Reference books on orthoepy. Modern spelling dictionaries and reference books

Orthoepic dictionaries are called upon to give answers to those questions that the speaker may have in connection with the pronunciation of the word, with the placement of stress in it. Especially often questions arise in connection with the placement of stress in certain grammatical forms, which is explained by the mobility of Russian stress. Accentological characteristic is a mandatory component of all orthoepic dictionaries. Orthoepic dictionaries, noting the preference of one or another variant in certain types of speech, reflect the variance of the pronunciation norms of the modern Russian literary language. The attention of society to the problems of the culture of speech explains the extraordinary expansion of this type of dictionaries, including educational ones.

The first special orthoepic dictionary can be considered the reference dictionary "Russian literary pronunciation and stress" edited by R.I. Avanesova and S.I. Ozhegova, containing words that need to be characterized from the side of pronunciation, stress, as well as the formation of forms, are subject to fluctuations in live pronunciation, show a tendency to deviate from literary norms. The dictionary gives instructions that warn against the abnormal pronunciation of certain words and forms.

Authoritative and wide in coverage of the material remains the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by R.I. Avanesov. Of fundamental importance is the reflection in the dictionary of modern trends in the development of pronunciation and accentological norms. For completeness of information about the real sound of each word form, a kind of “phonetic paradigms” are given in the dictionary (those paradigms are noted in which certain combinations of sounds occur, for example, the word artist the form of the prepositional case is specially given about the artist to show assimilative softening). The compilers have developed a system of normative guidelines with a clear differentiation by areas of use, and also introduced prohibition marks. The evaluation of options is represented in the dictionary by a system of normative labels: 1) equal options are connected by a union and, 2) valid options are accompanied by a label add. ("permissible") or add. obsolete (“permissibly obsolete”), 3) variants that are outside the literary norm are presented with the so-called prohibitive marks: not rivers. ("Not recommended"), not right, ("not right"). “The border between incorrect and non-recommended options is not absolute,” write the compilers of the dictionary in the preface. - Litters not rivers. and not right, should be taken simply as 'less wrong 44' and 'more wrong 44 (options rated by the first mark, so to speak, compromise the native speaker's speech less, although if he wants his speech to be considered exemplary, he should avoid them). Here are some examples:

grenadier, not rivers. grenadier; jagged, not rivers. jagged; spoiled not rivers. spoiled; iconography, not rivers. iconography; puzzled, not rivers. puzzled; vulgarization, not rivers. vulgarization; inform, not rivers. inform; inquire not rivers. inquire; insurer, not rivers. insurer; insurer, not rivers. insurer; brindle, not rivers. brindle; needles, not rivers. needles; reprimands, not right, reprimand; colander, not right. colander; clog, not right, clog; stroke, not right, stroke; original, not right, iskoni; self-interest, not right, self-interest; kitchen, not right. kitchen.

That which contradicts the laws of the language or is not accepted by public taste is rejected. The dictionary gives detailed instructions on all complex issues of Russian form formation. The necessary generalizations are contained in a capacious essay by N.A. Yeskova "Information on grammatical forms", placed at the end of the dictionary. It presents a new approach to normalization compared to previous dictionaries, according to which variance is recognized as a natural phenomenon of the language; a variance scale was developed (equal options, acceptable options, acceptable obsolete options). The dictionary is the most valuable reference tool necessary for improving speech culture, although some of its recommendations are recognized by experts as outdated.

“The Big Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language: Literary Pronunciation and Stress at the Beginning of the 21st Century: the Norm and Its Variants” M.L. Kalenchuk, L.L. Kasatkina, R.F. Kasatkina is intended not only to answer questions about the pronunciation of words that have arisen in the last two decades, but also to show the dynamics of the orthoepic norm. The authors worked on the dictionary for 15 years and proceeded from the fact that every 25 years there is a change in the "language generation", which must be taken into account by the compilers of new dictionaries. The dictionary contains many neologisms; he is distinguished by democracy in the presentation of the orthoepic norm. The compilers introduce the concept of fluent speech, based on the fact that the norms of oral colloquial speech differ from the norms of oral public speech.

The accentological norm in the most well-established form is reflected in the Dictionary of Accents for Radio and Television Workers by F.L. Ageenko and M.V. Zarva. This dictionary in its recommendations, in contrast to the one discussed above, tries to get away from the variance of stresses observed in speech practice. It presents two sections of words that are difficult from the point of view of pronunciation and partially inflection of words: 1) common nouns; 2) proper names (geographical names, surnames and names of statesmen, politicians, scientists, writers, artists, names of foreign press organs, etc.).

Brief Dictionary-Reference L.A. Verbitskaya, N.V. Bogdanova, G. N. Sklyarevskaya “Let's speak correctly! Difficulties of modern Russian pronunciation and stress” is intended to provide answers to the most frequently asked questions about the correct stress and pronunciation, to prevent and correct typical orthoepic errors. A large place in the dictionary is occupied by foreign borrowings that cause difficulties in pronunciation or persistent accentological errors, as well as forms of commonly used nouns, adjectives and verbs (special difficulties are associated with the mobility of Russian stress). The reader almost daily hears examples of common mistakes from the lips of politicians, officials, TV presenters, and cultural figures. It is no coincidence that in this dictionary a special place is occupied by words with a prohibitive mark not right ! (incident - not right ! incident; extremely - not right ! extremely; loan - wrong-

vilno loan; collapse - not right ! collapse; solicitation - not right ! petition; expert - not right ! expert). The erroneous usage is highlighted in a box at the end of the dictionary entry and is confirmed by typical examples taken from media texts, speeches by politicians, journalists, and public figures. The maximum accessibility of the metalanguage of the dictionary makes it a reference tool relevant to the general reader.

Very popular is the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" by I.L. Reznichenko, however, the composition of the vocabulary of this dictionary and some practical recommendations are not perfect [Kozyrev, Chernyak 2009].

The practical needs of a wide range of users are answered by E.A. Okuntsova, "Dictionary of exemplary Russian stress" M.A. Studiner.

“The Dictionary of Pronunciation and Stress Difficulties” by K. S. Gorbachevich presents the words that exist in modern Russian in two pronunciation or accentological variants. Dictionary indications “acceptable”, “not recommended”, “colloquially”, “obsolete”, “obsolete” provide guidelines for choosing the desired form. Responding to dynamic processes in Russian speech, the dictionary offers as valid pronunciation and stress variants that were not recommended by previous lexicographic publications (for example, on Wednesdays and admissible on Wednesdays).

Book F.L. Ageenko "Proper names in the Russian language" represents the normative stress in the names and surnames of famous people (from antiquity to the present day) and geographical names.

In recent years, many orthoepic dictionaries of various sizes have appeared, addressed to schoolchildren. For example, the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language for Schoolchildren", compiled by O. A. Mikhailova, covers the most common vocabulary of the literary language and some letter abbreviations; it reflects the literary norms of stress and pronunciation, contains information about the formation of grammatical forms in the modern Russian language, and also provides a list of inflected and indeclinable nouns, the determination of the gender of which causes particular difficulties.

Ageenko F.L. Dictionary of proper names of the Russian language: stress, pronunciation, inflection [about 16,000 personal names and surnames, more than 21,000 geographical names, more than 1,000 other proper names]. M.: Mir i obrazovanie, 2010. 880 p.

Ageenko F.L. Proper names in Russian: a dictionary of stresses [about 15,000 names and surnames of famous people (from antiquity to the present day), about 20,000 geographical names]. M. : ENAS, 2001.373 p.

Ageenko F.L. Accents in the names of streets in Moscow and in the geographical names of the Moscow region: a dictionary-reference book / ed. D.E. Rosenthal. 2nd ed., add. M. [b. i.], 1983. 111 p. .

Ageenko F.L. ., Zarva M.V. Stress Dictionary for Radio and Television Workers [about 75,000 vocabulary units] / ed. D.E. Rosenthal. 6th ed., ster. M. : Russian language, 1985. 808 p. .

Ageenko F.L., Zarva M.V. Russian stress dictionary: 82,500 vocabulary units. M.: Iris press: Rolf, 2000. 807 p.

Big orthoepic dictionary: 100,000 words, word forms and phrases / comp. E.N. Zubov. M. : House of the Slavonic Book, 2011. 927 p.

Bugaeva I.V. Dictionary of stresses of religious vocabulary. Dictionary of Abbreviations of Religious Vocabulary: Russian Language, Orthodoxy [educational and reference manual on the Russian language and culture of speech]. M.: Krug, 2009. 224 p.

Burtseva V.V. New orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms [about 40,000 words].

3rd ed., ster. M.: Russian language - Media, 2006.

Verbitskaya L.A., Bogdanova N.V. ., Sklyarevskaya G.N. Let's talk right! Difficulties of modern Russian pronunciation and stress: a short reference dictionary. 6th ed., ster. SPb. : Philol. fak. St. Petersburg. state un-ta, 2008. 146 p. .

Vvedenskaya L.A. Dictionary of accents for radio and television announcers. 3rd ed. M.: Mart; Rostov n / D., 2006. 351 p. .

Gaibaryan O.E. School Dictionary of Stress. Rostov n/a. : Phoenix,

2010. 222 p. (Educational dictionaries).

Gorbachevich K. S. Dictionary of pronunciation and stress difficulties in modern Russian. SPb. : Norint, 2000. 304 p.

Gorbachevich K.S. Modern orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: all the difficulties of pronunciation and stress [about 12,000 heading units]. M.: ACT: Astrel, 2010. 476 p.

Gridina G.A., Konovalova N.I. School orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language [more than 4000 words]. M.: ACT i [dr.], 2011. 414 p.

Gridina T.A., Konovalova I.I ., Burtseva V.V. New orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. M.: ACT, 2013. 639 p.

Zarva M.V. Russian word stress: dictionary [about 50,000 words]. M.: ENAS, 2001.594 p.

Ivanova T.F. New orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language [about 40,000 words]. 7th ed., ster. M.: Bustard: Russian language - Media,

2011. 892 p. .

Ivanova T.F. ., Cherkasova T.A. Russian speech on the air: a comprehensive guide. 6th ed., ster. M.: Russian language, 2007. 345 p. .

Kalenchuk M. L., Kasatkin L. L., Kasatkina R. F. Big orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: literary pronunciation and stress of the beginning of the XXI century: the norm and its variants / ed. L.L. Kasatkin; Ros. acad. Sciences, Institute of Rus. lang. them. V. V. Vinogradova. M. : AST-Press Book, 2012. 1001 p. (Fundamental dictionaries).

Kalenchuk M.L., Kasatkina R.F. Dictionary of the difficulties of Russian pronunciation [about 15,000 words of the modern Russian language]. . M. : Astrel [et al.], 2006. 485 p. .

Pocket Dictionary of Regular Accents [more than 33,000 words] / ed.- comp. O.I. Druzhbinsky. 2nd ed., add. M. : Public Education: Research Institute of School Technologies, 2011. 210 p. .

Lekant P.A., Ledeneva V.V. School orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. 5th ed. M. : Education, 2013. 167 p. [The same in 1998 with a subtitle: the pronunciation of words].

Lvov V.V. School orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. 7th ed., ster. M. : Drofa, 2010. 270 p. (School dictionaries of the Russian language).

Mikhailova O A. Pocket orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: 20,000 words. M.: Astrel, 2012. 314 p. (Lingua).

The latest school orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language / comp. E.N. Zubov. M.: Dom slavyanskoi knigi, 2012. 639 p.

Novinskaya I I. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language [about 18,000 words]. 5th ed. Rostov n / D .: Phoenix, 2009. 329 p.

Okuntsova E.A. stress. Announcer, lecturer, orator, teacher, student: a dictionary-reference book. 2nd ed. M.: Izd-vo Moek, un-ta, 2013. 118 p. .

Orthoepic Dictionary / ed. T.N. Gurieva. M. : Mir knigi, 2003. 399 p.

Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language / ed.-comp. E.D. Goncharova. M.: Bustard: Russian language - Media, 2009. 622 p.

Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language / comp. IN AND. Crookover. St. Petersburg: Victory: Victoria plus, 2008. 318 p.

Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language for schoolchildren [about 10,000 words] / comp. O.A. Mikhailov. Ekaterinburg: U-Factoria, 2002. 416 p.

Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language [about 40,000 words] / ed. B.A. Zilbert. M. : Mir knigi, 2004. 399 p. (Encyclopedia of the Russian language).

Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms [about 63,500 words] / comp. S.N. Borunov, V.L. Vorontsova, N.A. Eskova; ed. R.I. Avanesov. 8th ed., ster. M. : Russian language, 2000. 684 p. .

Pedchak E.P. Pronouncing dictionary. Rostov n/a. : Phoenix, 2001. 351 p. (Dictionaries of the XXI century).

Pihutina V.I. Accentological variance in Russian: (on the example of nouns): the experience of a reference dictionary: in 2 volumes / under the general. hands L.G. Samotik. Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyar. state ped. un-t, 2006. Vol. 1-2.

Write and speak correctly: a reference dictionary. Moscow: Astrea - 2000, 2003. 255 p.

Reznichenko I.L. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language [about 25,000 words]. 2nd ed., rev. M.: Astrel: ACT, 2009. 1182 p. (Pocket library of dictionaries). .

Reznichenko I.L. Dictionary of stresses of the Russian language [about 10,000 words] / Ros. acad. Sciences. M. : AST-Press, 2010. 943 p. (Dictionaries of the XXI century) (Desk dictionaries of the Russian language). [The same in 2004, 2007, 2008].

Reznichenko I.L. Modern dictionary of the Russian language: stress, orthoepic pronunciation [about 25,000 words]. M. : ACT: Astrel, 2010. 832 p. (Modern Dictionary).

Russian literary pronunciation and stress: a reference dictionary [about 52,000 words] / ed. R.I. Avanesov and S.I. Ozhegov. M.: State. publishing house of dictionaries, 1959. 709 p. .

Semushkina L.N. Culture of Russian oral speech: a dictionary-reference book. 2nd ed. M.: Iris-press, 2007. 346 p.

Dictionary of pronunciation difficulties and stress in modern Russian [about 43,000 words] / comp. A.Yu. Yuriev. M. : Center-polygraph, 2009. 525 p.

Solovieva N.N. How to say right? : orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language [dictionary-reference]. M. : Oniks: Mir i obrazovanie, 2008. 94 p. (We speak and write correctly). Stress in Russian: (difficult cases): dictionary [about 5000 words] / comp. I.S. Persons. M. : Publishing House of the Univ. Ros. acad. Education, 2000. 140 p.

Fedorova T.L., Shcheglova O.A. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: 60,000 words. M.: LadKom, 2013. 575 p. [The same in 2009, 2012]. phonetic analysis. Correct pronunciation [more than 10,000 words] / comp. CM. Snarskaya; ed. I.A. Bogdanov. St. Petersburg: Norint, 2003. 283 p. (Dictionary-cheat sheet).

Studiner M.A. Dictionary of exemplary Russian stress: 17,000 words. 6th ed. M.: Iris-press, 2009. 568 p. .

Orthoepy (from the Greek orthos - direct, correct and epos - speech) is a set of oral speech rules that establish a uniform literary pronunciation.
Orthoepic rules cover the area of ​​pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions or combinations of sounds, as well as the features of the pronunciation of sounds in certain grammatical forms.

Orthoepic norms are based primarily on the main phonetic patterns in the field of vowels and consonants: accommodation of stressed vowels under the influence of soft consonants adjacent to them, reduction of two types (quantitative and qualitative), all cases of assimilation and dissimilation of consonants, stunning of consonants at the end of a word. Orthoepy is interested in those cases when it is possible to use two variants of the pronunciation norm, when it is possible "the variance of the sound realization of the same phonemes and the phonemic composition of the same morphemes in the absence of positional differences." Such options may differ or stylistically ( custody - general literary , guardianship - colloquial; [ple´t]- neutral, [poet]- high), or semantically

The greatest difficulties arise for those who speak Russian as their native language in the following cases.

1. Pronunciation of the stressed vowel [˙o´] or [e] after soft consonants. The unjustified absence of the letter Y in written speech often causes incorrect pronunciation of words. With such difficulties, one has to turn to the "Orthoepic Dictionary", which indicates that the words should be pronounced with the sound [˙o] hopeless, sturgeon, wool, maneuvers ( additional option - maneuvers), faded ( and additional . faded). The stressed sound [e] must be preserved in words sleet, guardianship, grenadier, bewildered, avoided.

2. Difficulties may arise when choosing a vowel after hard sibilants in the first pre-stressed syllable in place of the letter A. According to modern standards, in this position, a vowel of the first degree of reduction of the lower rise of the middle row, non-labialized, i.e. [L]. However, the norms of the old Moscow pronunciation that were in force in the middle of our century required that the sound [s e] be used in this position, i.e. The following pronunciation was considered correct:

heat - [zhy e ra´], balls - [shy e ry´],

naughty - [shy e lu´n], blackmail - [shy entash].

3. In the field of consonants, orthoepic norms regulate such cases of pronunciation:

a) Replacing in some words [r] explosive with [Υ] fricative (as in Ukrainian). The sound [Υ] is recommended to be pronounced in words

b) Pronunciation of a long hard consonant [g] in place of letters zhzh, zhzh.

c) Pronunciation of the combination CHN as [shn] or [ch].

d) The pronunciation of soft consonants at the end of a word, which are sometimes unlawfully replaced by hard consonants under the influence of vernacular or dialectal speech:

e) The pronunciation of consonants in place of doubled letters can be long ( cash desk - ka [s] a) or short

A long consonant should be pronounced in the following cases:

In place of the intervocalic group of consonants after stress:

At the junction of a prefix and a root, a preposition and a significant word: angry, good-natured, with a dog.

A short consonant is pronounced:

In the intervocalic group before the stress, except for the cases noted above: Saturday, illumination, terrace, territory;

In place of a doubled consonant in position before consonants:

There are several sources of deviation from the norms of literary pronunciation: the influence of spelling, the influence of dialect features, the influence of the native language (accent) - for non-Russians.

Deviations from literary pronunciation influenced by spelling are explained by the fact that there is not always a correspondence between the literal and sound form of the word. For example:

1. In Russian speech, only vowels that are under stress are pronounced clearly: s[a]d, v[o]lx, d[o]m. Vowels that are in an unstressed position lose their clarity and undergo reduction. Vowels a and about at the beginning of words without stress in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as [a] : hello, apocalypse(pronounce deer, be late).

2. After soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable in place of letters a, e, i pronounced sound middle between [e] and [and]: iezyk, piero, chiesy(pronounce tongue, pen, watch).

3. The genitive case of masculine and neuter adjectives ends with a letter G, and the sound is pronounced in this form [in]: big(pronounce big[ov]).

4. Words like certainly, what is spelled with a letter h, and in pronunciation the sound corresponds to it [w]: of course, what. Influenced by spelling pronunciation [sn] gradually began to be supplanted by pronunciation [h]. In words of new origin, especially in words that appeared in the Soviet era, only [ch] is pronounced, cf .: multi-station, in-line (method). In modern language [shn] is pronounced in the following words: of course, boring, scrambled eggs, empty, birdhouse, laundry, pepper, in female patronymics on -ichna: Savvi[shn]a, Ilini[shn]a. In a number of words, the pronunciation [shn] is allowed along with [ch]: dairy and milk [shn] th, wheat [shn] y and wheat, lavo [shn] ik and shopkeeper, bakery and bakery [shn] aya .

5. According to the norm, the combination of letters -zzh: I'm leaving, bitch pronounced like a double soft live:ride, ride. Letter combination - zzh, if s refers to prefix, pronounced like - LJ(firmly): heartburn - heartburn.

Deviations from literary pronunciation under the influence of dialect features are justified territorial features of dialects. For example:

1. Many deviations from orthoepic norms are allowed in use of vowels -e or -o after stressed soft consonants . The main phonetic law, according to which the change from -е to -о was carried out in Russian, is the position before hard consonants. Therefore, the pronunciation of the stressed vowel [e] in words such as comb, sod, dash. Should be pronounced: calculate [o] svyat, d[o] rn, h[o] tochka, etc.

2. At the end of words, in accordance with the spelling, they are pronounced - combinations m, b, v - seven, eight (dove, love). Under the influence of dialects, there is an erroneous solid pronunciation of consonants (seven, eight).

3. In indefinite form of the verb (smile, engage, develop) on the spot - be according to the literary norm is pronounced -tsa (smile, development). Under the influence of dialects, they often mistakenly speak the way they write (smile, develop).

4. Suffix - sya used in verbs after consonants: laughed, washed, after consonants, the variant -с is used: laughed, washed. Suffix - sya, -s according to the old Moscow norm, it was pronounced firmly. At present, the pronunciation has become dominant soft - s: laugh, lit up. Only on the stage is the solid pronunciation of the sound [s] in reflexive verbs, archaic for the common literary language, cultivated. However - Xia is pronounced firmly: laughed.

5. Consonant [g] at the end of a word it always turns into a voiceless sound paired with it [to]: smog- smo [to], each other [to]. The pronunciation in this case of the sound [x] is considered as a dialect. The exception is the word God is Bo[x].

Another trend in the field of pronunciation norms is the erasure of the features of territorial pronunciation. This is explained by common reasons - the growth of general education, bringing it closer to a single literary norm, as well as the influence of the media, especially radio and television.

Deviations from the norms of literary pronunciation under the influence of the native language are often occurs during the parallel study of the Russian language and the native language. Students are often guided by the orthoepic rules of the Ukrainian language. Until now, the study of the Russian language in Crimean schools was carried out in parallel with the study of the native (Ukrainian) language in a quantitative ratio of lessons 1:2, which led to deviations from the norms of literary pronunciation among students. For example:

1. Unstressed vowels [a],[o] in the first prestressed syllable should be pronounced as [a]: in [a] yes, from [a] rock (pronounced in [o] yes, from [o] rock).

2.Letter sch in Russian means long soft [w]: shshyuka (pronounce [shh] uka).

3. Consonant [h] in Russian, unlike Ukrainian, it is always soft: h[i] bis (pronounce h[y] bis).

Deviations from literary pronunciation can be associated with individual pronunciation defects, which affect both the pronunciation of individual sounds, and those that overlap with the entire speech of the speaker, for example, the speaker (monotonity, nasality, etc.).

Orthoepic errors (deviations from literary pronunciation) affect the listener's perception of speech: they divert his attention from the essence of the presentation, and can cause misunderstanding, indignation and irritation. Pronunciation, which corresponds to orthoepic standards, greatly facilitates and speeds up the process of communication.

Ageenko F.L. Dictionary of proper names of the Russian language. stress. Pronunciation. Inflection: More than 38,000 vocabulary units. Moscow: Mir i Obrazovanie, 2010. - 880 p.

Belik E.V. (comp.) Modern spelling dictionary of the Russian language Donetsk: PKF "BAO" LLC, 2013. - 384 p.

Verbitskaya L.A., Bogdanova N.V., Sklyarevskaya G.N. Let's talk right! Difficulties of modern Russian pronunciation and stress. Brief reference dictionary. - 4th ed. - St. Petersburg: Faculty of Philology, St. Petersburg State University; M.: Academy, 2003. - 160 p.

Kalenchuk M.L., Kasatkina R.F. Dictionary of the difficulties of Russian pronunciation. About 15000 words M.: Russian language, 2001. - 468 p.

Okuntsova E.A. stress. Announcer, lecturer, orator, teacher, student Dictionary-reference book. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow University, 2010. - 120 p.

1. Ageenko F.L., Zarva M.V. Dictionary of stresses of the Russian language. - M., 1993.

2. Krylova R.V. Dictionary of stresses of the Russian language. – Minsk, 1986.

3. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary / Ch. ed. V.N.Yartseva. – M.: SE, 1990.

4. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / Ed. R.I. Avanesova. – M.: RYA, 1997.

5. Rosenthal D.E. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. - M., 1994.

6. Russian language. Encyclopedia. – M.: SE, 1979.

7. Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers / Ed. D.E.Rosenthal. - M., 1976.

8. Encyclopedic dictionary of a young philologist / Comp. M.V. Panov. - M., 1984.

It is advisable to start the study of the topic with the development of the concept of orthoepy and the definition of the object of study of orthoepy. When working with terminology, keep in mind the ambiguity of some linguistic terms:

ORPHEPY (Greek orthos - direct, correct; epos - speech) - 1. A set of pronunciation norms. 2. Section of linguistics, which studies the norms of pronunciation, their dynamics.

The object of study of orthoepy is oral speech. However, please note that not all components of oral speech are regulated by the rules of orthoepy. Intonation, tempo of speech, articulation of individual sounds are not included in her jurisdiction.

Before studying the norms of pronunciation, it is necessary to comprehend the concept of PROnunciation STYLE, because. Different styles may have their own rules.

The concept of style is associated with the name of M.V. Lomonosov and his “Theory of three calms”, developed on the basis of vocabulary. Let's illustrate these three styles with modern material: neutral style - water, garden, big, High style - eyes, mouth, lift up, colloquial (reduced) style - talker, big-headed, get angry.

Working with additional literature, please note that R.I. Avanesov distinguishes three styles in pronunciation:

1/ neutral (stylistically uncolored texts),

2/ high (stylistically colored texts - poetic, solemn speech),

3 / colloquial (stylistically colored texts - colloquial, colloquial, expressive).

Pronunciation styles are associated with the pace of speech: neutral - medium pace, high - slow, colloquial - accelerated.

He connects his classification of pronunciation styles with the tempo of speech and L.V. Shcherba:

1/ Full style - distinct speech, slower, with more care in pronunciation.

2/ Incomplete style - fluent speech with less clarity, less careful articulation.

Be sure to include another classification of pronunciation styles in your abstract review - historical and cultural:

1/ Old Moscow pronunciation;

2/ Petersburg pronunciation.

During the discussion at the seminar, be prepared to expand the main provisions of this subtopic and supplement the classification with your own examples:

Moscow from the 14th century became the center of the Russian state, and pronunciation norms developed on the basis of the Moscow dialect. By the end of the 19th century Moscow pronunciation norms have finally developed. In the second half of the 19th century the Moscow norms had a competitor - the Petersburg norms. Unlike Moscow, this pronunciation was more bookish, closer to the letter. Then it did not become canonical, did not enter the stage speech, but influenced the formation and development of general orthoepic norms.

The bearer and keeper of the orthoepic traditions of the Russian literary language of the 19th and early 20th centuries. For a long time there was the Moscow Maly Theater. In the second half of the 20th century Moscow norms are gradually losing their canonical character (the reason is the change in the composition of Moscow residents):

a / the norms of pronunciation of the endings of the 3rd person pl have completely disappeared. part of verbs of 2 conjugations: [hod'ut, praise'ut] > [hod'ut, praise'ut];

b/ after Zh and Sh in the 1st pre-stressed syllable, [s] with a hint of E ceased to be pronounced: [zhyra] [shyg'i] > [zh / \ ra] [w / \ g'i], but is preserved in some words : horses, jacket, rye;

c/ the solid pronunciation of the final consonant of the stem before the end of adjectives and verbal suffixes has disappeared: high [y] th shout [y] wat.

The most characteristic modern differences in Moscow and St. Petersburg pronunciation are material for your conceptual comparative table:

1/ in St. Petersburg. pron. hiccups are more pronounced: l[and] sa, in[and] sleep - forests, spring;

2/ in St. Petersburg. pron. - less often assimilation by softness: a door;

3/ in St. Petersburg. pron. – solid pronunciation [LJ] – later, Moscow - [zh'zh '];

4/ in St. Petersburg. pronunciation - [wait ']: rain, Moscow - [zh'zh '].

Russian orthoepy includes the rules (norms) of pronunciation

individual sounds and their combinations in certain phonetic positions,

Sounds and their combinations in various grammatical forms of words.

Before proceeding with the development of orthoepic norms, remember the concept of a language norm. Recall the concept of a language norm!

Language norms- rules that are legitimized by literature, preferred and recognized by society as mandatory and therefore supported and protected by literature and society.

ORPHEPIC NORMS are based on the laws of functioning of the phonological system of the language. It should be remembered that they are stable, but at the same time - dynamic, constantly evolving, subject to change.

First, there are fluctuations in the norms. If they do not contradict the laws of the phonological system, then they are reflected in orthoepic dictionaries with the mark "add." - allowed: dean[add. de], atmosphere[add. sf], lomo’t [add. lo'mot]. Otherwise, prohibition marks are given: document - grossly wrong. document; museum - not right. muz [e] th, alphabet - not rivers. alphabet.(Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language, edited by R.I. Avanesov, 1984; 65 thousand words)

If such fluctuations are widely distributed, they become equal variants of the norm and are accordingly reflected in the dictionary: cottage cheese and cottage cheese, session and s[e]ssia. Then, if the new option wins, it is possible to consolidate the new norm: music, library used to be a normative different accent.

Thus, the dynamics of orthoepic norms is as follows: norm > fluctuations of the norm > variants of the norm > new norm.

N.M. Shansky distinguishes between general orthoepic norms and private rules.

GENERAL ORPHOEPIIC NORMS- conclusions from the theoretical description of phonetics. In order to comprehend them, it is necessary to remember the SOUND LAWS of the RA:

Mandatory reduction (A, O, E) - hoot, hiccup

the impossibility of combining AND with hard consonants, Y - with soft

Assimilation by ch./sv.

· assimilation on TV/m.

Assimilation by place and method of education

Reflect these patterns in the form of rules by patterns:

· In place of [O] in the post-stressed position, a strongly reduced sound of the non-front row always appears, i.e. A-shaped sound /shout/

· It is impossible to pronounce the sound [A] in the post-stressed position; in its place, a strongly reduced sound of the non-front row always appears.

It is impossible to pronounce a voiced consonant before a deaf one. In this position, the corresponding deaf person always performs.

General orthoepic norms cover large groups of words, almost all words with rare exceptions.

PRIVATE ORPHOEpic RULES concern small groups of words, the pronunciation of which is an exception to the general rules, for example, the pronunciation of combinations -CHN-, the pronunciation of borrowed words, etc.

R.I. Avanesov (“Russian Literary Pronunciation”. - M .: Prosv., 1972) does not distinguish general and particular norms, but divides them all into groups:

pronunciation of stressed vowels

- // - unstressed vowels

- // - hard and soft consonants

- // - deaf and voiced consonants

- // - double consonants

- // - combinations of consonants

· - // - individual grammatical forms

· - // - foreign words

· - // - names and patronymics

Pay special attention to individual groups that have not yet been considered in the phonetics section, and supplement the tables with your own materials:

PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANT COMBINATIONS

Note in your review of the topic that the pronunciation of the combination -CHN- is regulated by special rules.

Old Moscow pronunciation: [ШН]: plum, milky, brown.

Some words are pronounced like this in the SRY (Orthoepic Dictionary, 1989): scrambled eggs, bored, birdhouse, laundry, on purpose, fiddling, patronymic Fominichna, Ilyinichna.

Trend: pronunciation [SHN] is decreasing. Two pronunciations are allowed: bakery, boring, laundry.

Semantic differences are also associated with double pronunciation: friend of the heart, heart disease.

PRONUNCIATION OF COMBINATIONS WITH UNPRONOUNCABLE CONSONANTS

/fill in yourself/

PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE ORIGIN

A significant part of foreign words is fully mastered by the Russian language and obeys its phonetic laws: reduction, mitigation before front-lingual: sonata, synopsis, theater. Others are less adapted.

Remember private orthoepic rules for foreign words:

No reduction: boa, oasis, outpost, including in proper names: Flaubert, Honore de Balzac etc. /continue the list yourself/ ….

There is no softening before [E] (spelling E): cottage, chapel, caravel, thesis, cafe, lexeme, cabaret, detective, neorealism, including in proper names - Carmen, Merimee, Voltaire, Marcel and etc.

Mandatory easing : topic, deputy, semester, rector and etc.

Transfer of individual sounds: [h] - [G] in early borrowings ( Heine, Helsingfors); [X] - in later ( Helsinki, Hatfield), in oral speech - Heine. Reflection in writing is discussed in the Spelling section.

FEATURES OF PRONUNCIATION OF NAMES AND PATRONYMS

/fill in yourself/

In combination with patronymics and names undergo phonetic changes: Pavel Pavlovich, Mikhail Mikhailovich, Mikhail Petrovich

After reviewing the additional literature on the topic, reveal and illustrate the main trends in the field of orthoepy:

Increased hiccup ([And] no shade E in place [E] in an unstressed position):

Solid consonants appear before [E] (due to borrowings):

Assimilation softening of hard consonants before soft ones is reduced:

Soft pronunciation –SYA:

TYPES OF VIOLATIONS OF SPELLING NORM

(pronunciation errors)

1. Under the influence of the native language.

The negative influence of the native language is interference. It appears at all levels of the language. Especially noticeable in pronunciation, because. phonetic automatisms are the least conscious. Pronunciation skills are transferred from the native language to the foreign one. The phonetic system of the language being studied is reproduced according to the rules of the native language.

Phonetic interference is manifested both in the production of speech and in perception.

AT PERCEPTION: indistinguishability by ear of sounds that are not differentiated in the native language, hence the misunderstanding of the meaning of the statement: daughter-point, ball-heat, workshop-Czech, garden-back(Finns)

WHEN PROCESSING in this case, there is underdifferentiation(misunderstanding) of phonemes, for example, by hardness / softness - English, French, Spanish. and etc.; overdifferentiation- when in the native language there are more differential features of the phoneme -<А>open and closed<Р>multi-hit and single-hit; substitution - likening the sound of the studied language to the sound of the native, although they differ qualitatively, for example, Russian [Ы] - Hung. [Ü].

The set of pronunciation errors in the speech of a foreigner is an accent (a consequence of introducing pronunciation skills from the native language into someone else's phonological system. To prevent such errors, it is important to compare the phonological systems and the articulatory base of the two languages.

In the SPEECH of a CHILD learning his native language, there are spelling errors of other types:

2. Influenced by writing: what to

3. Under the influence of dialectal pronunciation (very persistent errors, since dialectal features are acquired in early childhood). In the Pskov region:

o dissimilation of consonants - corridor(corridor) , bonba(bomb)

o assimilation - omman(deception), changeable(copper)

o appearance of intervocalic in: cheerfully, what

o clatter : popotsane - the same Anglicans, they only speak pocise

o akanya facts after [Ts] in the first prestressed syllable: thirty, twenty etc. (even in the speech of Pskov TV announcers).

II. GIVE DEFINITIONS OF TERMS ON THE TOPIC, INCLUDE THEM IN YOUR TERMINOLOGICAL DICTIONARY (IF YOU CREATE IT IN THE PROGRAM X-POLYGLOSSUM.3.0.–User Dictionary, YOU WILL IMPROVE ANOTHER NECESSARY TEACHER COMPETENCE - INSTRUMENTAL)

Orthoepy, sound regularity, sound law, orthoepic norm, fluctuation of the norm, variant of the norm, violation of the orthoepic norm, dialectal pronunciation, interlingual phonetic interference, pronunciation skill, high pronunciation style, neutral pronunciation style, colloquial pronunciation style, pronunciation style, full pronunciation style, incomplete pronunciation style, Moscow (Old Moscow) Old Moscow pronunciation, St. Petersburg pronunciation, orthoepic system.

III. PREPARE FOR A DISCUSSION OF QUESTIONS ON THE TOPIC IN THE FRAMEWORK OF A COLLOQUIUM, A SEMINAR LESSON, FOR A WRITTEN ANSWER TO QUESTIONS DURING THE CONTROL WORK OR FOR A ROLE-PLAY-DISCUSSION ON THE PROBLEMS OF THE CULTURE OF SPEECH

1. What is the role of the correct Russian literary pronunciation?

2. What is the pronunciation norm?

3. What is the dynamism of the norm?

4. When and on what basis did modern pronunciation norms develop?

5. Are orthoepic norms related to the current phonetic laws?

6. What is the reason for deviations from the norms of Russian literary pronunciation?

7. What characterizes the full style of pronunciation?

8. What characterizes an incomplete pronunciation style?

9. What are the features of Moscow (Old Moscow) pronunciation?

10. What are the features of the St. Petersburg pronunciation?

11. What orthoepic norms are common?

12. What orthoepic norms are private?

13. What norms in the field of vowel pronunciation operate in the modern literary language?

14. What norms in the field of pronunciation of consonants operate in the modern literary language?

15. The pronunciation of which groups of consonants is regulated by orthoepic norms?

16. How are Russian patronymics pronounced in an incomplete style?

17. What are the rules for pronouncing words of foreign origin in Russian?

18. What are the current trends in Russian orthoepy?

19. How are orthoepic norms regulated?

20. How is an article built in an orthoepic dictionary?

IV. COMPLETE PRACTICAL TASKS,

to improve the skills of linguistic analysis and prepare for the test on the topic

1. Find pronunciation options in the orthoepic dictionary. Explain the reasons for their occurrence.

2. List the variant pronunciation norms known to you (in the field of pronunciation of vowels, consonants, groups of consonants, individual grammatical forms, foreign words), illustrate each case with 2-3 examples, write them down in transcription in two versions.

3. Explain with examples (5-6 for each case) how to pronounce names and patronymics in full and incomplete pronunciation style.

4. Write down in transcription how the following words are pronounced in full and incomplete pronunciation style (Kuznetsova, exercise 85).

5. Indicate the stresses in the words that correspond to the modern literary norm (Kuznetsova, exercises 94, 95).

6. Determine the nature of the deviation from the literary norm in the following examples (Kuznetsova, exercise 88).

7. Analyze the material of textbooks for elementary grades, draw a conclusion - how the elementary school program aims teachers at the formation of certain orthoepic skills in children, what orthoepic skills are formed and on what material.

8. Explain the reasons for the deviation from the norms of pronunciation in the speech of children (Kuznetsova, exercise 93)

9. Indicate the features of the pronunciation of vowels in an unstressed position (Kuznetsova, exercise 70 - 2 /).

10. Determine what sound - O or E- pronounced under stress: scam, hopeless, spineless, bilious, bile, foreign, pronominal, worthless, crossed.

11. Transcribe the words, indicate in what combinations there is a softening of a soft consonant before a soft one (Valgina, exercise 124 - 4 / -6 /).

12. Read the words, paying attention to the pronunciation of the combination CHN(Kuznetsova, exercise 82).

13. Explain the reasons for the variation in the pronunciation of the suffix –SJ and endings of adjectives with a basis on - GII, -KIY, -HIY.

14. Explain the rules for pronunciation of consonant groups (Valgina, exercise 125).

15. Comment on the pronunciation of double consonants (Valgina, exercise 127).

16. Check the pronunciation of borrowed words in the orthoepic dictionary (Valgina, exercise 129).

17. Read the text without prior preparation (Kamynina, pp. 60-62 - variant 2-6), write it down on a tape recorder or computer. Listen to the text, analyze the implementation of orthoepic norms.

18. Listen to the text recorded by another speaker (student), comment on the observance of orthoepic norms.

19. Make a written orthoepic analysis of one of these texts.

V. REQUIREMENTS FOR MASTERING THE TOPIC

Possession of theoretical material (in the scope of the issues proposed for discussion)

· Knowledge of the terminological minimum on the topic

· Practical knowledge of orthoepic norms of the Russian language

· Skills of orthoepic text analysis

VI. REFERENCE MATERIALS

Plan of orthoepic text analysis

1. Transcribe the text in accordance with the norms of Russian literary pronunciation.

2. Specify the features of pronunciation

· vowel sounds;

consonant sounds (taking into account positional changes);

groups of consonants

separate grammatical forms;

Foreign words (if any)

3. Specify accentological features (if any).

4. Mark the possible orthoepic variants and give their qualification (archaism, dialectism, vernacular, traditional poetic, folk poetic, professionalism, barbarism, literal pronunciation, old Moscow, new Moscow orthoepic norm).

5. In case of deviation from modern orthoepic norms, indicate on which orthoepic norms rhymes are based.

SPELLING DICTIONARIES (see. orthoepy) are dictionaries in which the vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language is presented in terms of pronunciation, stress, or the formation of grammatical forms. Such dictionaries reflect the pronunciation codification, i.e. fix the existing orthoepic norms and make them obligatory for all native speakers of a given language.

Russian orthoepic norms have evolved since the 17th century, in the process of formation and development of the Russian national language. Elements of language normalization are also known in earlier eras, but they did not concern oral speech. The value of the unity of pronunciation increases only with the formation of the national language. The first orthoepic mark reflected in explanatory dictionaries already in the 17th century, there was an accent, and the first such dictionary was Pamva Berynda's "Lexicon of Slovene Russian and Interpretation of Names" (1627). In the next explanatory dictionary - "The Dictionary of the Russian Academy" (1789-1794), - in addition to stress, information is already given on the pronunciation of many words, despite the fact that phonetic norms had not yet been established by that time. At the same time, the authors recognized the main and leading pronunciation of Moscow and St. Petersburg: “Different pronunciation and stress of words according to the difference in regions, the Academy tried to figure out according to the pronunciation used in the capitals, observing the stress in Slovenian books accepted, until the exact rules for this were discovered” (Dictionary 1789, p.XIII). This dictionary pays special attention to words that have pronunciation variants. Orthoepic information is given in a similar way in all subsequent explanatory dictionaries.

Translation dictionaries 18th century also had an accent on every word - for example, “The trilingual lexicon, that is, Slavonic, Greek and Latin sayings, a treasure from various ancient and new books collected and arranged according to the Slavic alphabet in the rank” by F. Polikarpov (1704). In this dictionary, stress is placed on all words, including the text of the author's introduction - such was the manner of writing at the beginning of the 18th century. In another translation dictionary - “The German-Latin and Russian lexicon is combined with the first beginnings of the Russian language” by E. Weismann (1731) - there are no stresses or other pronunciation marks, however, at the end of the dictionary, the pronunciation of all letters of the Russian alphabet is indicated and for explanation this pronunciation is given some semblance phonetic transcription:Oh fatherotet. Thus, even in the translation dictionaries of the XVIII century. there is information about the Russian pronunciation.

XIX century gave a new direction in lexicography, a special place began to occupy dictionaries of difficulties and irregularities. They met the urgent needs of the literate population in maintaining the purity and correctness of Russian speech, and almost all provided information about pronunciation. The first time such a dictionary should be considered the book of A. N. Grech “Reference place of the Russian word. Four Hundred Amendments" (1839), in which, according to the author, "erroneous expressions that have crept into our spoken and written language, words that are pronounced incorrectly or used in their inaccurate meaning" are collected and corrected; At the same time, “no attention is paid to the mistakes of the common people. Most of the omissions are selected from the spoken language of good society ”(Dictionary 1839, p. VII). The dictionary contains 400 words, almost half of which have an indication of the correct pronunciation. The following editions of incorrectness dictionaries were:

K. P. Zelenetsky. About the Russian language in the Novorossiysk Territory (Odessa, 1855),

V. Dolopchev. Experience of the Dictionary of Irregularities in Russian Colloquial Speech (1886),

From what? What for? and why? Impoverishment and distortion of Russian speech. Observations by A.B. (1889)

A. N. Grech. Irregularities in Perfect Spoken, Written and Book Russian (1890),

I. I. Ogienko. Dictionary of incorrect, difficult and doubtful words, synonyms and expressions in Russian speech (1912),

A Brief Dictionary of the Difficulties of the Russian Language for Press Workers (1968),

Difficulties in word usage and variants of the norms of the Russian literary language / Ed. K. S. Gorbachevich (1973),

Difficulties of the Russian language. Journalist Dictionary / Ed. L. I. Rakhmanova (1974),

D. E. Rozental, M. A. Telenkova. Dictionary of the Difficulties of the Russian Language (1976),

L. I. Skvortsov. Do we speak Russian correctly? (1983).

The greatest pronunciation difficulties of the Russian language are associated with stress, therefore, from the beginning of the 20th century. special stress dictionaries:

V. I. Chernyshev. Russian accent. A guide to its study and use (1912),

I. I. Ogienko. Russian literary stress (Kyiv, 1915),

F. L. Ageenko, M. V. Zarva. Stress Dictionary for Radio and Television Workers / Ed. D. E. Rosenthal (first edition - 1951)

Accent Dictionary. To help the announcer / Ed. K. I. Bylinsky (1954).

Actually orthoepic dictionaries appeared only in the second half of the 20th century. The first was the unique orthoepic dictionary-reference book “Russian Literary Pronunciation and Stress”, edited by R. I. Avanesov and S. I. Ozhegov (1959), on the basis of which the Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language was subsequently created. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms” by S. N. Borunova, V. L. Vorontsova and N. A. Eskova (edited by R. I. Avanesov), which includes about 65,000 words and is regularly reprinted with minimal additions and corrections. In the most recent years, three dictionaries of this profile have been published at once:

N. V. Bogdanova, L. A. Verbitskaya, G. N. Sklyarevskaya. Let's talk right! Difficulties of modern Russian pronunciation and stress. Brief dictionary-reference book. SPb., 2002 (about 850 words; the dictionary is focused on modern political figures and opens up a whole series of normative dictionaries in a pocket format; the presence of highlighted prohibitory marks attracts attention);

M. L. Kalenchuk, R. F. Kasatkina. Dictionary of the difficulties of Russian pronunciation. M., 2005 (about 15,000 words; the dictionary contains “words that present any difficulty in pronunciation or stress”, “pronunciation options”, “normative recommendations, including prohibitive marks”, and “interpretations of borrowed, special and rare book words");

T. F. Ivanova. New orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. M., 2007 (about 40,000 words; the dictionary “mainly includes words in which errors are most often made”, “reflects the literary pronunciation norm, as well as pronunciation options within this norm”; there are no prohibitive and non-recommended forms in the dictionary, but the reader proposed a new system of recommendation litters").

Currently, the Big Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language is being prepared for publication (authors - M. L. Kalenchuk, L. L. Kasatkin and R. F. Kasatkina), which presents the widest possible range of pronunciation options for each word.

Small spelling dictionaries exist as supplements to some other normative publications:

L. P. Krysin, L. I. Skvortsov. The correctness of Russian speech. Reference Dictionary / Ed. S. I. Ozhegova. M., 1965;

L. A. Verbitskaya. Let's talk right. M., 1993.

The way of presenting orthoepic recommendations in all these dictionaries is diverse: from stressing, including in one grammatical form or another, to the transcriptional representation of a word section that is complex in orthoepic terms and full transcription of the entire word, cf .:

leisureg not right! dosug

bulletin not right! bulletin  ;

bulletinnya; bulletins;

pl. number bulletinsni, bulletinth

newsletter

chariot, -s[ with b n b ]

sad .

It is important to note that any codification is based on the principle of adequacy to the modern language norm. However, in practice, this principle is constantly violated, codification often lags behind the development of the norm, reflecting yesterday rather than today of our language. This applies to the greatest extent to the pronunciation norm, the codification of which is difficult for a number of reasons: firstly, because of its maximum instability (compared to other language norms) and, secondly, because of the laboriousness of the procedure for establishing the pronunciation norm. That is why in orthoepic dictionaries even of recent years of publication, one can find recommendations for setting stress that do not correspond to the real orthoepic norm - pho lie,toast,yoga rt and under. To overcome this discrepancy between the real norm and its codification, special marks are used in normative dictionaries that mark pronunciation options: additional. (permissible), underdosed. (invalid) outdated. (obsolete) specialist. (special) unfold. (colloquial) no rivers. (not recommended), etc. In the upcoming "Big Orthoepic Dictionary" marks are also introduced senior. and junior. - to indicate the peculiarities of pronunciation of the older and younger age groups of native speakers. Observations on the changing norm, as well as the improvement of existing and the creation of new orthoepic dictionaries, is another important task of modern orthoepy, the solution of which requires more and more new studies of Russian pronunciation.

In any case, orthoepic dictionaries serve as reference aids for everyone who wants to know the correct pronunciation of certain words of the language.

Why do we need spelling dictionaries?

Every person at one time encounters difficulties in pronouncing a particular word. For example, he cannot correctly place the stress, as a result of which he gets into a mess or simply frantically seeks to replace this word with a synonym that is not always well-chosen.

It is logical to assume that the orthoepic dictionary is directly related to such a science of language as orthoepy. What does she represent?

Orthoepy deals with the regulation of pronunciation norms. In addition, she gives an explanation for their establishment and substantiates them.

Why is a spelling dictionary needed?

The dictionary is intended to be used as a book, which contains information divided into articles, which, in turn, are sorted by topic or title.

The main purpose of the orthoepic dictionary is to provide the contacting person with information regarding the pronunciation, formation and stress of a particular word with which there are difficulties.

The history of orthoepic dictionaries dates back to the 17th century, when a long process of becoming a native language began. Undoubtedly, linguistic normalization elements were also known in previous eras, however, they did not affect oral speech in any way. Together with the formation of the national language, the importance of unity in the pronunciation of words began to grow. The very first orthoepic mark that appeared in the dictionaries of the 17th century was stress. It found its reflection in the Slovene Russian Lexicon and Interpretation of Names. Further, in the Dictionary of the Russian Academy, in addition to stress, information was also given on the pronunciation of various words. It is important to note that the norms of phonetics at that time had not yet been formed. Thus, every year more and more new dictionaries appeared with new notes and additions. This is how Russian orthoepy and its norms were formed. With each new dictionary, people received more and more knowledge about their native language.

Why is it important to place the emphasis correctly?

Stress in words is necessary in order to be able to correctly pronounce the word without distorting its original meaning and meaning. We all know how rich our language is and how many norms and rules it contains. A native speaker should know and apply all these rules in his colloquial speech.

With the help of stress, we highlight one of the syllables in the word due to our own voice. In Russian linguistics, stress plays a very important role. With its help, emphasis is placed on the main and secondary, in addition, it can completely change the meaning of the spoken word. For example, a castle is a castle.

This shows that stress is very important, especially in a situation where words are spelled exactly the same, but have different meanings. Thus, not observing orthoepic norms, we make the use of oral speech impossible. The interlocutors will not be able to correctly understand the idea that they want to bring to them. Without observing the norms of orthoepy, speech becomes incomprehensible, slurred and inaccessible to other people.

orthoepic knowledge. Are they needed?

When a person has broad orthoepic knowledge, his sociability greatly increases. This is explained as follows:

First, such a person does not run the risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood at all;

Secondly, he does not hesitate to pronounce certain words, because he knows how to correctly place the stress in them and does not frantically try to find a word that could replace what he wants to say;

And thirdly, a well-read and literate person will have the same speech. And she, in turn, is extremely pleasant to hear and does not cause irritation as a response from others.

Thus, it turns out that literacy is the best evidence that a person is well-read, literate and educated. And even if there were no good teachers in the school or there were any difficulties in studying, you should always remember that self-education has no boundaries. In addition, we live in a time when the Internet allows you to use various educational materials for free. Many dictionaries, books, workbooks are now available to users for free. Therefore, you should not refuse such an opportunity to improve your own speech. In any case, it will bring only a beneficial effect.

The use of online dictionaries has become extremely popular in recent years. The orthoepic dictionary is no exception. Welcome!