derivative.

In order to

Union - connects members of the NGN;
Subordinating, compound, derivative.

Union - connects one. members of the SPP;
Compelling, simple, non-derivative.

Union - connects members of the NGN;
Subordinating, simple, non-derivative.

Conclusion

We learned what types of unions are divided into, how the coordinating ones differ from the subordinating ones, what subspecies they are divided into. The result will be a table characterizing this part of speech.

The lecture discusses the main features and classifications of unions.

Union

The lecture discusses the main features and classifications of unions.

Lecture plan

29.1. Union as a part of speech.

29.2. Union classifications.

29.3. Types of unions by syntactic function.

29.4. Homonymy of unions and words of other parts of speech.

29.1. Union as a part of speech

Unions- this is a service part of speech, with the help of which a connection is made between the members of a sentence, between parts of a complex sentence, between sentences in the text. According to the figurative expression of M.V. Lomonosov, unions are like "nails or glue, with which the parts of any colossus are united or glued together."

Depending on the function performed unions:

Connect homogeneous members of the sentence ( The doctor took the child in his arms, quickly turned to the light and looked into my eyes.)

Connect parts of a compound sentence [First he did not pay attention on a blind child] but] then the strange similarity of the boy's fate with his own interested Uncle Maxim].)

Connect parts of a complex sentence ( [He still has every chance to develop his other abilities to such a degree], ( to though partly to reward his blindness).)

Connect the members of a sentence inside a simple ( Must be the Volga too starts from this window?)

Connect two sentences in a text The water seemed to be still. But if you look closely, you could see how a quiet stream rises from the depths of the window all the time and dry lingonberry leaves and yellow pine needles spin in it.)

Try to independently highlight the conjunction in each sentence. If you do this correctly, the word will turn green, if not, it will turn red.

1) This is how I perceive and I hear this word.

2) Undoubtedly, only what most of these poetic words are connected with our nature.

3) We stopped at one such window and drank water.

4) The spring will give birth to the river, a the river flows, flows through our entire mother earth, through our entire homeland, feeds the people.

5) Peculiar Not only development results, but also the very "laws of development".

Flash: Find_souz.swf

In order to properly define unions, it is important to remember that union does not name the phenomena of reality, but only indicates the relationship between them.

The function of formalizing syntactic links brings conjunctions closer to prepositions. However union is different from a preposition greater freedom of compatibility and a wider range of expressed relations:

The connecting function of unions is combined with the qualifying function: unions express the nature of the relationship between the elements being combined. It is the indication of one or another type of syntactic relations that is the meaning of the union. According to A.A. Shakhmatova, unions are “words that connect or separate combined words, phrases or sentences and define these combinations from the side of certain relations, give meaning, reveal the meaning of these combinations. Consequently, the union has meaning not in itself, but as an exponent of this or that combination, as a verbal discovery of such a combination. Therefore, unions are studied not only in the course of morphology as one of the parts of speech, but also in the course of syntax, without which it would be impossible to characterize syntactic relations and syntactic units.

29.2. Union classifications

Types of unions by origin

In my own way origin alliances may be non-derivative (and, but, or etc.) and derivatives (what if, how, when and etc.).

Primitives are those unions that are not formed from any other words: ah, but, and, yes.

Derivative unions are formed:

- connection of non-derivative unions (as if);

- conjunction with a word with a generalized meaning (for as long as);

- by combining a demonstrative word from the main part and a simple union (in order to);

- from other parts of speech (for now, though, to).

Union types by structure

Unions by structure can be:

- simple (what, how, when and etc.);

- composite (because, since, in order to, despite the fact that and etc.).

Simple conjunctions consist of one word (for example, a, and, but, if, although).

Compound conjunctions consist of two or more words and are divided into:

Single (components of single unions are located in close proximity to each other, for example, thanks to);

Non-single (non-single unions consist of positionally disconnected components, for example, not only but).

Types of unions by use

Conjunctions by use are divided into:

Singles (but, but, but, however, yes and etc.);

recurring (and... and then... that, or... or, either... either, not that... not that, neither... nor and etc.);

Double or double (if ... then, when ... then, although ... but, since ... then, barely ... how, just ... how, than ... how... so, not only ... but also, not so much ... how much, if not ... then, not that ... but, not that ... but, not that but, not that. .. but and etc.).

Find an alliance in the sentence and characterize it according to three classifications.

A person who lives according to his heart, in harmony with his inner world, is always a creator, enricher and (non-derivative2, simple1, single1) artist.

For these masters as(derivative1, simple1, single1) Prishvin, one life is not enough.

I came home with such a feeling as if(derived1, compound2, single1) had a good dream.

Not only passion, but also(derivative 1, composite 2, double 3) life itself freezes quietly, imperceptibly ...

Sounds are delayed with the same joy, or sadness or joy, or longing (non-derivative2, simple1, repetitive2).

Flash: Souz_charac.swf

29.3. Types of unions by syntactic function.

Unions just like prepositions, they have no independent meaning. Under meaning union understand those grammatical relations that arise between syntactic units connected union. Depending on the nature of the expressed relations and taking into account the role in the sentence unions are divided into:

- coordinative (and, but, or etc.) - form the connection of grammatically equal linguistic units;

- subordinate (what, how, to, when, why, why, as soon as, because etc.) - express the dependence of one unit on another.

Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions connect homogeneous members of a sentence, as well as parts of compound sentences. According to their meaning, these unions are divided into several categories:

Connecting;

opposing;

Separating;

Comparative;

explanatory;

Connecting.

Try to fill in the table with examples yourself. Be careful: the unions are mixed up. If you complete the task incorrectly, the unions will again take their original position, if you make a mistake twice, the program will begin to help you (as soon as you make a mistake, the union starts flashing).

connecting

adversative

separating

comparative

explanatory

connecting

also, too,

yes (meaning and),

and...and, neither...nor

though,

but,

yes (meaning but)

then ... then,

not that... not that

or or,

or,

either ... or, either ... or

not only but,

like...and,

not so much ... how much

i.e,

or (meaning i.e.),

namely

yes and,

as well as

Connecting unions express enumeration relations. - And flowers, and bumblebees, and grass, and ears, and azure, and midday heat...

Divisive unions express mutual exclusion or alternation of phenomena. - Something native is heard in the coachman's long songs: then revelry remote, then heartache.

Opposing alliances express different shades of opposition. - The days of late autumn are usually scolded, but I love it, dear reader.

Double comparative conjunctions combine the enumeration with the matching of the combined components. - The idea of Columbus to reach India by the western route was Not only one of the greatest misconceptions but also greatest discovery.

Explanatory conjunctions associate different names for the same phenomenon. - Even Herodotus, Aristotle and Pliny more or less correctly described the hippopotamus, or hippopotamus.

Affiliating unions introduce an addition to the basic information. - Who and in which fighter will let Styopa go without boots?<...> Yes and they won't let him into a fighter jet in boots!

Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions express the relationship of syntactic unequalness between the parts of a complex sentence. By the nature of the expressed relations, unions are divided into several groups:

1. Temporary alliances: when, until, barely, as soon as, before, after
as, while, before, as long as, as long as.

2. Conditional unions: if, if, if ... then, once, if, if only(unions
if and if only are obsolete).

3. Causal unions: because, since, for, since, because
that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in connection with the fact that, especially since, due to the fact that.

4. Concession unions: although (at least), in spite of the fact that, despite
for the fact that, for nothing that, let, let(the words let be and let combine the properties of unions and particles).

5. Target alliances: so that, so that, so that, so that, so that.

6. Corollary unions: so, as a result of which.

7. Comparative unions: as, as if, exactly, as if, as if, as, as, as, than.

8. Explanatory conjunctions: what, to, as, as if.

2 9 .6. Homonymy of conjunctions and words of other parts of speech

Subordinating unions in their origin are associated in most cases with significant words or with combinations of significant and functional words. Yes, union although historically related to the gerund from the verb to want, unions let be and let- with forms of the imperative mood of verbs let and let; union if arose by fusion of the verb form there is(3 l., units from be) and particles whether.

The historical relationship of many subordinating conjunctions with significant words is manifested in the frequent cases of homonymy of conjunctions and words of other parts of speech: for example, once - union and noun, let - conjunction and imperative form of the verb, exactly - conjunction and adverb.

It is especially important to take into account the homonymy of unions and the so-called allied words, that is, pronouns and adverbs that act as a means of communication between the subordinate clause and the main clause.

Pronouns are used as allied words who, what, which, which, whose, which, which, how much, adverbs where, where, from where, when, how, how much, why, why, why.

Homonymy of unions and allied words is manifested in words what when and as. How to distinguish, for example, the union “what” from the pronoun “what”, acting as a union word? The following points must be taken into account.

Analysis by members of the proposal.
Skip parsed word: such a omission is often possible for unions, but for allied words a omission is impossible. So, in the previous example, the first what you can skip the second - you can not
Arrangement of logical stress. The logical stress can fall on the allied word, but cannot fall on the union.
Transformation of a subordinate clause with an allied word into an interrogative sentence.
Word replacement: the union can only be replaced by a synonymous union, and the allied word is replaced by another allied word, pronoun or noun.

Let's consider all these ways of distinguishing between the union and the allied word using specific examples.

union word

Union

I know what you brought me.

1) Is a member of the proposal, you can ask him a question.

2) The word “what” cannot be omitted.

3) The logical emphasis falls on the word "what".

4) What did you bring me?

5) I know: you brought me something. I know who you brought me.

Thus the word what plays the role of an object in a subordinate clause and is a pronoun acting as a union word.

I know that you brought me a present.

1) Not a member of the offer. you can't ask him a question.

2) The word "what" can be omitted: I know you brought me a present.

3) Logical stress does not fall on the word "what".

4) Transformation of the proposal is not possible.

5) The union “what” cannot be replaced by anything in this context.

Thus the word what is a union.

Coordinating conjunctions, unlike subordinating ones, have homonyms not from significant words, but from particles and interjections.

So, union homonyms and are:

1) amplifying particle: “The sheep have been forgotten!”(I. Krylov); "Here's your bed! I don’t even want to wish you good night!” (N. Gogol);

2) an interjection used at the beginning of an exclamatory sentence: “And, full, what an expense!” (I. Krylov).

Union homonyms a are:

1) a particle expressing a question or response to someone's words: “- A? What? What? - Sipyagin said, as if waking up ”(I. Turgenev). The particle “a” is also used when repeating the appeal: “- Young lady, and young lady? - the policeman began again ”(F. Dostoevsky);

2) an interjection used “to express surprise, gloating and other feelings”: “- Ah, Chatsky! Do you all like to dress up in fur coats, Would you like to try on yourself? (A. Griboyedov); "BUT! so you can't, you scoundrel! When you saw that it wasn’t yours, you couldn’t! Beat him!” (N. Gogol).

Indicate only those sentences in which there are conjunctions, and not homonymous parts of speech (click on the numbers of these sentences). In case of an error, the sentence will flash and a comment will appear, be sure to read it.

1. Having learned from her daughter that I might come to Shelkovka, she hastily recalled two or three of my landscapes.
2. On the other hand, my Pyotr Petrovich, who from his student days had retained the habit of turning every conversation into an argument, spoke dully, listlessly, and at length. (The word "which" is never a conjunction, it is always a pronoun acting as a union word.)
3. I can correctly guess even what I do not know. (The word “what” is an object, it can be replaced by the pronoun “something”, it receives a logical emphasis, the subordinate clause can be changed into an interrogative sentence: “What do I not know?” Therefore, this is a pronoun in the role of a union word.)
4. While it was raining, we talked about Lida.
5. Zhenya was standing at the gate with lions, waiting for me to see me off.

Date: 2010-05-22 00:58:40

When asked, coordinating and adversative conjunctions and adverbs is what the author asked sundew the best answer is §275. Writing unions.
Coordinating unions and, but, yes, or, or, neither, nor, so-and-so, etc. connect homogeneous members of the sentence: The valleys dry and dazzle. (P.) The guys did not walk along the high road, but along the path. He wanted to speak, but could not - and homogeneous sentences: It rained for days, and the wind did not stop for a minute. During the day it melted in the sun, and at night it reached seven degrees. (L.T.) The dawn has not yet blushed anywhere, but it has already turned white in the east. (T.)
Coordinating conjunctions according to their main meanings are divided into the following groups:
1) connecting unions: and, yes (= and), no-no;
2) adversative conjunctions: a, but, yes (= but); but, however, the same;
3) dividing unions: or, either, then - then, or - either, not that - not that.
Coordinating conjunctions (connecting and dividing) can be repeated: You can’t hear a knock, a scream, or bells. (T.) You recently covered the sky all around, and lightning wrapped around you menacingly, and you emitted a mysterious thunder and watered the greedy earth with rain. (P.) Only unions are repeated: neither - neither, then - then (not that - not that, or - or), for example: Alas, neither stones of the necklace, nor a sundress, nor a row of pearls, nor songs of flattery and fun her souls are not happy. (P.) Sometimes the sun hides, sometimes it shines too brightly. (Cr.) Either the plague will pick me up, or the frost will knock me down. (P.)
Among the coordinating unions there are double unions that break up into two independent parts, for example: how - so and; not only - but (and): He spoke both French and German very well. By morning the weather not only did not improve, but became even more disgusting.
§ 276. Subordinating unions.
Subordinating conjunctions: what, so that, how, because, since, if, although others add subordinate clauses and, less often, members of the sentence: She forgot that they were waiting for her at home for a long time. (P.) The coachmen tied up the bells so that the ringing would not attract the attention of the watchmen. (P.) Like a poplar of Kyiv heights, she is slender. (P.) I'll go if you want. It was still cold, although the sun had risen. Ice is like a mirror.
Subordinating conjunctions according to their main meanings are divided into the following groups:
1) explanatory: what to;
2) temporary: when, how, as soon as, meanwhile, as, only, only, barely, barely, until, etc.;
3) causal: for, because, because, because, because, because, etc.;
4) target: so that, in order, etc.;
5) conditional: if, if, if, if, if (kol), when, when, times, etc.;
6) concessive: although (at least), at least, let, for nothing, etc.;
7) comparative: as, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if as, exactly, etc .;
8) consequences: so.
Among the subordinating unions there are double unions: when - then, if - then, since - then. One part of these unions (when, if, since) is in the subordinate clause, and the other part (then) is in the main clause, for example: Since Kashtanka squealed and fell under his feet, he could not help but pay attention to her. (Ch.)
Note. An intermediate group between subordinating and coordinating unions is occupied by explanatory unions, which join both members of a sentence and whole sentences. These include unions that is, or (= that is), viz.

A sentence that has in its composition two or more predicative units that form a semantic, structural and intonational unity is called a complex one.

Complex sentences can consist of such parts, the content of which is compared. Formally, such sentences have a subordinate part, since they contain subordinating conjunctions (or allied words), but in essence they approach compound sentences, representing a case that is transitional from subordination to composition.

So, in the sentence If in the division and corps Travkin's data were perceived as an event of special importance, then for the army headquarters they were already important, but not at all decisive. there is a subordinating conjunction if...then , however, its function is different than in complex sentences with a conditional clause: it has lost its conditional meaning and is used as a purely formal indicator of the union of two parts of the sentence, the content of which is compared. The formal meaning of the union - as a structural indicator of subordination - in this type of comparative sentences is emphasized, in particular, by the possibility of moving it from one part of the sentence to another. Wed: If for the army headquarters they(Travkin's data) were already important, but not at all decisive, then in the division and corps Travkin's data were perceived as an event of special importance. A complex sentence with a conditional clause does not tolerate such a free movement of the union. In addition, the union if...then easily replaced by a coordinating union: In the division and corps, Travkin's data were perceived as an event of special importance, and (but) for the army headquarters they were already important, but not at all decisive.. Thus, in comparative sentences, the “subordinating” connection is so weak that it is easily destroyed. The subordinating connection turns out to be purely formal in sentences with unions in while, while, meanwhile, which lost their temporal meaning and began to express comparative-adversative relations: While the grass was green in the valley, there was still snow on the mountains. (Grass turned green in the valley, while snow still lay on the mountains.).

In complex comparative sentences, the content of the parts can be compared in terms of time, quantity or quality. Yes, in the proposal While in one part people were aiming at the mirror, and in the other they were shooting at the target with pellets, in the third they were aiming rifles at the target on Livchak’s device the content of the first part is compared with the content of the second regarding existence in time. In a sentence The closer to the front edge, the more tense and compressed the air comparison is carried out in terms of quantitative. In a sentence Let the red summer shine with joy, but the winter is sweet with severity the contents of the parts are compared qualitatively.

Comparative sentences have unions and allied combinations as connecting elements while, meanwhile, while, while, as, how, than ... that, if ... then, let ... but, as soon as ... then.

Comparative relationships can be complicated by additional shades. So, sentences with a temporal relationship may contain concession, opposition as additional shades. With unions while, while, meanwhile possibly as a concession value: His mother always called him a child, when he was already in his seventeenth year., and the meaning of opposition: While Shatsky's exams began on March 10, Kartashov's had to start in May.; the meaning of opposition can be basic: The pianoforte was richer, the sound was fuller, but it stood in the rooms, while the pipe could be taken with you into the field.. Along with this, temporal comparison can also appear in its pure form: Gerasim remained motionless, Mumu's mighty arms folded on his back, while the boat was slowly being carried back to the shore by the wave..

Temporal matching clauses with union as contain an indication of a gradual qualitative increase in the attribute in accordance with the increase in what is said in the allied part of the sentence: As the britzka neared the porch, Manilov's eyes became more cheerful and his smile widened more and more..

Comparison with a hint of opposition is conveyed by unions if ... then, as soon as ... then: If so recently we were going to buy two horses with some effort, then in the middle of the years we could easily allocate quite large sums for good cows, for a herd of sheep, for any furniture.; And since the switchman is to blame for all the troubles on the railway, then in the rotation - of course, the katoshnik.

Qualitatively matched sentences can be complicated by the concession value: Let the Volga be an elegant, modest, sad beauty, but the Yenisei is a mighty, frantic hero.

The value of the gradual increase of the attribute in quantitative terms is conveyed by a special comparative union than ... the with the obligatory use of the form of the comparative degree of an adverb or adjective: The farther we are from home, the thicker and deader it became around(M.G.); The higher you rise above the ground, the more visible you are to people on earth.; And the clearer the details of objects located around become, the more immense the distances of river meadows, backwaters and bends become.. Synonymy- (from Greek- namesake, similarity) - a stylistic turn, the use in artistic speech of words and expressions that are different in sound, but the same or close in meaning.

The most common in Russian are lexical synonyms that develop within a certain part of speech: nouns (greed - greed), adjectives (interesting - noteworthy), verbal (adjoin - join), adverbs (monotonous - monotonous). There are also phraseological synonyms (pull the gimp - pour from empty to empty - crush water in a mortar). In addition to lexical synonyms, there are morphological synonyms (years - years, centuries - centuries) and syntactic synonyms (a poem was written - a poem was written).

Whose passionate kiss live

Your caustic kisses?

(A.S. Pushkin)

I go out alone road;

Through the flinty fog way glitters.

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

We are sailing. Not a rustle. Neither sound. Silence.

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