Report on the topic of hydraulic structures. Hydraulic structures: what is it, general standards for design and calculation

Hydraulic structures(HTS) - a type of engineering structures designed to provide various types of water use (water use) and / or to combat the harmful effects of water by influencing the regime and properties of natural water bodies and the water contained in them.

The first hydraulic structures

The construction of the first hydraulic structures dates back to the epoch of the 4th and 3rd millennia BC. e., to the era of the Sumerian civilization. Having settled in Mesopotamia, they gradually mastered irrigation, navigation and navigation along rivers and canals. The Iturungal and I-nina-gena canals, Arakhtu, Apkallatu and Me-Enlila canals, Zubi canal were built. The appearance of the first irrigation systems relatively early formed the economic basis for the emergence of an extensive system of economic relations in Mesopotamia. The construction of canals also resulted in the construction of new cities on their banks, which became the economic, political and cultural centers of the Sumerians. There is a legend that the destruction of Babylon in the 7th century. BC e. by the Assyrian king Sennacherib was produced with the help of a specially created, and then lowered (by destroying the dam) reservoir on the Euphrates.

In Europe, the first reservoirs, as far as can be judged from the available data, appeared even before our era. So, in Spain, presumably in the II century. BC e. on the river Albarregas built the Carnalbo dam with a reservoir with a volume of 10 million m 3 (still exists). Probably, in this era, reservoirs were created in Greece, Italy, Southern France and other Mediterranean countries, but we do not have specific information about them. Indirectly, this can be judged, for example, by the surviving remains of hydraulic structures in the area of Rome. Retaining structures were erected in the 1st millennium AD. e. in connection with the construction of mills and for irrigation. In Gaul, the first mills appeared in the 3rd-4th centuries; so, near the city of Arles, the remains of a complex of 16 mills have been preserved. The construction of mill dams gained wide scope in the 8th-9th and especially in the 12th-13th centuries. The reservoirs formed by mill dams, of course, had a small volume and, according to the modern classification of artificial reservoirs, they can be attributed for the most part to ponds. Larger reservoirs in Europe appeared later, with the development of ore mining, metal processing, sawmilling, etc.

Significant waterworks were built by the Aztecs, Mayans and Incas in pre-Columbian America. Several reservoirs for collecting meltwater existed at the foot of the Andes, such as, for example, a reservoir in the Nepeña Valley, 1.2 km long and 0.8 km wide. Many dams for water intake were built by the Maya people; the reservoir near the ancient city of Tikal is well known. For the water supply of the Mayan cities, numerous open reservoirs were built with an impervious bottom coating; some of them survived until the 19th century. The Aztecs built hydraulic structures, grandiose at that time, for example, the 16 km long Netzoualcoyotl dam, which divided the lake. Texcoco formed the Mexico City Reservoir. The Spanish conquistadors destroyed most of the ancient hydraulic structures of the Aztecs, Incas, Mayans. Similar structures created by the Spaniards were often inferior in complexity and size to the former ones. Nevertheless, some large reservoirs were built during this period: Zhururia with a volume of 220 million m 3 and a mirror area of 96 km 2 (still in use) and Chalviri with a volume of 3 million m 3 for water supply to the silver mines in Potosi.

Russia is rich in water, so in ancient times there was no need for hydraulic structures. However, from the X-XI centuries. water and sewer systems were built in cities. And since the rivers were used as communication routes, there were often canals that straightened the bends - called forgive. Such channels, which have acquired a completely natural look over the centuries, exist in different places to this day. The oldest hydrotechnical project on the Volga was the expansion and deepening of the channel in the area of Lake Sterzh (the Volga is a small stream here) to ensure the pilotage of ships in the river. Paul and further to Novgorod.

Since ancient times, hydraulic power plants - water mills - have become widespread. They often set in motion not only flour-grinding mechanisms, but also sawmills, metallurgical and other industries, still retaining the name of the mills (“saw mills”, etc.). The device of the mills involved the construction of a dam blocking the river, which was forbidden on navigable rivers (according to the Council Code of 1649 - “so that the ship’s course is not adopted along those rivers”), however, the abundance of small rivers that are not suitable for use as means of communication opened up great opportunities to use their water energy. There were water mills in the XVIII-XIX centuries. very many, they were such a familiar attribute of life and landscapes that statisticians and geographers simply did not notice them in their descriptions. In the second half of the XIX century. the shallowing of the Volga began to threaten Russia with the loss of its main communication route, "the artery of the Russian land." And the reason for shallowing was definitely called not only the reduction of forests and plowing of land in its basin, but also the destruction after the reforms of 1861 of tens of thousands of mill ponds. Despite this, at the beginning of the twentieth century. in the Volga basin there were 13,326 hydropower plants, and in terms of their total capacity, Russia, according to GOELRO, ranked third in the world after the United States and Canada.

Large-scale hydrotechnical construction began under Peter I - the Vyshnevolotsk shipping system was built to supply St. Petersburg with bread from the Volga. It included canals, dams, shipping locks. Since the beginning of the XIX century. up to the railway "boom" of the 1860s-1880s. the construction of navigable hydraulic systems was extremely active. Then the Volga, in addition to the Vyshnevolotsk shipping system, received two more connections with St. Petersburg: the Tikhvin (1811) and Mariinsky (1810) systems (the latter acquired dominant importance from the middle of the 19th century). A canal named after Duke Alexander of Württemberg (now the North Dvina Canal) was built, connecting the Volga with the Northern Dvina (1825–1829); the North Catherine system was completed (the connection between the Kama and the Northern Dvina through the Vychegda River); the construction of the Ivanovsky Canal, begun and abandoned by Peter I in 1711 due to the loss of the Azov Canal (connection of the Oka with the Don), was resumed; a connection between the Volga and Moscow was built along the rivers Sestra and Istra and the canal between them; connections between the Dnieper and the Western Dvina (Berezinskaya system), Neman (Oginskaya system) and Vistula (Dnieper-Bugskaya system) were built. Connections of the Kama with the Irtysh, the Volga with the Don in the Tsaritsyn region, etc. were designed.

Since both in cargo transportation and in the cares of the government, the Mariinsky system (the current Volga-Baltic Canal) from the middle of the 19th century. dominated, over a century of its repairs and reconstructions, several generations of engineers developed optimal types of wooden hydraulic structures - dams and locks of the "Russian" or "Mariinsky" type.

In the XVIII-XIX centuries. Russia developed trade and military ports in the Baltic, Black and White Seas. In connection with these, large protective and mooring structures were built.

HTS classification

According to the modern classification, hydraulic structures can be divided into the following types and types:

AT depending on the water body on which the hydraulic structures are located, they can be river, lake, sea.

By location relative to the earth's surface Distinguish between ground and underground hydraulic structures.

AT according to the provided types of water use hydrotechnical structures are divided into hydromeliorative (drainage, water supply, irrigation), water transport, hydropower, fisheries, for water supply and sanitation, for the use of water resources, for sports purposes, etc.

By the nature of interaction with the water body There are water-retaining, water-conducting, regulatory, water intake and spillway hydraulic structures.

Water-retaining structures, supporting the watercourse, create a pressure or a difference in water levels in the watercourse in front of the structure and behind it and perceive the water pressure resulting from the occurrence of pressure. These are, first of all, dams - structures that block river channels (and often upstream parts of river valleys) in order to raise the water level (for example, for the needs of navigation) or create a reserve volume of water in a reservoir (pond, reservoir). Retaining dams can be protective dams that enclose the coastal area and prevent its flooding during floods, tides, surges and storms on the seas and lakes. Retaining structures are also run-of-river buildings of hydroelectric power stations, shipping locks, and some water intake structures.

Water supply structures (water conduits) serve to transfer water (its supply or discharge) from one point to another. These are channels, tunnels (hydrotechnical), trays, pipelines.

designed to purposefully influence the conditions of the flow of watercourses, protect their channels and river banks from erosion, sedimentation, ice exposure, etc. ), structures that regulate the movement of ice and floating bodies (sinks, ice-protective walls, ice cutters, etc.).

Water intake (water intake) structures are arranged to take water from a water source and direct it to a water conduit. They are usually equipped with devices that protect water supply facilities from ice, sludge, sediment, floating bodies, etc.

Spillway structures (spillways) are used to release (“discharge”) excess water from reservoirs, canals, pressure basins, etc. They can be channel and coastal, surface and deep, allowing partial or complete emptying of reservoirs. To control the amount of released (discharged) water, spillways are often equipped with hydraulic gates.

By appointment A distinction is made between general hydraulic structures that provide all types (or several types) of water use, and special ones, erected for any one type of water use.

General-purpose hydraulic structures include all water-retaining and spillway structures and, in part, water supply, regulation and water intake structures - if they are not part of special-purpose structures.

The following are among the special (sectoral) hydraulic structures:

In some cases, general and special hydraulic structures can be combined: for example, a spillway is placed in the building of a hydroelectric power plant, a hydroelectric power plant is placed in the body of a spillway dam (“combined hydroelectric power station”), a shipping lock can serve as a spillway, etc.

In the implementation of complex water management measures, hydraulic structures, combined functionally and located in one place, constitute complexes called nodes of hydraulic structures, or hydroelectric facilities.

At present (since January 1, 2014) there is a classification of hydraulic structures according to their degree of danger. In accordance with it, all hydraulic structures are divided into four classes: low, medium, high and extremely high danger.

Depending on the class, the degree of reliability of hydraulic structures is assigned, i.e. reserves of their strength and stability, the estimated maximum water consumption, the quality of building materials, etc. are established.

Hydraulic structures differ from all civil and industrial buildings in that they are affected by water flow, ice, sediment, and other factors. These effects can be mechanical (static and hydrodynamic loads, removal of soil particles by filtration flow (suffusion), etc.), physical and chemical (abrasion of surfaces, corrosion of metals, concrete), biological (rotting of wooden structures, wear of wood by living organisms, etc.). ).

In addition, unlike civil and industrial buildings, the conditions for the construction of hydraulic structures are complicated by the need to pass through the riverbed and unfinished structures during their construction (usually several years) the so-called construction costs of the river, as well as ice, rafted timber, ships, etc. .

A feature of the maintenance and functioning of hydraulic structures in the Russian Federation is their fragmentation according to departmental and sectoral affiliation and forms of ownership. So, according to the total book value, agriculture owns 29% of all hydraulic structures, industry - 27%, housing and communal services - 20%, hydropower - about 15%, water transport - about 6%, fisheries - 2%, on the balance sheet of the structures of the Federal Agency for Water resources - less than 2%. In addition, out of 29.4 thousand pressure hydraulic structures, 1931 objects (7%) belong to federal property, 7675 objects (26%) - to regional property, 16087 objects (54%) - to municipal property, about 4 thousand objects (13%) are ownerless.

Yu.V. Bogatyryova, A.A. Belyakov

In accordance with Article 4 of the Federal Law "On the Safety of Hydraulic Structures", the Government of the Russian Federation decides:

1. Establish that hydraulic structures are divided into the following classes:

I class - hydraulic structures of extremely high danger;

Class II - high-risk hydraulic structures;

III class - hydraulic structures of medium danger;

Class IV - hydraulic structures of low danger.

2. Approve the attached criteria for the classification of hydraulic structures.

3. Establish that if a hydraulic structure, in accordance with the criteria approved by this resolution, can be assigned to different classes, such a hydraulic structure belongs to the highest of them.

Criteria for the classification of hydraulic structures
(approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 2, 2013 No. 986)

1. Classes of hydraulic structures depending on their height and type of foundation soil:

Hydraulic structure	Foundation soil type	Height of the hydraulic structure (meters)
Hydraulic structure	Foundation soil type	I class	II class	III class	IV class
1. Dams made of earth materials	BUT	over 80	from 50 to 80	from 20 to 50	less than 20
	B	over 65	from 35 to 65	from 15 to 35	less than 15
	AT	more than 50	from 25 to 50	from 15 to 25	less than 15
2. Concrete, reinforced concrete dams; underwater structures of hydroelectric buildings; shipping locks; ship lifts and other structures involved in the creation of a pressure front	BUT	over 100	from 60 to 100	from 25 to 60	less than 25
	B	more than 50	from 25 to 50	10 to 25	less than 10
	AT	over 25	from 20 to 25	10 to 20	less than 10
3. Retaining walls	BUT	over 40	from 25 to 40	from 15 to 25	less than 15
	B	over 30	20 to 30	12 to 20	less than 12
	AT	over 25	from 18 to 25	10 to 18	less than 10
4. Marine berthing facilities of the main purpose	A B C	over 25	from 20 to 25	less than 20	-
5. Marine in-port protective structures; coastal fortifications; jet guides and sediment-retaining dams and others	A B C	-	over 15	15 or less	-
6. Fencing structures of liquid waste storage facilities	A B C	more than 50	from 20 to 50	10 to 20	less than 10
7. Protective structures; ice protection structures	A B C	over 25	from 5 to 25	less than 5	-
8. Dry and liquid docks; bulk dock chambers	BUT	-	over 15	15 or less	-
8. Dry and liquid docks; bulk dock chambers	B, C	-	over 10	10 or less	-

Notes: 1. Soils are divided into: A - rock; B - sandy, coarse-grained and clayey in solid and semi-solid state; B - clay water-saturated in a plastic state.

2. The height of a hydraulic structure and the assessment of its foundation are determined according to the design documentation.

3. In positions 4 and 7, instead of the height of the hydraulic structure, the depth of the base of the hydraulic structure is taken.

2. Classes of hydraulic structures depending on their purpose and operating conditions:

Hydraulic structure
1. Retaining hydraulic structures of reclamation hydroelectric facilities with the volume of the reservoir, mln. m:
over 1000	I
from 200 to 1000	II
from 50 to 200	III
50 or less	IV
2. Hydraulic structures of hydraulic, pumped storage, tidal and thermal power plants with installed capacity, MW:
over 1000	I
from 300 to 1000	II
from 10 to 300	III
10 or less	IV
3. Hydraulic structures of nuclear power plants, regardless of power	I
4. Hydraulic structures and navigable channels on inland waterways (except for hydraulic structures of river ports):
superhighway	II
main and local importance	III
5. Hydraulic structures of reclamation systems with an area of irrigation and drainage serviced by structures, thousand hectares:
over 300	I
from 100 to 300	II
from 50 to 100	III
50 or less	IV
6. Canals of complex water management purpose and hydraulic structures on them with a total annual volume of water supply, million cubic meters. m:
over 200	I
from 100 to 200	II
from 20 to 100	III
less than 20	IV
7. Marine protective hydraulic structures and hydraulic structures of sea channels, seaports with the volume of cargo turnover and the number of ship calls to navigation:
over 6 million tons of dry cargo (over 12 million tons of liquid cargo) and over 800 ship calls	I
from 1.5 to 6 million tons of dry cargo (from 6 to 12 million tons of liquid cargo) and from 600 to 800 ship calls	II
less than 1.5 million tons of dry cargo (less than 6 million tons of liquid cargo) and less than 600 ship calls	III
8. Marine protective hydraulic structures and hydraulic structures of marine shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises and bases, depending on the class of the enterprise	II, III
9. Fencing hydraulic structures of river ports, shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises	III
10. Hydraulic structures of river ports with an average daily cargo turnover (conv. tons) and passenger turnover (conv. passengers):
over 15000 conv. tons and over 2000 conv. passengers (port category 1)	III
3501 - 15000 arb. tons and 501 - 2000 conv. passengers (port category 2)	III
751 - 3500 conv. tons and 201 - 500 conv. passengers (port category 3)	III
750 and less conventional. tons and 200 and less conventional units. passengers (port category 4)	IV
11. Offshore berthing hydraulic structures, hydraulic structures of railway crossings, lighter-carrying system with cargo turnover, million tons:
over 0.5	II
0.5 or less	III
12. Berthing hydraulic structures for sludge, inter-voyage repairs and supply of ships	III
13. Berthing hydraulic structures of shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises for ships with an empty displacement, thousand tons:
over 3.5	II
3.5 or less	III
14. Construction and lifting-launching hydraulic structures for ships with a launching weight, thousand tons:
over 30	I
from 3.5 to 30	II
3.5 or less	III
15. Stationary hydraulic structures of aids to navigation	I
16. Temporary hydraulic structures used at the stages of construction, reconstruction and overhaul of permanent hydraulic structures	IV
17. Bank protection hydraulic structures	III

Notes: 1. The class of hydraulic structures of hydraulic and thermal power plants with an installed capacity of less than 1000 MW, indicated in position 2, is increased by one if the power plants are isolated from energy systems.

2. The class of hydraulic structures indicated in position 6 is increased by one for canals transporting water to arid regions in conditions of complex mountainous terrain.

3. The class of hydraulic structures of the canal section from the head water intake to the first regulating reservoir, as well as the canal sections between the regulating reservoirs, provided for in position 6, is reduced by one if the water supply to the main water consumer during the period of liquidation of the consequences of an accident on the canal can be provided at the expense of the regulating reservoirs or other sources.

4. The class of hydraulic structures of river ports specified in position 10 is increased by one if damage to hydraulic structures of river ports can lead to emergencies of a federal, interregional and regional nature.

5. The class of hydraulic structures indicated in positions 13 and 14 is increased by one, depending on the complexity of ships under construction or repair.

6. The class of hydraulic structures specified in position 16 is increased by one if damage to such hydraulic structures can lead to an emergency.

7. The class of hydraulic structures specified in position 17 is increased by one in the event that damage to bank-protecting hydraulic structures can lead to emergencies of a federal, interregional and regional nature.

3. Classes of protective hydraulic structures, depending on the maximum pressure on the water-retaining structure:

Protected areas and objects	Maximum design head (meters)
Protected areas and objects	I class	II class	III class	IV class
1. Residential areas (settlements) with a density of housing stock on the territory of possible partial or complete destruction in the event of an accident at a water-retaining structure, 1 sq. m per 1 ha:
over 2500	over 5	3 to 5	until 3	-
from 2100 to 2500	over 8	5 to 8	2 to 5	up to 2
from 1800 to 2100	over 10	8 to 10	5 to 8	up to 5
less than 1800	over 15	10 to 15	8 to 10	up to 8
2. Objects of health-improving, recreational and sanitary purposes (not included in position 1)	-	over 15	10 to 15	less than 10
3. Objects with a total annual production volume and (or) the cost of a one-time stored product, billion rubles:
over 5	over 5	2 to 5	up to 2	-
1 to 5	over 8	3 to 8	2 to 3	up to 2
less than 1	over 8	5 to 8	3 to 5	until 3
4. Monuments of culture and nature	over 3	until 3	-	-

4. Classes of hydraulic structures depending on the consequences of possible hydrodynamic accidents:

Hydraulic structure class	Number of permanent residents who may be affected by an accident of a hydraulic structure (persons)	The number of people whose living conditions may be violated in the event of an accident of a hydraulic structure (persons)	The amount of possible material damage without taking into account the losses of the owner of the hydraulic structure (million rubles)	Characteristics of the territory of distribution of an emergency situation resulting from an accident of a hydraulic structure
I	over 3000	over 20000	over 5000	within the territory of two or more subjects of the Russian Federation
II	from 500 to 3000	from 2000 to 20000	from 1000 to 5000	within the territory of one subject of the Russian Federation (two or more municipalities)
III	up to 500	before 2000	from 100 to 1000	within the territory of one municipality
IV	-	-	less than 100	within the territory of one business entity

Document overview

Criteria for the classification of hydraulic structures have been established.

4 classes of their danger are allocated: I class - constructions of extremely high danger; II class - high danger; III class - medium danger; Class IV - hydraulic structures of low danger.

The classification is made depending on the height of hydraulic structures and the type of soil of their bases, the purpose and operating conditions, the maximum pressure on the water-retaining structures and the consequences of possible hydrodynamic accidents.

If a hydraulic structure can be attributed to different classes, it is assigned the highest of them.

Note that taking into account the class, measures are determined to ensure the safety of a hydraulic structure.

Of course, the main elements of a hydraulic structure are a land plot and a water body. In this case, the hydraulic structure acts as a land user and water user.

The legal regime of land plots occupied by hydraulic structures is regulated by Chapter XVI of the Land Code of the Russian Federation “Lands of industry, energy, transport, communications, radio broadcasting, television, informatics, land for space activities, land for defense, security and land for other special purposes”. According to Art. 87 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, these lands are used to ensure the activities of organizations and (or) the operation of industrial facilities, energy, etc. These lands, in order to ensure the safety of the population and create the necessary conditions for the operation of industrial facilities, energy, etc., may include security, sanitary protection and other zones with special conditions for land use. Land plots included in such zones are not confiscated from the owners of land plots, land users, land owners and tenants of land plots, but a special regime for their use may be introduced within their boundaries, restricting or prohibiting those types of activities that are incompatible with the goals of establishing zones.

Industrial and other special-purpose lands occupied by facilities assigned to the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation are federal property. Other lands may be owned by subjects of the Russian Federation, municipalities. From here you can draw a conclusion that if a hydraulic structure is privately owned, then the land plot occupied by it may be privately owned by individuals (citizens) and legal entities.

Article 89 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation is devoted to energy lands. These include lands that are used or intended to support the activities of organizations and (or) the operation of energy facilities. We are talking about the placement of hydroelectric power stations, their facilities and facilities, overhead power lines, substations, distribution points, other structures and energy facilities. To ensure the activities of organizations and the operation of energy facilities, security zones of electrical networks can be established. The rules for determining the size of land plots for the placement of overhead power lines and communication line supports serving electrical networks are established by legal acts of the Government of the Russian Federation.

The question of the fate of the land plot and the property is debatable. According to I. D. Kuzmina, the legal registration of the fate of these two objects should be carried out within the framework of civil, and not land legislation. Meanwhile, according to par. 5 p. 1 art. 1 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, one of the principles of land legislation is the unity of the fate of land plots and objects firmly associated with them. This principle is supplemented by the provisions of art. 273 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, by virtue of which, upon transfer of ownership of a building and structure owned by the owner of the land plot on which it is located, the rights to the land plot, determined by agreement of the parties, are transferred to the purchaser of the building (structure). In this way, in our opinion, intersectoral (complex) regulation of these social relations is achieved.

Hydraulic structures, as a rule, are associated with the operation of water bodies. Article 1 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation defines a water body as a concentration of water on the surface of the land in the forms of its relief or in the bowels, which has boundaries, volume and features of the water regime. Depending on the physical-geographical, hydro-regime and other features, water bodies are divided into: surface water bodies; inland sea waters; territorial sea of the Russian Federation; underground water bodies. Hydraulic structures are mainly associated with surface water bodies. Surface water bodies - a permanent or temporary concentration of water on the land surface in the forms of its relief, which has boundaries, volume and features of the water regime. They consist of surface waters, bottom and coasts. Surface water bodies are divided into: surface watercourses and reservoirs on them; surface water bodies; glaciers and snowfields.

Surface watercourses are surface water bodies, the waters of which are in a state of continuous movement. These include rivers and reservoirs on them, streams, channels of inter-basin redistribution and integrated use of water resources.

Surface water bodies are surface water bodies, the waters of which are in a state of slow water exchange. These include lakes, reservoirs, swamps and ponds. Isolated water bodies (closed water bodies) are small and stagnant artificial water bodies that do not have a hydraulic connection with other surface water bodies. They belong to real estate and are an integral part of the land. Therefore, the provisions of water legislation apply to isolated water bodies to the extent that this does not contradict civil law.

In Russia, federal ownership of water bodies has been established. Municipal and private ownership is allowed only for isolated water bodies. Separate water bodies can be owned by municipalities, citizens and legal entities in accordance with civil law. In particular, art. 13 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation classifies isolated water bodies as immovable things.

Federally owned water bodies are provided to citizens or legal entities for long-term and short-term use, depending on the purpose of use, resource potential and the ecological state of water bodies. The right of short-term use of a water body is established for a period of up to three years, the right of long-term use - from three to twenty-five years.

Among the purposes of using water bodies, the Water Code of the Russian Federation (Article 85) identifies the following: a) for industry and energy; b) for hydropower. Article 137 of the Code is devoted to the use of water bodies for industry and energy, art. 139 - for hydropower.

So, hydraulic structures are objects of real estate. In turn, the signs of real estate are enshrined in Art. 130 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and were developed in the science of civil law. So, I. D. Kuzmina highlights the following features of real estate objects: 1) man-made origin; 2) a strong connection with another independent real estate object - a land plot; 3) complex internal structure; 4) the need for constant maintenance and repair for its intended use; 5) constant "consumption" and "processing" of raw materials and energy resources, water in the process of operation and simultaneous "ejection" of waste, wastewater outside. At the same time, it is noted that a strong connection with the earth is a common systemic feature of immovable things.

Hydraulic structures act as real estate objects as enterprises if they fully comply with the characteristics of the enterprise enshrined in the legislation. According to Art. 132 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation enterprise a property complex used for entrepreneurial activities is recognized as an object of rights. The enterprise as a whole as a property complex is recognized as real estate.

Therefore, one of the signs of the enterprise is the commercial orientation of use. Hence the conclusion follows: if a hydraulic structure as an object of civil rights is not used for entrepreneurial activities, then such a property complex from the standpoint of Art. 132 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation cannot be recognized as an enterprise.

Of course, one can criticize the provision of the Code, pointing out that the sign of a commercial orientation for characterizing an enterprise as an object of civil rights should not be considered as mandatory. But, as they say, the law (even imperfect) must be fulfilled.

The enterprise is not a thing or a complicated thing; it is a collection of assets. The enterprise is a special object of civil rights, and therefore it would be advisable to supplement Art. 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation by the norm on the enterprise.

Having recognized an enterprise as real estate, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation does not automatically subordinate it to all general rules on real estate, but establishes a more formalized and strict regime for transactions with enterprises. At the same time, the legislator does not recognize, as a rule, the dual nature of the enterprise: as an object of law (property complex), and as a subject of entrepreneurial activity. The term "enterprise" as a business entity is used only in relation to unitary enterprises. This conclusion fully applies to hydraulic structures.

For the characteristics of hydraulic structures, their type, year of commencement of construction, year of commissioning, book value, percentage of wear, building volume, maximum height, length, maximum width along the base, the presence of landslide areas, tectonic and deformation disturbances in the bases and coastal junctions, as well as the minimum elevation of the crest of water-retaining structures and other indicators. It is these indicators that make it possible to individualize a hydraulic structure as an object of civil law.

We consider it expedient to provide in the Law on Hydraulic Structures provisions (rules) on the passport of the HS, in which the corresponding individualizing indicators of the HS are subject to mandatory indication.

The types of production activities of hydraulic structures also have legal significance. Depending on the type of structures, these can be: a) regulation of the operating modes of water bodies (regulation of water flow); b) power generation; in) heat generation; G) water supply; e) other activities. Accordingly, the type of production activity of the HS has an impact on the formation of the legal regime of a particular hydraulic structure.

In addition to land plots and water bodies, hydraulic structures include buildings, structures, inventory, etc.

Thus, there are several directions in the legal regime of hydraulic structures. First of all, hydraulic structures are real estate objects and they are subject to the private law regime of property. This concerns the issues of the emergence and transfer of ownership, as well as its termination, the obligations of owners and organizations operating hydraulic structures. The private law regime of hydraulic structures also applies to their lease and compensation for damage caused as a result of violations of legislation on the safety of hydraulic structures. Secondly, hydraulic structures are immovable property with a special legal regime, which is manifested in the fact that most of the HS are intended for the use of water resources. In addition, HS have their intended purpose. Thirdly, being an enterprise, a hydraulic structure is subject to Art. 132 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation with all the ensuing consequences. In particular, the enterprise as a whole as a property complex is recognized as real estate. Further, the enterprise as a whole or part of it can be the object of sale, pledge, lease and other transactions related to the establishment, change and termination of property rights. In cases where a hydraulic structure is not an enterprise (since it does not pursue the goal of making a profit), it can be attributed to a property complex not intended for entrepreneurial activity. Property Complex- This is an independent type of objects of civil rights. The concepts of "property complex" and "enterprise" are related as a genus and species. The scope of application of the concept of a property complex should not be limited to the property of commercial organizations. This concept is also applied to non-profit organizations with the only difference that the property complex is not used as a general rule for entrepreneurial activities.

Along with the term "property complex", modern legislation and practice also know the term "technological complex". Thus, by a joint order of the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Economic Development, the Ministry of Property, Gosstroy dated October 30, 2001 No. 289/422/224/243, Methodological recommendations were approved on the procedure for state registration of rights to real estate objects - energy production and technological complexes of power plants and electric grid complexes. The Guidelines note that when conducting state registration of rights to such a structure and transactions with it, it is recommended to take into account that it may include heterogeneous things that form a single whole, involving their use for a general purpose and considered as one complex thing.

Technological complexes represent production systems that have a network structure. In this regard, we agree with the opinion of O. A. Grigoryeva, who proposes, in order to preserve their integrity, to fix the legal regime of these property complexes in civil legislation as a complex thing and, accordingly, amend Article 134 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in the following wording: “A complex thing is a complex of property united by a common production and economic purpose (pipelines, power lines, railways, ports, transport terminals, etc.). However, the technological complex should not be confused, in our opinion, with the property complex of the enterprise.

Hydraulic structures can be divided into separate types. Law No. 117-FZ, taking into account the intended purpose and nature of the structure, names dams, buildings of hydroelectric power plants, spillways, water outlets and water outlets, tunnels, canals, pumping stations, shipping locks, ship lifts, etc. In the special literature on the conditions for using HS, they are divided into permanent and temporary. Permanent structures are used during the operation of the facility for an unlimited time, temporary - only during the period of its construction or repair (lintels, temporary enclosing walls and dams, construction tunnels). In turn, permanent HSs are divided into primary and secondary. The main ones include structures, the repair or failure of which leads to a complete stop of the operation of the facility or significantly reduces the effect of its operation. Secondary are the HS and their separate parts, the termination of which does not entail the onset of significant consequences. The main HWs include dams, dams, spillways, water intake structures, canals, tunnels, pipelines, etc. Bank protection structures, repair gates can serve as examples of secondary HWs.

10 See: Belykh V.S. Enterprise as a property complex and business entity / / Legal Status of Business Entities / ed. V. S. Belykh. Yekaterinburg, 2002, p. 147.

11 See: Stepanov S. A. Real estate in civil law. pp. 177-178.

12 For more on this, see: Belykh V. S. Enterprise as a property complex and business entity: Monograph. M., 2005. S. 288-296.

13 Belykh V. S. Legal regulation of entrepreneurial activity: Monograph. pp.147-148.

15 Grigorieva OA Legal regulation of natural monopolies. Abstract dis. ... cand. legal Sciences. Yekaterinburg, 2003. P.7.

16 See: Waterworks: A Designer's Handbook / under gen. ed. V.P. Nedrighi. M.: Stroyizdat, 1983. P.11.

Hydraulic structures

structures designed to use water resources (rivers, lakes, seas, groundwater) or to combat the destructive effects of the water element. Depending on G.'s location with. can be sea, river, lake, pond. Distinguish also ground and underground G. of page. In accordance with the serviced branches of the water economy G. s. There are: water power, reclamation, water transport, timber rafting, fisheries, for water supply and sewerage, for the use of water resources, for the improvement of cities, for sports purposes, etc.

Distinguish G. with. general, used for almost all types of water use, and special, built for any one branch of the water management. To the general G. of page. include: water-retaining, water supply, regulatory, water intake and spillway. Water retaining structures create a pressure or difference in water levels in front of the structure and behind it. These include: dams (the most important and most common type of hydroelectric dam) that block river channels and river valleys that raise the level of water accumulated in the upstream; fencing off the coastal territory and preventing its flooding during floods and floods on rivers, during tides and storms on the seas and lakes.

Water supply structures (water conduits) serve to transfer water to specified points: canals, hydrotechnical tunnels (See Hydrotechnical tunnel), flumes (See Tray), Pipelines. Some of them, such as canals, due to the natural conditions of their location, the need to cross communication lines and ensure the safety of operation, require the construction of other G. with. block, gate, Spillway s, Shugosbros s, etc.).

Regulatory (corrective) G. with. designed to change and improve the natural conditions of the flow of watercourses and protect riverbeds and banks from erosion, sedimentation, ice, etc. , ice-guiding and ice-holding structures.

Water intake (water intake) structures are arranged to take water from a water source and direct it to a water conduit. In addition to ensuring an uninterrupted supply of water to consumers in the right amount and at the right time, they protect water supply facilities from the ingress of ice, sludge, sediment, etc.

Discharge structures are used to pass excess water from reservoirs, canals, pressure basins, etc. They can be channel and coastal, surface and deep, allowing partial or complete emptying of reservoirs. To regulate the amount of released (discharged) water, spillways are provided with hydraulic seals (See Hydraulic seal). In case of small water discharges, automatic spillways are also used, which automatically turn on when the level of the upper Beef rises above a predetermined level. These include open weirs (without gates), spillways with automatic gates, siphon spillways.

Special G. with. - structures for the use of water energy - buildings of hydroelectric stations (see hydroelectric station), penstocks, etc.; water transport structures - navigable Locks, Ship lift and, Lighthouse and, etc.. structures according to the situation of the ship's passage, boats, log launches, etc.; port facilities - Moles, Breakwaters, Piers, moorings, Docks, Ellings, Slips, etc.; ameliorative - main and distribution canals, sluice-regulators on irrigation and drainage systems; fisheries - fish passages, fish elevators, fish ponds, etc.

In a number of cases, general and special structures are combined in one complex, for example, a spillway and a hydroelectric power station building (the so-called combined hydroelectric power station) or other structures to perform several functions simultaneously. During the implementation of water management measures, G. s., United by a common goal and located in one place, make up complexes called units of G. s. or waterworks (See Waterworks). Several hydro units form water management systems, for example, energy, transport, irrigation, etc.

In accordance with their importance for the national economy of G. with. (objects of hydrotechnical construction) in the USSR are divided by capital into 5 classes. The main constants of G. of page belong to the 1st class. hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of more than 1 million kw; to the 2nd - the construction of hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of 301 thousand - 1 million cubic meters. kW, structures on super-main inland waterways (for example, on the Volga River, the Volga-Don Canal named after V. I. Lenin, etc.) and structures of river ports with a navigational cargo turnover of more than 3 million conventional t; to the 3rd and 4th classes - construction of hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of 300 thousand tons. kW and less, structures on main inland waterways and local routes, structures of river ports with a cargo turnover of 3 million conditional t and less. Temporary G. of page belong to the 5th class. Land reclamation construction objects are also divided into 5 classes according to capital size. Depending on the class in the projects, the degree of reliability of the gas pumping station is assigned, that is, the margins of their strength and stability, the estimated maximum water consumption, the quality of building materials, etc. are established. In addition, according to the capital class of G. s. the volume and composition of survey, design and research work is determined.

Characteristic features of G. of page. are connected with impact on G. of page. water flow, ice, sediment and other factors. This impact can be mechanical (static and hydrodynamic loads, soil suffusion, etc.), physical and chemical (surface abrasion, metal corrosion, concrete leaching), biological (rotting of wooden structures, wood wear by living organisms, etc.). Conditions for the construction of G. s. are complicated by the need to pass through the structures during their construction (usually for several years), the so-called. construction costs of the river, ice, rafted timber, ships, etc. For the construction of G. with. extensive mechanization of construction work is needed. Predominantly monolithic and prefabricated monolithic structures are used, less often prefabricated and standard, which is due to various non-repeating combinations of natural conditions - topographic, geological, hydrological and hydrogeological. The influence of hydrogeological systems, especially water-retaining ones, extends over a vast territory, within which certain areas of land are flooded, the level of groundwater rises, banks collapse, and so on. Therefore, the construction of such facilities requires high quality work and high reliability of structures, because. G.'s accidents with. cause serious consequences - human casualties and loss of material values (for example, the accidents of the Malpasse dam in France and the Vayont reservoir in Italy led to human casualties, the destruction of cities, bridges and industrial structures).

G.'s improvement with. associated with the further development of hydraulic engineering (See Hydraulic engineering), especially theoretical and experimental studies of the effect of water on structures and their foundations (hydraulics of flows and structures, filtration), with the study of the behavior of rocky and non-rocky soils as a foundation and as a material for structures (Soil mechanics, Engineering geology) with the development of new types and designs of G. s. (lightweight high-pressure dams, tidal hydropower plants, etc.), requiring less time and money for their construction.

V. N. Pospelov.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Hydraulic structures" is in other dictionaries:

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Hydraulic structures- dams, buildings of hydroelectric power plants, spillway, water outlet and outlet structures, tunnels, canals, pumping stations, shipping locks, ship lifts; structures designed to protect against floods, destruction of the coast and bottom ... ... Official terminology

Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

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Dams, buildings of hydroelectric power plants, spillways, water outlets and water outlets, tunnels, canals, pumping stations, shipping locks, ship lifts; structures designed to protect against floods and coastal destruction ... ... Ecological dictionary

HYDROTECHNICAL STRUCTURES- (care for them) in fish farms, systematic inspection of structures, as well as their protection from damage and destruction, carried out by a hydraulic engineer and a fish farmer. Annually G. with. inspects the commission, which makes up the defective ... ... Pond fish farming

Designed for the use of water resources, as well as to combat the destructive effect of the water element. There are hydraulic structures: water-retaining (dams, dams, etc.), water-carrying (canals, pipelines, tunnels, etc.), ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

RESOLUTION

On the classification of hydraulic structures

In accordance with Article 4 of the Federal Law "On the Safety of Hydraulic Structures", the Government of the Russian Federation

decides: