Stationary sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. Stationary sources of emissions - what is it

Any production activity is accompanied by environmental pollution, including one of its main components - atmospheric air. Emissions from industrial enterprises, power plants and transport into the atmosphere have reached such a level that pollution levels significantly exceed the permissible sanitary standards.

According to GOST 17.2.1.04-77, all sources of air pollution (ISA) are divided into natural and anthropogenic origin. In turn, sources of anthropogenic pollution are stationary and mobile. Mobile sources of pollution include all types of transport (with the exception of pipelines). Currently, due to changes in the legislation of the Russian Federation in terms of improving regulation in the field of environmental protection and the introduction of economic incentives for economic entities to introduce the best technologies, it is planned to replace the concept of "stationary source" and "mobile source".

Stationary sources of pollution can be pinpoint, linear and areal.

Point source pollution is a source emitting air pollutants from an established opening (chimneys, ventilation shafts).

Linear pollution source- this is a source that emits air pollutants along an established line (window openings, rows of deflectors, fuel overpasses).

Areal source of pollution is a source emitting air pollutants from a fixed surface ( tank farms, open evaporation surfaces, storage and transfer sites for bulk materials, etc. ) .

By the nature of the organization of the release, there can be organized and unorganized.

Organized Source pollution is characterized by the presence of special means of removing pollutants into the environment (mines, chimneys, etc.). In addition to organized removal, there are fugitive emissions, penetrating into the atmospheric air through leaks in process equipment, openings, as a result of spillage of raw materials and materials.

By appointment, ISA is divided into technological and ventilation.

Depending on the height of the mouth on the surface of the earth, there are 4 types of API: high (height over 50 m), medium (10 - 50 m), low(2 - 10 m) and ground (less than 2 m).

According to the mode of action, all IZA are divided into continuous action and volley.

Depending on the temperature difference between the emission and the ambient air, they emit heated(hot) springs and cold.

End of work -

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Ecology as a science. History of development of ecological doctrines

The history of the development of ecological doctrines The formation of ecology as a science is associated with the names of English scientists, biologist John Ray and chemist Robert Boyle D Ray.

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Ecology as a science
As already noted, the term "ecology" appeared in the second half of the 19th century. In 1866, a young German biologist, professor at the University of Jena, Ernest Haeckel, in his fundamental work

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2. Specificity of the organization. It is characteristic of any organisms, as a result of which they have a certain shape and size. The unit of organization (structure and function) is the cell

Cycles of substances in nature
For the existence of living matter, in addition to the flow of high-quality energy, "building material" is needed. This is a necessary set of chemical elements numbering more than 30 - 40 (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus

Ecosystem: composition, structure, diversity
In the process of life, populations belonging to different species and inhabiting common habitats inevitably enter into relationships. It's about food, sharing

Biotic connections of organisms in biocenoses
It should be noted that not only abiotic factors affect the vital activity of organisms. Various living organisms are in constant interaction with each other. The set of impacts

Trophic interactions in ecosystems
According to participation in the biogenic cycle of substances in the biocenosis, there are three groups of organisms: producers, consumers and decomposers .. Producers (producers) - autotrophic (self

food chains. Ecological pyramids
In the process of nutrition, energy and matter contained in organisms of one trophic level are consumed by organisms of another level. The transfer of energy and matter from producers through a series of heterotro

Ecosystem dynamics
The stability and balance of the processes occurring in ecosystems allows us to state that they are generally characterized by a state of homeostasis, like the popes that are part of them.

Population dynamics
If, with little emigration and immigration, the birth rate exceeds the death rate, then the population will grow. Population growth is a continuous process if all

Environmental factors
Living organisms cannot exist outside their environment with all the diversity of its natural elements and conditions. The elements of the environment include the atmosphere

Basic properties of the aquatic environment
The density of water is a factor that determines the conditions for the movement of aquatic organisms and pressure at different depths. For distilled water, the density is 1 g/cm3 at 4°

Ground-Air Habitat
The ground-air environment is the most difficult in terms of environmental conditions. Life on land required such adaptations that were possible only with a sufficiently high level of

Soil as habitat
The soil is a loose, thin surface layer of land in contact with the air. Despite its insignificant thickness, this shell of the Earth plays a crucial role in the spread of life.

The body as a habitat
Many types of heterotrophic organisms live in other living beings throughout their lives or part of their life cycle, whose bodies serve as an environment for them that differs significantly in properties from those in

Adaptations of organisms to environmental conditions
The ability to adapt is one of the main properties of life in general, as it provides the very possibility of its existence, the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. Adaptations appear in

Light in the life of organisms
The spectrum of light and the meaning of different types of radiation: The spectrum of light is divided into several areas:<150 нм – ионизирующая радиация – < 0,1%; 150-400 нм –

Temperature adaptations
The selection and settlement of species in zones with different heat supply has been going on for many millennia in the direction of maximum survival, both under conditions of minimum temperatures and under conditions of maximum

Adaptation to humidity and water regime
In relation to humidity, euryhygrobiont and stenohygrobiont organisms are distinguished. The former live in a wide range of moisture content, while for the latter it must be either high, l

Dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere
At the initial moment, the pollutant emitted from the pipe is a puff of smoke (emission plume). If a substance has a density less than or approximately equal to that of

Sanitary and hygienic air quality standards. The concept of MPC
As a determining indicator of harmfulness in the air, the direction of the biological action of the substance is taken: reflex or resorptive. reflex (organoleptic)

Sanitary protection zones (SPZ)
SPZ is the space between the border of the territory (industrial site) of an enterprise and a residential or landscape-recreational, or resort area or recreation area. She creates

Air purification from gas emissions
The main direction of protecting the environment, including atmospheric air from harmful emissions, should be the development of low-waste and waste-free technological processes. od

Dry dust collectors
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Electrostatic precipitators
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Absorption and adsorption treatment
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Catalytic cleaning methods
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Basic information about the hydrosphere
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Mechanical methods of wastewater treatment
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Redox wastewater treatment
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Coagulation
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Ion exchange
Ion exchange is the process of interaction between a solution and a solid phase, which has the ability to exchange its own ions for other ions in solution. Substances that make up

Biochemical (biological) cleaning methods
These methods are used to purify household and industrial wastewater from many dissolved organic and some inorganic (hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, sulfides, nitrites, etc.)

acid rain
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Ozone holes
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Biodiversity conservation
Biodiversity is the diversity of all life in the biosphere, from genes to ecosystems. There are three types of biological diversity: 1) genetic

the greenhouse effect
The "greenhouse effect" was discovered by J. Fourier in 1824 and was first quantitatively studied by S. Arrhenius in 1896. This is a process in which absorption and emission and

Natural resources. energy problem
Depending on the technical and technological excellence of the processes of extraction and processing of natural resources, economic profitability, as well as taking into account information on the volumes of natural resources

food problem
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population problem
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Environmental quality standards. Environmental standards
Sanitary and hygienic standards include standards for maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances: chemical, biological, etc., standards for sanitary

Environmental economics
Funds for the preservation of the environment are divided into 3 groups: 1) costs associated with reducing the release of emissions into the environment; 2) the cost of compensating for the social consequences of

Basic regulatory fees for natural resources
Payment for natural resources is divided into two main types - payment for the use of natural resources and payment for the reproduction and protection of the environment.

environmental law
Environmental law is a special complex education, which is a set of legal norms governing public relations in the field of interaction between

Specially protected natural areas
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Environmental monitoring
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Environmental assessment
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Soil protection from pollution
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International environmental cooperation
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Human health and the environment
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waste incineration
Waste incineration is the most complex and "high-tech" option for waste management. Incineration requires pre-treatment of municipal solid waste (with semi

Landfills and solid waste landfills
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A person leaves traces of life on earth, in the sky and on the sea: he arranges landfills, pours unnecessary liquids into reservoirs, smokes and dusts. Each direction of pollution produced has its own name: waste, discharges and emissions.

Stationary sources of emissions are a hotbed of air pollution that has arisen in the process of industrial and domestic activity and is rigidly attached to the territory.

The term is important for companies, as firms make payments to the budget for the negative impact on the world around them. Further in the article it will be understood that we are talking about the real estate of the company.

Varieties

Everything that moves and emits gases is a mobile source of emissions:

executive car of the chief and a bus for the delivery of personnel;
a truck for transporting goods;
boats and yachts, ships (except sailing ones);
aircraft;
installations for drilling water or oil wells;
construction machinery.

Stationary sources of emissions are things that cannot be moved: boiler pipes and ventilation shafts, open-air garages, platforms for handling bulk materials, quarries, sedimentation tanks for storing substances.

The listed objects are classified as organized and unorganized.

Organized ones have a mouth through which air spoiled by foreign inclusions is removed outside in a certain space, for example:

chimneys of boiler rooms;
ventilation from mechanical and carpentry workshops;
breathable skylights.

In addition, organized sources can be equipped with dust and gas purification plants such as cyclone or ZIL. These designs will allow, for example, to capture solid emissions from an abrasive and metal-cutting machine and collect them in a special chamber.

Unorganized sources are, firstly, industrial territories as a whole. Secondly, and further, these are bulk sites, places for loading and unloading bulk ingredients, landfills, quarries with and without blasting.

For example, an enterprise has placed equipment on 26 hectares of land. Environmentalists have counted all the pipes and aero-lanterns, embankments on the territory. Scattering zones were determined for the considered points and sites. But, in general, the company's site is considered an unorganized source.

Examples of unorganized sources:

dumps of the Karabash copper smelter;
quarries of the former Ufaley nickel plant;
a talc plant in Miass, where powder is poured from all the cracks onto nearby private courtyards and vegetable gardens;
GOK planned for launch in Chelyabinsk;
any dump of household waste near any settlement.

Counting and supervision

An inventory is called upon to help map the emission points of hazards in the controlled area. The report is compiled once a year. For each problem point, the height and dimensions of the mouth, the configuration of the exhaust structure, the operating parameters of the ventilation units, the dimensions of the open areas, the technological work performed at the points, the composition of the processed raw materials and the resulting emissions are recorded.

Accounting for stationary sources of emissions makes it possible to calculate payments.

In the ecological science of pollution of nature by industrialists, three definitions of the source are considered:

pollution - technological process;
release of hazardous components - a machine tool, a galvanic bath, a boiler of a boiler room;
emissions - a pipe or ventilation shaft, a breathing window on the roof of a building, a bulk material dump, a quarry.

For example, a woodworking shop is a source of pollution.

Grinding and abrasive machines, a spray booth located on the workshop area, and a boiler room that heats industrial premises and change houses are sources of emission.

Pipes of cyclones and boiler room, container with accumulated wood dust and shavings; the spray booth is a source of emissions. It is for them that the permissible amount of emitted pollution is planned.

Planning

Stationary sources of emissions into the atmosphere, together with other emitters, are reflected in the draft MPE - maximum allowable emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. The project contains the results of the inventory, calculations of the mass of emitted components, instantaneous, measured in grams per second, and cumulative - tons per year. In addition, a dispersion zone is calculated for high emission sources. It is important that the sprayed components do not go beyond the calculated perimeter and do not affect residential areas.

Enterprises are faced with the challenge of maintaining the productivity of production facilities and at the same time reducing dirty exhaust.

Emissions

Stationary sources of emissions are a constant object of control by environmentalists. The forces of industrial orderlies take air samples, measure the technical parameters of dust-collecting installations - the speed of the air flow, the efficiency of trapping pollutants. The results of measurements and the conclusions of the employees of the industrial sanitary laboratory make it possible to assess the degree of cleaning and, accordingly, the degree of negative impact of each working area.

The volume of emissions from stationary sources is calculated on the basis of information about the performance of the fans and the results of measurements of two points - at the beginning of the ventilation duct and at a height of two meters from the storage bin. The calculation made is compared with the legal regulations and the issued emission permit. If more than the allowed amount of ingredients escaped into the atmosphere, the company makes increased payments to the budget.

What could be the harm?

To determine what exactly flies into the atmosphere, it is necessary to carefully study the technological process, the composition of the resulting substances.

For example, a gas boiler. Barely visible smoke comes out of the chimney. Not as scary as when running a coal or oil system.

When natural gas is burned, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide are formed, a substance of the second hazard class.

Another example of a stationary source of emission of harmful substances is a galvanic bath. Here and splashes, and vapors of chemical components. The following substances are released: nitrogen oxide and hydrogen fluoride, chromium oxide, sulfuric acid, and many other things, depending on the material being processed. These substances are dangerous for breathing. Therefore, electroplating shops are equipped with PVV systems - supply and exhaust ventilation. The air is driven through the boxes at such a speed as to remove the harm as much as possible.

How to prevent?

Based on the results of the inventory of emission sources, the volumes of pollutants released into the atmosphere are determined. These volumes do not always coincide with the release volumes in the technological operation. The fact is that stationary sources of emissions of harmful pollutants are equipped with traps.

Consider an abrasive grinding machine. In the course of work the abrasive crumb and oxides of the processed metal are formed. If protective measures are not taken, it will be difficult for the worker to breathe, dust will fly into the production room. Therefore, the machine is equipped with a ventilation duct that goes to the TsN-15 type cyclone. Before sharpening, turn on the fan above the machine. Gas with impurities will be sucked out of the working area. Passing through the cyclone, the solid ingredients will settle in a special hopper with a filter, and the purified air will fly out into the pipe.

The level of cleaning in dust collecting equipment reaches 96%. This is the allowable value for setting the maximum emission mass. If the percentage is lower, then the equipment requires preventive maintenance. The technological regulations necessarily provide for the regular emptying of the chamber and the delivery of the generated waste to the landfill.

Another example: woodworking, where there is a sawmill, thicknessing and grinding machines. Here, not only large-lumpy wastes of natural wood are formed, but also chips with wood dust. To maintain the quality of air in the working space, the machine park is equipped with ventilation pipes working for suction. Chips and fine particles pass through the cyclone and are deposited in the storage hopper. As the chips are filled, they are taken out and used according to the method allowed for this waste: they are used in construction work, sold to gardeners, or simply taken to a landfill.

Regarding transfer to orchards: processors of wooden raw materials should organize the ventilation system in such a way that natural wood sawdust and glue-laden chipboard waste do not mix. Machines for operations with different types of raw materials must have access to different cyclones.

Bad weather

When developing a draft MPE, it is estimated how a stationary source of emissions into the atmosphere will behave when the weather changes.

If wind and precipitation do not allow the dispersion of emissions without harm to humans, then such weather is called "adverse meteorological conditions" or HMO.

In calm weather, smoke and other exhausts are poorly dispersed.

Plant designers take into account the wind rose in order to secure the residential area. But sometimes the wind can take an undesirable direction, and the exhaust will end up in a residential area.

These are the vagaries of the weather - calm, change of direction, hurricane - these are all unfavorable conditions.

To minimize the negative impact, the owners of the company are obliged to plan, finance and carry out technical work: install filters and traps. So that sawdust does not fly into the eyes, so that the sand from the accumulation sites does not squeak on the teeth, so that the smoke and exhaust do not poison the citizens.

Outcomes of the discussion

Stationary emission sources are:

pipes of melting furnaces and thermal boilers;
ventilation shafts from equipment;
aero-lanterns on the roofs;
bulk sites;
careers.

Emissions from the listed real estate are subject to accounting and rationing. Emission sources must be equipped with efficient cleaning systems. Each production area is assigned a sanitary protection zone (SPZ), in which the company has the right to distribute emissions within permissible concentrations.

Along the perimeter of the sanitary protection zone at four points, employees of specialized laboratories take air samples into test tubes to measure parameters - what and how many ingredients are contained in the volume under study. Companies operating equipment with emissions of harmful substances are required to control the compliance of the actual quality of the air mixture with the planned indicators.

There are also chimneys of factories and boiler houses, and technological installations and deflectors, diesel locomotives and airplanes, and even streets along which the traffic flow moves.

AT All air polluting sources are initially divided into two groups: emission sources (such as tank valves, ventilation shafts, various pipes) and sources of hazardous substances. The latter include treatment facilities, process plants, cooling towers, and the like.

Emissions from objects that are sources of environmental pollution are divided into organized and unorganized. The first group includes emissions through constructed gas wastes and pipes. And fugitive emissions are industrial waste that enters the atmosphere in the form of directed gas flows due to equipment breakdown or depressurization or insufficient gas suction.

In itself, the division of emissions into organized and unorganized was created in order to determine the approach to the source of emissions and establish control over them. For example, regular monitoring of emissions of the first type contributes to the establishment of the maximum allowable emission of a particular substance.

Emissions of the second type are more difficult to recognize - and they can only be controlled when one or another ingredient reaches the maximum permissible concentration in the air in a certain area. First of all, this is dangerous because fugitive emissions, as a rule, accumulate in the lower layers of the atmosphere, which creates a powerful threat to human life.

Which emissions are stationary and which are non-stationary?

Each enterprise has different sources of emissions, which in the legislation of our country have several gradations and divisions. First of all, all emissions are divided into stationary and non-stationary (mobile). What does it mean? The first group includes various organized emission sources, such as boiler pipes and

exhaust pipes of cars, ventilation systems and the like. Fugitive stationary sources of emissions are all kinds of parking lots for temporary and permanently present on the territory of the organization of road transport, territories allocated for the storage of bulk cargo. In another way, such emissions are called linear or areal.

The second group named non-stationary or mobile pollution sources, consists of outliers that emit various types of technical equipment, as well as machines with an electric motor and being on the balance sheet of this enterprise or temporarily working on its territory.

It should be noted that emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere occur not only at the immediate moment of operation of this or that equipment, but also, for example, after varnishing (which has a certain degree of toxicity) of any area.

It is customary to single out the so-called mobile emission sources into a separate group. Namely, various vehicles, the work of which is accompanied by a large amount of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere and adversely affects the environment. In this regard, in accordance with the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection", any organization that has sources of emissions into the atmosphere must have an appropriate emission permit. from stationary sources. This document is issued to the enterprise after the approval of the project, indicating the permissible emission standards.

Non-stationary emission sources

According to the current classification of emission sources, sources are divided into stationary and non-stationary. By stationary sources understand the sources of emissions that are located within the territory owned by an individual or legal entity, occupy a fixed immovable position.

Stationary sources can be organized, that is, have a technical device or a mouth that regulates emissions, and unorganized, that is, have a certain area unlimited by devices. Examples of the former are factory pipes or deflectors, while storage of dusty materials can be cited as an example of the latter. Owners of stationary sources are responsible for each source, they are obliged to draw up and agree on the draft maximum allowable emissions for these sources, obtain permission for emissions, and strictly monitor compliance with established standards.

Non-stationary, that is, mobile sources, are other sources of polluting emissions, the main example is the transport owned by the enterprise, it does not matter if it is shipping, motor vehicles or other technical means that, due to their specificity, move and use some type of fuel for this.

Main types:

motor vehicles (with the exception of those that move with the help of electric motors);
air and sea vessels;
trains (with the exception of those that move with the help of electric motors);
self-propelled vehicles.

For non-stationary sources of emissions, the project of maximum allowable emissions is not developed, and the standards are calculated based on the technical equipment of the vehicle, factory characteristics, type of fuel and its consumption. Payment for negative environmental impact for non-stationary sources has not been paid since January 2016. At present, there are disagreements there is no clear list of non-stationary sources. According to some experts, vehicles belong to a separate type of emission source - mobile / mobile. However, the definition has not been formulated, and the list of specifically non-stationary emission sources has not yet been presented.

Is a MPE project necessary if there are only mobile emission sources?

in accordance with the Federal Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air", the heads of enterprises that have on their balance sheet STATIONARY emission sources, are obliged to carry out their inventory and develop a draft MPE .

Mobile sources of pollutant emissions include vehicles, aircraft, sea and river vessels, which are equipped with engines running on gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene or gas fuel. In the case of the operation of cars and other mobile vehicles that have a negative impact on the environment, their owners are obliged to:

Ensure compliance with emission limits.
Carry out activities aimed at neutralizing pollutants.
Operate them only in the presence of certificates (declarations) of conformity, which confirm compliance with the technical emission standard.
Ensure that mobile pollutants are regularly tested to ensure that their emissions comply with technical regulations.

Of the responsibilities of business owners listed above, the question is: is it possible to ensure compliance with allowable emission standards without developing a draft ELV? The legislative framework states that when operating mobile emission sources, a requirement is put forward to comply with technological standards established on the basis of a unit of production, power, mileage of vehicles or other mobile vehicles. This means that for organizations that have only mobile sources on their balance sheet, the MPE project is not being developed.

Stationary and non-stationary sources of emissions at the enterprise

The legislation of the Russian Federation establishes that the owners of pollutant emission sources must pay for the negative impact on the environment and monitor compliance with

MPE standards. Sources for which a legal or natural person is responsible are divided into stationary sources of emissions and non-stationary sources of emissions.

In short, then stationary emission source firmly connected to the surface, its movement without cessation of operation or disassembly is impossible. Such a source is located on the territory of the enterprise, its location is the municipality in which it is located. Boiler houses, furniture, metallurgical production and so on can serve as examples.

At the same time, the owner of a stationary source of emissions is obliged to ensure an inventory of pollutant emissions, as well as the calculation of maximum allowable emissions and the establishment of maximum allowable standards. For non-compliance with the current legislation, administrative and other liability is provided.

Stationary sources are also divided according to geometric characteristics. According to their geometry, they can be point (emission occurs from a fixed hole), linear (emissions along an established line, for example, window openings), areal (emission from a certain area, for example, a reservoir). Non-stationary emission source or mobile, as it is often called, is a vehicle in one form or another. These are, for example, automobiles, aircraft and sea vessels, inland navigation vessels - any vehicle equipped with an engine running on gasoline, gas, kerosene, and other fuels.

The location and registration of such vehicles is considered to be the place of registration of its owner, who from 2016 is not required to pay a fee for non-stationary emission sources belonging to him. By the way, according to existing statistics, the main share of the total amount of pollutant emissions is the contribution of mobile pollution sources.

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Evaporation of gasoline into the atmosphere occurs not only in mobile sources, but also in stationary sources, which primarily include gas stations (gas stations). They receive, store and sell gasoline and other petroleum products in large quantities. This is a serious conduit for environmental pollution, both as a result of fuel vapors and spills.

When filling the gas station tanks with gasoline, a large amount of gasoline vapor is displaced into the atmosphere - this is the so-called large breathing of the tank. With daily temperature fluctuations (night - day), gasoline vapors are also released, but in a smaller amount, and this is called small reservoir breathing.

Approximate calculations of gasoline losses showed that with a large breath of a tank with a volume of 20 m 3, 11 liters of gasoline evaporate into the atmosphere in winter, and 23 liters of gasoline in summer. With daily one-time filling of the tank for a month, 330 liters of gasoline will enter the atmosphere in winter, and 690 liters in summer. Thus, the average annual loss of gasoline from one tank is 6 tons. Considering the number of filling stations in a particular region, it is possible to determine the degree of air pollution by volatile hydrocarbon compounds of gasoline.

Air pollution due to the "fault" of road transport occurs, in addition, as a result of the operation of asphalt and cement concrete plants, road equipment bases and other transport infrastructure facilities. Emissions from asphalt concrete plants contain carcinogenic substances due to the lack or imperfection of cleaning equipment.

Technical car service organizations during production activities have a negative impact on ecosystems. It occurs during the performance of many types of work. So, when changing the oil in the engine and transmission units, it is drained either into the sewer network or into the ground, if the removal of used oils to the appropriate oil regeneration points is not arranged. When washing cars, a large amount of silt and dirt is generated, which must be decontaminated before being transported to burial sites. However, often there is not enough capacity for the complete treatment of waste generated during washing, therefore, such waste is removed without disinfection and contains a large amount of harmful elements, including oil products and heavy metals, which enter the environment. Water runoff from repair areas also poses a danger to nature. Substances containing synthetic components dissolved in wastewater penetrate the soil, affecting vegetation, enter groundwater, and with them into water bodies, where wildlife is destroyed.

Garages and car parks are also sources of environmental pollution. Pollution of the territory of garage complexes with household and industrial waste occurs due to the release by drivers and employees of the garage economy of household waste, unnecessary parts of metal, rubber and plastic products, spare parts of cars, items used in repairs. The resulting waste can be either non-hazardous, completely decomposing, but disturbing the appearance of the garage area (for example, paper), and hazardous, slightly biodegradable, and toxic. Some types of waste are not dangerous under normal conditions, but become extremely harmful if they suddenly catch fire. Putting out fires within garages and parking lots is much more difficult due to the fact that their territory is often saturated with gasoline, oils and other combustible liquids.

Highways of Russia, according to Rosavtodor, have a total length of 1.1 million km. Road conditions have a significant impact on pollutant emissions. In terms of the density of roads per 1000 km 2 of the territory, Russia is significantly inferior to foreign countries. New roads are being built slowly. Currently, the road network is overloaded, further increase in traffic will lead to accelerated destruction of roads and bridges, and as a result, a sharp increase in environmental impact. Over long stretches of road sections have unsatisfactory smoothness, evenness and strength and need to be repaired and reconstructed. The construction and repair of roads cause soil and soil erosion, landslides, changes in hydrological conditions (flooding, drainage, changes in groundwater levels, etc.). They cause damage to flora and fauna. The negative effect is caused by the dissection of the natural environment by the road, which violates the conditions for the existence of vegetation and animals.

Another problem in the road industry arises from roadside debris. With the increase in traffic intensity, its volume increased significantly and amounted to over 140 thousand tons per year on federal highways and 160 thousand tons per year on regional roads. In the vast majority of highways there are no garbage containers.

When driving, abrasion of road surfaces and car tires occurs, the wear products of which are mixed with solid particles of exhaust gases. Added to this is the dirt brought onto the roadway from the soil layer adjacent to the road. As a result, dust is formed, which in dry weather rises above the road into the air. It is carried by the wind over distances from several to hundreds of kilometers.

The chemical composition and amount of dust depends on the pavement materials. The greatest amount of dust is formed on unpaved and gravel roads. Roads that are paved with granular materials (gravel) generate dust, which consists mainly of silicon dioxide. On unpaved roads, dust consists of 90% of quartz particles, the rest is oxides of aluminum, iron, calcium, etc. Gross dust emissions on roads without a capital coating (ground public, gravel, crushed stone) is over 56 thousand tons per year . On roads with asphalt concrete pavement, the composition of the dust additionally includes wear products of binder bitumen-containing materials, paint or plastic particles from road marking lines on lanes.

The environmental consequences of dust affect people close to the road, drivers and passengers of vehicles, which, together with the air, inhale a huge amount of dust particles, causing harm to the body. Dust also settles on the vegetation and inhabitants of the roadside. Forests and forest plantations along the roads are oppressed. Agricultural crops planted near roads accumulate harmful substances contained in dust emissions and exhaust gases. These contaminants also enter adjacent water bodies, affecting vegetation, fish and other inhabitants, accumulating in bottom sediments. Surface runoff from roads, containing special solid and liquid anti-icing reagents, also gets there. According to statistics, in the Russian Federation, the average consumption of reagents for the treatment of federal highways is about 280 thousand tons, and regional - 680 thousand tons per year. Road transport organizations also discharge wastewater containing mainly suspended solids and oil products into surface water bodies.

Significant land areas are being alienated for roads. Thus, the construction of 1 km of a modern highway requires up to 10-12 hectares of area. In addition, additional areas are allocated for technological purposes (devices for storage of building materials, parking lots for transport equipment, placement of soil removed from the road, construction of temporary structures and entrances, etc.). Particularly large areas are occupied by transport interchanges - from 15 hectares when crossing two-lane roads to 35 hectares when crossing highways with six lanes. Every year, the area of land allocated for roads is increasing due to the implementation of road construction.

See: State report "On the state and protection of the environment of the Russian Federation in 2011" [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.mnr.gov.ru/regulatory/dctail.php?ID=130175, free.

Atmospheric pollution is a change in the composition of the atmosphere as a result of impurities entering it.

An admixture in the atmosphere is a substance dispersed in the atmosphere that is not contained in its constant composition.

An air pollutant is a contaminant in the atmosphere that has adverse effects on the environment and public health.

Since impurities in the atmosphere can undergo various transformations, they can be conditionally divided into primary and secondary.

The primary admixture in the atmosphere is an admixture that has retained its physical and chemical properties over the considered time interval.

The transformation of impurities in the atmosphere is a process in which impurities in the atmosphere undergo physical and chemical changes under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors, as well as as a result of interaction with each other.

The secondary impurity in the atmosphere is an impurity in the atmosphere, formed as a result of the transformation of primary impurities.

According to the impact on the human body, air pollution is divided into physical and chemical. The physical ones include: radioactive radiation, thermal effects, noise, low-frequency vibrations, electromagnetic fields. To chemical - the presence of chemicals and their compounds.

Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere are characterized by 4 features: by state of aggregation, chemical composition, particle size and mass flow rate of the emitted substance.

Pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere in the form of a mixture of dust, smoke, fog, steam and gaseous substances.

Sources of emissions into the atmosphere are divided into natural, caused by natural processes, and anthropogenic (technogenic), resulting from human activities.

Among the natural sources of air pollution include dust storms, green spaces during the flowering period, steppe and forest fires, volcanic eruptions.

Impurities emitted by natural sources:

dust of plant, volcanic, cosmic origin, soil erosion products, particles of sea salt; fogs, smoke and gases from forest and steppe fires; gases of volcanic origin; products of plant, animal, bacterial origin.
Natural sources are usually areal (distributed) and operate for a relatively short time. The level of atmospheric pollution by natural sources is background and changes little over time.

Anthropogenic (technogenic) sources of atmospheric air pollution, represented mainly by emissions from industrial enterprises and vehicles, are numerous and diverse (Fig. 4.3).

Rice. 4.3. Sources of air pollution:

1 - high chimney; 2 - low chimney; 3 - aeration lamp shop; 4 - evaporation from the pool surface; 5 - leaks through equipment leaks; 6 - dusting during unloading of bulk materials; 7 - car exhaust pipe; 8 - direction of air flow

Sources of emissions from industrial enterprises are stationary (sources 1-6), when the coordinate of the emission source does not change in time, and mobile (non-stationary) (source 7 - vehicles).

Sources of emissions into the atmosphere are divided into: point, linear and areal.

Each of them can be shaded and unshaded *

Point sources (in Fig. 4.3 - 1, 2, 5, 7) are pollution concentrated in one place. These include chimneys, ventilation shafts, roof fans.

Linear sources (3) have a significant length. These are aeration lanterns, rows of open windows, closely spaced roof fans. They can also include highways.

Areal Sources (4, 6). Here, the removed contaminants are dispersed along the plane of the industrial site of the enterprise. Area sources include storage areas for industrial and household waste, parking lots, fuel and lubricants warehouses.

Unshaded (1), or high, sources are located in an undeformed wind flow. These are chimneys and other sources that emit pollution to a height exceeding 2.5 times the height of nearby buildings and other obstacles.

Shaded sources (2-7) are located in the zone of backwater or aerodynamic shadow of a building or other obstacle.

Sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere are divided into organized and unorganized.

From an organized source. (1, 2, 7) pollutants enter the atmosphere through specially constructed gas ducts, air ducts and pipes.

An unorganized source of pollutant emissions (5, 6) is formed as a result of a violation of the tightness of the equipment, the absence or poor operation of dust and gas extraction equipment, in places of loading, unloading or storage of the product. Unorganized sources include parking lots, warehouses of fuel and lubricants or bulk materials and other areal sources.

The most common pollutants entering the atmospheric air from technogenic sources are: carbon monoxide CO; sulfur dioxide SO2; nitrogen oxides NOx; hydrocarbons C H; dust.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is the most common and most significant atmospheric impurity, commonly referred to as carbon monoxide. The content of CO in natural conditions is from 0.01 to 0.2 mg/m3. The bulk of CO emissions is formed during the combustion of fossil fuels, primarily in internal combustion engines. The content of CO in the air of large cities ranges from 1 to 250 mg/m3, with an average value of 20 mg/m3. The highest concentration of CO is observed on the streets and squares of cities with heavy traffic, especially at intersections. A high concentration of CO in the air leads to physiological changes in the human body, and a concentration of more than 750 mg/m3 leads to death. CO is an extremely aggressive gas that easily combines with blood hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin. The state of the body when breathing air containing carbon monoxide is characterized by the data given in Table. 4.2. ?

Table 4.2. The effect of carbon monoxide on the human body

The degree of CO impact on the human body also depends on the duration of exposure (exposure) and the type of human activity. For example, when the content of CO in the air is 10-50 mg/m3, which is observed at the intersections of the streets of large cities, with an exposure of ~ 60 minutes, the violations given in paragraph 1 are noted, and with exposure from 12 hours to 6 weeks - in paragraph 2 . With heavy physical work, poisoning occurs 2-3 times faster. The formation of carboxyhemoglobin is a reversible process, after 3-4 hours its content in the blood decreases by 2 times. The residence time of CO in the atmosphere is 2-4 months.

Sulfur dioxide (S02) is a colorless gas with a pungent odor. It accounts for up to 95% of the total volume of sulfur compounds released into the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources. Up to 70% of SO2 emissions are formed by burning coal, fuel oil - about 15%.

At a sulfur dioxide concentration of 20-30 mg/m3, the mucous membrane of the mouth and eyes is irritated, and an unpleasant aftertaste occurs in the mouth. Coniferous forests are very sensitive to S02. At a concentration of S02 in the air of 0.23-0.32 mg/m3, as a result of a violation of photosynthesis, the needles dry out within 2-3 years. Similar changes in deciduous trees occur at SO2 concentrations of 0.5–1 mg/m3.

The main technogenic source of hydrocarbon emissions (CmHn - gasoline vapours, methane, pentane, hexane) is vehicles. Its share is more than 50% of the total emissions. Incomplete combustion of fuel also results in the release of cyclic hydrocarbons, which have carcinogenic properties. Especially a lot of carcinogens are found in the soot emitted by diesel engines. Of the hydrocarbons in atmospheric air, methane is the most common, which is a consequence of its low reactivity. Hydrocarbons have a narcotic effect, cause headache, dizziness. When inhaled for 8 hours, gasoline vapors with a concentration of more than 600 m * / m3 cause headaches, cough, discomfort in the throat.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are formed during combustion at high temperatures by oxidizing part of the nitrogen in the atmospheric air. The general formula for NOx is usually understood as the sum of NO and NO2. The main sources of NOx emissions are internal combustion engines, industrial boilers, furnaces.

N02 is a yellow gas that gives the air in cities a brownish tint. The poisoning effect of NOx begins with a mild cough. With an increase in concentration, the cough intensifies, a headache begins, and vomiting occurs. When NOx comes into contact with water vapor, the mucosal surface produces acids HN03 and HN02, which can lead to pulmonary edema. The duration of N02 in the atmosphere is about 3 days.

The size of dust grains ranges from hundredths to several tens of microns.

The average size of dust particles in the atmospheric air is 7-8 microns. Dust has a harmful effect on humans, flora and fauna, absorbs solar radiation and thereby affects the thermal regime of the atmosphere and the earth's surface. Dust particles serve as condensation nuclei in the formation of clouds and fogs. The main sources of dust formation: production of building materials, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (iron oxides, particles of Al, Cu, Zn), vehicles, dusty and smoldering places for storing household and industrial waste. Most of the dust is washed out of the atmosphere by precipitation.