Creation of the Comintern. What were the ideological guidelines of the Comintern? What were the goals of this organization? which enabled the left groups of social democracy to acquire a significant

1) Describe the occupation policy of the Nazis on the territory of Belarus. What were its results? 2)

Prove that all elements of the "new order" established by the Nazis in the occupied territory of Belarus were aimed at fulfilling the "Ost" plan.

3) What organizations operated in the occupied territory of Belarus? Why do you think the Nazis allowed the creation of these organizations and supported their activities?

After Konstantin Pavlovich finally renounced the throne, Nicholas I took the throne, as Alexander I wanted.

accession to the throne of Emperor Nicholas I. He signed it on December 13. Who was the author of the Manifesto? The reign of Nicholas I began with the uprising of the Decembrists. According to the plan of the rebels on the morning of December 14, it was necessary to penetrate the Winter Palace and kill the emperor. Who was charged with this murder? The first Russian revolution took place at the beginning of the 20th century. It was caused by the events of January 9, 1905. Under what name did the occasion for this revolution go down in history? 4This girl was known as the favorite of Nicholas I. She was one of the favorite ladies-in-waiting of Alexandra Feodorovna. The emperor's relationship with her lasted 17 years. What was the name of this favorite?

1) How do you think the events of the Patriotic War of 1812 and the foreign campaigns of the Russian army are interconnected and the questions raised by the authorities about

the abolition of serfdom, the constitution?
2) How can one explain such a great secrecy of the discussion of projects for the abolition of serfdom?
3) Compare the reform projects of M.M. Speransky and N.N. Novosiltseva - P.A. Vyazemsky according to the criteria you suggested.
4) What are military settlements? Do you agree that they most clearly manifested all the horrors of serfdom?
5) What was the composition of the secret organizations of the Decembrists? How to explain the active participation of nobles in the struggle for the liberation of the peasants, the introduction of the constitution?
6) Compare the "Constitution" N.M. Muravyov and "Russian Truth" by P.I. Pestel. Compare these documents with the Novosiltsev-Vyazemsky project.
7) Was the performance on Senate Square on December 14, 1825 an uprising or an act of civil disobedience?
8) Could the Decembrists have won on December 14, 1825? Could the Decembrist movement as a whole have ended in success?
9) Follow the essence of the discussion in historical science about the Decembrist movement. What questions were the most important in it? Why? How did the content and nature of the discussion change depending on the political changes in our country?

1. Who initiated the creation of military settlements in Russia? A) M. Speransky, B) A. Benkendorf, C) A. Arakcheev, C) Alexander

2. Why did Alexander 1 refuse to introduce a constitution in Russia after the war?

A) Peasant riots prevented; B) the war of 1812 prevented; C) the nobility resisted the reforms.

3. Decree on free cultivators of 1803:

A) granted personal freedom to state peasants; B) consolidated the privileges of single-palace peasants; C) allowed the landowners to release their peasants for ransom.

4. What part of the population of the Russian village was affected by the reforms of P. D. Kiselyov? A) state peasants; b) landowners; c) serf yard peasants; d) serfs plowed peasants;; e) residents of military settlements.

5. What obligations did Russia take on under the Treaty of Tilsit? A) had to recognize France for all territorial changes in Europe; B) became an ally of France in the war against England; C) was obliged to enter the war against England.

6. Determine who is it?“I was born into the family of a poor landowner. In 1808-1810. served as minister of war. Since 1815, he actually led the State Council and the activities of the ministries. He was distinguished by impeccable honesty. Executive official. He was merciless and even inhuman in his diligence. And it was these traits that caused a negative attitude towards him from those around him. A) N. Novosiltsev; B) M. Speransky; C) A. Arakcheev.

7. What is the purpose of military settlements? A) suppress the wave of peasant uprisings; b) reduce government spending on the maintenance of the army, c) organize mass training of reserves.

8. Who led the Russian army before Kutuzov was appointed to this post? A) M. Barclay de Tolly; b) P. Bagration, c) I. Murat.

9. Determine who is it?“His family coat of arms was decorated with the motto “Loyalty and Patience”. He enjoyed a reputation as an honest, cold-blooded and selfless officer. He commanded the Russian armies in several wars. On the eve of the Patriotic War of 1812, he was minister of war and commanded the first army. The court careerists did not like him. Many accused him of the retreat of the Russian troops and even talked about his betrayal.

A) M. Kutuzov; B) M. Barclay de Tolly; C) P. Bagration

10. On May 23, 1816, Alexander 1 approved the regulation on the Estonian peasants, according to which in the Baltic provinces:

A) increased serfdom; B) serfdom was abolished;

C) the duties of the peasants were determined depending on the quantity and quality of land.

11. The first secret organization of the future Decembrists was called:

a) "Union of Salvation", b) "Union of Prosperity", c) "Union of Officers"

12. "Constitution" N. Muravyov assumed: a) maintaining serfdom; b) the liberation of peasants without land; c) the preservation of landownership.

13.What system was established in Russia according to the project of P. Pestel? A) a constitutional monarchy, b) a democratic republic, c) an autocratic monarchy.

14. Recruitment is: a) the duty of the peasants to work in state-owned manufactory; b) setting up a certain number of people from the taxable estate to serve the needs of the army; c) the state tax from the peasants for the upkeep of the army; d) the obligation of the taxable estate to expose a certain number of soldiers.

15. The brake on the development of the Russian economy was: a) patrimonial land ownership; b) craft workshops; c) serfdom; d) lack of support from the state.

16. Which of the following was part of the Zemstvo reform of 1864:

A) the elective nature of zemstvos; b) zemstvos were elected on the basis of a property qualification; c) provincial officials could be appointed only with the consent of the zemstvos; d) in a number of provinces it was decided not to create zemstvos; e) zemstvos maintained hospitals, schools, roads, and prisons.

E) at the head of all provincial zemstvos was the central zemstvo; g) zemstvos were created to later replace the central government.

1) what are the goals of the 1st pestilence war, what character did it have?

2) what was the reason for World War 1, when did it start?
3) how and why did Russia enter the war?
5) what plan did Germany develop, what was this war supposed to be, and what did it become and why?

The state of affairs in the Comintern is magnificent! I, as well as Zinoviev and Bukharin, are sure that right now the revolutionary movement in Italy should be encouraged, and attention should also be paid to establishing the power of the soviets in Hungary, and perhaps also in the Czech Republic and Rumania.

Telegram from Lenin to Stalin, July 1920

The main purpose of the creation of the Comintern (Communist International) was to spread the socialist revolution throughout the world. Let me remind you that Lenin and Trotsky (the ideological inspirers of the 1917 revolution) were convinced that it was impossible to build socialism in one single country. For this it is necessary to overthrow the bourgeois elements throughout the world, and only then begin the construction of socialism. For these purposes, the leadership of the RSFSR created the Comintern as the main means of its foreign policy, to help in the "socialization" of other states.

First Congress of the Comintern

The first congress of the Communist International took place in March 1919. In fact, this is the time of the creation of the Comintern. The activities of the first congress decided several important points:

• A "rule" was established for the work of this body to work with workers from different countries, calling them to fight against capital. Remember the famous slogan "Proletarians of all countries unite!"? This is exactly where it came from.
• The leadership of the Comintern was to be carried out by a special body - the Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI).
• Zinoviev became the head of the ECCI.

Thus, the main task of creating the Communist International was clearly outlined - the creation of conditions, including financial ones, for the implementation of the world socialist revolution.

Second Congress of the Comintern

The second congress began at the end of 1919 in Petrograd and continued in 1920 in Moscow. By its beginning, the Red Army (Red Army) was conducting successful battles and the leaders of the Bolsheviks were confident not only in their own victory in Russia, but also that there were only a few breakthroughs left to "ignite the center of the world revolution." It was at the second congress of the Comintern that it was clearly formulated that the Red Army was the basis for creating a revolution throughout the world.

The idea of ​​uniting the efforts of Soviet Russia and Soviet Germany for the revolutionary movement was also voiced here.

It must be clearly understood that the main task of creating the Communist International lies precisely in the armed struggle against capital throughout the world. In some textbooks one has to read that the Bolsheviks wanted to carry the revolution to other peoples with money and persuasion. But this was not so, and this was well understood in the leadership of the RCP (b). Here, for example, is what Bukharin, one of the ideological inspirers of both the Revolution and the Comintern, said:

To build communism, the proletariat must become the master of the world, conquer it. But one should not think that this can be achieved with a single movement of the finger. To achieve our task, bayonets and rifles are needed. The Red Army carries the essence of socialism and workers' power for a common revolution. This is our privilege. This is the right of the Red Army to intervene.

Bukharin, 1922

But the activity of the Comintern did not give any practical results:

• In 1923, the revolutionary situation in Germany escalated. All attempts by the Comintern to put pressure on the Ruhr area, Saxony and Hamburg were unsuccessful. Although the funds for this were spent colossal.
• In September 1923, an uprising began in Bulgaria, but they were very quickly stopped by the authorities, and the Communist International did not have time to provide the necessary assistance.

Change of course of the Comintern

The change in the course of the Comintern is connected with the Soviet government's rejection of the world revolution. This was connected purely with internal political affairs, and with Stalin's victory over Trotsky. Let me remind you that it was Stalin who acted as an active opponent of the world revolution, saying that the victory of socialism in one country, especially in such a large one as Russia, is a unique phenomenon. Therefore, it is necessary not to look for a crane in the sky, but to build socialism here and now. Moreover, it became clear even to active supporters of the idea of ​​a world revolution that this idea was utopian and impossible to implement. Therefore, at the end of 1926, the Comintern ceased active work.

In the same year, 1926, Zinoviev replaced Bukharin at the head of the ECCI. And along with the change of leader, the course also changed. If earlier the Comintern wanted to kindle a revolution, now all its efforts were directed towards creating a positive image of the USSR and socialism as a whole.

Therefore, we can say that the main task of creating the Communist International is to kindle the world revolution. After 1926, this task changed - the creation of a positive image of the Soviet state.

The implementation of these foreign policy schemes was unthinkable without the strengthening of the pro-Bolshevik forces outside of Russia. As a result of the split in the world socialist movement during the years of the World War, a left revolutionary wing emerged from it, close to Bolshevism in ideological and political principles. In him, the Soviet leadership saw its main partner. At the beginning of December 1917, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a secret resolution on the provision of any kind of assistance to "the left internationalist wing of the labor movement of all countries." This was a step towards the creation of a new, this time communist International, the idea of ​​which was expressed by Lenin at the beginning of the war, when the Socialist International renounced the idea of ​​supranational socialist solidarity and split into national groups of patriotic defencists who supported the governments of their countries.

Despite the difficult conditions of the civil war, the Soviet leadership began to work on the issue of convening a conference of parties and groups that had broken with the Socialist International. Most of these groups supported the thesis of the dictatorship of the proletariat, focused on the accomplishment of socialist revolutions in their countries, were skeptical about the principles of "bourgeois parliamentarism" and agreed with the need to concentrate power in the hands of the soviets as new organs of revolutionary power.

On February 3, the first post-war conference of Western European socialists took place in Bern, which discussed the issue of resuming the work of the Socialist International. This clearly indicated a desire to consolidate the left forces in Europe on a moderately reformist basis. The Bolsheviks considered it dangerous to delay. In March 1919, a congress of the new, revolutionary Communist or Third International was convened in Moscow, which was attended by representatives of a number of left-wing groups that had broken away from the socialist movement at various times. On March 24, 1919, the creation of the Comintern was officially announced on behalf of the Congress.

In the "Platform of the International Communist Movement" adopted at it, one of the authors of which was Bukharin, a number of tasks were put forward: the conquest of power by the proletariat; the replacement of bourgeois parliamentarianism by the power of the soviets; the provision of economic and other mutual assistance by the proletariat of various countries. Congress was proclaimed the supreme body of the new organization. The management of the work of the Comintern during the period between convocations of the Congress was entrusted to the Bureau of the Executive Committee. The Comintern became an important instrument of Soviet Russia's influence on the situation beyond its borders.

The main task of the Comintern was to coordinate the plans of communist and revolutionary groups in different countries, and in fact - their development with the assistance and participation of Russian representatives. It was about the formation of a coherent world strategy of the communists of different countries, their subordination to a single goal, as it was understood in Moscow. Representative offices of foreign communist parties began to open in Soviet Russia. A network of training centers was deployed, which trained cadres of professional revolutionaries from among foreign citizens for work in the respective countries. Through the channels of the Comintern, revolutionary groups in foreign countries received from Soviet Russia a variety of material assistance, information and propaganda materials, organizational, methodological and expert support. Under the line of the Comintern, underground work was launched. It included propaganda and military conspiracy activities. The activities of the Comintern served as the basis for Moscow's accusations of "exporting the revolution."