The old men began to discuss the latest events. Pocheptsov Georgy Georgievich
Mongolia is one of the countries of the former eastern bloc with economies in transition. EconomyMongolia is mainly agricultural.
After a long stagnation (from 1990 to 2002, economic growth was from +3 to -3% per year), today the country is experiencing economic growth, the rates of which range from 5.3% to 10% per year; while the main growth is in the services sector, whose share has increased to almost 40% of GDP, and in the mining of copper and gold due to an increase in world market prices for them. True, the growth of recent years has not touched the poor part of the population: about 40% of the population of Mongolia lives below the poverty line, as in 1990. The difficult years of reforms, although they led to an increase in the share of the private sector of the economy to 80%, further exacerbated social differences and the difference in living standards between the city and the countryside.
According to the UN World Nutrition Programme, the proportion of chronically undernourished people in Mongolia is on average 43%. The infant mortality rate is very high. 58 newborns out of a thousand die in infancy. During the cold season, many children and teenagers huddle in the tunnels of heating pipelines under Ulaanbaatar. The bottom of these tunnels is covered with excrement and inhabited by rats. Humanitarian organizations estimate that there are between 4,000 and 10,000 people living in the tunnels.
Due to very infertile lands, long winters, low rainfall, the nomadic tradition of the population and a short growing season (only 95-100 days a year), agriculture in Mongolia is very poorly developed. However, against its background, a highly specialized animal husbandry arose. At the same time, 5 types of livestock are bred here. Livestock production and the use of the physical strength of farm animals are an integral part of the nomadic lifestyle of the local population. So, sheep are bred for wool, milk, meat, goats - for skins and milk, yaks - for the production of milk, skins, meat, and horses and camels are used as a vehicle, for transporting goods and for milk.
The traditional agricultural products of Mongolia are meat, milk, sheep's wool and cashmere, as well as a small amount of grain, potatoes and vegetables.
Modern agriculture developed slowly in this country. The era of socialism was marked by collectivization, which began in the 1930s. By 1959, 100% of agriculture was collectivized. In 1960, its share in the national income was reduced to 22.9%, but it still employed 60.8% of the working population of Mongolia. After the country joined the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance in 1962, the volume of assistance to its agriculture from the USSR and other CMEA members, primarily Czechoslovakia and Hungary, increased.
In the late 1980s, agriculture still made up a significant part of the Mongolian People's Republic's economy. In 1985, it employed 33.8% of the working population, but brought only 18.3% of the national income. The country's industry mainly processed food and timber for domestic use, as well as livestock products such as hides and skins for export. In 1986, almost 60% of Mongolia's exports were agricultural products.
After the demise of the socialist economic system, profound changes took place regarding the ownership structure in the country's agriculture. However, its economic orientation still remains dependent on natural conditions and traditions. So, in 2006, 80% of the income from agriculture fell on the share of animal husbandry. But now 97% of animal husbandry was already in private hands. In the future, the share of agriculture and animal husbandry continued to decline and in 2011 it was already less than 20% of the gross national product (in 1995 it was 38%). However, the agricultural sector still employs a third of the country's population.
Mongolia is one of the 10 countries in the world with the largest mineral reserves, but only a third of them have been fully explored to date, and this is almost 6,000 deposits of various minerals, including coal, copper, uranium (about 2% of world reserves) , oil, gold, silver, fluorite, molybdenum, zinc and diamonds.
Deposits of copper and coal are still mined mainly by open pit mining. This leads to large-scale changes in the landscape and the corresponding consequences for the flora and fauna of the country.
The official unemployment rate in the country is 2.8%, although it is likely to be greatly underestimated. High inflation was successfully contained after 1996, since then its level has been about 4%. Mongolia's external debt is about US$1.86 billion.
In 2007, merchandise exports amounted to USD 1.95 billion in monetary terms, of which 41.6% were copper concentrate, 12.1% gold, 9% zinc concentrate, 9% cashmere and 6% stone. coal. Oil products, machines and machine tools, various installations, automobiles, electronics and foodstuffs were mainly imported. In 2007, 72% of all exports went to China, followed by Canada, which accounted for 9% of Mongolia's exports.
The country's largest suppliers in the same year were Russia (34%), China (31%), Japan (6%) and South Korea (5.5%). To reduce dependence on its two immediate neighbors, Mongolia is implementing a so-called "third neighbor" policy.
Thus, the volume of trade with Germany reached 82 million euros in 2008, and there is a clear upward trend. Exports to Germany amounted to 15.4 million euros, while imports from this Western European country amounted to 66.6 million euros.
There are also several agreements with the EU on trade policy, customs and textiles. In addition, Mongolia is a member of important international organizations such as the WTO, the World Bank, and the Asian Development Bank.
State budget expenditures in 2009 amounted to 1.6 billion US dollars and revenues to 1.4 billion US dollars. Thus, we can talk about a budget deficit of 4.6% of GDP.
The state debt of Mongolia in 2008 amounted to 1.6 billion US dollars, or 33.1% of GDP.
GOU VPO "REA them. G.V. Plekhanov»
Department of World Economy
Test
by discipline
"World economy"
on the topic:
"Analysis of the economy of Mongolia"
Performed:
3rd year FF student
groups 2308
Bukhadeeva E.B.
Checked by: Ph.D.
Avturkhanov E.M.
Moscow
2010
Content.
- Stages of economic development……………………………………………...3
Type of economic development………………………………………………………5
Level of economic development………………………………………………6
The social structure of the economy…………………………………………..... 6
Economic strategy and policy. Characteristics of GDP………………7
Industry………………………………………………………………7
Agriculture…………………………………………………………….....9
Mineral resources……………………………………………………………9
Transport……………………………………………………………………...10
Communication……………………………………………………………………….11
Quality and use of labor……………………………….12
Foreign economic relations. The role of the country (region) in international production, international division of labor, economic integration …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Forecast and development of economic relations with Russia…………………13
Forecast of socio-economic development of the country (region)……..16
List of used literature……………………………………………... 18
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Central Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, west and east. With an area of 1,564,116 km? and with a population of about 2.9 million people, Mongolia is a country that ranks 19th in the world in terms of area, but at the same time is one of the most sparsely populated countries. About 20% of the entire population of the country live on less than $1.25 a day.
The economy of Mongolia is traditionally based on agriculture and cattle breeding. Mongolia also has extensive mineral deposits: copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, gold, the development of which accounts for most of the industrial production.
- Stages of economic development
Transition to a market economy. Between 1990 and 1993, Mongolia suffered from three-dimensional inflation, rising unemployment, shortages of basic goods and a rationing system. During this period, the volume of production decreased by one third. Following the reforms and the government's shift towards promoting private enterprise, economic growth began again in 1994-95. Unfortunately, since this growth was driven in large part by a glut of bank loans, especially to the remaining state-owned enterprises, economic growth was accompanied by a severe weakening of the banking sector. GDP grew by 6% in 1995, mainly due to the boom in copper prices.
The government of the DUC (Democratic Union Coalition) in 1996-2000 began a course towards a free market economy, the relaxation of price controls, the liberalization of domestic and international trade, and also tried to restructure the banking system and the energy sector. National privatization programs were carried out, and the process of attracting foreign direct investment in oil production, cashmere companies and banks began. Reforms carried out by the ex-communist MPRP opposition and political instability associated with constant change of government left the country in crisis until the DSK government came to power Economic growth continued in 1997-99 after a halt in 1996 due to a series of natural disasters and an increase in world prices for copper and cashmere. Government revenues and export volumes, average real economic growth stabilized at 3.5% in 1996-99 due to the Asian financial crisis, the 1998 Russian financial crisis and the deteriorating commodity market, especially copper and gold. In August and September 1999, the economy suffered from a temporary Russian ban on the export of oil and petroleum products. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1997.
Present tense. Mongolia's dependence on trade relations with China means that the global financial crisis will affect the Mongolian economy, which is characterized by a serious delay in the growth rate of the economy. However, while all countries are in the process of post-crisis economic recovery, Mongolia is suffering from itching in the winter (freezing livestock) of 2009-2010, resulting in a decrease in the number of livestock, which seriously affects the production of cashmere, which accounts for about 7% of the country's export earnings.
According to the World Bank and IMF estimates, real GDP growth fell from 8% to 2.7% in 2009, and exports fell 26% from $2.5 billion to $1.9 billion after a promising sustained growth through 2008 of the year. Because of this, it is predicted that from 20,000 to 40,000 people. (0.7% and 1.4% of the population, respectively) will die due to poverty, which would not have happened if not for the crisis.
In late 2009 and early 2010, however, the market began to recover again. Having identified problems and learned from its previous economic failures, the government is pursuing legislative reform and tightening fiscal policy, which suggests that the economy will develop only in a positive direction. In February 2010, foreign assets were estimated at $1,569,449 million. New trade agreements are being formed, and foreign investors are keeping a close eye on the "Asian wolf", the code name for the Mongolian economy. The term was coined by Renaissance Capital in the Blue Sky Opportunity report. They say that Mongolia could become the new Asian tiger or the non-stop "Mongolian wolf" as they prefer to call the economy of Mongolia. Recent developments in the mining industry and the growth of foreign investors confirm that the "Mongolian wolf" is ready to jump. The aggressive name of the term reflects development opportunities in the capital market, as well as good prospects in the mineral resources industry. The Mongolian economy has a chance to maintain its title of fast growing and developing economy.
- Type of economic development
- Level of economic development
GDP per capita at purchasing power parity for 2009 was 3100 US dollars, the country's place in the world: 166.
The volume of GDP amounted to 1.457 trillion dollars. in comparison with 1.362 trillion dollars. in 2009. Inflation rate 4.2% (2009), country's place in the world: 137 decreased by 23.8% compared to 2008.
In general, it can be said that in terms of the level of economic development, the country belongs to the countries with economies in transition.
- The social structure of the economy.
secondary sector economy, represented by industry, is 29.5%. The most significant contribution is made by the electric and thermal power industry, the coal industry, the extraction and enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores, metalworking, microbiological production, the building materials industry, woodworking, textile and knitwear, leather and footwear, printing, food, glass and porcelain and other industries. Only 5% of the population is employed in industry.
Tertiary sector is the most extensive, as in many countries. Here the service sector accounts for 49.3%. It employs 61% of the employed population.
- Economic strategy and policy. Characteristics of GDP
GDP at the official rate was $ 4203 million (2009)
The real GDP growth rate decreased by 1% (2009), the country's place in the world: 130, compared to 2008 -0.14%.
GDP per capita was $3,100 (2009), country ranking in the world: 166
GDP by sectors of the economy according to 2009 data amounted to:
Agriculture: 21.2%
industry: 29.5%
Services: 49.3% (2009)
- Industry
Although the industry accounts for 29.5% of GDP, Mongolia actually has a high potential. Mongolia has a huge reserve of untapped mineral deposits, in particular copper and gold. Thus, a slight shift in focus can help a country raise its industrial productivity.
The main branch of the extractive industry is coal (mainly lignite). Most of the coal mining is concentrated at the Sharyn-Gol open-pit mine (annual production of over 1 million tons), near the city of Darkhan, as well as at the Nalaya mine (with a capacity of over 600 million tons). There are a number of smaller cuts in the area of Under-Khan and others. Electricity production - at thermal power plants (the largest thermal power plant in Darkhan).
The sectoral light and food industries account for more than one second of gross industrial output and more than one second of employed workers. The largest enterprises are: an industrial complex with 8 factories and plants in Ulaanbaatar, Choibalsanei, etc. In the building materials industry, an important place among enterprises is occupied by a house-building plant in Ulaanbaatar, cement and brick factories in Darkhan.
Industry - manufactured products:
construction and building materials; mining industry (coal, copper, molybdenum, spar, tin, tungsten, gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of products of animal origin, cashmere and natural fibers.
Cashmere is one of the three main exports, wool and cashmere production exceeded 10% of the total industrial production.
Industrial growth - 3% (2006), country's place in the world: 44
- Agriculture
Pasture animal husbandry still remains the main type of economic activity. To date, Mongolia is among the leading countries in the world in terms of livestock per capita (approximately 12 heads per person). The number of livestock is approximately 39.68 million (a decrease of 10-12% compared to the previous year). Severe winters and summer droughts in 2008-2009 led to massive loss of livestock and zero or negative GDP growth. Agriculture as an independent branch of the national economy began to develop in 1959 with the development of virgin lands with technical and economic assistance from the USSR. Due to Mongolia's harsh continental climate, agriculture remains vulnerable to natural disasters in the form of severe drought and cold. The country consists of small arable land, but about 80% of the territory is used as pasture. Wheat, potatoes and other vegetables are also grown, in addition to tomatoes and watermelons. In 2008-2009 agriculture experienced a marked decline. Huge damage to the economy was caused as a result of global changes in weather conditions, which led to natural disasters. In 2008-2009 grain harvest decreased due to drought.
Agriculture - manufactured products:
wheat, barley, vegetables, fodder crops, sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses
- Mineral resources
Electricity generation in 2009 - 4030 million kWh
Electricity consumption - 3439 million kWh
Electricity export - 21200 thousand kWh
Electricity import - 186100 thousand kWh
Oil - production: 5,100 bbl/day (2009)
Oil - consumption: 16,000 bbl/day (2009)
Oil - exports: 5300 barrels / day (2009)
- Transport
Railway transport. There are two main railway lines in Mongolia: the Choibalsan-Borzya railway links Mongolia with Russia, and the Trans-Mongolian Railway - starts from the Trans-Siberian Railway in Russia in the city of Ulan-Ude, crosses Mongolia, passes through Ulaanbaatar, and then leaves for China via Yerenhot, where it joins the Chinese railway system. The total length of railways in Mongolia is 1810 km.
Car roads. Most land roads in Mongolia are gravel or unpaved. There are paved roads from Ulaanbaatar to the Russian and Chinese borders, and from Darkhan. There are some road construction projects at present, such as the east-west construction of the so-called "Millennium Road". The total length of motor roads is 49,256 km. Of these: With a hard surface - 8874 km, Without a hard surface - 40,376 km.
Aviation transport. Mongolia has a number of domestic airports. The only international airport is Chinggis Khan International Airport near Ulaanbaatar. Direct air links exist between Mongolia and South Korea, China, Japan, Russia and Germany. MIAT Mongolian Airlines is the largest carrier in Mongolia, providing both domestic and international flights. As of 2010, there are 46 airports in the country. Of these, 14 have a paved runway, 32 - with unpaved runways. Flights are carried out by such national companies as: Ulgiy-Trans, Aero Mongolia, Mongolian airline MIAT
Water systems. The length of waterways is 580 km. The rivers Selenga, Orkhon and Lake Khubsugul are available for navigation. Navigation from May to September. Mongolia is the second (after Kazakhstan) country in the world in terms of territory, which does not have access to any ocean. However, this did not prevent her from registering her ship register (The Mongolia Ship Registry Pte Ltd) in February 2003. Starting from the moment of registration, Mongolia has been steadily increasing the number of ships flying its flag.
- Connection
The general assessment of the telephone system is that the quality of networks with international direct dialing is improving, access is increasing in many areas. In addition, a fiber optic network has been installed, resulting in improved broadband and communication services between major urban centers and service providers. Internal lines are characterized by very low telephonization and availability of mobile communications. Fixed telephone lines 188,900 in 2009. Cellular subscribers - about 2.249 million people. 4 mobile operators: MobiCom (GSM), SkyTel (CDMA), UniTel (GSM), and G Mobile (CDMA).
MEDIA. In connection with a law passed in 2005, the state-owned Mongolian radio and TV becomes public, there are also private radio and television broadcasters, multi-channel satellite and cable television. There are over 100 radio stations, including about 20 via repeaters for public broadcasting.
Internet users - 330,000 people.
- Quality and use of labor
The labor force - by sectors of the economy is distributed in the following ratio: agriculture: 34%, industry: 5%, services: 61% (2008).
The unemployment rate is 2.8% (2008)
The population living below the poverty line is 36.1% (2004). 80% of families involved in animal husbandry are poor.
There is a tendency to differentiate the property and living standards of the inhabitants of aimags, cities and individual regions, which is the main reason for migration flows from remote areas to the capital. It is not uncommon for migrants who have moved with their families to cities to join the ranks of the unemployed, as they usually have neither education nor labor qualifications, while in cities there is an oversupply in the labor market.
Budget: revenues: $1.38 billion, expenditures: $1.6 billion (2009).
- Foreign economic relations. The role of the country (region) in international production, international division of labor, economic integration
Remittances from Mongolians working abroad are significant but have fallen due to the economic crisis; money laundering is a growing concern.
Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and is seeking to expand its participation in regional economic and trade regimes.
Exports amounted to $1902 million (2009). Export - goods: copper, clothing, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, spar, non-ferrous metals, coal. Export - partners: China 78.52%, Canada 9.46%, Russia 3.02% (2009)
Imports amounted to $2,131 million (2009). Import - goods: machinery and equipment, fuel, automobiles, foodstuffs, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea. Import - partners: China 35.99%, Russia 31.56%, South Korea 7.08%, Japan 4.8% (2009).
Mongolia pays special attention to cooperation with Buryatia, the Altai Republic, Irkutsk, Chita, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions.
Debt - external: $1,860 million (2009).
- Forecast and development of economic relations with Russia
At the same time, Mongolian deliveries to Russia increased by 87.5% and reached the level of 84.6 million US dollars. Russia's positive balance in bilateral trade was $1.1 billion.
However, for individual commodity items, which are very important for Mongolia, the share of deliveries from Russia was significantly higher. In particular, Russia was the leader in oil supplies - 92.0%. Recently, the importance of imports from Russia of food and other agricultural equipment, and other products has been increasing.
Russia accounts for about 3% of Mongolian exports. It is limited to the products of the joint venture KOO "Mongolrostsvetmet" (fluorspar-45%), light industry products (42%). Meat and meat products are imported in small quantities.
The volume of Russian investments and the Mongolian economy is growing at a low rate (by the end of 2008, the accumulated capital investments exceeded 2 million US dollars).
There are 425 Russian and Russian-Mongolian companies registered in Mongolia (including 51 in geological exploration, mining and processing industry, 55 in construction and production of building materials, 106 in light industry, 40 in energy, 21 in transport, 12 in in tourism), but only 50-60 actually work. The main burden of economic interaction still falls on the Erdenet and Mongolrostsvetmet enterprises, as well as the Ulaanbaatar Railway Joint-Stock Company, which together produce about 20% of Mongolian GDP.
Recently, Russian financial and industrial groups and companies (Basic Element, Rusal, Renova, Severstal, Polymetal, Gazprombank, Russian Railways, ROSATOM) have shown interest in participating in major projects in Mongolia (development, including on a multilateral basis, of the Tavantolgoi and Ulaan-Ovoo coal deposits, modernization of the Ulaanbaatar railway, reconstruction of electric power facilities, transit of energy carriers from Russia to China, gasification of Mongolia, road construction, etc.). P.). Representative offices of Gazprombank, as well as the concertium (Basic Element, Renova, Severstal), formed for the development of Tavan Tolgoi, have been opened in Ulaanbaatar. Cooperation between Mongolia and the Russian Federation is intensifying in the uranium industry. industries on mutually beneficial and equal terms.
The Intergovernmental Commission on Trade, Economic, Scientific and Technical Cooperation plays a coordinating role in promoting and developing bilateral trade and economic cooperation. On March 6, 2009, the 13th meeting of the Russian-Mongolian Intergovernmental Commission took place in Moscow. IGC co-chair from the Russian side - Minister of Transport of the Russian Federation Igor Leviten and from the Mongolian side - First Vice Prime Minister of the Government of Mongolia Norvyn Altankhuyag.
Relations between Mongolia and the Russian Federation are stable, long-term and are based on a solid business basis. Mongolia is a traditional partner of the Russian Federation and considers the development of our relations as a strategically important direction for Russia. At the same time, the economic component of relations is becoming increasingly important both in the context of strengthening bilateral Russian-Mongolian ties and the development of neighboring regions of the two countries, and in terms of strengthening integration processes in Northeast Asia.
Russia and Mongolia agreed to settle the Mongolian debt to the Russian side. The corresponding agreement was signed by the parties following the talks between the Prime Ministers of Russia and Mongolia, Vladimir Putin and Sukhbaataryn Batbold. Mongolia's debt to Russia is $180 million. It was formed in the post-Soviet period, when Moscow provided Ulaanbaatar with a loan to pay for the participation of the Mongolian side in the Mongolrostsvetmet joint venture. As Russian Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin explained, most of the debt (97.8 percent) was simply written off. The remaining $3.8 million will be repaid in one tranche. According to Kudrin, after the settlement of the debt, Russia may issue a new loan to Mongolia - for $125 million. On December 14, Russia and Mongolia also signed an agreement on the fundamental terms for establishing a joint uranium mining company, Dornod Uran. In principle, the parties agreed on a joint venture last year.
- Forecast of socio-economic development of the country (region)
etc.................
Today, the Mongolian economy is developing very dynamically, the country is one of the most promising markets in the entire Asia-Pacific region. According to experts from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and other authoritative organizations, this country is among those in which the pace of economic development will be one of the highest in the near future. In particular, the World Bank experts believe that over the next ten years, economic indicators will grow by an average of 15% every year.
Main Industries
The economy of Mongolia is concentrated in several industries, these are agriculture and mining. This is even though most people live in cities. A significant part of the country's industrial production is coal, copper, tin, molybdenum, gold and tungsten.
At the same time, a few years ago there were a huge number of poor people in the country. Back in early 2010, almost 40% of the population lived below the poverty line. In recent years, this figure has been declining rapidly.
In the structure of the GDP of the Mongolian economy, the largest part is occupied by mining, accounting for almost 20%. Forestry, agriculture and fisheries account for approximately 17%, with over 10% coming from retail trade and transport. Manufacturing, real estate, communications and information technologies also have their share in GDP.
Most of the able-bodied population is concentrated in agriculture (more than 40%), about a third works in the service sector, almost 15% - in trade. The rest of the people work in production, in the private sector, in the mining industry.
Economy type
To understand the financial structure of this state, it is important to understand what kind of economy is in Mongolia. It is in the process of transition from one socio-economic state to another, while occupying some intermediate position between developing and economically developed countries. Currently, Mongolia belongs to the countries with economies in transition.
At the same time, in the course of the transformation process, the structure of production, property relations, and management tools are transformed.
The Mongolian economy is an example of a transition economy. The collapse of the socialist system at the end of the 20th century also affected this state. In all countries that were previously part of the socialist camp, the transition to market relations began. The need for urgent reforms in the country matured as early as the 1980s. Perestroika, which began in the Soviet Union, only accelerated this process. Large-scale socio-economic transformations began to be carried out after 1991.
Mongolia is a country with a transitional economy that has been actively developing in recent years. Here are all the main criteria for a state that is at a transitional stage of its socio-economic development. These are privatization and reorganization, macroeconomic stabilization, liberalization. Building a market economy in Mongolia is the ultimate goal, which today can be considered partially achieved.
Natural resources
Natural resources are of great importance for the economic development of Mongolia, there are really a lot of them here.
In particular, there are three large deposits of brown coal in the country, high-quality hard coal has been discovered in the south, the geological reserves of which, according to preliminary estimates, amount to several billion tons. Deposits of tungsten, which are considered average in terms of the number of reserves, have been successfully developed for a long time.
In the Treasure Mountain, copper-molybdenum ore is mined. The discovery of this mineral led to the construction of a large mining and processing plant, around which a whole city grew. Today, almost one hundred thousand people live in Erdenet.
An important place in the economic development of Mongolia is occupied by one of the world's largest gold ore deposits, which is called Oyu Tolgoi. Recently, investors' interest in this country has increased, since most of the land here has not yet been studied by geologists, which means that many minerals have not yet been found.
Industry and engineering
The main ones in the economy of Mongolia are textile, cloth, woolen, leather, sheepskin coat, meat processing, building materials production. The country ranks second in the world in the production of cashmere wool.
Mechanical engineering appeared relatively recently, but has already managed to take a certain place in the economy of Mongolia. In the country in 2006, the first trolleybus produced by Mongolian engineers entered the line. Since 2009, the production of duobuses has begun - this is a vehicle that combines a bus and a trolleybus, which can be used both on routes with and without a contact network.
In 2012, Mongolian engineers assembled the first aircraft in the country for the national carrier. In 2013, together with Belarus, it was possible to agree on the joint production of tractors, enterprises also operate for the production of hang-gliders and gyroplanes. Now it is planned to launch a company for the production of trams on rubber wheels. It will be a fundamentally new type of public transport, which will be able to carry from 300 to 450 passengers at a time.
Agriculture
Briefly characterizing the economy of Mongolia, sufficient attention should be paid to agriculture. The country has a harsh continental climate, so the industry remains vulnerable to cold, drought and other natural disasters. There is catastrophically little arable land in the country, while about 80% of the territories are used for pastures.
Most of the rural population is engaged in livestock grazing. Mostly goats, sheep, camels, horses, cattle are bred here. It is worth noting that this is the only modern state in the world in which nomadic animal husbandry is still among the main sectors of the economy.
In terms of the number of livestock per capita, Mongolia ranks first in the world. Potatoes, wheat, watermelons, tomatoes, various vegetables are also grown here. In general, there is little arable land, mainly concentrated around large cities in the north of the country.
In recent times, most of the livestock has been concentrated in the hands of a few influential families. Since 1990, a law on foreign investment has been in force, which allows citizens of other states to own shares in various Mongolian enterprises. New laws were also adopted regarding banking and taxation, debt and credit.
Transport
The country has developed rail, road, air and water transport. The decision to build the railway was made in 1915. Now there are two main highways for trains in the country.
The Mongolian railway connects the country with China, it is the shortest route between Europe and Asia. The total length of roads is approaching two thousand kilometers.
The total length of waterways in the country is only about 600 kilometers. The Orkhon and Selenga rivers, Lake Khubsugul are considered navigable. Mongolia is the second largest country in the world (after Kazakhstan) that has no direct access to any ocean.
But this fact did not prevent her from registering her own shipping register in 2003. Today, about 400 ships sail under the Mongolian flag, and their number is growing rapidly every month.
Car roads
Most of the roads here are unpaved or gravel. Most of the paved roads are in the Ulaanbaatar area and lead to the Chinese and Russian borders.
The total length of roads in the country is almost 50 thousand kilometers. Of these, less than 10 thousand kilometers are paved roads. Currently, the country is actively building new highways and modernizing old ones.
Aviation
Air transport plays an important role in the policy of Mongolia in the economy. In total, there are 80 airports in the country, while only 11 have paved runways.
At the same time, the flight schedule is extremely unstable. Due to strong winds, flights are constantly canceled or rescheduled. There are ten officially registered airlines in Mongolia, which own 30 helicopters and approximately 60 airplanes.
There is an air taxi - a special means of public transport that transports passengers for a fixed fee. Air taxi differs from charter and other commercial flights in its simplicity. For example, there is no lengthy check-in procedure, the waiting time for boarding is minimal. As a rule, it is enough to arrive at the airport a quarter of an hour before departure to go through all the abbreviated customs control and clearance procedures.
There are no stewardesses, kitchens or toilets on such aircraft. In most cases, small aircraft, as well as medium and light-duty helicopters, are used as such taxis.
Tourism
Mongolia is actively seeking to develop tourism. A lot of hotels have been built in the country, and there are more and more travelers who want to come to this exotic country. There are two ski resorts here, in addition to a large number of historical monuments of Buddhist monasteries, untouched nature.
From foreign tourists, most of the guests come to Mongolia from Russia, China, South Korea, and the United States of America. You can also meet quite a lot of travelers from Germany, France and Australia.
There are about 650 tour operators in the country, ready to receive about one million tourists a year.
Export
Export plays an important role in the economic development of the state. The main goods that are sent abroad are molybdenum concentrate and copper, cashmere, fluorite, leather, wool, clothing, and meat. The bowels of the country are rich in mineral resources. In particular, there are many reserves of tin, iron ore, coal, uranium, copper, zinc, oil, phosphorus, molybdenum, gold, tungsten, and semiprecious stones.
At the same time, more than 80% of Mongolian exports go to China. In second place is Canada. From 1 to 4% of the share of exports falls on the countries of the European Union, Russia, South Korea.
This situation began to change after 2012, when Mongolia ceased to be satisfied with export dependence on China. The government began to suspend individual projects of cooperation with China. It is believed that one of the reasons for this was the attempt by a large Chinese aluminum company to obtain a controlling stake in one of the largest Mongolian coal suppliers to the territory of the People's Republic of China.
Import
First of all, industrial and industrial equipment, oil products, and consumer goods are imported into the country.
About a third of imports come from the Russian Federation, with China firmly in second place. Also massively deliver goods to Mongolia from South Korea and Japan.
Mongolia strives to constantly get rid of import dependence. In particular, it is planned to open the first oil refinery on the territory of the state in the near future.
Financial sector
The official monetary unit of Mongolia is called the Mongolian tugrik. Currently, one Russian ruble can buy 38 tugriks. The country's own currency appeared only in 1925. Moreover, banknotes were originally made in the Soviet Union.
You can use credit cards in most banks, there are exchange points in all hotels in the country. Traveler's checks are also accepted as payment here without any problems.
In 1991, the Mongolian Stock Exchange was opened.
Population income
In 2017, the average salary in the country amounted to 240 thousand tugriks per month, that is, less than six and a half thousand rubles.
At the same time, the country introduced a minimum wage. The lowest hourly or monthly wages are set by law by the government. In 2017, the minimum wage amounted to 240 thousand tugriks per month. At the same time, only 7% of the population in Mongolia receives the minimum wage. Compared to 2013, the minimum wage has increased by a quarter.
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