Makes real. Present Perfect - Present perfect tense: education, use, forms, exercises

Present perfect (Present Perfect)- the tense of English verbs, which connects the past with the present - the present complete tense. This is where some confusion begins for a Russian person. There is no such tense in our language.

How to use Present Perfect

Let's watch a video in which Irina Shipilova, as always very cheerfully, dynamically, explains in detail this rather complicated construction for us - a present perfect.

A clear link between the past and the present. Place Present Perfect

Rules for constructing a present perfect (Present Perfect)

Auxiliary have/has + Past Participle. Instead of the full form have/has very often the British use the abbreviated (contracted) option ‘ve /’s - I’ve been there, She’s been there.

Pay special attention to abbreviations she has=she's, he has = he's - here it is important not to confuse with another form - she is, he is, which in the abbreviated version looks and sounds exactly the same. Can be distinguished by application Past Participle after she has,he has, as well as out of context.

Table of Education Present Perfect (Present Perfect)

Present Perfect means: before present moment, no matter when specifically. If there were a specific time, we would have to use

Use Present perfect. Examples and text.

1. To express a past action that has a result in the present.

The action usually took place recently:

We 've lost our key. (We haven't got it now) - We lost our key (now we don't have it) What have you done to your dress? (It looks strange) - What did you do with your dress? (It looks weird) Jane ‘s had her baby! Jane has a baby! I 've ruined the meal. It's burnt. — I ruined the food. She burned out. The train hasn't arrived. (We are still waiting for it) - The train has not arrived (We are still waiting for it)

The present perfect is often used with indefinite adverbs that help remember the acronym JEANY

Here it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that these adverbs are placed before Past Participle Besides YET, which is placed after Past Participle:

I haven't done my work yet(Negative) - I haven't done my job yet She hasn't been to Harrods yet(Negative) - She hasn't been to Harrods yet Has doctor been yet? (Question) Was there already a doctor? I ‘ve already done my homework— I have already done my homework

2. To express an action that started in the past and is still going on.

Often used in this for, since and how long

We ‘ve lived in the same flat for twenty years - We have been living in the same apartment for twenty years He has worked as a teacher since 2010 - He has been a teacher since 2010 How long has she known him? How long has she known him?

3. To express the experience that we once gained in life.

The action was committed in the past and has already been completed, but the effect of it remains. Again, it doesn't matter when this action was performed, the time is not specified, otherwise you need to use the Past Simple.

He ‘s written a book - He wrote a book have you ever had an operation? - Have you ever had an operation? Irina has lived in China. — Irina lives in China How many times have you been married?- How many times have you been married?

Text

Exercises, tests.

1. Present Perfect

elementary level

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Present perfect - it is not difficult to understand, it is difficult to start using it in your communication.
This material was prepared by native English speakers in a very accessible and understandable way.

What is Present Perfect

1. Present Perfect is a mix of present and past.
2. Present Perfect - makes your English richer.
3. In American English, Present Perfect is often replaced by Past Simple.

When is the Present Perfect used?

1. The action happened and we see the result now.
2. When it comes to our life experiences.
3. When various kinds of changes took place in life, in the world, in oneself, etc.
4. When shared achievements are mentioned.
5. When it is necessary to emphasize the duration of accomplished facts.

Let's analyze the above points in more detail.

1. The action happened and we see the result now

The main marker, the word "just", which is not translated into Russian, but it is implied. Or, when it is important for us to focus on what has been done or happened.

I (just) had breakfast. I had breakfast.
I (just) did my homework. I have done my homework.

I (just) washed my car. I have washed my car.
We have (just) arrived. We have arrived.

She (just) forgot her car keys. She has lost her car keys.
The plane (just) landed. The plane has landed.

2. When it comes to our experience

For example: he never ate frogs, she was never in America, they flew on a plane, we never had chickenpox, etc.

The main marker, the word "once, before" or "never", which are also not translated, but are implied by the context.

I saw (before) this movie. I have seen this movie.
Have you ever been in love? Have you ever fallen in love?

She has never seen snow. She has never seen snow.
Have you ever driven a Ferrari? Have you ever driven on a Ferrari?

I was (once, before) in Paris. I have visited Paris.
I've never been sick (before). I've never been sick before.
I have seen this world. I've seen the world.

3. When there were various kinds of changes in life

What it could be: Gasoline prices have risen, a new house has been built nearby, a child has grown up, you have learned more words in English, you have chosen a new president, etc.

She lost weight. She has lost some weight.
Our son has learned to read. Our son has learned how to read.

Gasoline prices have risen sharply. Gas prices have increased a lot.

My dream has come true. My dream has come true.

Since I moved to Canada my English has really improved.
My English has really improved since I moved to Canada.

Vanya grew up from the moment I saw him for the last time.
Ivan has grown since the last time I saw him.

4. When it comes to overall achievements

Apple released a new iPhone, a man flew to Mars, a new cure for cancer was invented, in Russia they finally created the perfect car.

Doctors have discovered drugs for many diseases.
Doctors have discovered cures for many diseases.

Man has been to the moon. Man has been to the moon.

The computer made it possible to study online.
The computer has made it possible to learn online.

5. When to Emphasize the Duration of Accomplished Facts

Everything is simple here: we have been in a relationship for 5 years, I have been living in Australia since 1990, I have not seen him for 2 years, she has been working in this company for 10 years, etc.

I haven't been on vacation this year. I haven't had a holiday this year.
I have known Anya for 5 years. I have known Anna for 5 years.

Sam has been working here for 7 years. Sam has worked here for 7 years.
I haven't seen my brother since last year. I haven't seen my brother since last year.
We have been dating for 3 months. We have been in a relationship for 3 months.

An important nuance!
If you are taking an exam, or focusing on American English, remember:
In American English, the present perfect is often replaced by the past simple.

I have just seen him. Bre
I saw him.

I just saw him. amer
I saw him.

She has never seen snow. Bre
She has never seen snow.

She never saw snow. amer
She has never seen snow.

Formation of Present Perfect

have/has + verb ending -ed - or irregular verb from the third column -V3-

Simple sentence

I You We They	have	cooked dinner.
He She It	has	cooked dinner.

Negation in Present Perfect

I You We They	have not - haven't	lived in Moscow
He She It	has not - hasn't	lived in Moscow

Questions in Present Perfect

have	I You We They	seen that?
Has	He She It	known about..?

There are tenses in English that are not in Russian. They are the main "culprits" of grammatical difficulties. Among them is Present Perfect - Present Perfect tense.

Education

Before turning to the question of when the Present Perfect Simple is used, it is appropriate to briefly consider the meaning and “structure” of this tense. It is translated into Russian as the Present Perfect tense. Its main function is to describe events that happened in the past, but have been completed by the present moment, and their result affects the present day.

The Present Perfect tense is formed with the help of two verbs. The first is the auxiliary verb have, which is “valid” only for I (I), you (you), we (we), they (they) or has - for he (he), she (she), it (it) ).

The second is the main verb in the 3rd form. In English, the 3rd form of regular verbs is created by adding the ending -ed to the stem (to wish - wished, to blame - blamed, to clean - cleaned). Irregular verbs do not "require" rules. The third form can always be found respectively in the third column in the table of irregular verbs.

Present Perfect tense (Present Perfect) can be used instead of Present Perfect Continuous (Present Perfect Continuous) to describe events that began in the recent past and continued until the present moment. This happens when the main verb refers to state verbs (to respect - respect, to adore - to adore), which are not used in the Continuous aspect (long).

Table: Present Perfect education with regular and irregular verbs

Cases of using Present Perfect

As can be seen from the table, the Present Perfect tense is translated into Russian using verbs in the past tense. The same thing happens with the translation of sentences used in Past Simple (Simple Past) and Past Perfect (Past Perfect): we translate them again with verbs in the past tense. At first glance - the absence of any logic. But she is. Only the rules for using the Present Perfect can explain it:

To describe events that happened not so long ago and have ended by now. In this case, the exact period of what happened is not defined, it is blurred, since it does not matter. The bottom line is the end result.

Have you ever watched The Lord of the Rings? Have you ever watched The Lord of the Rings? (It doesn't matter when the event happened, the main thing is whether you watched this movie or not)

For a description that has ended but the time period in which the event occurred has not ended(this year (this year), this week (this week), today (today), ever (ever) and others):

This week I have not visited my grandmother - This week I did not visit my grandmother (A week is a period of time that has not yet ended).

To express an action that was performed in the recent past, but its outcome is important for the present moment:

I have lost my key. I cannot open the door. - I lost my keys. I can not open the door. (The action happened in the past, but the result of losing the keys affects the present.)

To describe repeated actions:

He has cleaned this room twice today - He has cleaned the room twice today.

Time markers Present Perfect (already - already, ever - ever, never - never, just - only and others) are the best helpers when choosing a grammatical structure.

Present Perfect Tense is used:

to express an action that has taken place so far and the result of which is known. e.g. I have just talked to my wife. I just spoke to my wife.

to show that an action started in the past and has continued up to the present e.g. 1) I have had a cold for a week. I've had a cold for a week now. 2) She has been at home for 10 minutes. She's home 10 minutes. 3) Ann has loved apples since she was a little girl. Anya loves apples since childhood.

to describe experience e.g. He has been to Spain. He visited Spain.

to show changes over time e.g. The government has become more interested in higher education. The government became more interested in higher education.

to describe accomplishments (without specifying a specific time in the past) e.g. Our daughter has learned how to write. Our daughter has learned to write. Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. Doctors have found cures for many deadly diseases.

marker words for Present perfect tense:

ever- ever, in any situation, in any case e.g. Have you ever heard about it?- Have you ever heard of it?

never - never e.g. She's never been to Mexico. She has never been to Mexico.

recently- recently; these days, lately. e.g. He's been ill quite often recently. He has been sick a lot lately.

lately- lately, recently e.g. I haven't received any letters from him lately.

just- just now. most recently e.g. The taxi has just arrived. The taxi has just arrived. IMPORTANT!!! with an adverb just now just now used e.g. I saw them just now. I just saw them.

read y is already e.g. We've already told you what happened. We have already told you what happened.

yet- not yet, until now (in interrogative and negative sentences) e.g. He hasn't seen the film yet. He hasn't watched this movie yet.

for- during, in continuation e.g. We've known each other for half a year. We have known each other for six months.

since— since e.g. I have held two jobs since I graduated.- I have changed two jobs since I graduated.

this week- this week, this month- this month, this year- this year, provided that they also represent unexpired periods of time. e.g. I haven't seen her today. I didn't see her today.

To make sentences in Present Perfect Tense, you need to know, namely, their third form (Past Participle)

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Present perfect tense

Affirmative Present Perfect Tense
+

Interrogative Present Perfect Tense

Structure
	you(you you) we(we) they(they)	V3/Ved?
	he(is he) she(she is) it(it)
Examples		Translation
Has your mother come?		- Is your mother here? (the speaker is interested in the result)
– Have you ever been to China?		– Have you ever been to China?
Has he done his homework?		– Did he do his homework?

Wh-?
Special questions in Present Perfect Tense

(begin with special words)

Structure
		you(you you) we(we) they(they)
		he(is he) she(she is) it(it)
Examples		Translation
What have you learned?		What have you learned?
		Where has she been?
How has he found us?		How did he find us?
Important!!! Questions that begin with When? - when they require the use of Past Simple, and not Present Perfect, since such questions imply a past moment or period of time. e.g. When did you leave your country? When did you leave your country?

in Present Perfect Tense

Who has finished this task? Who completed this task? — We have. We.

— Who has sent you this e-mail? Who sent you this letter?

negative form
Present perfect tense
—

Interrogative-negative form
Present perfect tense
(colloquial speech)
?-

Schematically the structure of a sentence in Present perfect tense looks like that:

+
S + have/has + V3/Ved.

?
Have/has+S+V3/Ved?

Wh-?
Wh + have/has + S + V3/Ved?

–
S + haven't/hasn't + V3/Ved.

? –
Haven't/hasn't + S + V3/Ved?

Exercise. Watch the video and write down all the sample sentences in Present Perfect Tense. Make up your own sentences in Present Perfect Tense with the written perfect forms.

After studying Past, Present and Future Simple, this topic will seem very complicated and incomprehensible. One has only to translate this time into Russian, the panic is already beginning. How can one time unite past and present? That is the essence of this time. Consider the simplest example:

I have broken my leg. - I broke my leg.

As you can see, the speaker does not give the exact date and time, but simply tells that he broke his leg in the past and is currently in a cast.

Present Perfect (present perfect tense) is formed due to the verb have, which appears as an auxiliary verb and a perfect participle. These are the forms that are located in the 3rd column of irregular verbs.

Have (has) + V3.

If you carefully consider the formula, it becomes clear that the past participle is an invariable part in the sentence, but have (has) will change depending on the person and number of the narrator. At any time, including the Present Perfect, the rules must be taught in such a way that they can be remembered at any time. If you memorize the above scheme, then there will be no problems in solving the exercises. But you should not stop at one scheme, so we move on.

Present Perfect: rules and examples

This time marks the completed action by the time of the narration. The difficulty of perceiving Present Perfect time lies in the fact that when translating a sentence into our language, verbs denote the past tense. You should not miss the moment that the translated verbs refer to the present tense, since they have a connection with the result of the action. Based on this, it is concluded that the action in the Present Perfect was performed in a certain period of time, which is not indicated in the sentence and is not so important.

All the rules regarding the Present Perfect say that in this tense it is strictly forbidden to use words indicating a specific past time:

At that moment;

Such circumstances of time are used only in Past Simple. But in the Present Perfect, the rules allow the use of helper words that indicate this time:

many or several times;

For example:

I have run into him several times in the summer camp. “I ran into him a few times at summer camp. (That is, the speaker saw the person, but does not name the specific date and time).

It is worth noting that the rules characteristic of the Present Perfect are most difficult for beginners to learn English. Let's try to understand them in more depth.

When is this tense used?

This tense expresses the following concepts:

I have been to Italy.

Here the speaker means that he has already been to Italy. So, he has experience of traveling to this country.

2. Changes that have occurred in a segment (during) time.

He has grown a beard since the last time I saw him.

This example shows an action that happened in a certain period of time. The speaker did not see the other person for some period of time, and by the time of the meeting, he had already grown a beard. In such sentences, the second verb is used in the Past Simple (saw) form.

3. Achievements.

Our son has learned to play piano.

This sentence indicates the achievements of the guy, but at what time he achieved this is not indicated.

4. Unfulfilled but expected action.

Nick has not arrived yet.

That is, the process is still ongoing and is expected to complete. The sentence is about a guy who, at the time of the dialogue, has not yet arrived, but he will come soon, and the process will be completed. Pay attention to the last word yet. At the beginning of the study of the topic, it was said that the Present Perfect time has its own helper words. This word is one of them. It already serves as a signal that this sentence belongs to the time of Present Perfect Tense.

5. Several actions in the past.

The team has led the game 5 times so far.

In this example, it is clear that the team's games have been played 5 times so far, but at the moment of the story, it is still playing.

In Present Perfect time, the rules allow the use of the following tense circumstances:

This week (month).

Present Perfect or Past Simple

Present Perfect, Past Simple - the rules for using these tenses are completely different. If in the first case the action that has taken place has a connection with the present time, then in the second case there is no connection. In the Past Simple, the auxiliary verb is did, and in the Present Perfect, it is have or has. In the first case, time does not play any role. What matters here is the result or the fact that the action is done. In the second, only the time when this action occurred is important.

The following are examples of how these tenses are used:

Present Perfect Continuous Simple. Rules of use

Present Perfect Continuous Simple implies a certain process that began in the past tense and is still ongoing at the time of the story. And to put it simply, this is an action that began in the past tense and by the time of the conversation either had just ended or was still in progress.

How is Present Perfect Continuous Simple formed?

affirmative sentences:

I have been reading.

Interrogative sentences:

Have I been reading?

Negative suggestions:

I have not/haven't been reading.

To indicate this time, it is necessary to put the verb to be in the Present Perfect (have been or has been). Then the sacrament is added to it. To get it, you need to add the ending -ing to the initial form of the word.

Cases when this tense is used:

1. The process began in the past and by the time of the conversation is not completed, but continues.

2. An action that began in the past lasted a certain amount of time, and by the time the conversation had already ended.

Even though this is a rather complicated topic, do not give up. English grammar is not "Chinese literacy". You just need to be careful when studying this topic, analyze examples, perform exercises of varying complexity, memorize the rules. Only then will you be able to master the entire grammar of the English language.