Modern Dagestan. Agro-industrial complex

Agriculture of Dagestan- an analytical article prepared by experts of the Expert and Analytical Center for Agribusiness "AB-Center". The materials of the article include the following data on agriculture in the Republic of Dagestan: the total volume of agricultural production in value terms, the size of sown areas, the volume of collections of the main crop crops, the number of livestock, the production of the main types of livestock products, the place and share of Dagestan in the production of agricultural products by type in RF.

The situation in agriculture in other regions of the Russian Federation, Russia as a whole, as well as the trends in key food markets can be found by clicking on the link -.

Agriculture of Dagestan in 2015 in actual prices provided the volume of production in the amount of 99.3 billion rubles. According to this indicator, Dagestan took 16th place in the rating of Russian regions with a share in the total volume of agricultural products produced in Russia at the level of 2.0%.

The production of agricultural products per capita in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015, according to the calculations of AB-Center, amounted to 33.1 thousand rubles. (41st place in the ranking of regions of the Russian Federation). On average in Russia, this figure was at around 34.4 thousand rubles.

Specialization of agriculture in Dagestan

In the structure of agriculture of the Republic of Dagestan in 2015, livestock breeding prevailed with a slight margin, the share of which in the total volume of agricultural products amounted to 55.3%. The share of crop production accounted for 44.7%.

In the agriculture of Dagestan, a significant role is given to sheep and goat breeding, dairy and meat cattle breeding, as well as poultry farming. In 2015, in terms of the number of herds of sheep and goats, the Republic of Dagestan took a leading position (1st place among the regions of the Russian Federation), also entered the top three in terms of the size of the herd of cattle (cattle) - 3rd place, including the size of the herd cows - 1st place.

Traditionally, Dagestan is on the 1st place among the Russian regions in terms of production of lamb and goat meat. In 2015, the region ranked 5th in beef production, and 36th in poultry meat. In terms of milk production, the Republic of Dagestan ranked 6th, poultry eggs - 43rd.

As for the cultivation of grain crops, in the Republic of Dagestan, a significant role is given to the production of rice (3rd place in the ranking of Russian regions). In terms of harvesting corn for grain, the region was in 26th place, winter and spring triticale - in 34th place, winter and spring wheat - in 41st place, winter and spring barley - in 44th place, winter and spring rye - in 53rd place, oats - in 65th place.

In terms of the production of leguminous crops, the Republic of Dagestan took 55th place in the ranking, including the 3rd place in the cultivation of beans, peas - 59th place among the regions of the Russian Federation.

Of the oilseeds in Dagestan, sunflower seeds are mainly grown (28th place).

In terms of the production of potatoes of industrial cultivation (in agricultural organizations and farms), the Republic of Dagestan took 60th place.

In 2015, the collection of open ground and protected ground vegetables in the industrial sector brought Dagestan to 27th place among the regions of the Russian Federation, including the picking of open ground vegetables - to 20th place, greenhouse vegetables - to 55th place.

In terms of production of melons and gourds, Dagestan took 6th place in the ranking of Russian regions.

Livestock in Dagestan

Animal husbandry of the Republic of Dagestan in 2010-2015 characterized by:

The growth of the herd of sheep and goats, while over the past few years, there has been a slight reduction in the production of mutton and goat meat;

The growth of the herd of cattle, including cows, while the production of beef and milk is also growing;

Growth in the production of poultry meat and eggs;

In 2015, according to preliminary data from Rosstat, the value of livestock products in the Republic of Dagestan amounted to 54.9 billion rubles. The share of this region in the total value of all livestock products produced in the Russian Federation was at the level of 2.3% (12th place in the rating of Russian regions).

Meat production by type in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015 it looked like this: The total production of meat of all types in slaughter weight amounted to 127.8 thousand tons. Of this volume, 47.2% accounted for beef, 32.1% for poultry meat, 20.3% for lamb and goat meat, 0.1% for pork, and 0.3% for other types of meat.

Cattle breeding in Dagestan

Cattle breeding in Dagestan in recent years shows a steady increase in the production of beef and milk.

Number of cattle in the Republic of Dagestan in farms of all categories as of the end of 2015 amounted to 1,011.3 thousand heads (5.3% of the total number of cattle herds in Russia). Including, the number of cows totaled 485.2 thousand heads (5.8%). Over 5 years (by 2010) the size of the herd of cattle increased by 14.7%, over 10 years - by 22.8%, by 2001 - by 39.4%. The number of cows for 5 years increased by 16.5%, for 10 years - by 25.2%, by 2001 - by 40.2%.

Beef production in Dagestan in 2015 was at the level of 106.2 thousand tons in live weight (60.3 thousand tons in terms of slaughter weight). Beef production volumes in this region show a positive trend. Over 5 years they grew by 12.1%, over 10 years - by 42.9%, by 2001 - by 70.7%. The share of the Republic of Dagestan in the total volume of beef production in Russia amounted to 3.7%.

Milk production in Dagestan in farms of all categories in 2015 reached 820.2 thousand tons (this is 2.7% of the total milk production in Russia). There is a significant increase in milk production in the region. Over 5 years, the volumes increased by 38.6%, over 10 years - by 120.5%, by 2001 - by 180.9%.

Poultry farming in Dagestan

Poultry meat production in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015 amounted to 55.1 thousand tons in live weight (41.1 thousand tons in terms of slaughter weight). The meat direction of poultry farming in Dagestan is developing rapidly. Over 5 years, the volume of production of this type of meat increased by 5.2 times, over 10 years - by 7.1 times, by 2001 - by 8.2 times. The share of Dagestan in the total volume of poultry meat produced in the country in 2015 amounted to 0.9%.

Egg production in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015, in farms of all categories amounted to 230.0 million pieces (0.5% of the total Russian production volume). Over 5 years, volumes increased by 8.7%, but over 10 years they decreased by 24.7%, compared to 2001 - by 14.0%.

Sheep and goat breeding in Dagestan

In the agriculture of Dghestan, a special place is occupied by the breeding of small ruminants.

The number of sheep and goats in the Republic of Dagestan as of the end of 2015 amounted to 5,183.8 thousand heads ( 21,1% of the total number of sheep and goats in Russia). Over 5 years, the size of the herd of sheep and goats increased by 18.0%, over 10 years - by 9.4%, compared to 2001 - by 85.5%.

Lamb and goat meat production in Dagestan in 2015 amounted to 58.4 thousand tons in live weight (25.9 thousand tons in terms of slaughter weight). Over 5 years, the production volumes of these types of meat decreased by 1.9%, but over 10 years their growth was 21.6%, by 2001 - 134.4%. In the total production of mutton and goat meat in Russia, the share of the Republic of Dagestan was at the level of 12.8%.

Crop production in Dagestan

The volume of crop production in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015 in value terms amounted to 44.4 billion rubles. (1.7% of the total value of crop production produced in the Russian Federation). Among the Russian regions in this indicator, the Republic of Dagestan took 19th place.

Sown areas in Dagestan

The total area under crops in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015 amounted to 344.8 thousand hectares (0.4% of all sown areas in Russia). According to this indicator, Dagestan took 44th place among the regions of the Russian Federation.

In 2015, in the structure cultivated areas of Dagestan the largest share was occupied by fodder crops (38.4% of all sown areas in the region). Winter and spring wheat accounted for 19.3%, winter and spring barley - 7.0%, corn for grain - 5.8%, rice - 4.6%, sunflower - 2.1%, gourds food crops in the industrial sector - 1.0%, for oats, winter and spring triticale - 0.5% each, for open ground vegetables and potatoes in the industrial sector - 0.4% each, for leguminous crops - 0.2%, for winter and spring rye - 0.1%. Other areas occupied 19.3%.

Crop production in Dagestan

Wheat production in Dagestan. The gross harvest of winter and spring wheat in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015 amounted to 154.3 thousand tons (0.2% of the total Russian wheat harvest). Wheat production in the region, compared to 2014, increased by 24.4%. The sown area under this grain crop also increased by 10.6% and amounted to 66.4 thousand hectares (0.2% of the total area under wheat in Russia). According to this indicator, the Republic of Dagestan ranked 45th among the regions of the Russian Federation.

Rye production in Dagestan. Collections of winter and spring rye in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015 increased by 21.6% and amounted to 0.4 thousand tons (0.02% of the total Russian harvest of rye). The sown areas under this crop also increased by 32.9% and amounted to 0.3 thousand hectares (0.03% of all rye areas in the Russian Federation). In terms of rye acreage, the Republic of Dagestan ranked 54th in the ranking of regions.

Triticale production in Dagestan. In 2015, the production of winter and spring triticale in the Republic of Dagestan decreased by 35.2% to 3.2 thousand tons (0.6% of the total collection of triticale in the Russian Federation). Triticale sown areas also decreased by 39.5% to 1.8 thousand hectares (0.7% of all triticale areas in the Russian Federation). According to this indicator, the region ranked 37th.

Barley production in Dagestan. In 2015, the gross harvest of winter and spring barley in the Republic of Dagestan decreased by 3.7% to 54.2 thousand tons (0.3% of all barley harvest in the Russian Federation). The sown areas for this crop also decreased by 16.2% to 24.1 thousand hectares (0.3% of all barley areas in the Russian Federation, 42nd place in the ranking of regions).

Oat production in Dagestan. The gross harvest of oats in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015 decreased by 6.1% to 3.0 thousand tons (0.1% of the total oat production in the Russian Federation). The sown areas also decreased by 13.7% to 1.7 thousand hectares (0.1% of all oat areas in the Russian Federation, 65th place).

Corn production in Dagestan. In 2015, the gross harvest of corn for grain in the Republic of Dagestan decreased by 6.3% to 63.3 thousand tons (0.5% of the total Russian corn harvest). The size of sown areas under corn decreased by 0.4% to 19.9 thousand hectares (0.7% of all areas of corn for grain in the Russian Federation). According to this indicator, the Republic of Dagestan ranked 24th among the regions of the Russian Federation.

Rice production in Dagestan. Rice harvests in Dagestan in 2015 increased by 13.5% and reached 61.8 thousand tons (5.6% of all rice harvests in the Russian Federation). The sown areas under rice also increased by 17.6%, their size amounted to 15.8 thousand hectares (7.8% of all rice areas in the Russian Federation, 3rd place among Russian regions).

Production of leguminous crops in Dagestan. In 2015, the gross harvest of leguminous crops in the Republic of Dagestan decreased by 18.6% to 0.8 thousand tons (0.03% of the total Russian production). Of this volume, 0.7 thousand tons accounted for beans (9.8% of the total bean production in the Russian Federation) and 0.03 thousand tons for peas (the share in the all-Russian collection is insignificant). At the same time, in relation to the indicators of 2014, beans in the region were produced by 17.6% less, pea production volumes increased by 65.5%.

In terms of sown areas of leguminous crops, the Republic of Dagestan ranked 54th. Compared to 2014, their size decreased by 26.4% to 0.6 thousand hectares (0.04% of all areas of legumes in the Russian Federation). Including beans, 0.5 thousand hectares were sown (11.0% of all bean areas in the Russian Federation, 4th place), peas - 0.03 thousand hectares (the share is not significant, 60th place). At the same time, the size of areas under peas, over the past year, increased by 52.6%, under beans - decreased by 26.0%.

Sunflower seed production in Dagestan. The gross harvest of sunflower seeds in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015 decreased by 12.9% to 8.4 thousand tons (0.1% of the total harvest in the Russian Federation). The sunflower acreage also decreased by 13.2% to 7.1 thousand hectares (0.1% of all acreage in Russia, 30th place).

Potato production in Dagestan. In 2015, the volume of industrial cultivation of potatoes (only data on agricultural organizations and farms was taken into account) in the Republic of Dagestan increased by 86.5% and reached 24.2 thousand tons (0.3% of the total potato harvest in the Russian Federation). At the same time, the area sown under potatoes increased by only 7.5% and amounted to 1.4 thousand hectares (0.4% of all potato areas in the Russian Federation, 64th place in the ranking of Russian regions).

Vegetable production in Dagestan. Gross yields of industrially grown open and protected ground vegetables in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015 increased by 26.8% and amounted to 44.1 thousand tons (0.8% of the total vegetable production in the Russian Federation). Of this volume, 42.4 thousand tons accounted for open ground vegetables (0.9%) and 1.7 thousand tons for protected ground vegetables (0.2%). In relation to 2014, the production of open ground vegetables increased by 26.2%, the collection of greenhouse vegetables - by 44.4%. At the same time, the area under crops for open ground vegetables decreased by 12.3% to 1.3 thousand hectares (0.7%, 30th place).

Production of gourds (watermelons, melons) crops in Dagestan. Harvests of gourds and gourds for industrial cultivation in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015 increased by 16.6% over the year and amounted to 44.4 thousand tons (6.5% of the total Russian production of gourds and gourds). The sown areas of melons and gourds also increased by 18.3%, their size amounted to 3.3 thousand hectares (this is 3.4% of all areas of melons and gourds in the Russian Federation, 7th place among the regions of the Russian Federation).

The main trend of the economic situation of Dagestan in the XVII - early XVIII centuries. was the further development of all branches of the economy. At the same time, the strengthening and strengthening of economic and geographical zones went on.

The economic life of Dagestan was based on agriculture and cattle breeding, which were the main occupations of the population, although the degree of their development in different regions, different natural and geographical zones was not the same. Economic activity was directly dependent on the geographical environment. This predetermined the great development of agriculture in some regions, in others - cattle breeding, in the third - horticulture, in the fourth - a combination of them. The existing division of labor and economic activity in the period under study is further developed.

In general, natural and climatic conditions, as well as historical and political factors, predetermined the zonal specialization of the economy in Dagestan, determined the decisive importance in the economy of agriculture or animal husbandry. Agriculture was most developed in the flat zone, covering the Caspian plain and the territory of Northern Dagestan (Zasulak Kumykia) and the Lower foothills. The natural and climatic conditions of these zones were more favorable for the development of arable farming and cattle breeding.

The most extensive territory, which was the mountain zone, suitable for agriculture were the valleys of large and small rivers and many mountain slopes. A characteristic feature of this zone was the presence of terraced agriculture.

Terraced agriculture in the 18th century as before played a big role in the economy of the highlanders of Dagestan. There were artificial terraces with stone supports and walls, characteristic of Nagorny Dagestan, created by transferring earth to the rocky slopes of the mountains in order to increase the soil layer. Terraces in mountainous Dagestan were also created for gardening. Sometimes the grain fields on the terraces were combined with garden plantings. This was done to protect the crops from the excessively scorching sun and to keep the soil moist.

Agriculture in Dagestan was even more developed on the plane - in Kumykia, Nizhny Tabasaran, in the Derbent region. Three fields dominated here, both black fallow and plowing were used, however, the shifting system was also quite common, the preservation of which was facilitated by the abundance of land. In the mountains of Dagestan, a three-field system of agriculture was also sometimes used.

The farming technique of the highlanders was still primitive. On the plain, the land was plowed with a large wooden plow with an iron plowshare and a cutter, to which 3-4 pairs of bulls were harnessed. This plow had a device for adjusting the depth and width of the furrow. In the mountains, a light plow and a hoe were widespread. Despite the primitiveness of this arable tool, it was well adapted for the cultivation of mountainous soils. The shallow stony soils in the mountains made it impossible to use a harrow for tillage here. But harrowing in the mountains was replaced to a certain extent by repeated plowing.

The population used fertilizers in agriculture, exporting manure, ash, silt and bird droppings to arable land.

Irrigation was widely used both in the mountains and on the plains in Dagestan. The population was engaged in the cultivation of grain crops: wheat, barley, millet, Sorochinsky millet (rice), spelt, etc.

Horticulture and viticulture were more developed on the plains and in the foothills, especially near Derbent and in the residences of large feudal lords.

According to Russian sources, "vegetable gardens" were around Karabudakhkent, near Durgeli, Kumtorkala, near Gimri ("Kimra"); “There were many gardens” in Untsukulya and Chirka.

The orchards grew apples, pomegranates, pears, plums, figs, mulberries and grapes; saffron and madder were cultivated in the gardens.

A certain place in the economic activity of the inhabitants of the Caspian part of Dagestan was occupied by cotton growing and sericulture. The development of sericulture and cotton growing also stimulated the expansion of the production of dyes.

Horticulture everywhere was poorly developed. Highlanders did not know such garden crops as potatoes, cabbage, tomatoes.

During this period, cattle breeding was developed on a very significant scale among all the peoples of Dagestan. As part of the herd of the highlanders, sheep and goats occupied the first place. The inhabitants of the plains are predominantly sheep. Among the inhabitants of the flat and lower foothills of Dagestan, cattle and horses accounted for a greater percentage than in the mountains of Dagestan. The population bred large and small cattle - cows, bulls, buffaloes. Bulls and buffaloes were used exclusively as a draft force.

Animal husbandry satisfied the needs not only for meat and dairy products, but also served as a source of raw materials for home crafts.

During the hottest time of the year, small cattle were kept on high mountain pastures. With the onset of cold weather, cattle from highland pastures were driven to pastures near villages, where there were permanent premises for people and livestock, as well as arable land. On the pastures near the aul, the inhabitants grazed the workers and dairy cattle that remained in the aul.

Cattle were driven tens and hundreds of kilometers to rented cattle in the flat part of Dagestan. Cattle remained for the winter in the villages, where they were kept in stalls.

On the territory of Georgia and Azerbaijan, they had their winter pastures.

Mountainous Dagestan was generally characterized by two systems of cattle breeding: mountain-stationary and distant-pasture. For the highlands, the transhumance is more typical, for the mountain valleys and the upper foothills it is stationary, based on the use of pastures, warmings and stubbles.

Cattle breeding on the plains and in the foothills had a completely different character. Here it was an addition and support to agriculture, i.e. was agricultural and pastoral in nature.

Beekeeping in Dagestan was known everywhere. However, only individuals were engaged in them.

Hunting was poorly developed in Dagestan, and only a few amateurs were engaged in hunting. In the mountains they hunted turkey, chamois, wild goat, bear, marten, fox (black-brown), badger, mountain turkey and partridge; on the plane - on a deer, goitered gazelle, wild boar, pheasant, partridge.

A small part of the population of flat Dagestan was engaged in fishing as an auxiliary trade. Fishing places along the shore of the Caspian Sea from the mouth of the Terek to Sulak belonged to the feudal lords, who gave them away.

An important place in the economic activity of the Dagestanis during this period was occupied by home crafts. The geographical division of labor contributed to the further development of crafts, which, in turn, contributed to the development of exchange and the consolidation of the division of labor. The development of crafts was also facilitated by the general poverty of mountainous Dagestan, the lack of land and livelihoods derived from agriculture and animal husbandry, which, with an increasing increase in internal and external exchange, in the presence of rich neighboring regions with a market, stimulated the search for new sources of income.

Of the general reasons, one should also point out the unfavorable natural and climatic conditions that gave rise to the forced idleness of the peasant in the winter months. In mountainous Dagestan, this situation was exacerbated by landlessness, the low capacity of the economy, which created an additional basis for the release of workers. And it is no coincidence that the most developed crafts were in the mountainous part of Dagestan.

The production of woolen, cotton and silk fabrics, embroidery, carpet weaving, wood and metal processing was developed on the plane, but most of these crafts were of a consumer nature, which was explained by a small amount of production, since the local population had less excess time, raw materials and the least economic interest in fishing activities.

The foothills are already characterized by a much greater development of crafts. Here are concentrated the main centers of carpet weaving, production of linen fabrics, woolen chuvals, dressing of sheepskins and leather.

The area of ​​the highest development of fisheries is the mountains. The main crafts of general Dagestan significance here were the processing of metal and wool. In metalworking, this is the production of tools (Kharbuk, Kuyada, Tlyakh, etc.) and, especially, weapons (Kubachi, Amuzgi, Kharbuk, Caviar, V. Kazanishchi, Gotsatl, Arakany). Cloth was made from wool in the mountains, especially in the villages of Karata, Sogratl, Rugelda, Somoda, Tlondoda, Tindi, Akush, Tsudakhar, Khadzhalmakhi, Mekegi, Mugi, Kaya, Vikhli, Tsovkra, Chukni and others; burkas - Andi, Ansalta, Gagatl, Rikvani; carpets - Mikrakh, Akhty, Rutul, Kurakh; woolen, patterned socks - Akhty, Kubachi, Dido. Wood processing (Gidatl, Dido, Usisha, Untsukul), leather production (Koroda, Salta, Gonoda, etc.), footwear (Laks, Dargins), pottery (Balkhar, Ispik, Juli), stone processing (Sutbuk , Ruguja, etc.). This development of crafts, producing products to a large extent for exchange, intensified in the 17th-18th centuries. with the completion of the determination of the boundaries of individual natural historical zones, which was due to the developing exchange in the conditions of the general poverty of the region and the low power of the economy and the presence of surplus labor.

It should be noted that in the XVII-XVIII centuries. the process of turning some villages with developed crafts into centers of crafts and trade, which began earlier, becomes quite tangible. Along with Kubachi, where this process began earlier, there are several villages where fishing worked almost entirely for the market, becoming the main source of income, i.e. turned into a handicraft industry. These are Balkhar, Sulevkent, Kumukh, Andi, Kharbuk and others.

There were even more villages where handicraft was one of the main sectors of the economy (Sutbuk, Amuzgi, Hulelaya, Gotsatl, Karata, Ispik, Juli and many others) along with agriculture, gardening or cattle breeding.

Trade and economic relations between the peoples of Dagestan were caused by the vital need to regulate and solve economic problems arising from the discrepancy in the economic and economic development of different climatic zones of Dagestan. These connections were based on the results of the labor of the inhabitants of all zones of Dagestan in agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, home crafts and handicrafts.

In the internal exchange, the main commodity of the plane and the lower foothills was grain, which went to the mountainous part, as well as Derbent and to the north, to Russian fortresses and cities.

In addition to grain from the flat and lower foothills, cattle, grapes, fish, salt, oil, raw silk, madder and other "dye roots" were sold. I. G. Gerber reports that the Nogais supplied horses and camels to the market, and the Kumyks "trade in stolen Georgians, Armenians and Circassians."

The inhabitants of the plane acquired in exchange timber, metal tools, weapons, cloth, sheepskins, cloaks, wooden utensils and other handicrafts. The foothills had livestock, timber and timber, forest berries and fruits, agricultural tools and utensils made of wood, linen fabrics, and carpets for exchange. The inhabitants of the foothills imported grain, salt, oil, fish, raw silk, cloth, iron agricultural tools, weapons, jewelry, pottery, etc. .

The most interested in the exchange zone was the mountainous part. The highlanders sold cattle, wool, sheepskins, cheese, butter, fruits (from the valleys), iron agricultural tools, weapons, jewelry, cloth, cloaks, musical instruments, small wooden utensils, pottery, etc.

In addition to the zonal exchange, there was also an internal exchange, both between microzones and between individual villages. So, the Surgins sold cattle, and the Akushins and Laks sold wool to the Tsudahars, who, in turn, sold them fruits and high-quality cloth.

Dagestan maintained regular trade and economic relations with its neighbors in the North Caucasus. Chechens and Ingush came to Dagestan to exchange products and items of their production for products of the Dagestanis.

The main trading centers where the peoples of Dagestan and Chechen-Ingushetia carried out their exchange were Aksai, Enderi, Tarki, Tatar-tup, Terki. The highlanders exchanged agricultural products and household items.

The Terek town served as the main center of trade between Kabarda and Dagestan. In the city of Terek and the Cherkasy settlement, trade between Dagestan and Kabardian merchants was brisk.

In the same period, Russia began to play an increasing role in the foreign trade of the peoples of Dagestan.

Intensive trade with Russia through the Terek town in the studied time was carried out by Kumyk owners, Kaitag utsmi, Kabardian princes, etc.

One of the centers of Russia's transit trade with the countries of the East at the end of the XVII - beginning. In the 18th century, as before, there were ancient Tarki, which was the trading center of the Caspian part of Dagestan, where they supplied their goods from all over the region.

In the development of Russian-Dagestan trade and economic relations, an important place at the turn of the 17th - 18th centuries, as before, was occupied by Derbent - the largest craft and trade center in the region.

Imported into Dagestan were foreign and Russian cloth, Russian-made linen, products of small-scale Russian industry.

A large place in the import to Dagestan was occupied by various dressings of leather, furs and products from them, as well as down, sheepskins, fur coats, hats, shoes, boots, etc., as well as wood products: caskets, boxes, chests, dishes, cups, sieves, sieves, and, in addition, sandalwood, whitewash, rouge, pepper and cloves. There was a great demand in Dagestan for metals and metal products: pins, needles, thimbles, boilers, basins, dishes, chests, axes, knives, nails, weapons, scissors, buttons, etc.

From Dagestan, silk, cotton paper, morocco, kumachi, scarves, rugs / carpets /, leather, sheepskins, epanchi, sabers, wheels, yuft, wax, madder, caviar and other fish products, Sorochinsky millet / rice /, walnuts, garlic, dried fruits.

An important place among the goods exported through Astrakhan to Russia was occupied by raw silk.

Here, Russian merchants also purchased oriental goods: expensive fabrics, precious stones, spices, luxury items.

However, the expansion of trade was hindered by the subsistence economy of the region, feudal fragmentation and the so-called rakhtar duties associated with it, which were levied for the transport of goods by the owners. In addition, the development of trade was hindered by the condition of the roads, as well as the constant danger of robbery.

Although the highlanders were intensively engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding, handicrafts, however, due to the backwardness of the economy, they still could not provide themselves with the necessary minimum of essentials. The able-bodied male population could not be employed in production throughout the year.

These circumstances gave rise to the institution of otkhodnichestvo. It was a kind of highlanders' craft.

During this period, the forms of withdrawal were the same. However, the number of otkhodniks has increased significantly compared to the previous century. Most often, in small groups, several people each, the highlanders left not only for neighboring societies, but also for the cities of the Caucasus. The forms of otkhodnichestvo were very diverse. Some of them performed various kinds of agricultural work in the flat and foothill regions of Dagestan - hiring for large landowners of the flat, wealthy cattle breeders, and gardeners. The otkhodniks worked as daily servants and as sharecroppers on the wasteland they had plowed up on the plain.

Another part of otkhodniks - artisans with all the necessary equipment passed from one property to another, where they performed various kinds of work (tinkers, shoemakers, hatmakers, etc.). The artisans of Dagestan also left for the cities - Derbent, Shemakha, etc. Some of the highlanders, who left for Transcaucasia, served with the Georgian rulers, as well as with the khans of Azerbaijan.

Residents of Western Dagestan, in their free time from field work, descended to Kakheti and Azerbaijan, were hired for work for a certain fee (usually paid in kind). They mainly performed work related to construction, as well as agriculture.



Dagestan is an agrarian-industrial republic. In the structure of the produced gross regional product (GRP), agriculture accounts for 19% of the value, industry - 9%, trade - 14% (1998). In terms of agricultural production, Dagestan ranks 56th among the regions of the Russian Federation, while holding the lead in the number of sheep, goats and wool production. The republic occupies the leading positions in the production of fruits and berries, as well as meat. Dagestan is the only region in Russia that specializes in the production of grapes.

On the scale of the Russian Federation, the share of Dagestan in terms of industrial output is 0.1%, in agricultural products - 0.7%, and in animal husbandry - 1%, in crop production - 0.4% (the republic's share in the population of the Russian Federation is 1.4% ). Natural conditions, as well as surplus labor resources, determined the priority development of the agro-industrial complex with its main sectors - animal husbandry and crop production. Viticulture, horticulture and vegetable growing became the main specialization in crop production. Cereals, potatoes, etc. are also grown. Livestock breeding is dominated by cattle breeding for meat, as well as sheep and goats; a significant place is occupied by poultry farming.

Own processing capacities of the agro-industrial complex are currently clearly insufficient, therefore up to 3/4 of raw materials are sold outside the republic.

In the structure of industrial production in Dagestan, priority is given to (as a percentage of the total gross industrial output in 1998): the food industry (31.6), the electric power industry (27), oil production (17.8) and mechanical engineering (10.3). The food industry (together with flour and cereals) remains the leading industry complex, despite ongoing structural changes. In second place are the branches of the fuel and energy complex (electricity and oil production).

More than half of the industrial volume in the republic falls on the products of the three leading associations: JSC "Dagenergo", JSC "Dagneft" and the corporation "Dagestankhleboprodukt". For 1990-1998 in the structure of industrial production, the share of fuel and energy industries has grown sharply and, conversely, the share of light industry, mechanical engineering, chemistry and petrochemistry has decreased.

In the food complex, the main industries are wine-making (including cognac production), fish and canning. Their products are exported outside Dagestan and participate in interregional exchange. As part of the food industry of the republic, the brewing, non-alcoholic, meat, butter and cheese, confectionery, and baking industries are also developed.

The fuel and energy complex includes oil and gas production, power generation and the oil refining industry. Oilfields are concentrated in the regions of Makhachkala and Izberbash. Dagestan accounts for only 0.12% of the total Russian oil production (1998). Gas production is carried out in Dagestanskiye Ogni and Dzulak. The bulk of oil is transported through oil pipelines. The largest hydroelectric power stations operate in the electric power industry: Chiryurtovskaya, Chirkeyskaya, Gergebilskaya, Irganaiskaya. There are good prospects for the development of the fuel and energy complex in the republic, which is associated with the commissioning of a cascade of hydroelectric power plants on the river. Sulak with tributaries, development of new oil and gas fields. Dagestan is unique in its reserves of renewable energy resources. The republic accounts for about 1/3 of the entire hydropower potential of the North Caucasus, which is more than 50 billion kWh per year.

According to experts, in the future, the use of non-traditional renewable energy sources can be expanded: solar energy, geothermal, wind energy, bioenergy (biogas plants operating on animal waste). All this could contribute to an increase in the level of consumption of fuel and energy resources per capita, since today it in Dagestan is 5 times lower than the average for Russia.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking include a wide range of industries. The main centers are concentrated in Makhachkala, Izberbash, Derbent and Kizilyurt. Enterprises of the republic produce diesel engines and diesel generators, metal-cutting machine tools, centrifugal pumps, technological equipment for the processing industries of the agro-industrial complex, milk separators, equipment for processing meat, vegetables, preparing semi-finished products, cars with special bodies, household appliances, electric welding equipment, woodworking machines.

The leading enterprises of the republican machine-building complex include the following plants: JSC "Dagdizel", "Polygraphmash", "Dagelektroavtomat", JSC "Electrosignal", concern "KEMZ" (aircraft for agriculture), an instrument-making plant in Khasavyurt, etc.

A large place in the engineering industry of the republic is occupied by enterprises of the military-industrial complex. The defense industry employs 79% of the industrial and production personnel of the machine-building industry. On the whole, military-industrial complex enterprises in 1996 provided 10.5% of the total volume of industrial production (in 1994 - 18%). The largest manufacturers of special products are the Aviaagregat enterprise (Makhachkala), Zavod im. M. Gadzhieva, "Pribor", "Iskra", "Dagdiesel".

At the machine-building enterprises of the defense complex, where before 1990 more than 40% of the total number of able-bodied population of the republic was employed, by 1998 the number of employees decreased by more than 45 thousand people. At the largest closed plant "Dagdiesel" in 1990, 11 thousand people worked, at present - 1 thousand people. About 5,000 people were employed at the enterprises of the shipbuilding industry, now - 380 people.

The share of output of civilian products in the total production of defense enterprises of Dagestan in 1998 was 65%. In the course of the conversion, republican enterprises of the military-industrial complex launched the production of construction machines, hay mowers, equipment for trade (JSC Dagdiesel), transistors for 5th generation televisions (JSC Radioelement), television antennas, lamps, secretary phones (JSC Izberbashsky radiozavod"), color TVs (JSC "Elektrosignal"), etc.

In addition to the three leading industry complexes in the industry of Dagestan, the industry of building materials, woodworking, chemical industry (paint and varnish production, fiberglass, glass fabrics, medicines), light industry, including the production of carpets, are well developed.

For a long time, Dagestan has been famous for its handicrafts, especially silver jewelry. Mountain auls are specialized in handicrafts: aul Kubachi - ornamental chasing on precious metals, black on silver; aul Gotsatl - copper chased products; aul Balkhar - the center of production of ceramics with painting.

The largest industrial enterprises in terms of the number of employed (thousand people, 1997): "Dagenergo" (Makhachkala) - electric power industry (4.8); "Dagneft" (Makhachkala) - oil industry (2.6); Concern "KEMZ" (Kizlyar) - aviation industry (1.9); "Port-Petrovsk" (Makhachkala) - fishing commercial company (1.6); Plant them. Gadzhieva (Makhachkala) - production of vacuum pumps and units (1.6).

In the industry of Dagestan, there are two enterprises-monopolists of the all-Russian market - the Dagdiesel plant and the separator plant.

Enterprises of the republic in 1998: produced oil (with gas condensate) - 356 thousand tons, natural gas - 670.5 million cubic meters. m; produced electricity - 2.8 billion kW / h, diesel engines - 67 units, milk separators - 80 units, vehicles with special bodies - 50 units, centrifugal pumps - 791 units; meat - 791 tons, canned food - 75.2 million conditional cans, cognac - 360 thousand deciliters, grape wines - 397 thousand decalitres.

The agro-industrial complex is one of the basic sectors of the Dagestan economy. The basis of the agro-industrial complex of the republic is meat animal husbandry, sheep breeding, and crop production. Dagestan has great potential for the development of the food and processing industry.

The agro-industrial complex of Dagestan is:

• About 22% of the gross regional product;
• More than 250 thousand jobs;
• 57.7% of the population lives in rural areas;
• The total area of ​​agricultural land is 4359.5 thousand hectares.

Most of the arable land and perennial plantations, as well as 63% of irrigated land, falls on the flat zone. Irrigated lands are the most important resource of the Republic's agriculture. Dagestan is one of the largest regions of irrigated agriculture in Russia. It accounts for 8.5% of all irrigated land in the Russian Federation and 19% in the North Caucasus. There are 385.6 thousand hectares of irrigated agricultural land in the republic. Irrigated lands provide 70% of all crop production. Almost all field farming in the flat zone is carried out on irrigated lands. To expand the areas of irrigated agriculture, the republic has sufficient water resources. There are 4,320 rivers flowing in Dagestan with a total length of 24,125 km, for every square kilometer there are 455 m of the river network. 278 rivers are over 10 km long. The average long-term volume of river runoff in the republic exceeds 16 cubic meters. km per year.

Animal husbandry is an important branch of agriculture in the republic. In the all-Russian rating, the republic leads in terms of the number of sheep (about 4.5 million heads) and occupies a leading position in terms of the number of cattle (929.9 thousand heads).

Dagestan is one of the leading regions of industrial viticulture in Russia. 34% of all vineyards of the country are concentrated in the republic, it produces about 30% of Russia's grapes. The viticulture and wine industry occupies a special place among other sectors of the economy of Dagestan. Manufactured products are in great consumer demand, provide significant revenues to the budgets of all levels.

No agricultural crop provides as many jobs and gross output per unit of land area as grapes. A 100-hectare vineyard creates at least 100 jobs.

According to the RCP "Development of viticulture and winemaking in the Republic of Dagestan for 2008-2010" special attention is planned to be paid to improving the structure of plantations, which meets the needs of the processing industry in high-quality raw materials and an increase in the consumption of fresh grapes. To this end, it is planned to increase the area of ​​operational vineyards in the republic to 26 thousand hectares by 2020, incl. table varieties 9.7 thousand ha. It is planned to keep the average yield at the level of 77-80 q/ha. Gross grape harvest by 2020 will amount to 200 thousand tons, of which 60 thousand tons will be sold fresh. To this end, it is planned to plant young vineyards annually on an area of ​​up to 4,500 hectares on average. The main part of the plantings will be carried out with complex-resistant and zoned varieties.

In the phylloxera distribution zone, it is planned to lay the bookmark with grafted planting material or varieties with increased phylloxera resistance. Particular attention will be paid to increasing the production of table grapes, which will provide the population with fresh grapes, incl. during the winter period, and for producers to receive additional profit, since the selling price of table grapes is almost twice as high as that of technical ones. In addition, it is planned to organize the production of unique liqueur wines that are in great demand in the Russian and world markets, create conditions for long-term storage of fresh grapes for subsequent sale to the population, and establish the production of grape juice and baby food.

The priority national project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex" is being successfully implemented. Dagestan's proposals were supported by the Government of the Russian Federation. The national project separately included programs to support sheep breeding and the development of viticulture.

In Dagestan, the largest enterprises involved in grape processing are the Kizlyar Brandy Factory, the Derbent Brandy Factory, the Derbent Sparkling Wine Factory, and the Izberbash Wine and Brandy Factory. Currently, the most popular technical grape varieties are Riesling, Pinot, Muscat, Rkatsiteli, Cabernet.
It is planned to create wine and cognac clusters in the Republic of Dagestan. Cluster-forming enterprises can be wine and brandy factories and plants (Kizlyar Brandy Factory, Derbent Brandy Factory, Makhachkala Winery OJSC, DVKPK Kaspiy LLC, Kaspiyvinprom LLC, Union of Winemakers of Dagestan LLC, Makhachkala Winery, Gedzhukh Winery, Derbent sparkling wine factory), as well as viticulture enterprises.

The prerequisites for the formation of a cluster are:

• high demand for Dagestan wine and cognac products;
• the presence of well-known cognac brands of Kizlyar and Derbent, as well as wine brands of Gedzhukh;
• a high share of the Republic of Dagestan in the Russian Federation and the Southern Federal District in the production of cognacs, sparkling wines;
• availability of a developed network of educational institutions for training personnel and scientific potential in the field of development of viticulture and technology for its processing;
• favorable natural and climatic conditions for the development of viticulture;
• availability of free land for planting vineyards;
• favorable conditions for expanding the markets for cognac and wine products;
• development of modern domestic winemaking;
• own glass production;
• supply of labor resources.

The prerequisites for the formation of a fruit and vegetable canning cluster are:

• high demand for high-quality Dagestan canned fruits and vegetables;
• the presence of significant production capacities in the field of fruit and vegetable canning;
• high share of the Republic of Dagestan in the gross harvest of vegetables (1st place among the subjects of the Russian Federation), fruits and berries (19th place among the subjects of the Russian Federation);
• availability of a developed network of educational institutions for training personnel and scientific potential in the field of growing and processing vegetables, fruits and berries;
• the presence of unused land for expanding the areas of vegetable, fruit and berry crops;
• development of domestic canning;
• favorable natural and climatic conditions for the development of crop production;
• availability of auxiliary industries and potential for their development.

Prerequisites for the development of meat and fish processing are:

• availability of resource potential for the development of meat and fish processing industries;
• the presence of significant unsatisfied demand in the Republic of Dagestan for Halal meat products and high-quality fish products;
• favorable natural-climatic and geological-geographical conditions for the development of river and pond fish farming and sea fishing;
• historical predisposition and extensive experience of the Dagestan peoples in the field of sheep breeding and cattle breeding;
• steady growth of demand in the domestic and foreign markets for high-quality, genetically modified and environmentally friendly meat and fish products.

The Republic of Dagestan has favorable climatic and soil conditions for growing cabbage (varieties of Derbent winter cabbage, late Akhtyn cabbage), large-fruited tomatoes, Buynak gherkins, Dagestan varieties of carrots, large Kayakent onions, etc. The annual harvest of cabbage is 250-260 thousand tons. In the conditions of southern Dagestan, vegetable growing has the opportunity to receive two harvests per year.

According to the Ministry of Agriculture of Dagestan, in the past two years, 300-310 thousand tons of tomatoes and 60-65 thousand tons of cucumbers have been grown in the republic annually. The most effective projects in the field of agro-industrial complex that have the prospect of implementation are “Organization of an enterprise for the production and processing of poultry meat”, “Creation of a network of vegetable and fruit storage facilities”, “Construction of plants for deep processing of fruits and vegetables”.

Sheep breeding in the Republic Dagestan is not just a sector of the economy, but a traditional way of life and an integral part of culture, which is of paramount importance in the livelihood of a significant part of the rural population.

Due to a number of objective factors, including favorable natural and climatic conditions, the presence of significant areas of pastures, sheep breeding always occupies a special place in the structure of the agrarian economy of the republic. If during the years of agrarian reforms the number of sheep and goats in the country as a whole has decreased by almost three times, then Dagestan is the only region in which the number of sheep and goats is not only preserved, but exceeded the level of 1990 (148%), amounting to almost 5 million heads. . As a result, today Dagestan ranks first in terms of the number of sheep in Russia, with a share in the total Russian volume at the level of 21%, while in 1990 it was only fourth, behind the Stavropol Territory, Rostov and Chita regions.

Moreover, we have a unique specificity that is not found in any other region of Russia - a transhumance system of animal husbandry, in which cattle are moved twice a year: in spring - to summer pastures - in the mountains, and in autumn - to the plains at a distance up to 500 km. Naturally, this greatly complicates the management of animal husbandry, increasing costs, and, accordingly, necessitates accounting in the federal agrarian policy.

The distance between the most remote seasonal areas of pastures is more than 570 kilometers, which is almost impossible to overcome on their own (rutting) by a sheep head. For the timely delivery of sheep to seasonal pastures, only in the Republic of Dagestan, funds are annually allocated from the republican budget to reimburse part of the costs of transporting sheep by road at the rate of 60 rubles per head, which covers about half of the transportation costs. About 200,000 heads of sheep are transported by motor transport from the most remote areas of transhumance. Since 2012, we have been forced to abandon the transportation of livestock to seasonal pastures by rail due to economic inexpediency.

Over 2 million sheep and goats, 130,000 cattle and 3,500 horses are wintered on the lands of transhumant animal husbandry, whose area is about 1.5 million hectares.

Keeping a sheep head in the winter season in mountainous areas is economically unprofitable. Roughage for livestock in the republic is harvested in the lowlands, their delivery to the mountains and feeding with the stall keeping of sheep and goats for 5-5.5 months will lead to sheep breeding in decline. On winter pastures, the insurance stock of fodder is harvested at the rate of 40–50 days.

The main breeds of sheep bred in the republic are the Dagestan mountain and Grozny merino. Currently, out of the total number of pedigree sheep in sheep farms, 74% are Dagestan mountain, 18% are Grozny, and the remaining 8% are Lezghin, Andi and Tushino breeds.

Given that the unsystematic use in the private sector during the reform period of sires of unknown origin with low productivity led to a sharp deterioration in the breed composition of the sheep, its wool and meat qualities, active measures are being taken in the republic to strengthen selection and breeding work. For the first time since 1995, on the basis of the leading livestock farm of CJSC "Darada-Murada" in the Gergebil district, we held the Republican exhibition of breeding sheep, within the framework of which an interregional conference was held to discuss the current state and prospects for the development of sheep breeding with the participation of leading scientists in this field, including and Stavropol Territory.

44 breeding enterprises of the republic are registered in the state breeding register in the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, 19 of which breed small cattle in the amount of 132 thousand sheep, including 80 thousand ewes.

Among the reasons that led to a sharp reduction in the number of sheep in the country, the key is the destruction of the main consumer of wool - light industry. In addition, in the domestic army there was a transition from the use of the most valuable materials for the manufacture of clothing - wool. It should be noted that in recent years, wool has lost its market niche to cotton and synthetics due to their cheapness and the advent of fashion for lighter clothing.

However, wool is the most expensive of textile fibers and has unique aesthetic and functional properties. As a rule, it is used to make clothes and knitwear of the highest quality. Therefore, world wool production remains at a stable level. This also explains the fact that in the leading sheep-breeding regions, as in the UK, South Africa, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, there is a state monopoly on the purchase of woolen raw materials. Moreover, in these countries, a comprehensive development of sheep breeding is carried out, and the domestic market is protected by high duties and quotas on the import of sheep products.

We remember well that in the recent past, wool in Russia was also valued and purchased by the state at a high price. Wool processing enterprises and the production of products from it functioned everywhere. Agricultural producers had no end to wool harvesters, who occupied a prominent place in society due to the extreme importance of the work they performed in harvesting wool from a huge number of producers. In wool production, our country ranked second in the world, and in subsequent years - only eighth.

The agricultural sector of Dagestan, being an integral part of the country's agro-industrial complex, similarly faced a sharp decline in wool consumption within the republic. We must also agree that, according to experts, a significant part of the wool, especially obtained in the private sector, where there is practically no classification or sorting of wool according to its quality parameters, far from meets the requirements of consumers, which accordingly reduces the possibility of its sale at competitive prices. In conditions of violation of the conditions of keeping and grazing, the wool is significantly clogged.

Until recently, the sheep breeding economy of the republic was mainly based on the production of wool, the share of which in the total value of the products of this industry was 60% (today only 15%) and the purchase price of one kilogram of wool was equivalent to 15 kg of lamb.

In recent years, including due to the above reasons, wool has been unclaimed, its production in agricultural enterprises of the republic has become chronically unprofitable. During the period from 2000 to 2007, the unprofitability of wool production increased from - 1.4% to - 38.6%. True, in recent years the situation has been slowly improving, and in 2013 the unprofitability of wool production amounted to 13.8%. With a selling price of 33.7 rubles per kg of wool, the cost price exceeds 38 rubles. Therefore, it is cheaper to sell a live sheep than to shear it, since it takes about 40 rubles to shear one sheep.

Against the background of a noticeable decrease in competitive opportunities in the wool market, it is gratifying that the production of lamb in the republic has been profitable for agricultural producers over the past three years. Thus, in 2013, through the sale of lamb, agricultural enterprises of the republic received 44 million rubles of profit with a profitability level of 15.4%. Taking into account the growing demand for mutton, as well as against the background of the lack of demand for wool, there is a tendency to transfer sheep breeding from wool to meat and meat-wool. Calculations show that the specialization of sheep breeding in the production of meat will increase its economic efficiency.

As already noted, at present, the prospects for the development of sheep breeding are associated with a rapidly growing demand for lamb in many regions of the country. In the structure of meat produced in Dagestan, mutton accounts for more than a third, while in the country, on average, only three percent.

Since lamb is one of the most valuable types of meat products, in recent years the demand for young lamb has been growing rapidly in the country, especially in the capital's restaurants and supermarkets, where hundreds of live heads are shipped daily from the republic by private individuals. The presence of such prospects also indicates that in terms of per capita consumption of mutton in the world, Russia occupies almost the last place with an indicator of about 1.5 kg of mutton per year, which is almost four times less than the norm recommended by the FAO.

In addition, the intensive formation and strengthening of the tourism potential of the region in the near future will require a significant increase in the production of young lamb for a large number of tourists who come to rest in Dagestan, which acts as an additional incentive to expand meat sheep breeding.

The intensive development of sheep breeding in Dagestan is an objective regularity, and, despite sharp fluctuations in prices in the market for the products of this industry, the number of agricultural producers engaged in sheep breeding, primarily among farms, is expanding. For example, out of the republic's total sheep and goat population of five million heads, almost half is concentrated in the farming sector. Today, almost half of the sheep population concentrated in the country's farms falls on the farming sector of Dagestan.

In the conditions of fierce competition, highly efficient sheep breeding can be ensured through the widespread introduction of resource-saving technologies and forms of production organization, which is difficult to provide on private farmsteads, with an average livestock per farm of 3-4 heads. Therefore, it is pleasing that in recent years in the region, the growth of the sheep head is also taking place in agricultural enterprises in which there are necessary conditions for organizing breeding work, forming an optimal herd structure, and improving feeding.

Taking into account the state of most of our lands, sheep breeding is of paramount importance for maintaining ecological well-being in the semi-desert and mountainous regions of the republic. According to science, under optimal load, sheep maintain the underdeveloped soil cover of such pastures, which eat about 600 species of the 800 plants eaten by animals.

The main problem faced by agricultural producers is to ensure the effective marketing of the products received. In this regard, thanks to the work done with the leaders of the Troitsk, Karachay-Cherkess and Nevinnomyssk wool-washing factories, today we have reached real agreements on the purchase of wool from agricultural producers of the republic. These days, when there is a mass campaign for shearing sheep, employees of these processing enterprises travel around the leading sheep breeding farms, buying wool, paying off with sheep breeders on the spot.

It is gratifying that in recent years, support for sheep breeding has been increasing at the federal level. Since 2007, subsidies for breeding sheep have been restored, the rate of which today is 105 rubles. The amount of subsidies is rather symbolic, given that the maintenance of one sheep costs an average of 1000-1200 rubles a year. In addition, the amount of subsidies throughout the country is set at the same size, without taking into account the real level of costs for running the industry, such as, for example, the system of transhumance animal husbandry used only in Dagestan, which causes a significant high cost for sheep breeding. Therefore, we consider it quite reasonable to provide for the establishment of differentiated rates of subsidies, setting for the republic its size at least at the level of 300 rubles.

The development of sheep breeding is the most important component of the priority project for the development of the Republic of Dagestan "Effective Agro-Industrial Complex". In accordance with this project and in order to further stimulate the industry, the republican program "Development of sheep and goat breeding in the Republic of Dagestan for 2013-2020" was adopted, which provides support in the following areas: development of grassland fodder production; purchase of highly productive animals; purchase of young sheep and goats; construction of feedlots, purchase of machinery and equipment; introduction of information and analytical systems for registration and identification of animals; transportation of sheep to summer and winter pastures. In 2013, this program passed the competitive selection of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia with the status of a regional economically significant program with funding in the amount of 167.1 million rubles, incl. 139.8 million rubles from the federal budget, which had an important positive impact on the situation in sheep breeding.

We are confident that the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia will continue the course taken to support domestic sheep breeding.

The rich traditions of sheep breeding, huge economic potential, including human resources, favorable natural and climatic conditions form all the grounds for increasing the production of sheep breeding products in the Republic of Dagestan, which will further strengthen the position of the republic as a flagship in this area in the Russian Federation.

Sharip Sharipov

Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Republic of Dagestan