On Prospekt Mira, 25, there is another typical merchant's house of the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. When decorating the facade, diverse motifs and artistic elements are arbitrarily combined, imitation of various historical styles is noticeable. This mixture is called eclecticism. The facade has an asymmetric solution. Above the cornice crowning the building on the roof are low figured walls (attics). The windows are beautifully decorated.

Krasnoyarsk, Mira Ave., 29.

The house in which the leader of the revolutionary liberation movement in Russia lived in the settlement Butashevich-Petrashevsky M.V.

The building was built in the first quarter of the 19th century. At first it belonged to the merchant of the third guild A.P. Tersky, later the store of the sugar trader Gubkin was located here.

Mikhail Vasilyevich Butashevich-Petrashevsky (l.11.1812-7.12.1866) was born into a noble family, his father was a doctor. From 1832 to 1839 was brought up in the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum; in 1841 he graduated from the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. From 1840 he served as an interpreter in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1845, Petrashevsky became one of the founders of the political circle, gathered constant “Fridays” at his place, which became widely known in St. Petersburg, and organized a skillful propaganda of advanced ideas. Petrashevsky recognized himself as a socialist, a supporter of the French socialist-utopists Charles Fourier, advocated the destruction of serfdom and autocracy in Russia, the liberation of the peasants and the establishment of a republic, considered it necessary to prepare the masses in Russia for a long period of time for a revolutionary struggle. He sought to use various practical ways to awaken the political activity of the Society.

At the end of 1848 M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky participated in meetings at which the issue of creating a secret society was discussed. December 19, 1849 M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky "in the case of the Petrashevites - was sentenced to death, replaced by indefinite hard labor, which he served in Eastern Siberia at the Nerchinsk, Shishkinsky, Aleksandrovsky factories. In August 1856, in connection with the accession of Alexander II, he was released from hard labor under an amnesty and transferred to a settlement in Irkutsk.

For speaking out against local authorities in February 1860, M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky was expelled from Irkutsk to Krasnoyarsk, where the village of Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, was assigned to him as his place of residence. On March 7, 1860, he was sent from Krasnoyarsk to a new settlement. M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky protested against the illegal exile. From Minusinsk, he sent several complaints to St. Petersburg. A copy of his letter addressed to the Minister of Internal Affairs, with the help of Krasnoyarsk residents, was delivered to A.I. Herzen to London, who published it in the pages of Kolokol on February 15 and March 1861.

After the change of the Irkutsk governor-general Muravyov and the Yenisei governor Padalka M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky was allowed to arrive in Krasnoyarsk from December 1860, where he managed to stay from December 1860 to March 21, 1864. Krasnoyarsk citizens who sympathized with the exiled revolutionary provided some assistance in this.

Representatives of the progressively minded part of the Krasnoyarsk society fought to alleviate the fate of M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky, opposed the arbitrariness of the local administration, helped him in every possible way. These included A.M. Kabakov, a prominent figure in the city, who, according to the testimony of an old-timer I.F. Parfentiev, "sheltered" the exile, E.V. Bostrem, wife of a Krasnoyarsk veterinarian, A.G. Khudonogov, official, Latkin family. So, A.M. Kabakov not only sympathized and supported M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky, but also went into conflict with Governor Zamyatnin for his sake.

In 1862 M.E. Latkina, O.V. Sidorov came to the governor, outraged by the cruel attitude of the provincial administration towards M. V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky and the decision to send him, sick, from Krasnoyarsk and asked to cancel the expulsion order. Acting Yenisei Governor I.G. Rodyukov, despite pressure from Irkutsk, did not. began to send him out of the city. In connection with the illness of the son, he ordered to place him in the city hospital.

After examination and treatment by M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky settled in the two-story stone house of A.P. Tersky (this house is well preserved; pr. Mira, 29). Here he lived from January 1861 to March 21, 1864. On February 7, 1862, in the hotel at the post station (now the building of the Technological Academy on this site), Butashevich-Petrashevsky met with the democratic poet M.I. Mikhailov, who was going to Siberian exile. And on June 18-20 of the same year, he met with the democratic writer N.V. Shelgunov, who made a trip to Siberia in order to organize Mikhailov's escape.

Living in Krasnoyarsk, M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky earned his livelihood by conducting court cases, writing complaints and petitions to local residents. in the city he was famous, had a great influence on the local Duma. The first Russian social utopian intended to connect his life with Krasnoyarsk and do a lot of good things for the city: to seek an increase in schools, the number of doctors, the organization of a museum, the publication of a newspaper, and the right to open a free legal consultation for poor residents. In November 1863 M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky appealed to the State Chamber with a request to be included in the Krasnoyarsk philistines. He met with the participants in the Polish uprising of 1863 exiled to Siberia and sought to alleviate their situation. March 21, 1864 M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky was again sent to Shushenskoye.

The house is located on the southeast corner of the intersection of Prospekt Mira and st. Paris Commune. The northern five-axis facade faces Mira Ave. A two-storey brick house, rectangular in plan, under a steep hipped roof, with two-color plastered facades in baroque forms. The northern façade is symmetrical; in the western it is repeated, but extended by the southern two-axle part, in which stairs and services are located. The middle triaxial part of the street façades is pierced with shoulder blades and completed with a figured three-part apex with a round opening. Under the northern apex there is a garland-type molding of alternating ovals. Rectangular windows on the middle sections of the facades are framed with decorative archivolts on round semi-columns. Side windows with rolled profiled architraves. A wide interfloor belt is made up of panels of various sizes, enclosed between horizontal rods. a simple crowning cornice with a profiled frieze is loosened along the shoulder blades and torn under the attic. All blades of the upper tier are paneled. In the lower tier, there are smooth shoulder blades, and the corners of the house are finished with curly rustication. The yard facades with bulbous windows are decorated modestly (interfloor belt, profiled architraves). The planning structure of the house does not correspond to the articulation of its facades. In the northern part, large halls are located on both floors (there was a shop on the ground floor). In the middle and southern parts, living rooms and utility rooms are united by a central hallway.

Mira Ave., 31.

The building, where the Yenisei provincial government was located, in which V.I. Lenin

The building was built in the middle of the 19th century and belonged to merchants Vasiliev. since the 1880s until 1917, the Yenisei provincial government was located here on the second floor. V.I. applied here the day after his arrival in Krasnoyarsk (March 4, 1897) to receive an order from the police department to assign him a place of exile. Lenin. Since the order had not yet been received by this time, V.I. Lenin addressed the Irkug Governor-General A.D., who was passing through in Krasnoyarsk. Goremykin with a request for permission to stay in Krasnoyarsk in order to obtain an order to assign a place of residence. He petitioned for the appointment to him, in view of his poor health. places of reference within the Yenisei province.

The petition was filed on March 6, 1897 and registered on the same day in the office of the Governor General. pending an answer from V.I. Lenin remains in the city of Krasnoyarsk. On March 15, he wrote to Mother: “I am not yet disturbed and cannot, I think, because I have submitted a petition to the Governor-General and now I am waiting for an answer.” On April 1, 1897, the Yenisei governor received Goremykin's reply about the appointment of V.I. Lenin, the place of the Minusinsk district. in this regard, V.I. Lenin again visited the office of the provincial administration.

April 24 V.I. Lenin received the 8th police department travel certificate for leaving the village. Shushenskoye. On April 29, 1897, before leaving, he wrote a petition to the Yenisei governor for the assignment of a statutory allowance to him and gave his petition to his sister G.M. Krzhizhanovsky A.M. Rosenberg, who worked in Krasnoyarsk. April 30, 1897 V.I. Lenin and his comrades went to the place of exile.

A two-story brick building on a brick strip foundation, rectangular in plan, with a semi-basement floor. The roof is covered with roofing iron, iron spillways. The cornice protrudes from the general plane of the wall by 0.3 m, the frieze is decorated with stucco. in general, the architecture of the building is typical for the common at the end of the X.lX century. "brick style", distinguished by strict classical forms. The decor of the facade is made in the form of arched bridges of windows. The compositional decor of the building is highlighted by windows with a semicircular top and a triangular pediment. under the windows of the second floor there are small niches. The windows on the ground floor are separated by pilasters. The platbands are stucco, simple decor. The first floor is separated from the second by a paneled spatula running along the entire perimeter of the building. There is a small visor above the entrance portal.

Building area 1598 sq. m.

There is no memorial plaque.

Krasnoyarsk, st. Mira, 35

The house in which the First Yenisei governor lived, a respectable public figure, scientist and writer Stepanov A.P.

Alexander Petrovich Stepanov (1781-1837) was born into the family of a poor Kaluga nobleman. His father, P.S. Stepanov, died when the boy Alexander was 9 years old. A.P. Stepanov studied at the Moscow University Boarding School, then served in the Life Guards Preobrazhensky and Moscow Grenadier Regiments. Participated in the Italian campaign A.V. Suvorov as an orderly of Prince Bagration and Suvorov himself. Having switched to the civil service with the rank of collegiate adviser of the 7th grade, A.P. Stepanov received the position of prosecutor in Kalyga thanks to G.S. Batenkov, who, as the ruler of affairs and a member of the First Siberian Committee, attracted his like-minded people to the Siberian administration. In 1822, when Krasnoyarsk became the center of the newly formed Yenisei province, he was appointed to Krasnoyarsk as governor. The first Yenisei governor held liberal views, was fond of historical ethnographic research, and was the author of a number of literary works.

A.P. Stepanov shared the ideas of the early Decembrist organization "welfare union" and was connected with it and sympathetically treats the Decembrists who were in a settlement in the province and other places. Siberia, maintaining contacts with them, corresponded. He took care of the dissemination of education and culture in the Yenisei Territory, was the initiator of the publication of the "Yenisei Almanac" (1828) - one of the first Siberian literary and artistic collections, created in Krasnoyarsk a local history society "Conversations about the Yenisei Territory" (1823-1827), Around A. P. Stepanov a circle of Krasnoyarsk intellectuals-educators rallied: A.P. Stepanov made a major contribution to the study of nature, economics, history and ethnography of the Yenisei region, writing a valuable study "Yenisei province". (1835). As an official and administrator, he was distinguished by honesty and humanity. A.P. Stepanov energetically engaged in the improvement of the city of Krasnoyarsk.

At the post of the Yenisei governor A.P. Stepanov was from 1822 to 1831. He lived, as old-timer I.F. writes in his memoirs. Parfentiev, in the house of Rodyukov on the former Starobazarnaya Square (now 10 Mira Ave. The building has not survived), as well as in the Tolkachev house, which later passed to Gudkov, on the street. Resurrection (now Mira Ave., 35).

The house was probably built in the 1820s. After a fire at the beginning of the 1890s, it was rebuilt again in 1894. It is located in the historical center, in the row of buildings on the main street, on the north side.

Wooden house with plastered facades, slender proportions in the style of classicism. Rectangular in plan with a volume developed in the depth of the quarter. The symmetrical three-part composition of the main façade is broken by the eastern side extension of the main entrance. From the east, a vestibule of an economic entrance and a low entrance to the basement (from the yard) were added. The middle protruding part of the street façade is significantly elevated above the side sections, slitted by three high rectangular double-height windows to the level of a paneled frieze and enlarged by a two-tiered profiled attic, rake over the corner blades. The side two-window parts of the facade are completed with the same attics as those of the risalit. The shoulder blades of the corners of the main facade are rusticated like a fur coat. A large extension, a wide multi-fragmented cornice is stretched over all facades with rectangular windows framed by simple architraves with profiled rods. The windows are united by window sills along the perimeter of the house. The frieze protrudes from the plane of the wall flush with the shoulder blades of corners and cuts. The high plinth is protected by a metal roof. The planning structure clearly follows the external appearance: a large hall is located behind the Tpexo-windowed risalit, which communicates with four rooms from the east and west in the front part of the house. The rest of the premises in the yard half are united by an L-shaped corridor. Ceiling rods and arches have been preserved in the interior, and in the main hall there is a wide stucco frieze, paneled doors with architraves.

Krasnoyarsk,st. Mira, No. 37/39

The building of the enapxial women's school, where the Krasnoyarsk Committee of the RSDLP (b), the editorial offices of the 6 Bolshevik newspapers "Krasnoyarsky Rabochiy" and "Sibirskaya Pravda" was located, plenums of the Krasnoyarsk Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies were held

There are two buildings on the estate No. 37, along Prospekt Mira. In the left part, where now there is a disco bar and public order protection point No. 1 of the Central District, at the end of the 19th century there was a diocesan women's school. Above the three-story part rises belfry tower of the former Ioann-Iulitta house church. At the turn of the century, another house was built close to that house, where the diocesan women's school moved. As a rule, the daughters of the Orthodox clergy studied there. The niece of V.I. Surikov Tatyana Kapitonova Domozhilova taught at the school. Graduates were sent to work in rural parish schools. cola.

after the February Revolution, the Krasnoyarsk party organization came out of the underground and consisted of about 60 people in its ranks; by the middle of 1917 there were more than two thousand people in it. The basis of the organization was the workers of the railway workshops. The organization was led by experienced, theoretically trained prominent revolutionaries, mainly from among political exiles: A.G. Rogov, B.3. Shumyakiy. I.I. Belopolsky, V.N. Yakovlev, Ya.E. Bograd, G.S. Weinbaum and others. The Krasnoyarsk Committee of the RSDLP(b) consistently carried out the Leninist principles of the parTI-IyNOSTI in organizational and practical activities.

Since the Krasnoyarsk party organization united Bolsheviks and Mensheviks after the February Revolution (at the end of March 1917, out of 300 members, 45 were Mensheviks), the main task of the committee of the RSDLP (b) was the struggle to unite all the Bolshevik forces of Siberia. The initiative in this matter was taken by a group of Krasnoyarsk Pravdist revolutionaries: A.G. Rogov, B.3. Shumyatsky, I.I. Belopolsky, V.N. Yakovlev.
On March 25, 1917, the Central Siberian Regional Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) was created in Krasnoyarsk, which was a victory for the Bolshevik forces in the party organizations of Krasnoyarsk and the regions of Siberia. The newspaper "Sibirskaya Pravda" came out from April 2 (15), 1917 as an organ of the district bureau of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party, and as of June - as an organ of the Central Siberian District Bureau of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party and the Krasnoyarsk city committee of the party. Prominent party leaders, members of the district bureau of the Central Committee of the party and the Central Siberian district bureau of the party worked in the editorial office of the newspaper: V.N. Yakovlev, Ya.E. Bograd, F.K. Vrublevsky, Ya.F. Dubrovinsky, Ya.M. Pekarzh, A.V. Pomerantseva, A.G. Rogov, G.I. Teodorovich and others. A total of twenty issues were published. The newspaper was the leading printed party organ for the Bolsheviks throughout Siberia. Her work was positively evaluated in the organ of the Central Committee of the party - the newspaper "Pravda" dated May 3, 1917 and in the resolutions of the VI Congress of the RSDLP (b). The publication of the newspaper was discontinued due to the fact that the Central Committee bureau was the printed organ. and the Krasnoyarsk Party Committee became the newspaper "Krasnoyarsk worker".

The first issue of the Krasnoyarsk Rabochiy newspaper came out on December 10, 1905. On March 8, 1917, the Krasnoyarsky Rabochiy newspaper was published as an organ of the Krasnoyarsk Committee of the RSDLP(b). The editor of the newspaper was N.L. Meshcheryakov. Ya. Dubrovinsky, A. Okulov, G. Weinbaum and others took part in the newspaper. From July 1917 the paper became a daily newspaper. after the 2nd Regional Central Siberian Conference of the RSDLP(b), which broke with the defensists, the newspaper began to appear as an organ of the Central Siberian Regional Bureau and the Krasnoyarsk Committee of the RSDLP (c No. 129).

The Bolshevik newspaper Krasnoyarsky Rabochiy had a circulation of more than 3,000 copies, of which 450 were distributed free of charge to soldiers and peasants. The newspaper was a faithful conductor of Lenin's Ideas. It published the works of V.I. Lenin, articles by local journalists A.V. Pomerantseva "Karl Marx and the revisionists", V.N. Yakovlev "To Communism", I.I. Belopolsky "Russia is the center of attention of the world" and others. The newspaper was published before the city was occupied by the Czechs on June 19, 1918. Then the first issue came out on January 10, 1920.

The Krasnoyarsk Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies was elected on March 3, 1917. From the very beginning it was Bolshevik. Bolshevik Ya.F. was elected Chairman of the Council. Dubrovinsky. From the moment of its formation, the Soviet began to act as a proletarian power. Measures were immediately taken to consolidate the gains of the revolution and designed for its further development. In the context of preparations for the Great October Socialist Revolution, the Krasnoyarsk Soviet acts as a center for gathering all the revolutionary forces of Central Siberia. After the October Revolution, the main leadership of the Krasnoyarsk party organization was concentrated in the Krasnoyarsk Soviet. G.S. was nominated chairman. Weinbaum. On December 17, 1917, the first plenary session was held with the re-elected district Soviet of Peasants' Deputies. This strengthened the alliance of workers and peasants. Since that time, the construction of the Soviet state apparatus in Krasnoyarsk began, commissions and departments were created under the provincial executive committee.

The building of the diocesan school was built in 1894 by the architect V.I. Sokolovsky. Three-storey brick building; eclecticism with elements of pseudo-Russian style. In plan - in the form of the letter "P". The ground floor is rusticated and has recessed windows on one side of the façade. The composition of the building is symmetrical, three-part. The central part is carved with a risalit with a small arched entrance portal from the side of Mira Avenue. The floors are separated by several profiled stucco rods running horizontally along the façade. Wide window sill belts are interesting and varied. The lower belt between the basement and the second floor of the side parts of the building imitates the design of architraves in Russian wooden architecture. The windows are framed with oval profiled architraves. The windows of the second floor of the protruding central part are grouped by two, above them are large windows of the third floor with stylized arched endings. The walls are decorated with pilasters extending from the plinth to the protruding profiled cornice. On the wide flat pilasters of the third floor there is a complex decoration of stucco semi-columns supporting the entablature with a pediment. The friezes under the eaves of the building and the openwork metal lattice between the pedestals on the roof are expressive. The roof is covered with roofing iron. The slender ornamental structure of a part of the risalit ends with a figured atgik above the cornice. Building area -3368.4 sq. m. There are 37 rooms in the house.

On the main facade there is a memorial marble plaque with an engraved text: “In 1917, the Krasnoyarsk Committee of the RSDLP (b), the editorial offices of the Krasnoyarsk Rabochiy and Sibirskaya Pravda newspapers were located here.

Mira Ave., 49

house of the company "Revillon-brothers"

house built in 1910-1914. V.A. Sokolovsky

Krasnoyarsk, Mira Ave., 67.

3d building, designed by the Decembrist G.S. Batenkov, which housed the Bolshevik publishing house "Pristup", the executive committee of the Krasnoyarsk Council, the club "111 International", the executive bureau (committee) organization of internationalists from among foreign prisoners of war

The building was built in 1854-1858. according to the project of the Decembrist Gavriil Stepanovich Batenkov (1793-1863), who lived since 1846 in a settlement in Tomsk. the project was completed by him at the request of the Decembrist V.L. Davshchov, who lived in a settlement in Krasnoyarsk, in the early 1850s, and is preserved in the funds of the Tomsk Museum. The building was built with some deviations from the project, it was never completed in the finish it envisaged.

Until 1913, this building housed the City Public Assembly ("Noble Assembly").

Since April 1917, this building housed the Bolshevik publishing house "attack", created by the Siberian Bureau for Propaganda of Lenin's Ideas of the Socialist Revolution. The publishing house was headed by the Bolsheviks F.K. Vrublevsky and A.V. Pomeraniev. The publishing house was established at the suggestion of the Central Committee of the party, V.I. Lenin was personally interested in his work. From the konya of 1917, an intensive publication of Bolshevik pamphlets began, on the cover of which there was an equilateral triangle - the brand name of the publishing house "attack". The circulation of each edition was from 5 to 10 thousand copies. Until November. 1917 "Prystup" published more than twenty brochures, among them the works of V.I. Lenin: "0 land" speech at the All-Russian Peasants' Congress on May 22, 1917), letters on tactics, as well as the Manifesto of the Communist Party. K. Marx and F. Engels, brochures by I.I. Skvoriova Stepanova "Jean Paul Marat" and A.M. Kolontay "Who needs war?", D. Poor's "Tales and Fables", a collection of revolutionary songs "Red Banner" and others. The great success of the "attack" was the publication of the original works of the Siberian Bolyeviks. One of them was a short "political dictionary" containing brief information about Marx, Engels, Liebknecht, Lenin, Written by FK Vrublevsky and AV Pomerantseva The activities of the Bolshevik publishing house "Pristul" continued until the capture of Krasnoyarsk on June 18, 1918 by the rebellious White Guards.

The executive committee of the Krasnoyarsk Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, formed on March 4, 1917, was located in the same building. The Krasnoyarsk Soviet from the very beginning became Bolshevik. From the moment of its creation, the former exile, Menshevik-internationalist Ya.F. Dubrovinsky, his deputies were the Bolshevik B.Z. Shumyatsky and Ensign T.P., who sympathized with the Bolsheviks. Markovsky. Being a large revolutionary organization that boldly opposed bourgeois power, the Krasnoyarsk Soviet acted like a local republic, earning the honorary glory of the "Siberian Kronstadt". The council actively intervened in the economic and political life of the city and province. He established an eight-hour working day in the Yenisei province, removed the old authorities in the city, and then in the province, replacing them with elected ones. He organized the accounting of goods in stores and prevented speculation.

The Krasnoyarsk Soviet resolutely intervened in the affairs of production. On his initiative, the sawmill "Abakan" and the flour mill were requisitioned and transferred to the management of the workers. in its activities, the Krasnoyarsk Soviet relied on armed workers and soldiers. The first detachment of the Red Guard in Siberia was created under the leadership of the Soviet. In the Krasnoyarsk railway workshops in March 1917. Then detachments of the Red Guards of Zaton and woodworkers were formed. According to the decision of the Krasnoyarsk Council of the Red Guard, 300 rifles were transferred; united the work of the detachments of the main headquarters, which acted under the leadership of the Council.

The Krasnoyarsk Soviet controlled the activities of the commander of the garrison, attracted soldiers to participate in monitoring the operation of transport, selling goods, restoring public order in the city, and sent 10,000 soldiers to field work. The Council also introduced a procedure according to which political classes were held daily in military units, information was given on current events. Thus the Bolsheviks, through the activity of the Soviet, explained to the masses Lenin's ideas about the world, about the land, about the power of the Soviets. Led by the Bolsheviks, the Krasnoyarsk Soviet took a consistently revolutionary position. In the summer of 1917, the Bolsheviks had 180 seats in the Soviet, while the Socialist-Revolutionaries -40, the Mensheviks -2-3 seats. The Bolsheviks were followed by workers, most of the soldiers of the local garrison. in response to news of the June events received from Petrograd, the executive committee of the Krasnoyarsk Soviet supported the decision of the Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) and the Bolshevik City Committee to hold a demonstration of solidarity with the revolutionary masses of the capital in Krasnoyarsk. The demonstration took place on July 9, 1917, and 10,000 people took part in it.

In the autumn of 1917, the Krasnoyarsk Soviet acted as a center for gathering revolutionary forces not only in the Yenisei province, but also in the regions of Siberia adjacent to it. Information about the victory of the armed uprising in Petrograd was received in Krasnoyarsk on October 27, 1917. On the evening of October 28, a rally was held in the premises of the executive committee of the Krasnoyarsk Soviet, attended by 500 people, mainly railway workers. After listening to the speeches of Ya.E. Bograd and V.N. Yakovlev, the participants of the rally spoke in favor of the transfer of power to the Soviets. Immediately after the rally, the executive committee met again for a meeting. It was discovered by G.S. Weinbaum. By an overwhelming majority of votes (21 in favour, 2 against, 1 abstained), the executive committee adopted the decision: “Take the most energetic measures to implement real revolutionary power in the field. As a practical measure for the implementation of this decision, the executive committee pointed out the need for guard duty for all public organizations in the city. S.G. Lazo, A.A. Pozdnyakov and M.I. Solovyov.

On the morning of October 29, with the help of soldiers of the lO-th company of the infantry regiment, whose commander was S.G. Lazo, the control of the Council was established over all the key points of the city. The State Bank, the treasury, the telegraph office, the provincial printing house and other institutions were occupied. On October 29, a telegram was sent to Petrograd: "In Krasnoyarsk, power has passed to the provincial Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. The city is calm, order is maintained ..." The telegram ended with the question of what assistance Krasnoyarsk could provide to the capital. The Executive Committee of the Krasnoyarsk Soviet was located in this Building until January 1918.

In this building from March 1917 to June 1918 there was a party club of the III International, created under the Krasnoyarsk organization of the RSDLP (b) for political and educational work with the masses. Meetings, rallies were held in the club, Krasnoyarsk Bolsheviks Ya.E. Bograd, G.S. Weinbaum, Ya.F. Dubrovinsky, V.N. Yakovlev. A separate section of the proletarian youth has been set up under the Byta Club.

On March 19, 1918, at the general meeting of foreign prisoners of war in Krasnoyarsk, an organization of internationalists was created and its governing body was elected - an executive bureau (committee), which included, in particular: from the Germans and Austrians - G. Kolgof, K. Mildner, from the Hungarians - F. Pataky, D. Forgach, S. Fichter. As evidenced by the information placed in the newspaper "Krasnoyarsk Rabochy" dated March 22, 1918, about the meeting of foreign prisoners of war, the executive bureau of the organization of internationalists was located in the workers' club of the International in the building of the old public meeting on the street. Resurrection (now Mira Ave., 67).

The executive bureau of the internationalist organization carried out extensive revolutionary agitation among the prisoners of war, organized rallies and evenings. internationalists took an active part in the struggle to consolidate Soviet power in the Yenisei province, and during the years of the civil war they fought in the ranks of the Red Army against the White Guards and foreign invaders, created their own international military units, and took part in the partisan movement. The Committee of Communist POWs was subordinate to the Krasnoyarsk Committee of the RkP(b) and had its own printed organ in German. The section of communist prisoners of war was headed by G. Kolgof.

The building is located in the historical part of the city, the main northern facade (nine windows) faces the red line of the central street. A one-story wooden building on a high brick plinth, rectangular in plan, has a three-slope space-planning structure, traditional for classicism. The elevated central part of the volume, including the main hall, is accentuated by the removal of the yokol, Hecyshchim, a simplified decorative portico of two pairs of columns attached to the wall and a smooth triangular pediment. Three high central windows with semicircular endings are framed by wide flat architraves and a common outline of a complex outline, made by a carved overhead roller. The smaller, rectangular stacked windows of the building's side porches have similar but more simplified frames. Log facades are hidden by horizontal plank cladding. The interiors have been greatly altered, but the structure of the main rooms, the inner window architraves and fragments of ceiling rods have been preserved. The roof is trussed, with an iron roof, gable over the hall and three-slope over lowered roofs. The ceilings are flat, beamed, internal load-bearing walls made of hewn logs, plastered. The foundation is rubble. The dimensions of the building in terms of -23.8 x 17.2 m.

On the facade of the house there is a memorial plaque "Here in 1917-1918 meetings of the Krasnoyarsk organization of the RSDLP (b) were held. In 1994, fortification work was carried out."

In 1995, the building was under conservation, taking into account its further restoration.

st. Mira, 79

Gadalov's mansion (now "Children's World")

The mansion on Mira Avenue No. 79 (now "Children's World") belonged to the merchant of the first guild N.G. Gadalov. The building was built in 1873 (possibly 83-84), in the Neo-Renaissance style, in which the basis of the architectural image is imbued with a reasonable and bright idea of ​​​​the world (presumably, the architect A.A. Lossovsky or M.Yu. Arnold; in 1913, the provincial architect V.A. Sokolovsky completed the reconstruction of the building with a change in the facade and the erection of a high dome, completed with a sculpture of Mercury - a symbol of trade). The elegant building is richly decorated: the arched windows of the second floor are divided by round semi-columns and framed with graceful architraves, the dome with a spire and a semicircular balcony on the corner of the building are beautifully executed. The first floor is plastered "under the rust".

In 1891, the first electric light bulb in the city was lit here. In 1895 N.G. Gadalov was one of the first to install a telephone linking his shop and the pier. In October 1891, he started the power plant. And in the same year, the heir to the throne stopped here, returning from a trip around the world. Now it housed the resonant committee of the Komsomol. Now here is the largest children's department store in the city.

Krasnoyarsk, np. Mira, 83.

The building, in which the women's gymnasium was located, where the leader of the RSDLP (6) and the RCP (6) Okumva G.I. studied, the folklorist Krasnozhenova M.V. , local historian Kosovanov V.P., scientist-physicist, academician Kirensky P.V., and also studied and worked as director of the Institute of Biological Physics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician Terskov I.A.

The building was built in 1880-1885. designed by architect S.V. Nyukhalova. It was built specifically for the women's gymnasium with funds donated by wealthy citizens.

the first special women's general educational institution in Krasnoyarsk - a women's school of the second category of the Ministry of Public Education - was opened in 1869. In October 1870, the women's school was transformed into a women's four-class gymnasium, in which the daughters of the noble, mixed, spiritual 11 peasant ranks studied. after graduating from the gymnasium, the graduates, together with the certificates of education, received the title of a home teacher or home mentor. In the Krasnoyarsk women's gymnasium from 1889 to 1895. G.I. Okulova.

Glafira Ivanovna Okulova (1887-1957), was born in the family of I.N. Okulova. After graduating from the Krasnoyarsk women's gymnasium and having received the title of a home teacher, together with her older sister, Ekaterina Ivanovna, she goes to study at women's pedagogical courses in Moscow. In 1896, for participation in student unrest, he was sent to his homeland in the village. Shoshino Minusinsk district. Since 1899 G.I. Okulova, a member of the RSDLP, an agent of Iskra, in 1902 was co-opted into the organizing committee for the convening of the II Congress of the RSDLP. Active participant in the revolution of 1905-1907. after the February Revolution - a member of the Krasnoyarsk provincial committee of the RCP (b) and the presidium of the provincial committee. in 1918-1920 - Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, head of the Political Department of the Eastern Front and member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 1st, 8th and Reserve Army. since 1921 she was in the party and scientific and pedagogical work. Since 1954 - personal pensioner. Awarded the Order of Lenin.

In the Krasnoyarsk women's gymnasium in 1881-1890. studied, and in 1890-1917. the folklorist Krasnozhenova M.V. taught there. (See more about her in the article “Grave of Krasnozhenova M.V., folklorist, ethnographer, teacher.”

Vyacheslav Petrovich Kosovanov (1881-1938) taught general geology to students. Starting from 1934, he annually participated in geodetic expeditions in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, together with the staff of the institute. November 23, 1935 V.P. Kosovanov was approved in the academic rank of professor in the specialty "geology". For the 1935/36 academic year, he was appointed head of the geology cabinet, where he compiled the geological collection of the institute.

Leonid Vasilyevich Kirensky (1909-1969), worked at the Department of Physics of the Krasnoyarsk Pedagogical Institute from 1940 to 1957. (See more about him in the article "Grave of Academician L.V. Kirensky").

In 1943 Kirensky created a magnetic laboratory at the Department of Physics, which became the country's third (after Moscow and Sverdlovsk) center for magnetism. at the Institute L.V. Kirensky taught courses in experimental theoretical physics and elective courses in magnetism, was the head of the department of physics, and supervised the postgraduate study organized at the department of physics, Ivan Alexandrovich Terskov (1918-1989) in 1935 entered the newly created Physics and Mathematics Faculty. until December 25, 1938, he combined with work in a physical laboratory as a laboratory assistant.For excellent studies and active social work, he was awarded a ticket to a rest home during the winter holidays in 1939. In July 1939, the first graduation of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics took place. - IA Terskov, who received a diploma with honors.As a budding person, he was left as an assistant at the department of physics, where he worked until the start of the Great Patriotic War.

Three unique wooden estates are located close to each other on the street. May Day (former Kupecheskaya street). The buildings were built in 1830 - 1861 and retain the Empire features of typical "exemplary" projects of provincial urban housing in the first half of the 19th century.

Of particular interest are the biographies of local merchants - textile manufacturers - builders and subsequent owners of these architectural monuments.
Priest's Manor (St. May Day, 3)
The manor of the priest of the neighboring Church of the Resurrection is a typical example of the development of Pavlovsky Posad in the 1850s-1860s.

The wooden building with rare fullness has retained the features of the provincial urban housing of its time. A wooden fence with a gate and a gate adjoins the house with windows overlooking the street. The utility yard is closed by a log connection of pantries and sheds, separating it from the territory of the garden.
A one-storey log house with a mezzanine and a spacious cold vestibule are placed on a high underground, and a cut-off for the kitchen adjacent to the vestibule is on a brick semi-basement. The main volume of the building in its typology, internal layout and individual details retains echoes of Empire architecture.

Plan of the priest's house.
Based on the proportions of the plan, the symmetry of the front facade topped with a steep gable of a mezzanine, one can conclude that the construction of the house was carried out according to one of the "exemplary" standard construction projects of the early 19th century.
The plank sheathing of the facades imitating fine strip rusting, figured window trims and most of the window fillings date back to the 1900s.
Of the former artistic forms, the mezzanine cornice with mutuls, an eight-glass frame and strict window frames with a decorative lock on the side courtyard facade, an external door with an empire-style pattern of panels have survived.

The structure of the building, expressed in a three-part scheme of the plan, the presence of a subfloor, a side entrance and the predominance of the height of the residential front frame, brings the monument closer to peasant housing.
Inside the house bears traces of later redevelopment.

Of the elements of the interior from the old time, a tiled stove and a staircase in the hallway, enclosed by a chiselled railing, have been preserved.
Manor R.L. Shchepetilnikova (St. May Day, 7)
The manor is an example of a rich merchant estate of the middle of the 19th century. The estate complex is represented by the main house and a long row of outbuildings. In the past, there was a garden at the back of the site.

Photos 2009 - 2013.
A large two-story merchant's house was placed on the red line of the former "Kupecheskaya" street, overlooking it with a seven-window facade. The first floor of the building is made of brick on a white stone plinth and plastered. The wooden second floor is sheathed with "rust-like" boards.
The residential building was built according to the "exemplary" project of the first half of the 19th century. in 1861 and retains the features of an empire building.

Plan of the first floor of the Shchepetilnikov house.
In the old days, the middle part of the front facade was completed with a triangular wooden pediment, now lost. On the ground floor, the middle part of the building is emphasized by the arched forms of the lower window openings.

The planes of the walls are decorated with austere ribbon architraves with an upper shelf and embossed stone locks that have survived above the windows of the secondary facades.
A certain grace is introduced into the architecture of the house by the pseudo-Gothic motif of the lancet lintel, which is present in the three-part windows of the second floor overlooking the courtyard.
The wooden rear part of the building with traces of later alterations contains a staircase, a cold hallway with closets and apartments built in modern times. From the side of the courtyard, the house was enlarged by an extension from the middle of the 20th century.

The top, front floor is slightly higher than the first. The plan of the main oldest volume of the building did not suffer significant losses. The premises are connected according to the principle of a circular enfilade. On the main facade there is a central hall with two corner rooms flanking it. The walls are covered with cornices. White tiled stoves and massive double-leaf doors with a complicated panel pattern have been preserved in the interior.
One-story log buildings with an open log house form several connections from a number of isolated rooms under a common roof.

The house was built by the ratman of Pavlovsky Posad in 1848, 1849, 1852, the Bogorodsky merchant of the III guild, the owner of the factory of silk and cotton fabrics "near the village of Vokhna", which made nanka and "eraser", an Old Believer Rodion Leontievich Shchepetilnikov(c. 1777-1852). Rodion Leontyevich was married to Anna Egorovna (1778-until 1846), who gave her husband children: Yakov (born 1803), Stepan (born 1805), Natalya (1809), Savely (born 1815), Matrona (born 1817).
The Shchepetilnikov factory was located on the left bank of the river. Vohonki, north of the bridge at the end of the street. Dzerzhinsky (Shirokovsky) [see. map].

After Rodion, the house was inherited by a merchant of the III guild, the owner of a weaving and dyeing factory in Pavlovsky Posad, Yakov Rodionovich Shchepetilnikov(1803-?), married to the former peasant woman of the village of Pavlovo (Vokhna) Pelageya Petrovna (1811-?). According to the materials of 1857, he had children: sons Andron (Andrey) (1830-?) and Egor (1836-?) and daughters Avdotya and Natalia (1833-?). In 1857 it was stated that he had inherited his house from his father. Thus, the indication of the house at E.N. Podyapolskaya as "the estate of Ya.R. Schepetilnikov" - needs to be corrected.

The house was then taken over Andron (Andrey) Yakovlevich, who owned a family enterprise in 1888 and was married to Nastasya (Anastasia) Sidorovna, nee Kuznetsova (1833-?), From whom he had six sons: Vasily (born 1853), Ivan (born 1855), Peter (born 1856 ), Stepan, Matvey and Konstantin. Interestingly, Anastasia Sidorovna Shchepetilnikova-Kuznetsova was the elder sister of one of the largest industrialists and entrepreneurs in Russia in the late 19th and early 19th centuries. XX centuries - Matvey Sidorovich Kuznetsov (1846-1911), the owner of the famous "Porcelain and faience production partnership of M.S. Kuznetsov". After the death of Sidor Terentyevich Kuznetsov (1806-1864), his porcelain factories were inherited by his only son, Matvey, who was then only 18 years old. According to some reports, A.Ya. Shchepetilnikov acted as one of his guardians. By 1890, Anastasia Sidorovna was the owner of a cotton factory in Pavlovsky Posad with 40 workers, which was managed by her son Pyotr Andreevich.
Subsequently, the house passed to the eldest son A.Ya. Shchepetilnikova - Vasily Andreevich Shchepetilnikov- a merchant, the city commissioner of Pavlovsky Posad (in 1914-1918), a member of the board of trustees of the Pavlovsky Posad women's gymnasium (1907) and the city public hospital (1911-1918), the trustee of the Old Believer Church of St. Great Martyr Demetrius of Thessalonica in Pavlovsky Posad (1915). In 1917, the Shchepetilnikov family home with land was estimated at 6,529 rubles.

Manor N.F. Frolova (st. May Day, 6)
The wooden manor occupies an elongated area overlooking the high left bank of the Vokhonka. It is quite difficult to get to it, since it is included in a block of residential buildings surrounded by a common fence.

Photograph 2009
The estate was founded by the Frolov merchant family in the first half of the 19th century. The estate is not connected with the urban environment and, having an orientation towards the river valley, stands apart.
The house is set in the middle of the plot, in a garden that slopes down to the river in terraces. The deep yard is bounded by a log outbuilding.

Plan of the Frolovs' house.
A wooden one-story residential building was erected in the Empire style in 1830-1840. It is placed on a brick plinth and sheathed with a plank. The main façade, facing the river, is decorated with a terrace and completed with a light fixture. The side facades are completed with mezzanines. The entrance to the building from the yard lies through a cold vestibule, which is adjoined by a later kitchen extension with an open frame.

The features of the Empire style, clearly expressed in the volumetric and planned composition of the building, are rather restrained in its external processing. Characteristic are the forms of the light room and mezzanines: the grouping and outline of the windows, the pediments torn at the bottom, the rustication of the corners "in a run". From the side of the garden, the house is decorated with champlevé carvings of surf boards with decorative motifs of classicism. The terrace, elegantly decorated with chiseled columns and sawn carvings, was rebuilt at the beginning of the 20th century.

The layout of the house, according to the authors of the "Architectural Monuments of the Moscow Region", "varies the common scheme of mansions in post-fire Moscow, but was partially changed during the apartment resettlement. The center of the composition of the building plan is a small internal corridor that unites adjacent rooms on the principle of an annular enfilade. Front rooms with more high windows face the garden.
Several types of white tiled stoves, empire-style double and single-leaf doors, and drawn cornices have been preserved in the house. The living room is decorated with a ceiling. In one of the living rooms there is a couch.
One-room symmetrical mezzanines on the sides of the building are occupied by housing. One of the rooms with a tiled stove covers a false duct vault (prayer room?).

Right from Ch. mezzanine entrance.
Apparently, the house was erected at the expense of the Pavlovo-Posad merchant of the III guild (in 1854), who entered the merchant class from local peasants, Nikita Faddeevich Frolov(1803-before 1870?). After him, the house belonged to his two sons - Nikita and Demyan. Senior - Nikita Nikitich Frolov(1820-?), was listed as the owner of a local dye-and-paper establishment in 1870 and 1880, and in 1877 he acted as a member of the City Duma. His wife, Aksinya Parfyonovna (nee Malysheva; 1826-?), since 1880, according to the spiritual will of her father, Parfyon Semyonovich Malyshev, inherited his two-story wooden weaving factory with a dye-house on Krutoberezhnaya Street. Aksinya Parfyonovna gave birth to her husband sons: Vasily (born 1841; woman Marya Mitrofanovna (born 1845), children - Olga, Anna, Mitrofan, Alexander, Ivan), Ivan (born 1854; woman Agrafena Alekseevna (born 1857) , children - Tatyana, Maria, Ekaterina, Anna, Vasily), Sergei (born 1860; f. Evdokia Tikhonovna, children - Anna, Natalya, Nadezhda, Maria, Antonina), Pavel (born 1862) and Fedor (born 1867 ).
Merchant II guild Demyan Nikitich Frolov(1832-1902), married to Natalya Ivanovna, from 1877 to 1885 he was a member of the City Duma of Pavlovsky Posad for two terms, and in 1882 he temporarily acted as mayor. At the beginning of the twentieth century. the heirs of Nikita Nikitich owned the house...

In the same block with the estate grows such an amazing old oak tree.

A. Poslykhalin, 2013. When using the material, a reference to is required.

1. Galkina E., Musina R. Kuznetsov. Dynasty. Family business. M. 2005. S. 21; 30, 142, 337, 341.
2. Zhukova E. V. Old Pavlovsky Posad. M. 1994. p. 35-36, 100.
3. Schepetilnikovs: Sitnov V. The inhabitants of Pavlovsky Posad until 1917. Pavlovsky Posad, 2012, p. 121.
4. Podyapolskaya E.N., Smirnova G.K. Monuments of architecture of the Moscow region. Issue. 4. M., 2009, No. 199, p. 267-268.
5. Frolovs: Sitnov V. The inhabitants of Pavlovsky Posad until 1917. Pavlovsky Posad, 2012, p. 106-107.

Quite by accident, on the way to another object, it seemed to me that something historically interesting was found ...
Historical cellars of a merchant's house of the 17th century, or rather the chamber of the 17th century.
Naturally, a house was found first. I would rate its condition at 2 out of 5. One wall of the house has completely collapsed, the other three are barely holding on. The chambers themselves are an architectural monument of federal significance, but due to the absence of the owner, no one undertakes to restore or demolish the building.
The house is located in a relatively protected area, it was necessary to climb quietly and carefully, through a broken wall immediately to the second floor, from there, a fairly well-preserved ladder descends to the first, and then down to the historical vaulted basement.

While I was trying to find a way to get inside, a woman who worked in a store nearby came up and said that a film had recently been shot here, that the building was in a dangerous state of disrepair and it was impossible to climb there, when asked if she was guarding it or not, she said no.

Second floor. The roof is completely leaky and is about to collapse.

In general, the entire building is in a state of disrepair.

Descent to the historical vaulted cellars. The cellars themselves are quite littered, as is the building as a whole. Tires, building materials, cables, various garbage and trash.

The building of the chambers belonged to the Kozhevnicheskaya Sloboda, which burned down in 1773. On the plan of the settlement, the building of the chambers is depicted with a large stone extension, which includes both the part of the chambers that has survived to this day, and the lost extension from the neighboring property.
During the fire of 1812, the buildings were badly damaged. In this regard, during the restoration, the vaults were rebuilt, and the facade decoration was changed in favor of the classical style.
During the 18th and 19th centuries, the chambers were used as factory buildings.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the chambers were occupied by the Nikolai Sergeevich Rasteryaev factory and trade partnership, which produced lead pipes.
In the 30s of the 20th century, one well-known Mostrans enterprise was located on this territory.
In 1950, the development of the site and the reconstruction of buildings for various household needs intensified. The work was carried out chaotically and carelessly, as a result of which the original appearance of the chambers was badly damaged.

In fact, these are the vaults of the underground part of a building that no longer exists, since there is little left of the house at the moment, only a couple of walls.

The basements are small, in some branches there is a frank mess and homeless people, it is clear that no one is following the monument of federal significance at all!

Presumably, the first developer and owner of the chambers was the merchant Ivan Vasilyevich Likhonin.

It is unclear where the outgoing windows in the basement complex.

Photo from the Internet. On it, the building is still relatively intact and with a whole roof.

Photo from the Internet. The other side of the whole building.

Thanks for reading the post.

How the kings of the new dynasty tried to make a European capital out of a medieval city

In the 17th century, elegant temples of Russian patterning, the first water supply system and a stone bridge appeared in Moscow. And the 17th century became a rebellious century, when small and large uprisings in the city were replaced by devastating fires. Let's see what the Romanovs' Moscow looked like during this difficult time for them.

Bricklayers at work.
Book miniature of the 16th century

Where Moscow began and ended

By the time Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov began to reign, Moscow had already become a major metropolis. Travelers compare the capital with Paris, London and Constantinople. Moscow seems to them larger than it is, due to the impressive distances and randomly built buildings. There is no single development plan, and most of the urban space is occupied by gardens, kitchen gardens and wastelands. Moscow looks like a village.

“... most of the houses have vast wastelands and yards, very many houses are also adjacent to vegetable gardens, fruitful gardens, and, in addition, they are separated from each other by quite extensive meadows, interspersed with countless, one might say, churches and chapels; consequently, it does not have such a multitude of people as some believed, deceived by its vastness in appearance.

A. Meyerberg, Austrian envoy.

"Journey to Muscovy by Baron Augustine Mayerberg"

The population of Moscow was mainly townspeople - artisans and merchants. Their yards divided the city into settlements, of which there were about 140 by the 17th century. Each settlement had its own specialization: blacksmiths lived in one, tanners in another, potters in the third, and masons in the fourth.

Like other medieval European cities of that time, Moscow was built up according to the radial-ring principle. In the center was the Kremlin - the princely palace with churches, surrounded by a moat and a wall. Trade and craft settlements crowded around the Kremlin and were connected by a grid of streets. The streets were interrupted by fortifications that ringed the city from the center to the outskirts - the farther from the Kremlin, the wider. Circular streets were arranged along the protective walls.

One of the Moscow settlements on an engraving of the 17th century

Bricklayers at work. Book miniature of the 16th century

"Plan of Sigismund" - a map of Moscow, compiled by the Poles in 1610

Moscow consisted of four rings: the Kremlin, Kitay-gorod, White and Zemlyanoy cities. Such a layout in the Middle Ages had its advantages: if the enemy takes the Earthen City or the fire destroys all the wooden houses, they will be stopped by the next line of stone walls. But the further we go from the Middle Ages, the less sense it makes to build a city in a ring. Fortress walls are losing their importance, and maintaining them is expensive.

In the 17th century, the Kremlin lost its defensive significance and turned into a ceremonial royal residence.

What Moscow looked like: houses, chambers and churches

The basis of the city in the 17th century was wooden, and this feature will remain in Moscow until the 19th century. But gradually more and more stone churches and chambers are being built. They are crowded into the territory of Kitay-Gorod and the White City - the wealthy shopping districts of Moscow.

A typical residential building in the 17th century is wooden, with one or two floors. During the construction of houses in craft settlements, the same technology was used. The carpenters connected the logs-crowns into a log house, covered it with a roof made of timber and cut through small light windows. Glass production had not yet been established in the 17th century, so window openings were covered with mica or oiled canvas.

A finished log house with windows and a roof was called a cage. The cage was placed on the ground or another log house - basement. The basement was used to store food and belongings. The dwelling - the upper room - was located at the top. If the house became cramped, a new cage was attached to it. According to this principle, not only residential buildings were built, but also wooden princely palaces.

Streets of Moscow in the 17th century in an engraving by Adam Olearius

The princely palace in Kolomenskoye, the largest wooden building in Moscow of the 17th century, consisted of log cabins.

Chambers of the Romanov boyars in Zaryadye

Stone chambers of boyars and merchants can be counted on the fingers. Thanks to durable material, some have survived to this day: the chambers of the Romanov boyars and the old English court in Zaryadye, the chambers of Averky Kirillov on Bersenevskaya Embankment and Simeon Ushakov in Ipatiev Lane.

The chambers of merchants, boyars and princes differed from the houses of artisans not only in building material, but also in size and furnishings. Chambers were built in two or three floors. The first tier, almost without windows, was still used as a warehouse. On the second floor there was a refectory, a library and living quarters for the male half of the house. The third floor was reserved for women. There was a room with large windows for doing needlework - a room - and, of course, bedrooms.

Church of the Holy Trinity
in Nikitniki - an exemplary temple
in pattern style

The churches were the first and tallest stone buildings in Moscow. Their number was amazing even at the entrance to the city. The domes, glittering in the sun, lined up along the horizon and towered above the rest of the buildings.

“There are a lot of churches, chapels and monasteries in the Kremlin and in the city; inside and outside the city walls there are more than 2,000 of them, since now each of the nobles, who has some property, orders himself to build a special chapel; most of them are made of stone. Stone churches are all inside with round vaults.

Adam Olearius, German traveler.

"Description of a journey to Muscovy and through Muscovy to Persia and back"

In the middle of the century, instead of massive temples with thick walls, architects began to build elegant churches in the patterned style. The facades are decorated with multi-colored tiles, traditional kokoshniks and so far unusual elements of Western European architecture, which masons spied on engravings. Architects follow strict church canons less and experiment more.

The pattern was the first step towards the secularization of architecture. In the 80s of the 17th century, the appearance of churches changed again, and a new style, the Naryshkin style, came to replace the patterned one. It is used in construction at the royal court and in houses close to the court of nobles. The name of the style is due to the fact that the boyars Naryshkins were the customers of its most striking monuments.

Donkey ride. Engraving from the book of Adam Olearius

Church of the Holy Trinity in Nikitniki - an exemplary temple in the style of patterned

Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin in Fili

The composition of the building becomes symmetrical, all tiers tend to the central axis. The skill of masons is growing - now they think not only about decoration, but also about a holistic impression of the building.

The metropolitan buildings in the Naryshkin style will be replaced by the Peter the Great baroque, but this will be only at the beginning of the next century.

How Moscow lived: urban disasters, life and entertainment

The 17th century is a time of uprisings, fires and epidemics. Settlements burned at least 10 times in a century, there were constant infections with dirty water from the channels of the Moscow River, and the infrastructure was not developed enough to prevent disasters. Tsars Mikhail Fedorovich and Alexei Mikhailovich begin to equip the city according to the European model.

The water supply was arranged in the Vodovzvodnaya (Sviblova) tower, which received water
from Moscow river

Infrastructure

The first plumbing in the Kremlin was designed by the Englishman Christopher Galovey in 1631-1633. Up to this point, the Kremlin was supplied by water carriers and a primitive gravity water supply system. Now water is supplied to the lower tier of the Water Tower by gravity, and the water-lifting machine pumps it into the tank of the upper tier of the tower. From there, water flows through pipes to the gardens and palaces of the Kremlin.

The water supply was arranged in the Vodovzvodnaya (Sviblova) tower, the water to which came from the Moscow River

A. M. Vasnetsov. The Rise of the Kremlin. All Saints Bridge and the Kremlin at the end of the 17th century. In 1680, the brick walls of the Kremlin were painted white with lime.

The first stone bridge in Moscow took 40 years to build and was solemnly opened in the 1680s. It was called All Saints, later - Big Stone. Its wooden predecessors were temporary: they were disassembled along with winter frosts and spring floods, and then reassembled. "Live" bridges surprised visitors.

“The bridge near the Kremlin, opposite the gates of the second city wall, arouses great surprise, it is even, made of large wooden beams, fitted one to the other and tied with thick ropes of linden bark, the ends of which are attached to the towers and to the opposite bank of the river. When the water rises, the bridge rises, because it is not supported by pillars, but consists of boards lying on the water, and when it decreases, the bridge also falls.

Paul of Aleppo, Archdeacon of the Orthodox Church of Antioch.

"Journey of Patriarch Macarius of Antioch to Russia in the middle of the 17th century"

Temporary bridges are easy to assemble and dismantle when attacked by the enemy. But the need to protect the Kremlin from the water is gradually fading away. But the royal residence is decorated more and more magnificently - like the elegant Spasskaya tower with a clock, the stone bridge has become the main attraction of the city.

PIK comment

Education and urban entertainment

The life of Muscovites was not limited to hard work and rescue from fires. A brisk book trade, higher education and urban festivities are also innovations of the 17th century.

The Moscow Printing Yard was restored after being devastated by the Poles in 1620. If earlier it served only the sovereign's court, then in the 17th century private booksellers and a book row appeared. Reading by the end of the century becomes an accessible entertainment. On sale at booksellers you can find books on military affairs, primers and collections of poetry.

A library was opened at the Printing Yard, and in 1687 the first institution of higher education was opened. The Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was founded by the Likhud brothers, Greek Orthodox monks. Here, residents of different classes were taught Greek, rhetoric, logic and grammar for 12 years.

Moscow printing house on Nikolskaya street

City festivities. Engraving from the book of Adam Olearius

During patronal feasts and official spectacles, Muscovites of the 17th century walked along the new stone bridge, watched buffoon and puppet theater performances, bought sweets at fairs, and watched with curiosity the solemn entrances of foreign ambassadors.

Already in the next century, Moscow will be unrecognizable: the first oil lanterns and city estates will appear on the streets, and balls and salons will become the favorite entertainments of the townspeople.

Jump to the 18th century

Nobles, merchants and philistines: how people of different classes lived in Moscow in the 18th century

View of Red Square in 1783

Moscow has not been a capital for half a century. Extensive noble estates are adjacent to shacks and black huts. On the one hand - idleness and secular receptions, on the other - potato stew and monotonous daily work.

Upper class citizens. They could not work anywhere, but rarely used it. Men served in the army, state or court. Women also participated in court life, but in Moscow, far from the capital, they did not have such an opportunity.

The standard of living of urban merchants varied. Unlike artisans, who traded only in their own products, merchants enjoyed an advantage and could sell a wide variety of goods: from scrupulous (underwear and perfumes) to colonial (tea, coffee and spices).

A new type of city dwellers. The former inhabitants of the artisan settlements are gradually becoming hired workers. Instead of engaging in small-scale production, they go to manufactories or to the houses of the nobility for a salary.

Unknown artist.
View of Moscow in the 18th century

Houses

The development of Moscow was uneven. Wide stone-paved streets turned into wooden pavements. Pitiful shacks crowded around the palaces and houses of the nobility. Some areas resembled wastelands, others were crowded with poor houses, others were impressive with metropolitan splendor.

“Wrong”, “extraordinary”, “contrasting” - this is how foreigners who managed to visit here during the time of Elizabeth and Catherine II described Moscow.

“I was surprised by the strange sight of Smolensk, but incomparably more I was struck by the immensity and diversity of Moscow. This is something so wrong, peculiar, extraordinary, everything here is so full of contrasts that I have never seen anything like it.

William Cox, British traveler.

"Travels in Poland, Russia, Switzerland and Denmark"

nobles

Adolphe Baio. Pashkov's house on Vagankovsky hill

Adolphe Baio. Pashkov House
on Vagankovsky hill

Middle-class nobles settled in Moscow, so mansions were more often built in wood. They suffered from fires and again lined up along the "red line" - it marked the boundaries of construction on each street. Famous architects built the houses of the richest families from stone. These buildings have survived to this day. The most impressive example of 18th-century noble housing is the Pashkov House, which is believed to have been designed by the architect Vasily Bazhenov.

Merchants

Unknown artist. View
Ilyinka streets in Moscow of the 18th century

A typical merchant's house was two-story. The first floor could be stone, the second - wooden. The European practice, when merchants settled above their own shops, has not yet become popular, because the malls were moved to separate areas of the city. Toward the end of the century, under Catherine II, a new type of housing appeared in Moscow - tenement houses. On the upper floors of tenement houses there were living rooms of merchants and apartments for rent, below - shops and shops. One of the first apartment buildings of this type in Moscow was Khryashchev's house on Ilyinka.

Philistines

Unknown artist. View of Ilyinka street in Moscow of the 18th century

Unknown artist. street view
Ilyinka in 18th century Moscow

Like the inhabitants of craft settlements in the 17th century, the townspeople settled in simple wooden houses. Their way of life changed more slowly than that of the richer classes. The houses of the nobles and merchants were built according to the latest fashion, the houses of the townspeople - out of habit. The only change occurred in the internal structure of the house: instead of a common room for the whole family, separate rooms now appear in the houses.

PIK comment

nobles

Schedule

nobles

P. Picard. Moscow Kremlin at the beginning of the 18th century

P. Picard. Moscow
Kremlin at the beginning of the 18th century

The officers came to the barracks by 6, officials - by 7–8 in the morning. Reviews and parades ended by noon, and the presences were interrupted for lunch.

A secular person woke up closer to noon. After breakfast, followed by a walk in the park or a trip accompanied by a runner - a servant who accompanied the carriage on foot. Then - dinner, theater and a ball, which lasted until morning.

“A nobleman who wants to be a man of the world must have a Danish dog, a runner, a lot of servants (ill-dressed) and a French teacher.”

Tesby de Bellecour, captain of the French service.

"Notes of a Frenchman about Moscow, 1774"

Merchants

B. Kustodiev. Gostiny Dvor

B. Kustodiev. Gostiny Dvor

Trade in Moscow began early, so by 6 in the morning the merchant opened his shop in Gostiny Dvor or on the first floor of a residential building. On the spot, he drank tea, had a hearty dinner, and talked with merchants in the neighborhood. In the evening he visited a tavern or a fair, and already at nine o'clock he fell into a dream.

Philistines

Detail of the trade mark of the Big Yaroslavl Manufactory. Mid 18th century

Brand Detail Large
Yaroslavl manufactory. Mid 18th century

Craftsmen worked at home, in living quarters or in the courtyard. Everyone at home, even children, took part in the work. Due to the emergence of manufactories and organized production, it became unprofitable for some artisans to work for themselves, and they became hired workers: weaving, building ships, forging metal products and preparing glass. The largest manufactory in Moscow was the Cloth Yard. The working day there began at half past five in the morning, and lasted 13.5 hours in the spring and summer months and 11.5 hours the rest of the year.

Food

For the nobles, eating was an art, for merchants it was a way to pass the time, for the townspeople it was a matter of survival.

nobles

Unknown artist. Dinner with a noble family

Unknown artist.
Dinner with a noble family

In rich houses, European cuisine was preferred. Tea and coffee in the 18th century ceased to be exotic, but were expensive. Since the beginning of the century, the fashion for foreign chefs has come - the French, less often the British. Some products were ordered from Europe, which Gogol sneered at in The Inspector General, where Khlestakov came to the table with "soup in a saucepan right on the ship from Paris."

Merchants

B. Kustodiev. Merchant drinking tea

The merchant's table was simpler. Tea from a samovar, which they drank “up to the seventh handkerchief” (until the sweat breaks through), half-and-half porridge with bacon, soups, pies, radishes and vegetable dishes - the main thing in nutrition is not variety, but abundance and satiety.

“The pot-bellied merchants, as before, after tea-drinking, practiced their trading affairs, ate radishes at noon, slurped cabbage soup with wooden or tin spoons, on which they floated an inch of fat, and buckwheat porridge was mixed in half with butter.”

Philistines

F. Solntsev. Peasant family before dinner. Philistines and peasants lived in similar living conditions. The main thing that distinguished them was their daily activities and profession.

F. Solntsev. Peasant family before
lunch. The philistines and peasants lived in similar
living conditions. The main thing that distinguished them
- daily activities and profession

The daily menu included potato stew, gray cabbage soup, rye pies and steamed turnips. In addition, the townspeople could afford dishes from peas, vegetables from the garden and cereals. Kvass replaced them with tea and coffee.

City entertainment

The way a resident of Moscow had fun, first of all, spoke of his social status. Festive life in the city was for every taste: from theaters, balls and music salons to street fairs and fisticuffs.

nobles

Reception in a noble house

Reception in a noble house

The life of the Moscow nobility was so idle and unhurried that it irritated Catherine II:

“Moscow is the capital of idleness, and its excessive size will always be the main reason for this. I made it a rule when I was there never to send for anyone; for one visit they spend the whole day in a carriage, and now, therefore, the day is lost.

Entry from the diary of Catherine II

During the day, the nobles walked through the parks or streets in smart outfits. Then the way lay to relatives for tea. Family gatherings were not so much entertainment as a necessity: it was necessary to maintain family ties according to secular etiquette.

After dinner, reading and changing clothes, the nobleman went to the theater. In 1757, the Locatelli Opera was opened, later - the Petrovsky Theater, in which free and serf actors played. Around 10 pm, balls began, where you could not only dance, but also play cards, charades or burime.

Merchants

V. Surikov. Big masquerade in 1772 on the streets of Moscow with the participation of Peter I and Prince I. F. Romodanovsky

V. Surikov. big masquerade
in 1772 on the streets of Moscow with the participation
Peter I and Prince I. F. Romodanovsky

Noisy street fairs, puppet theater, comedies and performances of buffoons - these were the main merchant entertainments.

“The comedy was usually played by a home-grown troubadour with a bandura, with songs and dances. He did marvelous things with his feet, and every bone in him spoke. And how he jumps under the very nose of a pretty merchant’s wife, moves his shoulder and douses her, like boiling water, with a valiant demand: “Do you not love Al?” - there was no end to the delight.

Ivan Ivanovich Lazhechnikov, writer.

"White, black and gray"

Merchants spent their evenings in taverns or at home, and on city holidays they went out to watch fireworks. But this is only in the XVIII century: from the next century, wealthy merchants will strive to imitate the nobility in everything.

Philistines

B. Kustodiev. Fistfight on the Moscow River

B. Kustodiev.
Fistfight on the Moscow River

They could not afford to go to taverns and restaurants, but everyone participated in street festivities. Of the winter entertainments, they loved fisticuffs, one on one or wall to wall. The teams dispersed along the banks of the frozen Moskva River and fought in the middle. The main battles took place on holidays: St. Nicholas of the Winter, Christmas time, Epiphany and Maslenitsa.

In the 19th century, the differences between urban and rural populations are sharper than between the tradesman and the merchant. Merchants, philistines and artisans began to be called "city dwellers". But the gap between the daily life of the nobility and the "average condition of the people" persisted even in next century.

Jump to the 19th century

House and life of a Muscovite in the 19th century

J. Delabart. Red Square in the late 18th - early 19th centuries

By what rules did they live, what did they eat and how did they talk in rich and poor families

Moscow in the 19th century is the capital of the retired and the elderly. She was more conservative than St. Petersburg, where they left for a career and fashion. Family hierarchy, family kinship and many other everyday conventions reigned in Moscow houses.

Noble life

Moscow nobles became smaller after the war and the fire of 1812. Few people could support the "open table" and hospitality of the last century. The en masse impoverished noble families led a nomadic lifestyle and ate at rich houses. There are more officials. They belonged to the nobility, but did not have a large fortune.

Where settled

Real nobles built houses and city estates on Maroseyka, Pokrovka and the territory between Ostozhenka and Arbat. Officials settled closer to the merchants: in Zamoskvorechye, on Taganka, Sretenka and Devichye Pole. Behind the Garden Ring, dachas and country estates with a garden or park were built.

Home and furnishings

V. Polenov. Grandma's garden. Typical wooden Moscow mansion

V. Polenov. Grandma's garden.
Typical wooden Moscow mansion

The middle-class nobility built wooden houses. But they are large, with 7–9 windows, with mezzanines and columns. A park or garden with a linden alley, elderberry and lilac was an indispensable attribute of aristocratic life. The farther from the center, the more extensive was the garden.

In the interior decoration of the house, the pursuit of fashion was replaced by constancy. Empire-style furniture bought at the beginning of the century stood in the front part of the house, along with porcelain knick-knacks and an office bronze sculpture. Cramped living quarters in the mezzanine and on the back of the house were furnished somehow.

Table

A. Voloskov. At the tea table

A. Voloskov. At the tea table

Unlike the refined dinners of St. Petersburg, the Moscow ones were hearty and plentiful. Cream was added to the morning tea and washed down with butter rolls. The second breakfast was prepared dense, with scrambled eggs, cheesecakes or meatballs. Around three o'clock, the family and frequent guests gathered for a dinner of several courses in the French or Russian style. For an afternoon snack, they were refreshed with tea and pies, and in the evening they ate the leftovers of dinner or cooked a few more meals, depending on the wealth of the house.

Family way

There were many inhabitants in the noble house. In addition to close relatives, there was a place for aunts, cousins, second cousins, sisters and nephews, as well as the poor and governesses.

The house, as before, was divided into male and female halves. The study, the library and the smoking room were the men's rooms, and the boudoir, the sofa room and the girls' room were the women's rooms. Households and servants moved freely between halves, but received personal guests strictly on their territory.

Children's rooms were given a place away from the bedrooms of adults. The kids lived in common rooms for several people, teenage children were divided into male and female halves. Home lessons were held in the classroom, where a visiting teacher came. He gave lessons in secular etiquette, music and a foreign language.

Nobleman's Dictionary

Jolle journee - "crazy day", an afternoon ball that began at two in the afternoon and lasted until night.

Zhurfixes - days of the week in a noble house, which were allocated for the regular reception of guests.

Voksal - a pleasure garden where performances were staged, balls and fireworks were arranged.

merchant life

Merchants flourished in 19th-century Moscow. New surnames appear, which are not inferior in wealth to noble ones. The Morozovs, Ryabushinskys, Prokhorovs top the list of the richest entrepreneurs in the Russian Empire. Ambitious merchants seek to reach the nobles in terms of living standards and education and invest their capital in the development of the arts and sciences. The other part carefully guards its customs and eschews everything unusual.

Where settled

The merchant districts were Taganka, Presnya, Lefortovo and Zamoskvorechye. The latter - because of the proximity to the Kitaigorod market. Merchants-manufacturers preferred to build houses closer to production, so they chose the outskirts of the city.

Home and furnishings

V. Perov. Arrival of the governess to the merchant's house

V. Perov.
Arrival of the governess to the merchant's house

While the nobles were getting poorer, the merchants were making fortunes. They built simple but solid stone houses or bought former noble estates and furnished them to their taste. Houses usually overlooked a garden with a vegetable garden. Goods that the merchant supplied to the shops were stored in the courtyard.

The merchant's house differed from the noble one in the number of icons and motley decoration: crimson walls in the living rooms, an abundance of pictures and trinkets mixed with expensive pieces of furniture. The unity of style in the furnishings of the house was observed by rare, the most educated families.

Table

N. Bogdanov-Belsky. tea drinking

Supplies in the merchant's house were prepared by themselves - the cellars were filled with pickles to the ceiling. The table was laid no less richly than the nobles, but the dishes were Russian: pies, cereals. Services did not take root on the merchant's table, all the dishes were of various colors.

The merchant did not always return home for dinner, so the whole family gathered at the table in the evening, around eight o'clock. After a hearty dinner with fatty dishes, all the households drank tea for a long time with sugar or jam.

Family way

V. Pukirev. Reception of a dowry in a merchant family by painting

V. Pukirev.
Reception of a dowry in a merchant family by painting

The family life of merchants in the 19th century began with the participation of a matchmaker. The dowry of the bride was carefully counted. The marriage was concluded after the bride: the groom looked closely at the merchant's daughter in a public place, and then came with a personal visit and asked for her hand. Merchants' wives lived idle and did almost no housework - they only received guests or arranged trips. Children were given to nannies to raise, and in education they relied on the church. Even at the end of the century, only a few merchant children studied at gymnasiums and universities.

Merchant's Dictionary

Feryaz - traditional merchant outerwear.

Beardless is a merchant who follows Western fashion. He wears modern clothes instead of a caftan, shaves cleanly, is educated and knows languages.

Forty bucket barrel- a measure of not only volume, but also beauty. Burly women, the size of a forty-bucket barrel, were the merchant ideal in the 19th century.

Petty-bourgeois life

In the 19th century, the burghers were the main population of Moscow. Especially a lot of them became after the reform of 1861, when the peasants began to move to the cities in search of work. The petty-bourgeois class included teachers, day laborers, and all other hired workers.

Where settled

Factory workers and artisans settled behind the Garden Ring in rented apartments and small houses. Khamovniki, Lefortovo and Georgians were entrenched in them in the 17th century. Shoemakers, tailors and other small artisans settled in the Moscow "ghetto" - Zaryadye and the dark nooks and crannies of Kitay-gorod.

This exposition was created in 1976 under the guidance of the chief curator of the Pavlovsk Palace-Museum A.M.Kuchumov. Based on literary and documentary sources, paintings, drawings and photographs, typical interiors of that era were recreated. In 2000, the exposition was reopened, with changes and additions. Moving from hall to hall, as if moving in a time machine, a whole century passes before your eyes. Through the interior, how our ancestors equipped the living space, you better understand the psychology and philosophy of the people of that time, their attitude and worldview.

17 halls are divided into 3 semantic blocks:

• Russian noble estate of the 1800-1830s,
• metropolitan aristocratic mansion of the 1830-1860s,
• city ​​apartment 1860-1890s.

Interiors 1800-1830s

At the beginning of the 19th century, a manor house or city mansion was a typical dwelling of the nobility. Here, as a rule, lived a large family and numerous servants. The ceremonial halls were usually located on the second floor and consisted of a suite of living rooms, a boudoir and a bedroom. The living quarters were located on the third floor or mezzanines and had low ceilings. The servants lived on the first floor, there were also service premises. If the house was two-story, then the living rooms, as a rule, were on the first floor and ran parallel to the service premises.

The end of the 18th - the beginning of the 19th century is the time of the dominance of classicism, which implies a clear rhythm and a single style of placing furniture and art. Furniture was usually made of mahogany and decorated with chased gilded bronze or brass bands. From France and other European countries, interest in antiquity penetrated into Russia. Therefore, in the interior of this time we will see antique statues and the corresponding decor. Under the influence of Napoleon, the Empire style, created by the architects C. Persier and P. Fontaine, with its spirit of luxurious imperial residences from the time of the Roman Empire, comes into fashion. Furniture in the Empire style was made of Karelian birch and poplar, often painted green - like old bronze, with gilded carved details. Clocks and lamps were made of gilded bronze. The walls of the rooms were often painted in pure colors - green, gray, blue, purple. Sometimes they were pasted over with paper wallpaper or imitated paper wallpaper, smooth or striped, with ornaments.

The enfilade of rooms in the exposition opens (the end of the 18th - the beginning of the 19th century). In such a room there could be a valet on duty. Mahogany furniture with brass overlays is made in the style of "Jacob".

sample for portrait(1805-1810s) became the corresponding room in the estate of Count A.A. Arakcheev in Gruzino. Unfortunately, the estate itself was completely destroyed during the Great Patriotic War. The portrait room is decorated in the early Russian Empire style, the walls are painted like striped wallpapers.

Cabinet(1810s) was an obligatory attribute of a noble estate. In the interior presented in the exposition, the furniture set is made of Karelian birch, the desk and armchair are made of poplar wood. Wall painting imitates paper wallpaper.

Dining room(1810-1820s) - also made in the Empire style.

Bedroom(1820s) is functionally divided into zones: the actual bedroom and the boudoir. There is a kiot in the corner. The bed is covered with a screen. In the boudoir, the hostess could go about her business - needlework, correspond.

Boudoir(1820s) was located next to the bedroom. If conditions allowed, it was a separate room in which the mistress of the house went about her business.

prototype living room(1830s) served as the living room of P.V. Nashchekin, a friend of A.S. Pushkin, from a painting by N. Podklyushnikov.

Young man's office(1830s) was created based on Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin" (it is interesting to compare it with, which became the prototype of the Larin house from this novel). Here you can see the desire for convenience and comfort, decorative fabrics are actively used. The conciseness inherent in the Empire gradually disappears.

Interiors 1840-1860s

The 40s - 60s of the XIX century - the time of the dominance of romanticism. At this time, historicism was popular: pseudo-Gothic, second Rococo, neo-Greek, Moorish, and later - pseudo-Russian styles. In general, historicism dominated until the end of the 19th century. The interiors of this time are characterized by a desire for luxury. The rooms are full of furniture, decorations and knick-knacks. Furniture was made mainly of walnut, rosewood, and sacchardwood. Windows and doors were covered with heavy draperies, tables were covered with tablecloths. Oriental carpets were laid on the floors.

At this time, W. Scott's chivalric novels became popular. In many ways, under their influence, estates and dachas in the Gothic style are being built (I already wrote about one of them -). Gothic cabinets and living rooms were also arranged in the houses. Gothic was expressed in stained-glass windows, screens, screens, in decorative elements of room decoration. Bronze was actively used for decoration.

The end of the 40s and the beginning of the 50s of the XIX century were marked by the appearance of the “second Rococo”, otherwise called “a la Pompadour”. It was expressed in imitation of the art of France in the middle of the 18th century. Many estates were built in the Rococo style (for example, the now dying Nikolo-Prozorovo near Moscow). The furniture was made in the style of Louis XV: rosewood sets with bronze decorations, porcelain inserts painted in the form of bouquets of flowers and gallant scenes. In general, the room was like a precious box. This was especially true for the premises of the female half. The rooms on the men's side were more laconic, but also not without elegance. Often they were decorated in the "oriental" and "Moorish" style. Ottoman sofas came into fashion, weapons were adorned on the walls, Persian or Turkish carpets lay on the floors. There could also be hookahs and incense burners in the room. The owner of the house dressed in an oriental robe.

An example of the above is Living room(1840s). The furniture in it is made of walnut, Gothic motifs can be traced in the decorative finish.

The next room is yellow living room(1840s). The set presented in it was made for one of the living rooms of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, presumably, according to the drawings of the architect A. Bryullov.

Dressing young girl(1840-1850s) made in the walnut rococo style. Such a room could be both in a capital mansion and in a provincial estate.

AT Cabinet-boudoir(1850s) in the “second Rococo” style, expensive furniture “a la Pompadour”, veneered with rosewood, with inserts of gilded bronze and painted porcelain, is presented.

Bedroom of a young girl(1850-1860s) is striking in its splendor, it is also an example of the "second Rococo".

Interiors 1870-1900s

This period is characterized by smoothing out the differences between noble and bourgeois interiors. Many old noble families gradually became poorer, yielding influence to industrialists, financiers, and people of mental labor. Interior design during this period begins to be determined by the financial capabilities and taste of the owner. Technological progress and industrial development contributed to the emergence of new materials. So, machine-made lace appeared, windows began to be decorated with tulle curtains. At this time, sofas of new forms appeared: round, double-sided, combined with bookcases, shelves, jardinieres, etc. Upholstered furniture appears.

In the 1870s, under the influence of the World Exhibition in Paris in 1867, the style of Louis XVI came into fashion. The “boule” style is experiencing a rebirth, so named after A.Sh. Boule, who worked under Louis XIV - the furniture was decorated with tortoise, mother-of-pearl, bronze. The rooms of this period are decorated with porcelain from Russian and European factories. Numerous walnut-framed photographs adorned the walls.

The main type of housing is an apartment in an apartment building. Its design was often characterized by a mixture of styles, a combination of incongruous things only by the commonality of color, texture, etc. In general, the interior of this time (as well as architecture in general) was eclectic in nature. The rooms were sometimes more like an exhibition hall than a living space.

The pseudo-Russian style is coming into fashion. In many ways, this was facilitated by the architectural magazine "Architect". Country dachas were often built in this style (for example, near Moscow). If the family lived in an apartment, one of the rooms, usually the dining room, could be decorated in the pseudo-Russian style. The walls and ceiling were sheathed with beech or oak panels, covered with carvings. Often there was a massive buffet in the dining room. The motifs of peasant embroidery were used in the decoration.

At the end of the 1890s, the Art Nouveau style (from French moderne - modern) was formed, expressed in the rejection of imitation, straight lines and angles. Modern is smooth curved natural lines, new technologies. The Art Nouveau interior is distinguished by the unity of style, careful selection of items.

crimson living room(1860-1870s) impresses with its pomp and luxury of the Louis XVI style, combined with the desire for convenience and comfort.

Cabinet(1880s) is eclectic. Here are collected different, often incompatible items. A similar interior could be in the house of a prestigious lawyer or financier.

Dining room(1880-1890s) made in the Russian style. An obligatory attribute was the chair "Arc, ax and mittens" by V.P. Shutov (1827-1887). After the All-Russian Exhibition in St. Petersburg in 1870, they gained immense popularity. Soon other craftsmen began to make similar pieces of furniture with various variations.

maple living room(1900s) - a fine example of Art Nouveau.

Thus, the entire 19th century passed before our eyes: from the Empire style with its imitation of ancient culture at the beginning of the century, through the fascination with the styles of historicism in the middle of the century, eclecticism of the second half of the century and the unique, unlike anything modern at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries.

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