Consonance of two or more sounds of the same pitch. Consonance

I welcome you to the second lesson, where I will talk about the concept of consonance and its main varieties. Watch the video, and then read the theoretical material and complete the tasks. Good luck!

If harmony deals with consonances, then you should clarify for yourself what consonance is.

Consonance Any combination of several sounds is called.

If the consonance consists of two sounds taken simultaneously or sequentially, then it is called an interval. As an example, let's take a third. This is an interval, between the extreme sounds there are three steps (step value). Tertia is of two types - large and small. In order for you to understand how the third appears and what its varieties depend on, I suggest you watch the video under link 1, where I took the trouble to describe everything in detail.

LINK 1

If this consonance consists of them three or more sounds, it can be called a chord. Usually its sounds are located through one - do-mi-sol, sol-si-re-fa etc.

If the chord consists of three sounds located through one, then it is called triad if from four- then seventh chord.

So far, we are interested in triads - chords that consist of three sounds located through one. They are major and

minor. The differences are in the internal composition. ATmajor triad the distance between the lower and middle sound is 4 semitones or 2 tones (recall that a semitone is the smallest distanceoyanie between sounds, on the keyboard - this is a step from white to black key), and between the middle and top

AT minor triad the opposite is true: 3 semitones are between the lower and middle sounds, and 4 semitones are between the middle and upper. For example, la-do-mi, mi-sol-si, f-la flat-do. top - 3 semitones or 1.5 tones. For example, do-mi-sol, F-la-do,B Flat D F.
him - three semitones or 1.5 tones.

In addition to the differences in the composition of these chords, they also have different emotional characteristics. So, a minor triad has a sad, melancholic or even tragic tone. Major - on the contrary, it is suitable for cheerful, light music.

I propose to build a major and minor triad together. To do this, click on the video, which is located below under the link 2.

LINK 2

Homework:

1. Using the scheme for constructing a major and minor triad, build these chords from all white and black keys.

2. Determine what kind of triad it is:

We enjoy listening to pleasant music, the sounding bell, the sounds of the orchestra, the singing of birds. And at the same time, we are annoyed by the sound of a working drill, a screeching saw, the roar of a falling object. How are these sounds different?

According to their effect on human hearing, sounds are divided into two groups: musical and noises .

Noise - These are the most diverse extraneous sounds simultaneously perceived by the ear. From the point of view of science, these are random vibrations of a different nature, the frequency of which corresponds to the frequency of sound.

And the main physical feature of musical sound is the orderliness of its sound pressure, the values ​​of which are repeated at regular intervals. That is, the sound pressure of a musical sound is a periodic function. An example of a periodic function is a sinusoid.

What is musical sound

We well distinguish the sound of a violin from the squeal of car brakes. But such a clear boundary in the perception of sounds is not always the case. Musical sounds can be found in any noise. In turn, noise can be mixed with musical sounds. So, the sound of the piano is added to the sound of the keys and the noise of the overturned musical sheets.

The physical properties of musical sounds are studied musical acoustics.

Musical sound has a certain exact pitch, timbre, loudness and duration.

Tone and overtones

Perhaps the most important property of a musical sound is its pitch. It depends on the frequency of vibration of the musical sound source. The higher the frequency of the sound, the higher its tone.

In addition to vibrations of the sound source as a whole, every part of it vibrates. Moreover, each part has its own frequency of oscillation. This creates sounds not only of different tones, but also of different strengths. The lowest of the sounds is called main tone , and the higher tones accompanying it are called overtones . A guitar string vibrates its entire length. The lengths of the oscillating parts in relation to it are expressed in correct fractions: 1/2, 1/3, ¼, etc. Each vibrating part is the source of an overtone. And each overtone has its own serial number, showing which part of the string is vibrating.

The pitch of the main tone lies in the range from 16 to 4000-4500 Hz.

The joint sound of the main tone and overtones create timbre sound. The timbre is often called the coloristic (overtone) coloring of the sound. The number and strength of the overtones are different for different timbres. Every human voice and every musical instrument has its own timbre. The more overtones, the more pleasant the timbre. The human ear is able to distinguish one timbre from another.

Consonances

In musical works, several tones can sound simultaneously. Each of the tones accompanies one or more of its overtones. This phenomenon is called consonance . The consonance of two sounds is called musical interval , and three or more chord .

If the interval has a 1:1 tone ratio, then it is called unison. With a ratio of 1:2 - octave, 2:3 - quint, 3:4 - quart, 4:5 - major third, 5:6 - minor third.

The pattern of combination of tones is called harmony .

Depending on the sound quality, there are consonantal and dissonant consonance. Consonant consonances are perceived by the ear as “sounding together”, and in dissonant ones, non-merging in sound is observed. The octave and fifth have been considered perfect consonants for thousands of years.

From a physics point of view, dissonances occur when the frequency of tones is almost the same. In this case, periodic oscillations are superimposed, causing a periodic increase or decrease in the amplitude of the total signal. The joint sound of tones either intensifies or weakens, which makes it look like a howl. Therefore, dissonance can cause irritation, anxiety, and consonance - a feeling of calm, comfort. The number of boosts in 1 second is called beat frequency . A beat frequency of no more than four does not affect auditory perception. The greatest discomfort is caused by the beat frequency equal to 33. When its value exceeds 130, the feeling of discomfort disappears.

A sequence of musical sounds arranged in ascending or descending order of pitch is called scale . A scale consisting of the fundamental tone and its harmonic overtones, the frequency of which is a multiple of the frequency of the fundamental tone, is called natural or overtone scale.

If the frequency of the fundamental tone (lower sound) is equal to f , then the natural scale forms an arithmetic progression: f, 2f, 4f, 8f …

Volume and Duration

Volume musical sound from the point of view of physics is measured in the same way as normal sound volume. But music has its own terms for loudness.

For example, forte (f) means loud , fortissimo (ff) - very loud, piano (p) - quiet, pianissimo (PP) - very quiet etc.

One of the main properties of musical sound is duration . It is equal to the time during which the sounding body vibrates, and is measured in the same units as time. But in music, the concept of absolute duration does not apply to musical sound. Much more important is its comparison with the durations of other sounds - relative duration . It is not a physical quantity at all. They say that one note sounds 2 times longer than the other, and the other is 3 times shorter than the third, and so on.

The unit of duration in music is whole note .

See consent ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian dictionaries, 1999. consonance, harmony, concord; system; symphony, harmony, assonance, rhyme, conformity, consonance, unison, combination ... Synonym dictionary

CONSONANCE- in music, the combination in the simultaneous sound of several sounds of different heights. A consonance of three or more sounds built according to a certain principle is called a chord ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

CONSONANCE- (musical), simultaneous sounding of tones of different heights. One of the types of consonance chord ... Modern Encyclopedia

CONSONANCE- CONSOUND, consonance, cf. 1. Harmonic combination of two or more tones (music). 2. Coincidence, similarity of speech sounds, rhyme (obsolete). "I'm crazy about triple consonances and wet rhymes, like in Yu." Lermontov. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

CONSONANCE- CONSONANCE, I, cf. In music: a combination of several sounds of different pitches. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Consonance- or the consonance of S. in prima with an equal number of vibrations, is accompanied by a special phenomenon, as soon as this equality is somewhat violated. So, if one of the two tuning forks makes 128 oscillations, and the other 127 or 129 oscillations per second, then S. remains ... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Consonance- (musical), simultaneous sounding of tones of different heights. One of the types of consonance is the chord. … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

consonance- CONSOUND, CONSONANCE, I; cf. 1. Music. The combination of sounds of different pitches in simultaneous sounding. // Combination of speech sounds, words. * There is a grace-filled power in the consonance of living words (Lermontov). 2. Similar, similar sound (sounds of speech, words). WITH.… … encyclopedic Dictionary

consonance- darnusis sąskambis statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: angl. concord; consonance vok. Konsonanz, f rus. consonance, m; consonant chord, m; consonance, n pranc. accord consonant, m; consonance, f … Fizikos terminų žodynas

Consonance- in music, a combination in the simultaneous sound of several sounds of different heights. S. can consist of two (harmonic interval) or more sounds, it can be consonant and dissonant (see Consonance, Dissonance). The main type of consonance ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Books

• Consonance (+ 2 CDs), Victor Astafiev, Evgeny Kolobov. The book includes the works of the outstanding writer Viktor Astafiev, dedicated to music, its importance in human life and the work of the writer, as well as reflections on music, the profession of a conductor ... Buy for 823 rubles
• Consonance III. Almanac, No. 3, 2005, . The third issue of the almanac of the literary association LITSEKH-XXI at the library No. 213 of the municipality of Vykhino-Zhulebino is dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great ...