Social conflicts in the world. Social conflicts in modern Russia

Social conflict as a phenomenon in the structure of society is a multifaceted phenomenon, in which the most diverse in content and nature social ties and relations, both material and spiritual, are woven into a single knot: economic, political, legal, moral, which are amenable to logical analysis, rational comprehension in a logical-verbal form; but here there are also such connections and relations that in rational forms, i.e. in the logic of concepts familiar to us, are incomprehensible. Therefore, the knowledge of social conflicts requires special conceptual means; new intellectual-linguistic moves and semantic constructions are needed here.

A sociological analysis of social conflicts and ways to resolve them in the management process involves, first of all, clear definitions of the three identified points (conflicts - social management - ways to resolve social conflicts).

There are different interpretations of the conflict, different levels of understanding of this social phenomenon. In general, three approaches are most clearly manifested. A number of theorists who deal with this problem in one way or another believe that conflict is definitely an undesirable phenomenon that destroys (or disrupts) the normal functioning of the social system. Others, on the contrary, argue that conflict is a natural and even necessary phenomenon in the life of society; it performs a stimulating function. For example, a supporter of such an interpretation, the German philosopher and sociologist Georg Simmel, once spoke quite definitely about this: in his opinion, social and political conflict is the basis of social communication. The conflict situation, he believes, emphasizes the boundaries of the group, mobilizes its members, makes them realize their unity, and this is the great significance of the conflict.

There is also a third approach to the interpretation of the conflict, which is more balanced and more in line with reality. It consists in the fact that both negative, destructive, and positive functions are distinguished in the conflict. Positive in the sense that the conflict and its resolution are in some cases a prerequisite for the emergence of a new one, for the transition of a certain system to a new quality, to a higher level of its development or strengthening its stability.

The nature of managerial decisions made by him and specific actions in a conflict situation depends on which of the designated positions the subject of management takes, which will be discussed in more detail below.

For the disclosure of this topic, the interpretation of management in conflict conditions is of great importance. The practical managerial actions of the subject of management depend on it. Management in conflict conditions is the activity of the subject of management to maintain (or establish) the following features of the social system:

? firstly, its integrity, the organic unity of the elements included in this system;
? secondly, orderliness, which is the relative constancy of the composition of the elements and the links that unite them;
? thirdly, the ability of the system to preserve itself when exposed to the environment and its functions, for the sake of which this system was formed and exists.

In essence, effective management in conflict situations means maintaining or building a certain structure, an ordered set of relations according to the marked functional and institutional features. But this requires a correct understanding of the conflict itself as a specific phenomenon in the structure of society, the causes of its occurrence and genesis, as well as ways to resolve it.

Social conflict is a form of interaction between the subjects of social relations, determined by the mismatch (and sometimes incompatibility) of their vital interests and values, and in its essence is reduced to the distribution and redistribution of vital resources, which should be understood as the means and conditions for the existence and development of these subjects (material and spiritual values that can satisfy their diverse needs, property, power, territory, etc.).

Developments in conflict theory have traditionally been limited to the creation of "explaining" concepts, i.e. searching for the origins of conflict situations, identifying behavioral stereotypes fraught with a social explosion. Today, there is an emphasis on methods of prevention and resolution, in other words, conflict management. Researchers of this phenomenon are moving from finding out the causes and factors that give rise to conflict, to creating a theory and technology for resolving or resolving conflicts.

In line with traditional approaches to the study of conflicts, it was customary to start with the study of social institutions and structures in relation to which the individual acted as a malleable instrument of the social process. Modern interpretations suggest a different angle of view: social conflict is a consequence of infringement (or inadequate satisfaction) of the totality of human needs (or part of them), which form the real basis for the emergence and development of social conflicts. We consider conflict as a phenomenon that goes back to the substantive and functional needs of a person. Therefore, in the study of conflicts, the initial ones should not be groups (social, political, confessional, professional, status-positional, etc.) with their prescribed typical consciousness and behavior, but people who, making their own choice or making it under the pressure of the environment , just form such groups and communities. People identify with them today, and tomorrow, for some reason, change their orientation. Thus, studying a conflict situation and even more so claiming the right to regulate it, it is advisable to return from the passion for structures to the source - to the person, the hero and the author of conflict social dramas. At the same time, one should not deny the fact that political and economic structures are involved in fomenting the conflict, pursuing certain interests related to their power and income. These aspects of the problem are clear and sufficiently studied. But in the implementation of certain actions during the conflict, in the implementation of certain plans, masses of people participate who do not always have a direct interest in the initial plans and intentions of the "arsonists", and often are not even privy to them. What drives them, what are the motives and goals of their actions against each other that go beyond humanity? The answer to this question can clarify a lot and allow you to more effectively manage conflict situations.

If the conflict, according to the definition of one of the most prominent representatives of Western conflictology, L. Kozer, is a clash of values, then what values were defended by ordinary participants in the bloody massacre in the Balkans, Chechnya, Abkhazia and other so-called hot spots of the late XX - early XXI century. What meaning did they put into their actions and actions? This problem is connected with the peculiarities of the consciousness of these individuals and groups, with their interpretation of reality, with their "construction" of social reality.

Conflicts as an external manifestation, an external clash of social forces and structures hide deep connections and relationships between people, their interests, needs, ideals, goals, values and other components of their "life worlds" (A. Schutz), the knowledge of which requires considerable effort . Such knowledge, which is essential for effective management practice in conflict conditions, should begin with an understanding of some prerequisites of a theoretical and methodological nature.

In order to make the right managerial decision in conflict situations and choose the most effective means and methods for its implementation, it is necessary to take into account the specific conditions and causes of the conflict, the stages of its deployment.

First of all, the conflict is preceded by social tension, from which a pre-conflict situation arises.

Social tension is a state of a social system (or subsystem) characterized by an imbalance in the exchange of activities between the components of this system and accompanied by negative emotional reactions (such as anxiety, fear, hostility, aggressiveness) on the part of the subjects of social relations. The state of social tension is characterized by a situation of uncertainty, which is a conflict environment. It is characterized by extreme excitement of the subjects, often turning into hysteria and giving rise to an ambiguity of perspectives, uncertainty in the meaning and direction of the subjects' actions. Hysteria often brings certainty, but it is usually associated with the formation of the image of the enemy, which will be discussed later.

In a conflict environment, provocation is very often used to ignite social conflict, which has become an integral element in conflicts of the late 20th - early 21st centuries. It is in a state of social tension that a pre-conflict situation is formed.

A pre-conflict situation is a set of specific historical circumstances that have developed in a space that is vital for a social subject and violates its security. It (the situation) gives rise to feelings of anxiety, fear, insecurity or infringement of the interests of the subject, caused by an explicit or implicit encroachment by other subjects on his established and established social status and life resources.

One of the indispensable conditions for the emergence of social conflict is a catalyst.

A conflict catalyst is a very definite element of life resources or life chances for the development of certain social subjects, over which their interests collide. All social relations are objective in nature; there are no objectless relations in society. Relations between social subjects are always mediated by material and spiritual objects, whether they are natural things or products of human activity that can satisfy material and spiritual needs. The same applies to social conflicts as a variety of such relations. In accordance with the objects that serve to satisfy certain needs of social actors and have become a catalyst for social conflicts, the latter can be classified: if social actors clash over the means of production, then this will be economic conflict; if the catalyst was state power, then egopolitical conflict; clash over legal norms and their evaluations gives legal conflict etc.

Thus, one of the main reasons for the emergence of social conflicts is the impossibility of satisfying (or suppressing) the basic needs of subjects, inequality of opportunities, i.e. life chances of different actors, unequal access to development resources. In a state of stability, in a period of sustainable development of the social system, there is a certain and relatively stable structure of interests of various social groups, individual individuals, as well as institutionalized forms of "expression" of these interests as some objectively set parameters determined by the social position of the subjects. Here, if conflicts arise, they are extinguished, sometimes resolved by legal or violent means, specially created for this purpose by institutions of power. In the unstable state of the social system, in its crisis period, there is a diffusion of interests due to the instability of the social position of the subjects. Here, it is not the expression of interests that comes to the fore, but their positing and declaration, relation, claims to life chances, access to resources. The absence or weakness of the legal system designed to regulate social relations, provide institutional, i.e. legal, forms of satisfaction of needs and interests, leads to the fact that the claims of the subjects collide, as in the "Brownian movement", which gives rise to numerous conflicts.

An important characteristic of the conflict is its intensity. The intensity of the conflict means the sharpness, bitterness of the struggle of its parties, which is determined by the degree of moral and psychological mood of the participants in the confrontation, the presence of material and moral readiness, as well as the functional ability of the parties to fight until "victory". The highest degree of acuteness will be in that conflict, the potentials, material and spiritual resources of which are equal and when none of the conflicting parties makes concessions. In such cases, there is only one way out - the conclusion of an agreement.

"Peaceful", legitimate conflict resolution involves overcoming the "enemy image" syndrome, which consists of the following points.

1. Distrust, everything that comes from the "enemy" is either bad or, if it seems reasonable, pursues negative, dishonest goals.
2. Putting the blame on the "enemy": the "enemy" is responsible for the existing tensions and is to blame for everything.
3. Negative expectation: everything that is done is done for the sole purpose of harming us.
4. Identification with evil: "enemy" embodies the opposite of what we are and what we strive for; wants to destroy what we hold dear; everything that is beneficial to him harms us and vice versa.
5. Deindividualization: anyone who belongs to the opposing group is automatically our "enemy".
6. Denial of sympathy: It is dangerous and imprudent to be guided by ethical criteria in relation to the “enemy”.

Until recently, mankind could afford such primitive reactions based on archaic, once acceptable behavior patterns. But for modern man, who has relatively extensive knowledge and is armed with high technology, such primitive reactions are simply fatal.

If we want to know the key aspects of the behavior of the subjects of conflict interaction, then we must understand the motives, beliefs, goals of their actions.

To resolve the conflict, the communicative experience is of exceptional importance, which is born in the context of interaction, when both parties agree on linguistically formalized meanings that remain constant in the process of interaction. The core of communicative experience is the meaning of every action, every fact. Here one should rely on the concept of Max Weber, who considers social action as subjectively meaningful behavior, i.e. focused on the subjectively embedded meaning and therefore motivated. At the same time, social action can be adequately understood only through its correlation with the goals and values to which the subject is oriented. The American sociologist and social psychologist William A. Thomas deduced from this proposition a methodological rule known as the principle of subjective interpretation of social facts: only the meaning invested by the actor provides adequate access to his behavior in the situation that he himself interprets.

Thus, the theory of social action is based on the proposition that action must be understood through the interpretation of the acting subject himself. The motive of action is shifted from the level of the incentive system to the level of linguistic and other communication. Language here acts as a reservoir of interpretations and creation of meanings. Take, for example, the negotiations and agreements between the federal center and Chechnya in the 1990s. XX century: in the same provisions, formulated in the same language by different parties, different meanings were invested, they were given different interpretations depending on the interests of the parties.

Mutual opposition of counterparties, participants in the conflict fully fall under the definition of social action adopted in the "understanding sociology" of Max Weber. In the actions of conflicting subjects, their semantic orientation to the expectations of a certain action of the counterparty is important, and in accordance with this, a subjective assessment is made of the chance for the success of their own actions.

“Other-oriented” is an important concept for understanding and resolving social conflict. That is why in the study of conflicts the most appropriate methods can be the "understanding sociology" of Max Weber and the phenomenological sociology of Alfred Schutz. They allow us to understand the meaning of human actions, the motivational and semantic structures of actions and deeds of the participants in the conflict.

The subject of conflict interaction himself chooses the meaning of his situation. He builds and explains his behavior by referring to facts chosen and interpreted by them. Therefore, the resolution of the conflict requires the presence of communicative actions.

Any social subject builds his behavior, focusing on reality. Such is his "life world", i.e. the world of his daily life, the world of objects closest to him, social phenomena. It is this world that is given to him, his consciousness with the greatest obviousness and apodictic (undoubted) certainty. In the process of social interaction, individual individuals, social groups, communities proceed from their life world, life experience as the most solid and stable, and therefore the most reliable empirical basis of social orientation. (It should be noted that knowledge about this empirical basis is provided by concrete sociological research.)

It is the life world that gives the individual the basic meanings and evidence that line up in a continuous life connection. Therefore, to study the intricacies and nuances of social interaction, and especially conflict interaction, one must first of all proceed from the life world of the subjects of this interaction. It is here that the true motives, goals of certain actions and actions of the agents of the conflict lie.

All our knowledge is rooted in the life world. This is the world of everyday life, the real life of people with their concerns, needs, and the search for ways to meet these needs. As A. Schutz rightly noted, the life world, everyday life is the “supreme reality”, it appears as a horizon that forms the context of the processes of understanding, therefore, in a conflict situation, an analysis of everyday ideas about social reality is necessary, and not a study of artificially constructed scientific abstractions.

Consequently, in order to resolve a social conflict, it is extremely important to break open, destroy the barriers, the boundaries of the life worlds of conflicting subjects, and introduce them into one communicative field. Here it is necessary to appeal to culture, to common spiritual, moral and religious values, to social ideals that exist in the structure of conflicting life worlds. And in the absence of them, they must be introduced, introduced into the life worlds of the conflicting subjects, so that they can perform a meaning-creating function, form a common understanding of the situation for both sides.

The above philosophical and socio-psychological grounds for interpreting the conflict are extremely important for the practice of social management as a whole. In essence, effective management in this area is the art of resolving (or rather, resolving) conflicts between social actors. Conflict resolution differs from conflict resolution in that a third party is involved in the process. Its participation is possible both with the consent of the conflicting parties, and without it. Such a third party is the subject of social management. In modern conflictological literature, the third party nam&tsya mediator(intermediary). Mediators can be formal or informal. Official mediation implies that the mediator has a normative status or the ability to influence opponents. Informal mediation is distinguished by the absence of a normative status of the mediator, but the parties to the conflict recognize his informal authority in solving such problems.

Official mediators can be:

? interstate organizations (for example, the UN);
? individual states;
? state legal institutions (arbitration court, prosecutor's office, etc.);
? government and other state commissions;
? representatives of law enforcement agencies (for example, a local policeman in relation to a domestic conflict);
? heads of enterprises, institutions, firms, etc.;
? public organizations (commissions for resolving labor disputes and conflicts, trade union organizations, etc.).

Unofficial mediators are:

? famous people who have achieved success in socially significant activities (politicians, former statesmen);
? representatives of religious organizations;
? informal leaders of social groups of different levels, etc.

Official and unofficial mediators are the subjects of social management in conflict situations.

Modern management theorists believe that the complete absence of conflicts within the organization is not only impossible, but also undesirable. Types of conflicts within the organization are as follows: intrapersonal, interpersonal, between the individual and society, intragroup, intergroup.

The main causes of such conflicts are limited resources, interdependence of tasks, differences in goals, differences in values, differences in behavior, in educational levels, and poor communication.

From this follow the ways of resolving such conflicts: structural and interpersonal. Structural ways are:

a) explanation of the requirements for work;
b) use of coordination and integration mechanisms;
c) setting corporate-wide complex goals;
d) use of the reward system.

Interpersonal methods include:

a) evasion;
b) smoothing;
c) coercion;
d) compromise;
e) solving the problem underlying the conflict.

Many causes of social conflicts in modern

Russian society are in the sphere of interaction between the state and the emerging civil society. The state as a political body for the exercise of power requires compliance with the general norms established by the constitutional way, the maximum harmonization of social interests and giving the dominant of them the status of universal state will. It is a profound mistake to see in a constitutional state only an apparatus of violence. We should agree with jurists that statehood is not a naked monopoly of force in public life, but a certain form of its organization and application, i.e. right.

Meanwhile, it is in the real interaction between the state and the institutions of civil society and individual citizens in modern Russia that many social contradictions arise, mainly through the fault of the state. A vivid example of this is the "unsuccessfully" implemented policy of monetizing social benefits for various social categories of Russian citizens. Although, according to the Constitution, any specific legislative acts of the state, dictated by considerations of economic, social or political expediency, are lawful only insofar as they do not violate the legal and social status enshrined in it.

This link - the state and the still emerging civil society - is fundamentally important at the present stage of development of Russian society. Unfortunately, we have to admit that there is no constructive interaction here yet. It needs to be adjusted. As long as mutual alienation prevails. On the one hand, civil consciousness has not yet been formed among all segments of the population, which implies respect for state bodies and an understanding of their importance. On the other hand, there is still no respect for the rights and freedoms of members of society by state bodies and civil servants representing the state. This gives rise to various social conflicts that make it difficult to solve managerial problems at all at all levels.

Social conflicts are violent and non-violent, controlled (managed) and uncontrolled (deeply rooted). With all the arguments about the "usefulness" of conflicts (non-violent, controlled) for social progress, it should be emphasized that an extremely undesirable type of social conflict is war - an armed clash of subjects of social relations, leading to human casualties. Terrorism also belongs to the same type of conflicts.

Terrorism is a multifaceted phenomenon that is increasingly asserting itself in the structure of being of modern society. It becomes one of the tools for the practical solution of economic, political and psychological problems. This phenomenon will continue to be analyzed by various specialists - economists, sociologists, political scientists, psychologists, doctors, lawyers; in other words, an interdisciplinary approach is important, since any act of terrorism, whatever its purpose, shakes all aspects of our lives.

At its core, terrorism is motivated violence (there are also unmotivated acts of violence, but this is an area of pathology), carried out by small groups or individuals in order to achieve a specific goal, most often of a political nature, and in this case, terrorists claim to represent large masses - classes, social strata, nations, religious and ethnic formations. It can also be characterized as a modern form of achieving forced deals with the state or with private individuals, where the initiative belongs to the terrorists. Terrorist actions create extreme situations in society, in which the subject of government (whether it be a state or any state body, its leader) must correctly orientate and make an unmistakable managerial decision, be ready to use means of violence against terrorists, up to their destruction .

An example of a deeply rooted conflict is an inter-ethnic conflict, the origins of which cannot be explained only by a divergence of interests. Roughly speaking, in a dispute of interests, you can always bargain. In deeply rooted conflicts, the fundamental characteristics and needs of the subjects are affected, such as security, identity, self-consciousness and dignity, freedom, etc. This is something that is not bought or sold. Therefore, such conflicts are always protracted and intractable.

Politicized ethnicity is increasingly beginning to come to the forefront of the modern political process. Ethnicity becomes not only the main character of national politics, but also a prominent actor in the sphere of political life in general: without taking into account the numerous ethnic claims, it is no longer possible to solve either economic, political or ideological problems both within national-state formations and on a global scale. .

The processes of globalization and modernization that have taken over modern Russian society have stimulated the disclosure of the latent potential of conflict relations between unevenly developed ethno-national groups. Many ethnic groups and nationalities inhabiting Russia, under the pressure of modernization processes, are forced to move from a traditional society to an industrial one. This transition is accompanied by a breaking strict regulation of their social status, a change in relations between the center and peripheral ethnic groups, religious groups.

Such a transition means replacing the entire traditional system of relations with an open competitive choice in conditions of equality before the laws of the market. But the inequality of starting opportunities in this process in ethno-national areas gives rise to numerous conflicts between the claims of ethnic groups, as well as between individual ethnic groups and the state.

Many problems and difficulties of social management in modern Russia are due to the fact that the state is not yet able to provide constitutional rights to its subjects. It is not yet able to bring all ethnic groups to the same level of socio-economic development.

In addition, in ethnic groups there is an uneven formation of political and legal consciousness, and in the most politicized ethnic groups, really or imaginary deprived because of their peripheral position, there is dissatisfaction with the state center as a guarantor of human rights protection, resulting in a form of nationalism.

Under these conditions, in order to solve their problems, in order to win the right to dispose of the region's wealth, the local ethnocracy effectively exploits objective socio-economic difficulties, hiding behind national rhetoric and dressing up in "national clothes".

It is important for the subjects of social management (state structures, individual leaders of various levels) to understand that interethnic conflicts do not have their own grounds; their fundamental causes should be sought in other layers of social relations, namely: in the economy, politics (primarily in the struggle for power), in the field of social psychology.

Social interactions in unstable systems with intense internal fluctuations (deviations), the dominance of stochastic processes are characterized by a high degree of conflictogenicity. Any of the contradictions objectively inherent in this system can turn into a conflict. Therefore, the main condition for resolving numerous conflicts on the territory of Russia is the general stabilization of the entire system of socio-economic and political relations. But this does not mean that one should simply wait for a general stabilization without taking any measures to resolve already existing and escalating conflicts. In any case, in the event of a social conflict, the subject of management must:

? firstly, to localize the conflict, clearly define its boundaries, i.e. not allow the inclusion of additional factors, such as ethnic, religious, etc., that can serve as a catalyst for its further escalation;
? secondly, to avoid simplification of the problems that served as the basis of the conflict, their dichotomous (dual) interpretation, because no matter how one side develops its arguments, the other side will equally develop its arguments. Therefore, it is important for the participants in the conflict to go beyond the conflict situation to the level of metaprinciples in relation to it, to consider it from the point of view of general principles that unite both sides, for example, humanism, democracy, freedom, justice, etc.;
? thirdly, to exclude any bureaucratic delays in solving the problems that have arisen. Bureaucratization, formalization of relations between economic and political leaders and citizens, between leaders and subordinates can lead to the transformation of an ordinary labor conflict into an ethnic or religious one;
? fourthly, not to delay in taking measures: time in conflict resolution is one of the decisive factors, because, having missed the moment, one will have to deal not only with the conflict, but also with its consequences, which can be more dangerous than itself.

Thus, in the socio-economic and political space of modern Russia, the following main conflict fields can be distinguished:

1) constitutional process; problems of interaction between the state and the emerging civil society;
2) privatization (deprivatization); the nature and content of the social policy of the state;
3) the ratio of local (regional) and all-Russian interests;
4) the state and trends in the development of interethnic relations in the country. After August 1991, Russia entered a zone of increased risk, which means the possibility of both winning and losing in each of the conflict-generating fields indicated above.

One of the features of the situation in the 90s. consisted in the destruction of value structures, which was accompanied by the rationalization of behavior at all levels of public life. The source of this irrationalization is not only the conflicts unfolding at the macro level, but also what happens in the micro environment. In the course of the reforms, three main motivational complexes of social behavior are formed, which are concentrated not so much in the political space as in the microstructures of everyday life.

The first complex is associated with the mercantilization of personal ties and relationships, including family relationships, with the change of authorities and leaders of public opinion in the environment of direct communication, the penetration of a sense of insecurity and fear into everyday life.

The second complex is associated with personal success in the course of socio-economic transformations: winning in a situation of commercial or political risk, successful investment of money and capital, use of high-quality service and actions of conspicuous consumption, inclusion in the system of international contacts. All this creates a sense of freedom and great opportunities. Such a complex characterizes the behavior of an economically active minority, manifesting itself in different ways depending on the level of culture of the respective subjects of economic activity.

The third complex is associated with the rejection of political realities and withdrawal into private life. It is associated with the construction of one's own picture of the world, not involved in politics, reforms, or any socially significant activity.

The gap between these three complexes of motivation created the prerequisites for the irrationalization of reality, the essence of which is the clash of opposite meanings attributed both to the events and facts of everyday life, and to the actions unfolding in the political arena. As a result, a situation arises in which the same symbols are perceived and evaluated in exactly the opposite way. People cease to understand each other, and the society itself is unraveling.

At the beginning of the XXI century. ideas of a total crisis of management, loss of control, strategic instability began to prevail in scientific analyzes and expert assessments. Optimistic views on controlled social development and historical evolution have been replaced by "catastrophe theory". Nevertheless, in modern science there is an active search for new, alternative approaches to the management of social processes, designed to bring society out of the crisis, to overcome strategic instability.

Social conflicts occurring between social strata, ethnic groups, generations, in production teams, youth environment, etc., as a rule, are the result of exacerbation of social contradictions and, at the same time, a form of their resolution. Conflicts are based on the interests and goals of interacting social groups and communities, significant differences between which lead to their clash.

Conflicts can brew and run latently, like hidden social tensions. This is exactly what is often observed in modern Russian reality, which is characterized by social inequality, the presence of social hardships experienced by a significant part of the low-income population, facts of discrimination on ethnic grounds, and so on.

At the stage of maturation, conflicts manifest themselves in differences in assessments of the social situation, in a clash of opinions and ideas (for example, on the issue of social justice), which are revealed with the help of empirical sociological research. The purpose of such studies is to detect conflict situations in a timely manner, to predict possible options for their development, and to develop recommendations for preventing aggressive methods of resolution.

Social conflicts in modern Russia.

The forms of manifestation of social conflict can be "social crisis" and "social struggle", affecting the fundamental foundations of the organization of the social system as a whole or its individual subsystems. The causes of social crises and social struggle are:

Violations of the rational process of functioning and reproduction of the basic types of social ties and relations in society;

People's dissatisfaction with the distribution of basic resources for society, wealth, power, prestige. This realization calls into question the legitimacy of the institutions and authorities responsible for allocating resources.

The social crisis and social struggle are accompanied by consequences that, as a rule, no one expects. The struggle changes both the opposing sides and the existing system of action.

Social crisis is different from social conflict:

By the degree of coverage of social ties and relationships;

By the strength of social tension in society, the involvement of individuals, groups and communities in it;

motivating reasons;

The consequences to which they may lead;

Permission methods.

An example of a social crisis is modern Russian society. Due to the relevance of this problem for our country, it is important to analyze the causes, consequences and the means that are used today by the country's leadership to get society out of the crisis.

The fact of the social crisis of our society, scientists identified in 1989 year. The open publication of the report "The Social and Socio-Political Situation in the USSR: State and Forecast" (1990) stated the deep economic and socio-political crisis of Soviet society. AT 1990s over the years, this crisis continued to intensify and moved into a qualitatively new stage. To the systematic decline in the living standards of the people, the accelerating pace of destruction of the human environment, the growing lawlessness, more profound and destructive phenomena have been added.

At the same time, negative centrifugal social and socio-political trends began to gain strength and become irreversible:

Growing social differentiation and political stratification of Russian society;

Expansion of the social base for the formation of a critical mass of dissatisfied people in society;

The growth of mass mental excitement among the general population of the country;

Awareness that the satisfaction of needs, ensuring a normal level and quality of life are under threat or even become impossible;

Growing social tension is combined with a growing sense of social hopelessness.

What are the causes of the social crisis in Russian society? The reasons for failures in the socio-economic sphere during the period of perestroika are often sought in subjective factors, for example, by identifying "carriers of evil" - whether they are specific people (Yeltsin, Gaidar, Chernomyrdin, Chubais), or entire groups ("nomenklatura", " agrarians", "democrats", "monetarists") or external forces ("imperialists", "masons", the IMF). Accordingly, the ways out of the crisis seem quite simple - you need to change the "wrong" program to the "correct" one, remove the "carriers of evil" and "agents of influence" from power, then all problems will be resolved. But this approach leaves aside something more essential - the nature of the crisis we are experiencing.

An attempt to substantiate the reasons for the deteriorating situation in the country by the mistakes made by the first persons of the state, its elite, is insufficiently substantiated.

It is more correct to consider the social crisis of Russian society as a multifaceted historical process, objectively determined by the entire course of the country's development. This is a crisis of society's transition from one qualitative state to another. Such a crisis is systemic, universal, affecting all aspects of public life.

The modern Russian crisis is a natural result of development. The severity and depth of the crisis processes are due precisely to the fact that, unlike the Western countries, we have long shied away from solving the problems that confronted mankind already in the 1940s and 1950s.

At the same time, the complexity of the modernization of socialism is due to the excessive strength of the social structure of society. Perhaps there was no society in the world, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ would be based on such a comprehensive nationalization, the absence of autonomous subsystems. The system of socialism was built on a rigid and unambiguous interweaving of all subsystems of society. The political system, the party apparatus penetrated into all spheres of society, and ideology and culture were the main conductors of state dictate. The economy of socialism proved unable to live without party-state regulation. Ideology collapsed, and behind it all other spheres of society began to fall apart. And therefore, any attempt to affect one part of such a system immediately responds to all its other elements.

It is no coincidence that the demolition of the political and ideological foundations of socialism led to the weakening of statehood, the destruction of economic relations and the rule of law. The nature of a totalitarian society is such that at the "immature" stage there is no "prosperous" way out of it. The preservation of party-state socialism increasingly led to an increase in social tension, but its overcoming was also associated with a significant risk for society.

The collapse of the USSR and the socialist system gave rise to more negative consequences than positive ones. Our main misfortune was that the transition to political reforms, the elimination of communist ideology in the context of not only incomplete, but, in fact, not begun socio-economic transformations, resulted in an excessive weakening of statehood, the basic foundations of social order.

The destruction of the power and authority of the party-state apparatus in a situation where the economy remains non-market and all institutions for maintaining public order are still built in such a way that they can work effectively only according to the top-down management model - such destruction has created a threat to life systems in every primary cell of the social organism.

The weakening and subsequent destruction of party and state bodies created a vacuum of administrative management, social development in its usual state was disrupted at all levels: the degree of observance of state discipline sharply decreased, decisions of higher bodies ceased to be implemented; tax collection has deteriorated; weakened the security of everyday life of citizens.

Accordingly, the main manifestation of the crisis of statehood in Russia in the early 90s was not the collapse of the Union, not the narrowing of borders, but the extreme weakening of the entire system of public order. Equally characteristic in this respect is the spasmodic growth of the criminalization of public life.

Crime has acquired such forms and scales that it has begun to replace the state, primarily in the sphere of the formation of market relations. Criminal groups began to fulfill the same role in society that state bodies are unable to fulfill.

The excessive weakening of statehood in the early 1990s is the main component of the Russian crisis. For this reason, he reached a special depth and acquired the features of devastation. Under such conditions, all the other components of the crisis of the transition period sharply aggravated. And the point is still not so much in the leadership of the country (with all their mistakes and weaknesses), but in the fact that economic reforms had to be carried out in a society with a dilapidated state.

The data of sociological and political studies of modern Russian society show that the causes of the social crisis also lie in:

In the loss of clear life guidelines;

Professional incompetence and social irresponsibility of people included in the highest echelons of power;

Slowness, indecision, delay in making socially significant decisions that can, if not prevent, then at least slow down centrifugal tendencies and bloody conflicts;

Continued disregard for the results of research in the social and human sciences, in the absence of scientific expertise of decisions made;

The presence of "shadow offices" of advisers, whose decisions often turn out to be incompetent, and their practical implementation costs the state huge material and moral losses;

Further bureaucratization (especially at the middle levels of executive power) of the entire public life of the country.

In our time, any erroneous decision, no matter how good goals it pursues, can turn into a social catastrophe for society, and its consequences will be unpredictable.

A comprehensive study of world historical experience in solving problems similar to those facing our country at the present time shows that There are the most general or universally recognized, proven by the experience of many states, ways out of the social crisis:

Competent political leadership;

The concentration of real power in the hands of the government;

stage-by-stage structuring of reforms (their political, economic, ideological components);

Consistency and consistency in the implementation of reforms;

Correct consideration of the time factor;

Creation of a sufficiently strong and influential coalition of various progressive socio-political forces;

The correct combination of the world experience in carrying out such reforms with the peculiarities of the development of Russian society.

Social conflicts in modern Russia. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Social conflicts in modern Russia." 2017, 2018.

2.1 Consider an example of contemporary social conflict

According to the official press, the subject "Spiritual and Moral Culture" (DNA) will be included in the new curriculum for secondary schools in the Russian Federation. This subject is proposed to be studied alternatively at the choice of the student and his parents: the spiritual culture of any of the "traditional" religions (Orthodox, Islamic), or non-religious ethics.

The planned volume of the subject is 2 times a week for 2 hours for 11 years of study.

At the same time, of the training courses for schools, today only the “Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture” (OPC) are offered. On it teachers are officially trained and the textbook is approved. The ROC says that DNA is a way to introduce compulsory Orthodoxy into schools. They want to illegally force schoolchildren to uncontested study of Orthodoxy.

The position of the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church:

“A dialogue between the authorities and society is necessary so that the monopoly of the materialistic vision of the world that has developed in Soviet times will finally end in the Russian educational system” (from the resolution of the XI World Russian People's Council).

"It's time to debunk the chimera of the scientific worldview" (V. Chaplin, OVVTs MP RPTs).

The position of Russian scientists:

“All the achievements of modern world science are based on a materialistic vision of the world. There is simply nothing else in modern science ... The course towards innovative development can be implemented only if schools and universities equip young people with the knowledge obtained by modern science. There is no alternative to this knowledge." (Letter-10).

In the supplement "Centaur" to "Novaya Gazeta" (23-25.07.2007) 10 leading academicians of the Russian Academy of Sciences: E. Aleksandrov, Zh. Alferov, G. Abelev, L. Barkov, A. Vorobiev, V. Ginzburg, S. Inge- Vechtomov, E. Kruglyakov, M. Sadovsky, A. Cherepashchuk, published a letter to President V. Putin "The Policy of the Russian Orthodox Church: Consolidation or Collapse of the Country?".

Letter-10 is directed against the aggressive policy of the church and the Orthodox lobby in the authorities: church obscurantism and clericalization of state and government structures, the army, schools, universities and scientific institutions.

“On what basis, one might ask, should theology - the totality of religious dogmas - be ranked among the scientific disciplines? Any scientific discipline operates with facts, logic, evidence, but by no means with faith ... We cannot remain indifferent when attempts are made to question scientific Knowledge, to eradicate the “materialistic vision of the world” from education, to replace the knowledge accumulated by science with faith. (Letter-10).

The informal leader of the group of natural scientists, Nobel laureate, world-famous physicist Vitaly Ginzburg, in several interviews, clearly dotted the “i”. The Orthodox Church strives to become a state ideology and replace objective scientific knowledge and secondary school education with its catechism.

“The Russian Orthodox Church is trying with all its might to push through religious faith to the detriment of real science,” (interview with Ekho Moskvy).

“The Russian Orthodox Church is striving in every possible way to have the Law of God taught in the lower grades of the school, but under the name Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture. This is faith in the Bible, but what is in the Bible? There is a well-known creationism in the Bible, that is, God took and created a person as he is. Meanwhile, as science has firmly established that man is the fruit of a long evolution. (interview with CITY-FM).

“A Petersburg schoolgirl and her father sued a biology teacher who taught the theory of evolution but did not teach the theory of divine creation. And at the same time they received the support of the patriarchate” (interview with the portal “24.ua”).

“By teaching religion in schools, these, to put it mildly, church bastards want to lure the souls of children” (interview with Vesti Obrazovanie)

Scientists popularly explained to the president: You can not simultaneously church the society and count on scientific and technological progress. There is one of two things here: Either the Moscow Patriarchate will be inside the church fence, or the Russian Federation will be in the garbage heap. Take your pick, Mr Putin. Mr Putin is thoughtful and silent. The ministers are also silent. They can be understood: it’s a pity to throw away the national idea, and you don’t want to go to the trash. Hard choise. But others more than compensate for their silence.

Vitaly Ginzburg (as the generally recognized leader of the scientific anti-clerical movement) was subjected to a flurry of accusations from political Orthodox ideologists.

"Young Guard", the youth wing of the ruling party "United Russia" July 27, 2007 gave rise to the article "Physicists" in the law "(author - Maria Sergeeva). I quote:

“In order to survive and succeed, you need competitiveness. And with this, we, frankly, have a problem. We can write concepts and invent a unique, unparalleled, high-budget, non-payback and useless installation that has nowhere to be implemented - this is what we can do. But we still cannot adapt science to the immediate needs of the state and business, learn not only to invent, but also to implement and sell our achievements. How can gentlemen academicians look the truth in the eye and admit that they themselves are to blame for the plight of science, and not at all the state, or, moreover, the Russian Orthodox Church. But no, instead of promptly solving the tasks facing the members of the Russian Academy of Sciences, our certified obscurantists decided to find a "scapegoat" in the form of the ROC, which is gaining influence. I dare to suggest that the very fact that there are people in the world who consider themselves descended from God, and not from a monkey, does not allow worthy academicians to sleep peacefully at night. Because with a strong position of the clergy, scientists will have to (it's scary to say!) engage in science, and not rant on universal topics, habitually talking about justice and goodness from television screens ... Dear Messrs. Ginzburg, Alferov and others like them! Instead of once again acting as humanitarian authorities ... better deal with the deplorable state of our science. Make sure that your inventions benefit Russia.”

And what, by the way, does the Orthodox Church itself and the social and political movements belonging to it say?

Firstly, they write a complaint against Vitaly Ginzburg to the prosecutor's office so that the Nobel laureate is roughly punished for his irreverent way of thinking. Russia, they are sure. “Orthodox country” (the idea of reading the Constitution does not occur to these people).

Secondly, they accuse Ginzburg of being a Jew and a leader of the world Masonic behind the scenes, which sets itself the goal of destroying Orthodox Russia with godless humanism.

An extensive article “Christian values or the humanism of Sodom?” is devoted to this issue. (Irina Medvedeva, Tatyana Shishova) on the Pravoslavie portal. RU.

Thirdly, it mobilizes the so-called. "creative intelligentsia" (Orthodox writers, filmmakers, moralists, etc.) to fight against the godless Nobel laureates.

So the general director of the Mosfilm film concern, director Karen Shakhnazarov, in the article “Symbols of Faith”, (Itogi magazine, July 30, 2007) writes literally “Russia is an Orthodox country. Whoever doesn't like it can find another country."

In fact, to understand that the "Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture" (OPC) at school and the presence of the MP ROC in state structures are illegal, no theory of religion is needed. Enough of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, where it is written in black and white:

Article 14 “The Russian Federation is a secular state. No religion can be established as a state or obligatory one. Religious associations are separated from the state and are equal before the law.”

Article 28 “Everyone is guaranteed freedom of conscience, freedom of religion, including the right to profess, individually or jointly with others, any religion or not to profess any, freely choose, have and disseminate religious and other beliefs and act in accordance with them.”

Article 29 “Everyone is guaranteed freedom of thought and speech. Propaganda or agitation that incite social, racial, national or religious hatred and enmity is not allowed. Propaganda of social, racial, national, religious or linguistic superiority is prohibited.”

At the same time, in the message of Alexy II No. 5925 dated December 9, 1999, “to all diocesan bishops” it is recommended: “If you encounter difficulties in teaching the Fundamentals of Orthodox Faith, name the course“ Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture ”, this will not cause objections from teachers and directors of secular educational institutions brought up on an atheistic basis. This is nothing more than a call to violate the Constitution.

“From the quoted text it follows that under the guise of “Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture” they are trying to introduce to us (and again bypassing the Constitution) the “Law of God” (Letter-10).

“Religious ceremonies with the participation of high-ranking government officials, etc. are widely covered. All these are signs of the active clericalization of the country.”

(Letter-10). Another violation of the Constitution, obvious without any religious studies.

As an alternative to studying the OPK or other “traditional” religion by schoolchildren as part of the mandatory DNA subject in Russia, a public initiative has created a draft course on Naturalistic Ethics. The project can also be used in schools in Ukraine, where uncontested "Christian ethics" is illegally introduced.

The course is based on the scientific picture of the world and is focused on obtaining practically useful knowledge. The course does not contain a specific attitude to religion, except for the condemnation of religious fanaticism and obscurantism. It is addressed to schoolchildren both from those families where they adhere to atheism, secular (secular) humanism, Carianism, agnosticism or religious indifference, and from those families where they adhere to any free religion that does not contradict the foundations of science and common sense.

The course program consists of 15 topics, each of which is designed for 4 hours (2 hours of lectures, 2 hours of a seminar or educational game). Topics will be repeated annually with the addition of new material according to the age of the students. In this project, the names of topics and their summary for older students (14 - 17 years old) are given.

The detailed program will present the specific content of the topics by year, teaching methods, main questions for discussion, homework, etc.

Since the Ministry of Science and Education of the Russian Federation does not train ethics teachers, the course is designed for teaching by teachers in the natural sciences (physics, chemistry, biology, etc.) or parent volunteers who are professionally knowledgeable on the topics of the proposed program and are ready to take on this function .

Thematically, the course is structured in such a way that specialists in different fields of knowledge can share the topics of classes among themselves, without compromising the quality of schoolchildren's education.

1. What is ethics. The evolution of life and the origin of man. The evolution of ethics.

2. Scientific picture of the world, a scientific view of man and society. naturalistic ethics.

3. Ethics is for people, not people for ethics. Basic rules of naturalistic ethics.

4. Freedom and its limits. Mutual respect. Mutual assistance. Contract.

5. Private life and its inviolability. The right to be yourself.

6. Public order. social contract. discipline and management.

7. Unity and individuality in the team. Team and crowd.

8. Circle of close people. Friendship. Love. intimate life.

9. Parents and children. Family. Domestic space.

11. Intelligence and emotions. Science and art. Creativity in human life.

12. Freedom of information. Ethics of information activity.

13. Ethics and health. Relationship between physical and mental health.

14. Ethics and civilization. Responsibility for the world we live in.

15. Ethics of the future. How we want to see the world. New ethical issues.

Whatever one may say, the church is a huge public organization that has its own doctrine, which is different (in Russia, albeit potentially) from the ideology of the ruling power. Therefore, the CMO for the church today is a kind of sweet captivity. Yes, advocating for this course, the hierarchy publicly confirms its importance and necessity, yes, huge funds are allocated for the development of the defense industry, yes, games with the defense industry become a lever of strong social and political pressure on the ground. But in fact, with the introduction of this discipline, the church falls into bondage to external forces. After all, just as this course itself, speaking about the sanctity of state power, pushes the figure of Christ into the background, so its introduction is carried out by means that do not belong to the church. Secular teachers read it in schools, as ordered by order. Therefore, the authorities have the opportunity at any moment to cancel Orthodoxy in such a way that it will again become an appendage to the national cultural heritage. For example, to prohibit the election of a new patriarch. And the army of teachers across the country will support and justify such a decision.

And the fact that guys in civilian clothes have long since learned to deal with the church as they please is beyond doubt: Viktor Cherkesov, for example, back in the 80s, as a KGB investigator, imprisoned Orthodox Christians for their beliefs, and in 2006 received from the hands of the Patriarch the Order of the Holy Martyr Tryphon I degree for his services in protecting the morality and spirituality of society. And the first organized demonstrations in support of the defense industry complex, imitating civil consent, were the actions of the pro-Kremlin "Nashists" and the "Georgievtsy" close to them.

Therefore, let us be attentive to ourselves and stock up on patience. The Lord, as you know, endured and wished the same for us.

Conclusion

Deep and complex processes in modern Russian society -

social crisis, transformation of the social structure, political and spiritual changes, social conflicts - occur in a society in transition.

The current crisis of Russian society is one of the deepest and longest in our history.

Conflicts cover all spheres of life in Russian society. The most dangerous are conflicts in the political sphere, especially in the sphere of power, socio-economic and interethnic relations.

Understanding their nature, causes of occurrence and development will help to develop rules of conduct and ways to resolve the warring parties by mutual consent.

The integrity of the Russian state, stability in society are becoming a priority in the ways of regulating conflicts.

Bibliography

1. Brushlinsky A.V. General psychology. – M.: Enlightenment, 1986.

2. Verenko I.S. Conflictology. – M.: concern Swiss, 1990.

3. Gottsdanker R. Fundamentals of psychological experiment. – Publishing House of Moscow University, 1982.

4. Dobrovich A.B. Educator about the psychology of communication. - M .: Education, 1987.

5. Zdravomyslov A.G. Sociology of conflict. - M .: AO Aspect press, 1994.

6. Lavrinenko V.N. Sociology. - M .: Culture and sport, UNITI, 1998.

7. Radugin A.A., Radugin K.A. Sociology. - M.: Center, 1996.

And strive to mitigate the conditions for the course of conflicts, to prevent them from developing into violent actions of one side or the other. Contradictions in interethnic and interethnic relations exert a noticeable influence on social conflicts in modern Russia. They are based on the struggle for the rights and interests of ethnic and national groups. Analysis of interethnic conflicts within...

Parties. The emerging situation tends to self-destruct. A way out of it can only be found by means of a radical revision of the existing situation. Chapter 3. Political and administrative management of the processes of resolving social conflicts At this stage in the development of Russian society, conflicts cover all spheres of life - socio-economic, political, sphere ...

Military crackdown on White House resistance that was used to eliminate a political adversary. The dramatic denouement of the conflict between the executive and legislative authorities was accompanied by active steps by the Russian president to consolidate his victory. By a series of decrees, the President of Russia practically everywhere stopped the activities of Soviet authorities. In two years...

And social capital, traditions and existing infrastructure), and this dependence leaves a strong imprint on the results of reforms in the regions. 3.2 Prospects for social relations in modern Russia Understanding the imperfection of the existing system of social security in the field of health care, education, providing housing for the population, new concepts and ways to solve the problems that have arisen are needed ...

Conflict, as a social phenomenon, is one of the possible forms of highlighting the contradiction, arising on the basis of which it gains power content. In this case, the conflict characterizes the clash of interests of interacting social subjects aimed at satisfying certain needs that have a certain value for them.

Based on the foregoing, by social conflict we understand the confrontation of two or more subjects, due to the opposition (incompatibility) of their interests, needs and value systems. As a rule, confrontation is based on certain social norms: legal, moral, religious and others.

Social conflicts in modern Russian society are organically linked to its transitional state and the contradictions that underlie conflicts. The roots of some of them lie in the past, but they get their main aggravation in the process of transition to market relations.

The formation of new social groups, a class of entrepreneurs and owners, growing inequality, become the basis for the emergence of new conflicts. A new social contradiction is being formed in society between the elite, representing various groups of new owners, and a huge mass of people who have been removed from property and from power. Conflicts in modern conditions are sharp and often use violence. Based on the deepening of the crisis state of society, leading to clashes of various forces and communities, social contradictions are aggravated and their result is social conflicts Adorno T. Introduction to sociology. - M.: Praxis, 2010. - 384 p.

Conflicts are formed in various spheres of society and are usually referred to as political, socio-economic, spiritual, national, etc. All of them belong to the category of social conflict, which is understood as any kind of struggle and confrontation between communities and social forces Adorno T. Introduction to sociology. - M.: Praxis, 2010. - 384 p.

The analysis of social conflicts will be incomplete if, at least briefly, we do not consider the main types and forms of the conflict. In modern conditions, in essence, each sphere of public life gives rise to its own specific types of social conflicts. Therefore, we can talk about political, national-ethnic, economic, cultural and other types of conflicts.

Political conflict is a conflict over the distribution of power, dominance, influence, authority. This conflict can be covert or open. For example, the struggle between the executive and legislative branches. It should be noted that there is nothing unnatural in the confrontation between the executive and legislative branches. According to the very conditions of their existence, certain contradictions of goals and interests are laid between them. However, this contradiction turns into a conflict only with a certain combination of objective and subjective factors. A prominent place in modern life is occupied by national-ethnic conflicts - conflicts based on the struggle for the rights and interests of ethnic and national groups. Most often, these are conflicts related to status or territorial claims. Socio-economic conflicts play an important role in modern life, that is, conflicts over the means of subsistence, the level of wages, the use of professional and intellectual potential, the level of prices for various benefits, and real access to these benefits and other resources. They are stimulated by the transition of the national economy. countries on a market footing and the related struggle for the redistribution of property between various social groups of the population, the impoverishment of large sections of the population, the restructuring of the economy and the associated hidden or open mass unemployment, etc. The subjective factor also plays a significant role in this conflict: distortions in the implementation of reforms, mistakes in tax policy, bureaucratic perversions in government institutions, etc. Volkov Yu.E. Sociology. M.: Dashkov i Ko, 2010. 400 p.

Social conflicts in various spheres of public life can proceed in the form of intra-institutional and organizational norms and procedures: discussions, requests, adoption of declarations, laws, etc. The most striking form of conflict expression is various kinds of mass actions. These mass actions are realized in the form of presentation of demands to the authorities by dissatisfied social groups, in the mobilization of public opinion in support of their demands or alternative programs, in direct actions of social protest. In conclusion, it should be emphasized that since conflicts are inevitable in our lives, we need to learn how to manage them, strive to ensure that they lead to the least costs for society and the individuals involved in them.

Like any social phenomenon, conflict should be viewed as a process that has certain periods and stages during which it arises, develops and is resolved. In modern science, there are several options for determining the dynamics of social conflicts. According to A.S. Karmina, dynamic indicators are: 1) pre-conflict situation, 2) incident, 3) escalation, 4) climax, 5) conflict resolution, 6) post-conflict situation Vertakova, Yu.V. allowance for universities / Yu. V. Vertakova, O. V. Sogacheva. - M.: KNORUS, 2009. - 336 p..

Ways and means of regulating social conflicts depend on the characteristics of their occurrence and course. P. Sorokin rightly pointed out the connection between the conflict and the satisfaction of people's needs. In his opinion, the source of conflict lies in the suppression of the basic needs of people, without which they cannot exist. First of all, the need for food, clothing, housing, self-preservation, self-expression. At the same time, not only these needs are important, but also the means of satisfying them, access to relevant activities, which is due to the social organization of society Vertakova, Yu.V. allowance for universities / Yu. V. Vertakova, O. V. Sogacheva. - M.: KNORUS, 2009. - 336 p..

In this regard, the determination of ways to resolve conflicts should be based on knowledge of the priority needs, interests and goals of people in certain periods of the development of society.

The best way to regulate social conflict is its prevention, the ability to act preventively. It is necessary to know and be able to observe such phenomena that could be called indicators of the conflict. Among them: disobedience, tension, dissatisfaction of employees, a decrease in the main indicators of production activity, an increase in the number of complaints, absenteeism, violations of discipline, dismissals.

In the production team, special mechanisms for tracking such social indicators can be introduced. For example, in Japan for this purpose they use quality circles, attention services, working mood, a helpline and even a rubber dummy of an administrator. sociological knowledge social conflict

In the context of growing social tension, knowledge of its indicators makes it possible to skillfully avoid giving rise to an incident from which a conflict begins. As an incident, such circumstances as a sharp change in the external situation, provoking the actions of one of the conflicting parties, the emergence of disputable situations can act. Most often, ill-conceived actions of the administration associated with innovations, unsuccessful personnel decisions act as an incident.

Deep and complex processes in modern Russian society - a social crisis, the transformation of the social structure, political and spiritual changes, social conflicts - are taking place in a society in transition.

Conflicts cover all spheres of life in Russian society. The most dangerous are conflicts in the political sphere, especially in the sphere of power, socio-economic and interethnic relations. Understanding their nature, causes of occurrence and development will help to develop rules of conduct and ways to resolve the warring parties by mutual consent. Integrity of the Russian state, stability in society acquire priority importance in the methods of conflict regulation Volkov Yu.E. Sociology. Moscow: Dashkov i Ko, 2010. 400 p.

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution

higher professional education

VLADIMIR STATE UNIVERSITY

Department of Sociology.

Social conflicts in modern Russia

Performed:

Student of the PMI-106 group

Travkova Tatiana

accepted:

Shchitko Vladimir Sergeevich

Vladimir

Introduction

1. The concept of social conflict

1.1 Stages of the conflict

1.2 Causes of the conflict

1.3 Acuity of the conflict

1.4 Duration of the conflict

1.5 Consequences of social conflict

2. Contemporary social conflicts in Russia

2.1 An example of contemporary social conflict

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Each person throughout his life repeatedly encounters conflicts of various kinds. We want to achieve something, but the goal is difficult to achieve. We experience failure and are ready to blame the people around us for not being able to achieve the desired goal. And those around us - whether they are relatives or those with whom we work together, believe that we ourselves are to blame for our own failure. Either the goal was incorrectly formulated by us, or the means to achieve it were chosen unsuccessfully, or we could not correctly assess the current situation and the circumstances prevented us. Mutual misunderstanding arises, which gradually develops into discontent, an atmosphere of dissatisfaction, socio-psychological tension and conflict is created.

The clash of points of view, opinions, positions is a very frequent occurrence in industrial and social life. We can say that such conflicts exist everywhere - in the family, at work, at school. To develop the right line of conduct in various conflict situations, it is very useful to know what conflicts are and how people come to an agreement.

Knowledge of conflicts increases the culture of communication and makes a person's life not only calmer, but also more stable psychologically.

Conflicts between individuals are most often based on emotions and personal animosity, while intergroup conflict is usually faceless, although outbreaks of personal animosity are also possible.

The emerging conflict process is difficult to stop. This is explained by the fact that the conflict has a cumulative nature, i.e. every aggressive action leads to a response or retribution, and more powerful than the original.

The conflict is escalating and involves more and more people. A simple grudge can eventually lead to acts of cruelty towards one's opponents. Cruelty in social conflict is sometimes mistakenly attributed to sadism and the natural inclinations of people, but most often it is committed by ordinary people who find themselves in extraordinary situations. Conflict processes can force people into roles in which they should be violent. So, soldiers (as a rule, ordinary young people) on the territory of the enemy do not spare the civilian population, or in the course of interethnic hostility, ordinary civilians can commit extremely cruel acts.

Difficulties arising in extinguishing and localizing conflicts require a thorough analysis of the entire conflict, establishing its possible causes and consequences.

1. The concept of social conflict

Conflict is a clash of opposing goals, positions, views of the subjects of interaction. At the same time, the conflict is the most important side of the interaction of people in society, a kind of cell of social life. This is a form of relationship between potential or actual subjects of social action, the motivation of which is due to opposing values and norms, interests and needs.

The essential side of social conflict is that these subjects operate within the framework of some wider system of connections, which is modified (strengthened or destroyed) under the influence of the conflict.

If interests are multidirectional and opposite, then their opposition will be found in a mass of very different assessments; they themselves will find a “field of collision” for themselves, while the degree of rationality of the claims put forward will be very conditional and limited. It is likely that at each of the stages of the development of the conflict, it will be concentrated at a certain point of intersection of interests.

The situation is more complicated with national-ethnic conflicts. In different regions of the former USSR, these conflicts had a different mechanism of occurrence. For the Baltic States, the problem of state sovereignty was of particular importance, for the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict the territorial status issue of Nagorno-Karabakh, for Tajikistan - inter-clan relations.

Political conflict means moving to a higher level of complexity. Its emergence is associated with consciously formulated goals aimed at the redistribution of power. For this, it is necessary to single out, on the basis of the general dissatisfaction of the social or national-ethnic stratum, a special group of people - representatives of the new generation of the political elite. The embryos of this layer have been formed in recent decades in the form of insignificant, but very active and purposeful, dissident and human rights groups that openly opposed the established political regime and embarked on the path of self-sacrifice for the sake of a socially significant idea and a new system of values. Under the conditions of perestroika, past human rights activities became a kind of political capital, which made it possible to speed up the process of forming a new political elite.

Contradictions permeate all spheres of society - economic, political, social, spiritual. The aggravation of certain contradictions creates "zones of crisis". The crisis manifests itself in a sharp increase in social tension, which often develops into a conflict.

The conflict is associated with people's awareness of the contradictions of their interests (as members of certain social groups) with the interests of other subjects. Aggravated contradictions give rise to open or closed conflicts.

Most sociologists believe that the existence of a society without conflicts is impossible, because conflict is an integral part of people's being, the source of changes taking place in society. Conflict makes social relations more mobile. The population quickly abandons the usual norms of behavior and activities that previously satisfied them. The stronger the social conflict, the more noticeable its influence on the course of social processes and the pace of their implementation. Conflict in the form of competition encourages creativity, innovation and ultimately promotes progressive development, making societies more resilient, dynamic and receptive to progress.

The sociology of conflict proceeds from the fact that conflict is a normal phenomenon of social life, the identification and development of conflict as a whole is a useful and necessary thing. Society, power structures and individual citizens will achieve more effective results in their actions if they follow certain rules aimed at resolving the conflict.

1.1 Stages of the conflict

The analysis of conflicts should be started from the elementary, simplest level, from the origins of conflict relations. Traditionally, it begins with a structure of needs, a set of which is specific to each individual and social group. All these needs can be divided into five main types:

1. physical needs (food, material well-being, etc.);

2. security needs;

3. social needs (communication, contacts, interaction);

4. the need to achieve prestige, knowledge, respect, a certain level of competence;

5. higher needs for self-expression, self-affirmation.

All human behavior can be simplified as a series of elementary acts, each of which begins with an imbalance due to the emergence of a need and a goal that is significant for the individual, and ends with the restoration of balance and the achievement of the goal. Any intervention (or circumstance) that creates an obstacle, a break in a person's already begun or planned action, is called a blockade.

In the event of a blockade, an individual or social group is required to reassess the situation, make a decision under conditions of uncertainty, set new goals and adopt a new plan of action.

In such a situation, each person tries to avoid the blockade, looking for workarounds, new effective actions, as well as the causes of the blockade. Meeting with an insurmountable difficulty in satisfying a need can be attributed to frustration, which is usually associated with tension, displeasure, turning into irritation and anger.

The reaction to frustration can develop in two directions - it can be either retreat or aggression.

Retreat is the avoidance of frustration by short-term or long-term refusal to satisfy a certain need. Retreats can be of two types:

1) restraint - a state in which an individual refuses to satisfy any need out of fear;

2) suppression - avoiding the realization of goals under the influence of external coercion, when frustration is driven deep and can at any moment come out in the form of aggression.

Aggression can be directed at another person or group of people if they are the cause of frustration. At the same time, aggression is social in nature and is accompanied by states of anger, hostility, and hatred. Aggressive social actions cause an aggressive response and from that moment social conflict begins.

Thus, for the emergence of social conflict it is necessary: firstly, that the cause of frustration is the behavior of other people; secondly, in order to have a response to aggressive social action.