Stimulus material personality typology according to Jung. See what "Jung's Typology" is in other dictionaries

Topic 5. PERSONALITY TYPES

Questions for self-examination

1. What was the criticism of the "theory of traits" by representatives of situationism?

2. What are the personal properties of a person?

3. Name the backbone characteristics of the personality.

4. Tell us about the method of expert assessments. What are the requirements for experts?

5. Describe the main types of data obtained in the process of psychodiagnostic examination.

As G. Eysenck noted, a set of interrelated (correlating) personality traits forms personality type. Having studied the basic properties of a personality, we get the opportunity to attribute it to one type or another. Having determined the type of a person's personality, we get the opportunity to better understand his main psychological conflicts, more accurately predict his behavior in a given situation. The highest level of psychological diagnosis involves a vision of the integral structure of a person's personality, a vision of his type.

Of the many currently existing typologies of personality, we will consider two of the most famous. These are personality typologies C. G. Jung and E. Kretschmer. These typologies have many common features. Both in one and in the other, two main types of personality are distinguished. The description of these types is largely the same. Since both researchers base their conclusions on the study of a large number of mentally ill people, we can talk about revealing an objective tendency for them to divide people into two types.

Working as a psychiatrist, C. G. Jung drew attention to the existence of two types of mentally ill people. One type was characterized by a rigid focus of consciousness on the outside world. C. G. Jung called such patients extroverts. The consciousness of another type of mentally ill people was directed inward, to images coming from the depths of the unconscious. C. G. Jung called them introverts.

Based on such observations, C. G. Jung concluded that a person has two mental mechanisms ( extraversion and introversion). To adapt in the world, a person needs the development of both mechanisms. The development of one mechanism to the detriment of another leads to psychological illness, which was observed by C. G. Jung in his patients.

Both mechanisms are developed in mentally healthy people. However, more often than not, one mechanism is more developed than the other. Such development is associated with the displacement into the unconscious of another mechanism, which, being repressed, begins to manifest itself in a painful form (compensation). In accordance with the predominance of one or another mechanism, healthy people can also be divided into extroverts and introverts.

extroverts most often they are people outwardly active, sociable, trusting, friendly, seeking social approval, changeable, loving the new, carefree, superficial.

C. G. Jung:“If a person thinks, feels and acts, in a word, lives in a way that directly corresponds to objective conditions and their requirements, both in a good and in another sense, then he is extraverted. … His inner world submits to external requirements, of course, not without a struggle. However, the struggle always ends in favor of objective conditions... Danger for extrovert in that he becomes involved in objects and completely loses himself in them. The most common form of neurosis is hysteria. The classic cases of hysteria are always characterized by an exaggerated attitude towards environmental persons. The main feature of the hysterical being is a constant tendency to make himself interesting and impress others. The consequence of this is the proverbial suggestibility of the hysterical and their susceptibility to influences coming from others. The compensation of the unconscious will especially strengthen the subjective moment, that is, in the unconscious we will have to note a strong egocentric tendency. The unconscious concentrates energy on the subjective moment, that is, on all needs and claims, suppressed or repressed due to a too extraverted conscious attitude. Repressed desires, feelings take on a regressive character, that is, the less they are recognized, the more infantile and archaic they become. Sometimes unconscious attitudes are characterized by rude, shameless selfishness, which goes far beyond the childish.

introverts most often people are closed, distrustful, timid, shy, immersed in the inner world, unsociable. The consciousness of introverts is oriented towards the collective unconscious. According to C. G. Jung, every person has a collective unconscious. Unlike the personal unconscious, the collective unconscious is not acquired by a person in the process of life. It owes its existence solely to heredity. The content of the collective unconscious is represented by archetypes (prototypes).

archetypes are unconscious images of the instincts themselves or patterns of instinctive behaviour. According to C. G. Jung, there are exactly as many archetypes as there are typical life situations. The endless repetition of these situations stamped their existence on the human psychic constitution not in the form of images filled with content, but primarily as forms without content, representing only the possibility of a certain type of perception and type of action. Archetypal images reveal themselves through certain symbols in dreams, in fantasies of artistic and scientific creativity, in illusions and trance states in mental disorders.

C. G. Jung:“Archetypes are an innate mode of action—instincts or drives. The contents of the collective unconscious are presented in consciousness as pronounced inclinations and understanding of things. Usually they are perceived by an individual as caused by an object, which, in essence, is erroneous, because they have an unconscious structure of the psyche as their source, and the impact of the object only causes them. These subjective tendencies and understandings are stronger than the influence of the object; their mental value is higher.

In accordance with the foregoing, K. G. Jung gives the following characterization introvert: “In the introverted type, between the perception of an object and its own action, a subjective opinion is put forward, which prevents the action from taking on a character corresponding to the objectively given. The predominance of the subjective factor in consciousness means an underestimation of the objective factor. The object does not have the meaning that it, in fact, should have. As a result of an unsatisfactory relation to the object - for the desire to dominate is not an adaptation - a compensatory relation to the object arises in the unconscious, which is affirmed in consciousness as an unconditional and irrepressible attachment to the object. The object assumes terrifying proportions, despite the deliberate destruction of it. As a result of this, the ego begins to work even harder on separation from the object and seeks to rule over it. In the end, the ego surrounds itself with a system of safeguards that try to maintain at least the illusion of dominance. But in this way the introvert completely separates himself from the object and is completely exhausted, on the one hand, in the search for defensive measures, and on the other hand, in fruitless attempts to impress the object and make his way. A typical form of neurosis for him is psychasthenia, a disease characterized, on the one hand, by great sensitivity, and, on the other hand, by great exhaustion and chronic fatigue.

In addition to the mechanisms described, C. G. Jung distinguishes four functions in the human psyche:

1) sensation - the totality of all data perceived by a person about external factors received from the senses (tells me that something exists);

2) thinking - means perception and judgment. It gives a name to a thing, attaches a concept, tells us what the given thing is;

3) feeling - thanks to its tonality, it informs us about the value of a thing. “From the point of view of feeling, objects differ not only in fact, but also in value”;

4) intuition is something like anticipation. It is a special type of perception coming from the unconscious.

The predominance in a person of one of these functions leads to the suppression and displacement of the rest into the unconscious. According to the predominant function of K.G. Jung distinguishes: thinking, feeling, sensing and intuitive personality types. Thus, all K.G. Jung identifies eight personality types. Let's characterize them.

Extraverted thinking type. A person of this type gives decisive power to objective reality or, accordingly, to its objectively oriented intellectual formula, not only in relation to himself, but also in relation to the environment. His ideal must under all circumstances become reality.

In a person of this type, in the first place, all life forms dependent on feeling, such as aesthetic pursuits, taste, artistic understanding, the cult of friendship, etc., are suppressed in the first place, irrational forms, such as: religious experience, passions, etc., are often removed to complete unconsciousness.

The more strongly feelings are repressed, the worse and less noticeable is their influence on thinking, which in all other respects can be in an impeccable state. The intellectual point of view changes in a characteristic way under the influence of unconscious personal sensitivity: it becomes dogmatically rigid. The formula becomes a religion, becomes an intellectual superstition.

Extraverted feeling type. No one can match him in realism. A guide to unabashed enjoyment of life is this type of confession. His constant motive is to feel the object, to have sense impressions, and to enjoy as much as possible. The more sensation predominates, so that the sensing subject disappears behind the sensuous impression, the more unpleasant this type becomes. He turns either into a rude pleasure-seeker, or into a shameless, refined aesthete. First of all, repressed intuitions make themselves known and, moreover, in the form of projections onto an object as an object of fantasy, jealousy, fear.

Extraverted feeling type. In this type, feelings are consistent with objective situations and generally valid values. Women of this type love the "suitable" man, and not some other. Thinking in this type is suppressed as much as possible. People of this type are characterized by an exaggerated expression of feelings, for example, in loud and intrusive sensual predicates. They sound empty and not convincing. The thinking of people belonging to this type is infantile, archaic and negative.

Extraverted intuitive type. Since intuition is guided by the object, a strong dependence on external situations is noticeable. The intuitive person is never where the generally accepted real values ​​are, but always where there are possibilities. He has a subtle flair for everything that is born and has a future. Since he is always on the lookout for new opportunities, in stable conditions he risks suffocating. He very intensively takes up new objects and paths, sometimes even with extreme enthusiasm, but as soon as their size is established and it is no longer possible to foresee their significant development in the future, he immediately calmly abandons them without any reverence and, apparently, without even remembering more about them. As long as there is any possibility, the intuitive is chained to it, as it were, by the force of fate. One gets the impression - and he himself shares it - as if he had just reached a turning point in his life and as if he was no longer able to think or feel anything else. In life, adventurers for the sake of adventure, initiators or champions of all undertakings. The intuitive spends his life too easily, because he animates people and things and spreads around him a certain fullness of life, which, however, is lived not by him, but by others. Thinking and feeling are repressed and form infantile-archaic thoughts and feelings, manifesting themselves in the form of intense absurd projections.

Introverted thinking type. It is under the decisive influence of ideas which, however, follow not from the objectively given, but from the subjective basis. It is characterized by closure. Even if he releases his thoughts into the light, he does not introduce them, like a caring mother of her children, but throws them up and, at the most, gets angry if they do not make their way on their own. He allows himself to be treated harshly and exploited in the most vile way, unless he is prevented from pursuing his ideas. He does not see when he is being robbed from the rear and harmed in practical terms, because his relation to the object is secondary to him, and the objective evaluation of his product remains unconscious to him.

The closer one gets to know him, the more favorable the judgment about him becomes, and those closest to him know how to appreciate his intimacy in the highest degree. Standing farther away, he seems bristly, impregnable and arrogant, often also embittered - due to his socially unfavorable prejudices. It is characterized by fear of the object.

Introverted feeling type. About women of this type they say that "still waters are deep." People of this type are silent, difficult to reach, incomprehensible, often hidden under a childish or banal mask. Outwardly, they show a harmonious obscurity, a pleasant calmness, a sympathetic parallelism that does not seek to provoke the other, to impress him, to remake him or change him. Sometimes a person who is next to them begins to feel that his whole existence is superfluous. Since this type in most cases seems cold and reserved, a superficial judgment easily denies any feeling in him. But this is false. They develop in depth. They try to stand above the object. People feel from them some dominant influence, often difficult to determine. It is felt as an oppressive or suffocating feeling that imposes some kind of chains on others. Thanks to this, this type acquires a certain mysterious power that is capable of captivating in the highest degree.

Introverted feeling type. This type is guided by the intensity of the subjective part of the sensation caused by objective irritation. To an external observer, the matter appears as if the influences of the object did not penetrate the subject at all. People of this type cannot express their thoughts, their feelings are not developed. Therefore, this type is only with extreme difficulty accessible to objective understanding, and in most cases he himself refers to himself without any understanding. In fact, he revolves in a mythological world in which people, animals, railways, houses, rivers and mountains seem to him partly merciful gods, partly malevolent demons.

Introverted intuitive type. Intuition in an introverted attitude is directed to internal objects, as one might justifiably designate the elements of the unconscious. Internal objects are related to consciousness in exactly the same way as external objects, although they do not have a physical, but a psychological reality. Internal objects are presented to intuitive perception in the form of subjective images of things that do not occur in external experience, but constitute the content of the unconscious, - ultimately the collective unconscious. For intuition, unconscious images receive the dignity of things or objects. Since the intuitive has suppressed sensations, he perceives the images of the collective unconscious as if detached from himself and existing on their own, without relation to his personality. For a person of an introverted intuitive type, reality does not exist, he indulges in fruitless dreams.

Mystic thinker, dreamer and artist. He makes himself and his life symbolic, although adapted to actual actual reality. Thus, he deprives himself of the ability to influence her, because he remains incomprehensible. His language is not the one everyone speaks; it's too subjective.

The introverted intuitive represses the sensations of the object the most. This is the hallmark of his unconscious. Unconsciously, it is an extraverted feeling type of the lowest primitive kind. The strength of attraction and immensity are properties of this sensation, as well as the extreme attachment to the sense impression. A representative of this type is characterized by obsessive sensations with excessive attachment to the object, which resist conscious installation (compulsive neurosis). The introverted intuitive is characterized by hypochondriacal phenomena, partly by the hypersensitivity of the senses, partly by an obsessive attachment to certain persons or to other objects.

Thus, C. G. Jung distinguishes eight types of personality. Each type has a certain structure of the psyche. This structure suggests that some functions of the psyche are developed and conscious, and some are undeveloped and repressed into the unconscious. Having determined what type a person belongs to, we thereby not only understand what caused the peculiarities of his behavior, but also reveal the essence of his internal mental conflicts.

The most famous empirical classification of personality types is the systematics proposed by K.G. Jung (Jung K.G., 1995). The basis of the typology is installation , which takes one of two qualities:

· extraversion as an appeal to the objects of the surrounding or inner world;

either introversion as a reflection, an obstacle to contact with objects, doubt and distrust of objects.

The concepts of extraversion-introversion as general attitudes for the first time in the typology of human character were noted in 1896 by F. Jordan, although he did not use these terms.

Introverts are more focused on their subjective state, they judge the world by their impressions and conclusions, they are thoughtful, restrained, prone to self-contemplation, and have a developed psychological intuition.

Extroverts, on the contrary, are outward-facing, objective-oriented, observant, draw their vitality from the events around them and do not always bother to reflect. Extroverts are less able to perceive the natural course of life, which often brings them surprises.

It is often believed that extroverts are sociable and introverts are not, but this is not entirely correct, because these types simply communicate differently, and there are no contraindications for an introvert, for example, to hold the position of a leader. When thinking about the psychological compatibility of different people in the process of common activity, it is useful to strive to ensure that the introversion of one is balanced by the extroversion of the other, noted K.G. Jung. However, only people of the same type can truly understand each other.

Extraversion-introversion expresses the attitude of consciousness to objects, regardless of whether they are in the inner or outer world surrounding a person. Most people are extroverts; Most introverts are men. But this ratio is not constant, and age patterns can also be traced. According to K.G. Jung, in order to enrich the inner world, a significant part of people need to appropriate objects for themselves, to identify with them, so the first half of life, as a rule, passes under the sign of extraversion. After the mid-life crisis, a person turns inward more, moving from life in the world of objects and phenomena to spiritual life, since the inner world has already been enriched with new content during the existence of a person in an extraverted state. However, if before the middle of life a person was prone to introversion, then in the second half of it he has a chance to become a big extrovert, to gain confidence in interacting with objects. Jung did not unequivocally connect extraversion-introversion either with the action of experience or with heredity, emphasizing that in different socio-cultural strata representatives of these attitudes are found in general equally likely, and both an introvert and an extrovert can also grow in the same family (Nartova-Bochaver S.K., 2003).

Later, the concept of extraversion-introversion was developed in the works of J. Gilford, who identified five components of extraversion-introversion (social introversion, mental introversion, depression, a tendency to mood swings, carelessness) using factor analysis, and G. Eysenck, however, these works implement approach from the devil's point of view.

Extraversion-introversion as a relation to objects is not the only basis for distinguishing types. Depending on how this attitude is formed, one can speak not of two, but of as many as eight psychological types.

Two foundations, 8 personality types

1. Setting consciousness (2 values)

2. The leading function of the Ego (4 values)

Introducing a distinction by type functions , Jung noted that if a person in his experience primarily relies on sensations (he is called sensitive), then he trusts his senses to tell him that something really exists. If a person is dominated by thinking (then he is called intellectual), then he seeks to get an answer to the question, what is this reality.

People of the third type base their life decisions on feelings (they are called emotions), thanks to which they primarily determine whether they like a given object or not, and the question of what it represents remains secondary for them. And finally, representatives of the fourth type - intuitionists– are able to build their conclusions and make decisions based not only on the available information, but also making up for its lack with a special inner feeling, which K.G. Jung defined it as the ability to see what is happening around the corner.

The four functions of consciousness, according to the predominance of which the listed types are distinguished, are in oppositional relations: the better the sphere of sensations is developed, the weaker intuition is, and intellectuals, as a rule, are worse oriented in the field of feelings. This ratio, therefore, allows you to approximately determine the weak points in representatives of various types. Thus, the sensitive is realistic, but it may seem to many too pragmatic, devoid of flight, while the intuitionist, on the contrary, is not always aware of the realities of today, is inclined to build illusions and imagine unrealizable. The intellectual cannot always understand who and how treats him, and the emotional is annoyed when he is asked to explain what he is doing and how - in his opinion, “everything is clear anyway”, and he is not able to reproduce the chain of causes and effects. strength.

In addition to the leading function, Jung also spoke about the subordinate (the one that is opposite to the leading and within which a person experiences the main difficulties of insufficient adaptation), and auxiliary (different from the leading, but not opposed to it, such as, for example, intuition in relation to leading thinking) . Having determined the type of personality, it is possible to logically complete its “shadow” opposite: for example, an introverted intuitivist will be the opposite of an extroverted sensitive. The main areas of vulnerability are determined based on the type of "subordinate" personality, which, breaking through, leads to the emergence of neuroses of various contents. Therefore, it is useful to develop and exercise subordinate functions, providing them with the possibility of "legal" manifestation (Chrestomat. 8.1).

There are practically no “pure” types in reality, and each person, of course, has all four functions. However, if problems arise in some area, one should think about the deficiency of what mental functions they are caused by. Jung's theory is one of the well-developed classical doctrines of personality types that meet the requirements for the compilation of scientific classifications. In practical psychology, however, empirical classifications are more often used, which provide the key to understanding the essential features of the personality of a modern person.

Table 8.1

Psychological types (by: Jung K.G., 1995)

Type	Key Features
Extraverted Rational Types What they do is reasonable; what is happening is irrational	Extraverted Rational Type	Oriented to objective reality presented in its intellectual form. All manifestations dependent on emotions are suppressed. Feelings are overly aestheticized
Extraverted emotional type	Appreciates and loves everything that corresponds to an objectively good assessment ("reasonable" marriages). Logical arguments are suppressed. Most common among women
Extraverted irrational types Objectively, what is happening is experienced as natural; there is a sense of existing agreement, even if it is contrary to reason.	extraverted sensitive type	Guided by a realistic sense of fact. Attachment to the object can be limitless, leading to compulsions and releasing obsessive hunches (as a result of intuition suppression)
Extraverted Intuitive Type	Mental adjustment occurs naturally and almost unconsciously; thinking, perception and feeling are suppressed. Feelings are just a support for contemplation. Intuition strives for the most complete discovery of possibilities, so the transfer from one situation to another is difficult, and the facts leave the subject.
Introverted Rational Types A reasonable judgment is based not on an objective, but on a subjective factor, which often gives the impression of selfishness.	introverted rational type	Is influenced by ideas of subjective origin. Cold attitude towards objects (I. Kant). Overestimation of oneself as a subject of thinking is accompanied by fear of other people (especially of the opposite sex)
introverted emotional type	“Harmonically effaced”, is in the grip of feelings incomprehensible to others. Most often observed in women. If a feeling, rising to the level of the Ego, begins to fall under the objective assessments of others, neuroses of the type of exhaustion are possible.
Introverted irrational types Few available for discussion. From a rational point of view, the least useless for practical life, but in the context of historical development - the engines of culture	introvert sensitive type	It focuses mainly on the intensity of the subjective part of the sensation (the proportionality between the object and the sensation is violated). Man acts according to his unconscious patterns. Rotates in the mythological world. Suppressed intuition can break through into consciousness in the form of hysterical ideas about objects, leading to exhaustion.
introverted intuitive type	He clearly perceives everything that happens in the background of consciousness, opens up new possibilities without a connection between the object and himself. Is in the power of archetypes, mystic-dreamer. Possible obsessions of hypochondriacal content, based on a breakthrough of the feeling extraverted principle

The personality typology proposed by K.G. Jung, is based on the allocation of installation (extraversion-introversion) and the leading function of consciousness (thinking, feelings, perception and intuition); A total of eight types have been identified.

The psychological type is determined by a combination of attitude, leading-subordinate and auxiliary functions of consciousness; knowledge of the type allows you to determine areas of personal vulnerability and resources for self-change.

Types develop, are influenced by learning, and can change in mid-life.

Setting consciousness:

extraversion- appeal to objects of the surrounding or inner world.

introversion- reflection, obstruction of contact with objects, doubt and distrust of objects.

Described as typological features in 1896 by F. Jordan.

Ego functions (ways of forming experience

1. sensitive relies on sensations (What is it?)

2. Intellectual relies on thinking (How does it work?)

3. emotional base their decisions on feelings (Does the object like it or not?)

4. Intuitive builds his conclusions, making up for the lack of information with a special inner feeling (What can it become?) - the ability to see what is happening "around the corner". ego functions

Functions are complementary and obey the principle of quarterness.

The facilitator determines the typical way of functioning for a person.

The subordinate is closest to the unconscious, poorly reflected, energetically strong

Auxiliary

Psychotypes

Rational(enables judgment): intellectuals, emotional

Irrational(based on direct experience-impression): sensitives, intuitionists

Psychotype development

In childhood, most children are extroverts.

There are more extroverts than introverts.

Most introverts are male.

Education promotes asymmetry in the development of attitudes and functions of the ego.

Mid-life crisis: a period of reversal of attitude and leading function of the ego.

Attraction arises to representatives of the opposite type, but understanding is greatest within one psychotype.

Sub function

Recognition:

Takes more time

Creates more psychological problems

Associated with tasks that are considered difficult

K.G. Jung associated extraversion and introversion with two evolutionarily established ways of adapting to the objective world. “The first way is increased fertility with a relatively small defense capability and fragility of an individual; the second way is arming the individual with various means of self-preservation with relatively low fertility” (Jung K.G., 1995, p. 404). Since the extrovert tends to waste, to take root, and the introvert to defend himself through reflection, to refrain from expending energy, then, referring to Blake, Jung calls these types fertile

Similar information.

One of the main aspects of human existence is its self-realization in various fields of activity, among which successful adaptation and productive interaction with other people play a leading role. From time immemorial, philosophers, and then psychologists, have tried to establish certain patterns in human behavior and attitude in order to make relationships between people more understandable and mature.

Thus, at the dawn of psychology, the Austrian psychiatrist Z. Freud formulated a theory about the structure of the psyche, and the Swiss psychiatrist K.G. Jung, relying on this knowledge and his own many years of experience, created the first concept of psychological personality types. This doctrine has now become the basis for many competent socio-psychological theories and even entire areas of modern psychotherapy.

One of such modern theories is socionics as a doctrine of the interaction of a person and the outside world, depending on the personal characteristics of a particular person, which attribute him to one of the 16 socionic personality types.

Socionics as a science was created in the seventies of the last century by the Lithuanian scientist Aushra Augustinavichyute on the basis of computer science, sociology and psychology. In the scientific community, socionics is rather not a science, but one of the famous personality typologies, which serves as a diagnostic method in psychological counseling.

K.G. Jung is the forefather of socionics

In the 19th century, K.G. Jung created his famous theory about personality types, the definition of which is based on ideas about attitudes and basic functions of the psyche. He singled out two main personal attitudes: introversion, when a person's interest is directed to the depths of his own inner world, and extraversion, when a person is directed to the outside world. At the same time, there is a concept of a person's inclination to a particular attitude, but not of its complete predominance.

Jung referred to the main functions of the psyche as thinking, feeling, intuition and feeling. Sensation means interaction with the world based on the sense organs, thinking and feeling help to realize these sensations at the level of comprehension and emotional experience, and intuition answers the question of the origin of these phenomena at the subconscious level.

For each person, one of these functions is dominant, and the rest complement it.

These functions have been divided into two groups:

• rational, to which thinking and feeling belong;
• irrational (sensation and intuition).

In this case, rationality implies orientation to the objective norms of society. Based on these aspects, Jung created a classification consisting of 8 main personality types, which in socionics has expanded to 16 psychotypes.

The birth of socionics

In order to create a new full-fledged typology and highlight more specific personality types, A. Augustinavichyute combined Jung's concept with the informational metabolism theory of the Polish psychiatrist A. Kempinski. This theory is based on the concept of the exchange of information between a person and the outside world in comparison with the metabolism in the body, when information is food for the human psyche, so mental health is directly related to the quality of incoming information. Thus, socionics calls personality types types of informational metabolism. Do not confuse the presence of dominant features with.

Socionic personality types are not a permanent, "frozen" characteristic of a personality, their definition reflects only the way of information exchange, without affecting the individual characteristics of a person (education, culture, experience and character), which are studied by individual psychology. Accentuation is a pointed trait of a person's character, which should be paid attention to as bordering on pathology, but accentuation is not the goal of research in socionics.

Formation of names

How did specific personality types get their name in socionics? The name of the type comes from the dominant attitude ( extraversion or introversion), and the two most powerful functions of the four, while the names of the functions have undergone some changes: thinking and feeling have become logic and ethics, respectively, and sensation has been called sensory.

Rationality and irrationality are determined by the location of functions in the name of psychotypes. If we talk about rational types of personality, then the first word in the name will be logic or ethics, and for irrational ones - sensory or intuition.

The names of 16 types were supplemented over time by various scientists for a clearer accessible description of a person. The most popular names for these types are: formulaic names based on Jung's theory, pseudonyms of famous historical figures - carriers of the indicated signs, pseudonyms - characteristics of a person's professional predisposition.

Basic socionic types

Jung belongs to the classification of 8 main psychotypes, on the basis of which socionics proposed a more detailed classification, consisting of 16 psychotypes.

• Logical-intuitive extrovert(LIE), "Jack London", "Entrepreneur". He is able to clearly distinguish his own capabilities and abilities, easily inspired and starts new business, is fond of dynamic sports that give extreme sensations. Feels new trends, takes risks, relying on intuition. He confidently uses new technologies in his work, deeply analyzes himself and the world around him. Prone to and close communication with people.
• Logic-sensory extrovert(LSE), "Stirlitz", "Administrator". A very hard-working, socially adapted type, he always feels the need to bring the work he has begun to completion. Plans activities, practically relates to surrounding things. Inclined to show love and care for loved ones, loves noisy fun, company. Good-natured, but harsh, can be quick-tempered and stubborn.
• Ethical-intuitive extrovert(EIE), "Hamlet", "Mentor". A very emotional person, prone to empathy and the manifestation of a wide range of emotions. Possesses expressive facial expressions and eloquence. Able to anticipate different events and prepare for them in advance. Detects inconsistencies in the words and emotions of other people. Often not sure of the partner's love, prone to jealousy.
• Ethical-sensory extrovert(ESE), "Hugo", "Enthusiast". Able to influence people with the help of emotional pressure, while getting along well with them, can cheer up, inclined to sacrifice his own interests for the sake of another person and show love and care for loved ones. In work, he achieves everything on his own, loves when other people emphasize his merits.
• Logical-intuitive introvert(LII), Robespierre, Analyst. Knows how to distinguish the main from the secondary, does not like empty talk, is prone to clear practical thinking. In work, this type likes to use unusual ideas, while demonstrating his independence. Uses intuition where he does not know the exact answers. He does not like noisy companies, feels difficulties in establishing relationships with other people.
• Logic-sensory introvert(LSI), "Maxim Gorky", "Inspector". He loves order and rigor, deeply delves into work, analyzing information from different angles. It has a certain pedantry. Really looks at things, takes up the case only if he knows for sure that he can complete it. Causes confidence, but prefers short business contacts with other people.
• Ethical-intuitive introvert(EII), "Dostoevsky", "Humanist". Subtly feels the nature of relations between people, attaches great importance to trust, does not forgive betrayals. Able to reveal the hidden abilities of others, endowed with the talent of an educator. He is fond of self-education, people often turn to him for advice. Very vulnerable, hard to endure aggression and lack of love.
• Ethical-sensory introvert(ESI), "Dreiser", "Keeper". He recognizes pretense and falseness in relationships, divides people into friends and foes, leading the psychological distance. Defends his views and principles. He knows how to stand up for himself and his loved ones, does not tolerate the moral superiority of other people. Able to deeply analyze himself and others.
  
• Intuitive-logical extrovert(ILE), Don Quixote, The Seeker. He has a wide range of interests, is able to adapt to new conditions and easily transitions to new methods of work. Is a generator of ideas, does not like traditions and routine. Able to explain complex ideas, being a pioneer in them. More prone to synthesis in thinking, creates a new idea from ready-made components.
• Sensory-logical extrovert(SLE), "Zhukov", "Marshal". Inclined to use physical force in order to achieve victory at any cost. Obstacles only increase his desire to win. He likes to lead, not enduring submission. Analyzing the situation, he likes to draw up a specific plan of action, he clearly follows it.
• Intuitive-ethical extrovert(IEE), "Huxley", "Counselor". Able to subtly feel other people, has a developed imagination. He loves creative work, does not tolerate monotony and routine. Sociable, likes to give practical advice in the field of interaction with people.
• Sensory-ethical extrovert(SEE), "Napoleon", "Politician". Able to see the possibilities of others, using this knowledge for the purpose of manipulation. Leads over
  weaknesses, clearly identifying their weaknesses. He likes to keep his distance, in communication he is rather guided by his own interests. In the eyes of others, he tries to look like an outstanding original personality, but often he is not.
• Intuitive-logical introvert(OR), "Balzac", "Critic". This type is an erudite with a philosophical mindset. Cautious, makes a decision only with confidence in its correctness, analyzing the past in its connection with the future. He does not like violent manifestations of emotions, he appreciates coziness and comfort.
• Sensory-logical introvert(SLI), "Gabin", "Master". Sensations are for him the main source of knowledge of the world. Shows empathy, subtly feels and loves other people, rejects artificiality and falsehood. He is distinguished by a technical mindset, likes to work with his hands, while always meeting the right deadlines.
• Intuitive-ethical introvert(IEI), Lyric, Yesenin. A dreamy and lyrical personality, knows how to intuitively predict events, is well versed in people, loves and "feels" them. Has a good sense of humor, causes the location of other people. This type attaches great importance to appearance. He does not know how to save money, and during work he likes to rest for a long time.
• Sensory-ethical introvert(SEI), "Dumas", "Intermediary". Knows how to enjoy ordinary life, calmly enduring monotony and routine. He easily gets along with people, respecting their personal space, while demanding the same attitude from them. Likes to joke, entertain, avoids conflict situations. Often an assistant, likes to feel needed and significant in the eyes of other people.

In our time, developed technologies make it possible for everyone, without exception, to be tested and find out their socionic types, but do not forget that a person's personality is very multifaceted and ambiguous, therefore only a professional psychologist can qualitatively compile and describe a socio-psychological portrait of a person in the course of multi-level psychological diagnostics where socionics is one of the methods.

As already noted, the famous psychologist C. G. Jung divided people into two types - extroverts and introverts. People also differ in their dominant function, which is thinking, feeling, feeling, or intuitive. Typical differentiation is noted from such an early age that one can speak of it as congenital.

Psychosociotype of personality- an innate mental structure that determines a specific type of information exchange between a person and the environment, depending on the level of development of such mental functions as emotions, sensations, intuition and thinking, and the specifics of preferences - extraversion or introversion.

Psychosociotypes are distinguished on the basis of the personality typology developed by Jung. He argued that the apparent differentiation in human behavior is determined by different preferences, which are revealed very early, forming the basis of our individuality.

There are four main preferences that determine personality types:

1. The first has to do with where you draw your energy from: from the outside world (extroverted) or from within yourself (introverted).
2. The second is related to how you collect information about the world: verbatim and sequentially, based on current real sensations (sensory feeling), or arbitrarily, trusting your intuition (intuitive).
3. The third relates to how you make decisions: objectively and impartially, carefully thinking through everything, analyzing and planning (thinking-logical), or subjectively, at the behest of the senses (emotionally feeling).
4. The fourth concerns our way of life: whether we are determined and methodical (decisive, rational type) or compliant, flexible, spontaneous, somewhat spontaneous (receptive, rational type).

According to Jung's typology, types of people can be distinguished by the following characteristics:

1. Extraverted-introverted.
2. Rational-irrational.
3. Cogitative (logical)-emotional (ethical).
4. Sensing (sensory)-intuitive.

extrovert is charged with energy from people and actions, therefore it is directed to the outside world, to communication. (Let's denote this type with the letter E.) An introvert draws energy from within himself, he is concentrated on his inner world, uncommunicative (after talking with an interlocutor, he wants to be left alone with himself and his thoughts, as if "recharging"). (This type will be denoted by the letter I.)

Both types of behavior are completely normal. Each of them lives predominantly within their own boundaries, although extroverts are encouraged both at school and at work, stating, for example: "Your grade will depend on how you work in the classroom." It should be remembered that the introvert must be given time to think - this is an objective condition. We see extroverts splashing out their thoughts and feelings, and introverts outwardly manifest themselves only partially, they open up when they feel trust in others or in exceptional circumstances.

For people mental, logical type is characterized by the desire to understand, explain the essential features, patterns of events, life. (We will denote this type with the letter L.) For representatives of the emotional type, the main thing is the expression of their attitude to the event, its assessment, “acceptance or rejection”, coming to a certain decision in accordance with feelings, taking into account how it will affect other people and relationships with them. (The emotional type will be denoted by the letter E.) The L-E scale is the only one that reveals gender differences. Six out of ten men are people of type L, among women the ratio is exactly the opposite: 60% classify themselves as category E.

To people of sensory (sensing) type inherent in the perception of events as reality, as sensory experience (sensations, perceptions). They prefer specific information: what can be seen, heard, touched; focus on facts and details. The criterion for making decisions is the common sense and experience of others, fantasy is alien to them, they prefer "a bird in the hands of a crane in the sky." (This type will be denoted by the letter C.)

Intuitive the type is distinguished by the ability to predict the future development of events, imagination, the tendency to collect information in an arbitrary way, sometimes “jumpwise”, looking for its own meaning and relationships between various phenomena in it, trusting intuition and premonitions. When making decisions, people of this type rely on their inner voice, their own intuition, without looking back at how people around them act in such situations. (The intuitive type will be denoted by the letter I). When two people gather information in different ways, their relationship can be jeopardized. For example, a sensory person asks, "What time is it?" - and expects to hear the exact answer, but the words of a person of an intuitive type are usually different: "It's late, and it's time to go." The first, losing patience, repeats the question: “Tell me specifically, what time is it?”, To which the second, confident in his innocence, can conclude: “You can’t be so capricious. I told you, it's time to go, it's already past three.

A person of a rational type, decisive, able to make decisions with minimal stress, clearly understanding why this is chosen. He consistently and persistently implements the decision made without changing it, clearly plans and controls his life and even the lives of those around him. People of this type make any decision quickly, not always taking into account new information, even if it indicates that it needs to be changed. (The rational-decisive type will be denoted by the letter R.)

For the irrational or perceiving, type is characterized by the accumulation of information instead of rushing to a decision. The latter can change repeatedly depending on the circumstances, and often the person himself cannot explain why he changed his decision. Such flexibility, spontaneity, some spontaneity of life and behavior is not always adequately understood by the surrounding people. (The irrationally perceiving type will be denoted by the letter B.)

People with a predominant sphere of sensations or intuitions are classified as irrational type, since they are able to flexibly change their decision and behavior depending on current sensations or intuitive premonitions. People with a predominance of logic or emotions are referred to as a rational type, they tend to make clear decisions, for them "judgments are more important than sensations."

The specificity of the mental, emotional, intuitive, feeling types will manifest itself in peculiar functions according to extraversion or introversion (Table 6.5).

There are four main mental channels of communication with the world, related to the functions of sensory, intuition, logic and emotion, the prevalence of which in people is different, which determines the psycho-sociotype of a person.

The first channel is the most powerful, it is most decisive: if a person is an extrovert, the channel is occupied by a “black function”, if an introvert, then it is “white”. It contains the most complete information about the world.

The second channel is called "productive" or "creative". This is an area of ​​active action directed outward.

The third channel is characterized by low energy, so the mental function located in it turns out to be very vulnerable to "extraneous influence" - this is the "point of least resistance", the "sore spot" of a person.

The fourth channel is suggestive, it is connected with the suggestibility of a person. The mental function involved here is the weakest of all.

All four functions (logical, emotional, intuitive, sensing) are present in each person, but with varying degrees of intensity. They are implemented on different channels and manifest themselves differently in human behavior.

The basic rules for this are:

1. If an extravert opens the first channel (conscious), all other channels are introverted (and vice versa).
2. The function of the second channel is opposite to the first on the basis of "rational - irrational", i.e. if the first channel is represented by a rational function (logic, emotions), then the second is irrational (to ensure an approximate balance of the human psyche).
3. The fourth channel is occupied by a function opposite to that of the first.

Taking into account these rules, 16 psycho-sociotypes of people can be distinguished (Table 6.6). To make them easier to remember, let's call them the names of famous people and characters in literature.

We also use graphic and letter designations: E - extrovert, I - introvert, L - logical-thinking, E - emotional, I - intuitive, C - sensory feeling, B - perceiving, irrational, P - decisive, rational.

Psychosociotypes can be identified using tests. Their characteristics will allow us to analyze the distinctive features and vulnerable qualities of each. As an example, we will offer a detailed description of only three psycho-sociotypes, and we will give brief information about all types in Table. 6.6.

"Yesenin" (IEIV) (intuitive, ethical, introvert, perceiving), or Seeker.

The first channel is intuition (forecast). This allows a person to feel the impending danger and try to avoid it (such is a presentiment in general, not a specific one - intuition with a minus sign). People of this type often recall past experiences, trying to learn a lesson from it, remember negative experiences for a long time; they are fond of the latest theories, trends, reflect on their abilities, strive to understand themselves. They feel the passage of time, but their dreaminess leads to the fact that they are never in a hurry. Sometimes they strive to live a natural life - in merger with nature (Jean-Jacques Rousseau).

Table 6.5

The specificity of types depending on extraversion-introversion

The second channel is the emotional function (E). This means that emotions and feelings are very noticeable, although a person tries to behave politely, with restraint. In his family, he is capricious, unrestrained, swears. But still more often he prefers to agree, if only not to quarrel. He tries not to force anyone, not to punish. Feeling the emotional state of other people, can comfort them, help them. Emotionally receptive to art and may be addicted or engaged in it.

The third channel is the mental function (L), which manifests itself as business logic and activity. This is a vulnerable quality, and business activity is difficult for a person of this type: he needs to get carried away or force himself to work, although then he can still abandon, postpone the business. Such a shortcoming manifests itself in everyday life: it is difficult for a person to maintain order in the house. It is also not easy to manage finances (he scatters money, often makes spontaneous purchases). Low activity is also manifested in the fact that a person often hesitates in choosing a solution. He forces himself to be active, although in his heart he wants to relax and abandon everything. He does not show any initiative of physical labor, but if he is offered to do something, he begins to work, for example, cook food, wash dishes, dig the ground, etc. The internal attitude of a person of this type to self-improvement says: "We must work."

People of this type, like "Yesenin" (IIEV), feel better when the work touches them to the quick, interests them and seems to them a purely human occupation. The tendency to reflection (I) is combined with a predisposition to figurative and abstract perception of the surrounding world (I). They make decisions based on their inner passions (E), but these decisions are aimed at maintaining order in the soul and affairs, and only then at leading other people. They are malleable, able to adapt to a variety of conditions (B). As a result of the combination of all this, a restrained, but good-natured and sympathetic person appears who follows the principle: "Live yourself and let others live." However, as their sphere of influence grows, so does the need for control.

Such people are completely indifferent that their colleague works somehow. “This is not my business, everyone pays for himself,” a person whose character is defined as IIEV will think. However, if he finds himself in the position of a boss, and also if the behavior of a colleague in any way affects him, he begins to pay much more attention to what is happening nearby. His introversion prevents open clashes and showdown, he carefully avoids conflicts, but if he is hurt to the quick, the intensity of his experiences immediately intensifies and his reactions become unexpected.

Yesenin, as a leader, is able to turn his subordinates into his devoted supporters, since they are free to choose the means to solve the tasks assigned to them; they receive active support and their every suggestion will be listened to with attention. Even if you fail without going too deep into the IIEV value system, you will be encouraged and thanked for your efforts. If you sin against his value system, then forgiveness will not come by itself. The situation is complicated by the fact that the introverted-but-sensitive side in Yesenin leads to the fact that he never forgets or forgives anything, while the mobile, intuitively perceiving side allows him to remain good-natured, to pretend that nothing happened .

Men of type IIEV achieve high positions when their ability to foresee is happily combined with a sense of reality in the choice of ways to solve problems. In this case, they can be leaders who inspire subordinates, although everyday little things can poison their existence. To hide their innate kindness, which causes criticism from someone else, they can behave deliberately harshly, adamantly, trying to demonstrate their character. If the situation at the workplace is heating up, "Yesenin" (IIEV) becomes uneasy; then he sort of withdraws: he becomes slow, passive, succumbs to a gloomy mood, interrupted by unexpected outbursts of criticism. Past circumstances pop up in his memory ("And that's not all! I'm already fed up ...").

Such behavior is not inherent in IIEI, which means the approach of stress, the result of which is a variety of somatic, gastric diseases. This can be avoided if a person of this type speaks out bluntly, overcoming the reluctance to talk about what is bothering. His introversion prevents frank confessions, even when he himself considers it necessary. Thanks to his intelligence and competence, the IIEV person successfully climbs the organizational ladder, wanting to improve, sometimes falling into self-criticism, because, in his opinion, the work can never be done perfectly. Expanding the scope of his activities, he must prepare for difficulties and come to terms with the unwillingness of others to live and act according to his expectations.

"Dostoevsky" (IEIR)(introverted, emotional, intuitive, decisive), or Writer, inspirational leader. The first channel is emotional (E). A person of this type immediately feels the attitude of people, tries to avoid conflicts, quarrels, is patient. He never scandalizes and moves away from an unpleasant person. Behaves with him dryly, officially. Helps people in trouble (both morally and by actions). He is fair with children; if he feels that he himself is wrong, he asks the child for forgiveness. He assumes positive qualities in people, seeks to establish warm, friendly relations, can forgive the evil done to him.

The second channel is intuition. People like "Dostoevsky" feel the potential and the core of the personality of others, foresee impending conflicts, but hope that everything will work itself out. They believe that the main value is morality, moral principles; they are demanding of themselves, they experience pangs of conscience for the slightest deviation from the ideal. Sometimes they are called "walking virtue", "boring moralists."

They are also interested in the inner world of another person, become excellent educators, teachers. They are characterized by a feeling of love for one's neighbor, humanism. Among them are many religious thinkers and philosophers (Confucius, N. Berdyaev, and others).

The third channel is sensory (C), which manifests itself as will, exactingness. Their absence is considered a vice, so a person of this type purposefully forms his will (“Do not what you want, but what you need”). He forces himself, but not other people. Can't stand being pressured by others. Then he prefers not to have anything to do with them. The internal setting of people of this type is: “Do not give in to pressure and do not put pressure on yourself,” but if required: “You have to force yourself!”

Whatever area of ​​work requires diligence and reliability, no one can do it better than Dostoevsky (IEIR). These people are thoughtful and prone to reflection (I), life seems to them a polygon of limitless possibilities, filled with endless meanings and meanings that they associate with the whole (I). Symbols and general concepts are transformed by them in accordance with their personality-oriented decision-making function (E), which forms a lifestyle that is distinguished by order, regularity and measuredness (P). The combination of these preferences forms a rich inner world of the individual, which manifests itself as concern and concern for others. At the same time, he is quite clearly organized, his words do not remain just words.

A caring, sympathetic, affectionate man of this type sometimes does not meet with understanding from other members of his gender. If we exclude church activities, as well as the practice of a private psychologist or teacher, the “Dostoevsky” man (IEIR) will have a hard time at work. His style of work is characterized by the ability to keep a schedule and take care of the needs of others. Such a person is very reserved during conflicts and usually anticipates better than others when a clash is just brewing - he seems to anticipate events. Unfortunately, this ability only attracts conflict situations to him, which he fears. As a result, he squanders his strength and hides his turmoil under the guise of introversion, hoping that everything will be sorted out soon.

Increased emotionality, sensitivity of people of this type sometimes leads to gastric, somatic, nervous disorders. To maintain health and inner balance, they require some form of meditation - whether it be some kind of yoga or ordinary solitary reflections for a few minutes.

In the workplace, they value order and accuracy, unanimity, they would like everyone to be encouraged for his contribution to the common cause, so that everyone strives for the harmony of industrial relations. The virtues of such people include their intelligence, creative imagination, devotion to their ideals and humanity. They love to dream, love to learn and improve themselves and encourage others to do so. They pre-think the issue from a more general point of view and put everything on the shelves. Their strong character and ability to understand act on others in an inspiring way.

"Dostoevsky" (IEIR) can act very realistically when his ideals are at stake. For example, if we are talking about raising the salaries of teachers, then it is he who will best cope with the task of presenting the issue in a form acceptable to the general public. And suddenly this compliant, amiable, caring person becomes strong-willed and concretely thinking, meeting opponents fully armed with his intellectual power. Justice, honesty, mutual understanding - these are the moral values ​​for which he is ready to fight both in private life and at work.

He also has weaknesses. If any of his ideals remain unfulfilled, he falls into a deep depression. He tends to overly deeply experience any event or remark that does not even concern him, since he believes that everything that happens in the office has the most direct relation to him and he is decisively responsible for everything. He also often complicates the simplest thing and gives it an inappropriate meaning, i.e., makes it “out of molehills”.

"Huxley" (EIEV) (extrovert, intuitive, emotional, perceiving), or Journalist. The first channel is intuition. Such a person understands people well, their motives, he is a born psychologist, feels the abilities, dignity of others, loves to inspire and admire their talents, activate others (including to solve his problems). Captures perspective as a whole. Loves novelty in everything. He is jocular, playful, has many acquaintances.

The second channel is emotions. People of this type try to maintain good relations with others, seek compromises, demonstrate friendliness, readiness to help, although they are often optional, frivolous, and joke excessively. They feel exactly what others expect from them, fulfilling the “social order” with pleasure. They know how to manage emotions, the sympathies of others, to convince, to persuade a person to do something. There are many journalists, politicians, psychologists among them.

The third channel is vulnerable logic. They find it difficult to logically analyze; There are many ideas, but they do not like to substantiate and really test them (let others do the verification). This type is distinguished by a stormy fantasy, but as a result of weak analysis, everything is scattered over trifles, the most essential is missed. A person of such a warehouse does not like being told that he does not understand something.

The taste for life, combined with sociability (E), is combined with a sense of limitless possibilities and options (I), which are considered from the point of view of interpersonal dynamics (E) and translated into flexible, multivariate behavior. The dexterity with which he performs a wide variety of tricks often takes his less trained colleagues by surprise. He brings inspiration to any activity, although sometimes excitement, enthusiasm, unpredictability, sensitivity are mistakenly perceived as frivolity.

Thanks to the ability to convince and inspire others, the EIEV type perfectly copes with the main task of the boss - "doing things with the hands of his subordinates." At the same time, he helps subordinates feel in their place and know that their overall success depends on their efforts. He prefers to cheer people up rather than controlling their every move. Another strength of Huxley (EIEA) is the ability to generate different options and solutions to several problems at once, but at times he is more interested in considering options than in completing an undertaking.

Despondency and nervous breakdown cover people of this type when they are not able to turn a serious problem into a game. When it comes to responsibility, then they become thoughtful, sullen, even harsh. Their craving for the new and the unexpected can lead to a complete neglect of their regular duties. Having many plans and not bringing the main part of them to the end, such people turn out to be unreliable, unstable, unsure of themselves. It is said about them: "The road to hell is paved with good intentions."

Table 6.6

Brief description of psychosociotypes

The name of the psychosociotype	The first channel is the main	Second channel - additional	The third channel - "vulnerability"	The fourth channel is suggestive
"Yesenin", or Seeker (intuitive, emotional, perceiving, irrational, introvert) “Live yourself and let others live!”	Introvert / Intuition: Premonitions (forecast in general terms, absorbs new ideas)	Emotions/Extraversion: Feels the emotions of others, tries not to quarrel, but sometimes emotionally unrestrained	Business logic sometimes fails, it is difficult to make a decision, maintain order in business, life "Need to work"	Sensory/Feelings: Disconnected from real sensations
"Dostoevsky", or Writer, Inspiring Leader (emotional, intuitive, decisive, introvert) “Do not give in to pressure and do not put pressure on others!”	Introvert/Emotions: Feels the attitude of people, does not quarrel, endures for a long time, forgives, helps people	Intuition/Extraversion Anticipates the potential of people, moralist, humanist, educator	Sensory, will, exactingness: “Do not what you want, but what you need!”; order, planning "You have to force yourself"	Logics: Propensity to think, dream
"Huxley", or Journalist (intuitive, emotional, perceiving, irrational, extrovert)	Extrovert/Intuition: Understands people well, activates them; foresees perspective, novelty; playful	Emotions/Introversion: Feels what people expect from him, knows how to manage the emotions of others, convince them; looking for a compromise excited	Logic/Introversion: Logical analysis is difficult; many ideas, flexible behavior, but may miss essential "Be logical!"	Sensory: Inattentive to real sensations, creates a mess
"Hamlet", or Actor	Extrovert/Emotions:	Intuition/Introversion:	Sensory:
"Robespierre", or the Scientist	Introvert/Thinking:	Intuition:	Sensory-volitional channel: "You have to force yourself"
"Balzac", or	Introvert/Intuition:	Business logic:		Sensory, will: Weakened
Don Quixote, or Innovator	Extrovert/Intuition:			Sensory:
"Hamlet", or Actor (emotional, intuitive, decisive, extrovert)	Extrovert/Emotions: Feelings are stormy, unrestrained, likes to be the center of attention; feels the emotions of others, knows how to convince -	Intuition/Introversion: Well predicts events, actions of people, decisive, goes into conflict	Sensory: Loves comfort, does not tolerate discomfort and pain "Look the way they want to see you."	Weakened, conflicting judgments
"Robespierre", or the Scientist (logical-intuitive, decisive, introvert)	Introvert/Thinking: Analytical, interested in general patterns, ideas, not facts	Intuition: Feels the perspective, the essence of things, is capable of non-standard solutions	Sensory-volitional channel: Does not tolerate volitional pressure, defends his opinion, does not like routine work "You have to force yourself"	Clamped, blames others for conflicts
"Balzac", or Creator, Thinker of life (intuitive-logical, irrational, introvert)	Introvert/Intuition: Anticipates the future even in details; breadth of perception of the world, unpredictability of ideas and behavior	Business logic: Efficient, can foresee everything, pedantic, cautious, economical	Poorly feels the emotions of people, can show tactlessness, turn against himself; gloomy, impassive appearance "Don't openly express your feelings!"	Sensory, will: Weakened
Don Quixote, or Innovator (intuitive-logical, irrational, extrovert)	Extrovert/Intuition: Intuition when solving problems, recognizes the abilities of people; global reflections, worldly distraction	Theoretical, data analysis, building theories, classifications	Weak emotional sensitivity to others, therefore tactlessness, inappropriate behavior; mood swings.	Sensory: Feelings are weakened, cut off from the real world, is in a fantasy world
"Jack London" or Businessman, natural born leader (logical-intuitive, decisive, extrovert) "The thing must be done!"	Extrovert/Logic: Business logic, concrete thinking, practicality "I do not invent hypotheses"	Intuition: Sees prospects, strategic planning, risk thought out to achieve a practical result; knows how to make money	Sensory: Realist, can tolerate discomfort, taste in clothes fails “Look the way others want you to look!”	Sometimes anger spills out, poorly understands people's feelings, insensitive, arrogant, straightforward, criticizes others
"Dreiser", or Guardian, dedicated (emotional-sensory, decisive, introvert)	Introvert/Emotions: Powerful emotions; outwardly restrained, avoids quarrels; values ​​the interests of other people above his own, helps people, can fight back a boor	Sensory/Extraversion: Will, exactingness to oneself, to others; realism, practicality, ability to work with hands, endurance, efficiency, diligence, regularity, determination	Intuition: Brings down; poorly oriented in people, in possible changes "Don't talk about the bad, rather about the pleasant"	Weakened; does not highlight the essential; "doesn't see the forest for the trees", prefers clear instructions
"Maksim Gorky", or Caretaker, Born Organizer (logical-sensory, decisive, introvert) "Work comes first"	Introvert/Logic: Classifies, analyzes "on the shelves", practical, business orientation of thinking	Sensory/Extraversion: Strong will, realism, rigidity, practicality, exactingness, desire for order, discipline, controls, delving into details	Intuition: brings; he does not foresee events, the possibilities of people, does not see the whole picture, suspicion, caution	Weakened; ignores the feelings and interests of other people, his emotions are suppressed, restrained, sometimes irreconcilable
Hugo, or Seller, Everyone's Friend (emotional, sensory, decisive, extrovert)	Extrovert/Emotions: Feels the mood of people well, lives with emotions, hobbies; friendly, sociable, able to find an approach to people	Sensory/Introversion: Appreciates the feeling of coziness, comfort, dresses with taste, a realist; pays attention to details, punctual	Intuition: weakened; poorly captures the trends of events, the big picture "Plan ahead"	Weakened; badly distinguishes between the secondary and the main
"Stirlitz" or "Sherlock Holmes", Administrator, Born Leader (logical-sensory, decisive, extrovert)	Extrovert/Logic: Business logic, practicality; analyzes many details; "scout"; "skillful hands"; develops a clear program of action	Sensory: Realism, attention to detail, "sees, hears, notices everything"; punctual, neat, esthete; notices other people's mistakes, critical of others	Intuition: Distrustful of changes, analyzes mistakes so as not to repeat them. "Plan ahead"	Not always controllable
"Dumas", or the Artist (sensory, emotional, irrational, introvert) "Live for yourself and let live for others"	Introvert/Sensory: Strives to get positive feelings, appreciates comfort, aesthetics, enjoyment of life	Feels the mood of people well, knows how to manage them, does not quarrel, does not criticize, settles conflicts	Business logic fails, it is difficult to force yourself to do something beyond your desires, it is difficult to make decisions, follow instructions "Need to work"	Intuition: Weakened
"Gaben" or Master (sensory-logical, irrational, introvert) "Live today!"	Introvert/Sensory: Set to withdraw from unpleasant sensations, sensitive to touch; appreciates cosiness, comfort	Business logic: Strives for a practical result, inventive; his decisions are logical, objective	Hides, but can "explode", remembers insults for a long time "Don't openly express your feelings!"	Intuition: Unpredictability and inconsistency of behavior, flexibility
Zhukov, or "Macedonian", Promoter (sensory-logical, irrational, extrovert) "Seize the moment!"	Extrovert/Sensory: Strong will, purposefulness, practicality, flexible solutions, independence from people, rigidity	Logic/Introversion: Logical and concrete analysis of reality; plans the work in detail; shows tight control	Restrained in the manifestation of emotions, for the sake of achieving the goal, can ignore the feelings, interests, even the lives of other people	Intuition: Flexibility and unpredictability of behavior; looks for alternative solutions, changes decisions "at the last moment"
"Napoleon", or Politician (sensory, emotional, irrational, extrovert)	Extrovert / Sensory: Strong will, confident leader, quick, decisive practical and tactical decisions; specificity of perception, sociability	Emotions/Introversion: Understands the feelings of people, knows how to manipulate them, win them over; able to demonstrate the intensity of his feelings	Brings down; may miss the main logical meaning of events; impulsiveness, voluntarism, illogical behavior "Be logical!"	Intuition: Flexibility, unpredictability of behavior; unable to look ahead, to foresee the long-term consequences of his actions, which are unexpected for him

To ensure the plasticity and survival of a person, his psyche includes all eight functions: extraverted and introverted logic, intuition, emotions and sensory, although their combination is different, it depends on their location and severity.

The upper (active) and lower (passive) rings of mental functions are distinguished (the given descriptions of psycho-sociotypes included the characteristics of the first, second, third and quadruple channels from the upper ring). The lower one is the remaining mental functions, which require additional energy for their implementation (they usually do not attract the attention of a person).

Rice. 6.4.

The first channel is the strongest; a person navigates the world through it. The second is creative: it is active interaction with others. The third is the point of least resistance (the person cannot bear the pressure associated with this function). The fourth is role-playing, adaptive (thanks to him, a person is guided by the requirements of his environment). The fifth is suggestive (a person uncritically perceives information). The specificity of the sixth channel is that a person needs the help of a partner in providing comfortable conditions. The seventh implements the current function, the person in this case works "for wear and tear" for praise. The eighth channel is what is responded to subconsciously.

Socionics is a new science that arose in the 70s of the twentieth century. It is based on psychology, as the science of the human psyche, sociology, as the science of relationships in human society, and informatics, as the science of information exchange.

Socionics arose as a natural continuation of the teachings of the founder of psychoanalysis Z. Freud and his talented student, the Swiss psychiatrist C. G. Jung. If we briefly describe the foundations of socionics, it will sound like this: Freud introduced into science the idea that the human psyche has a structure. This structure includes levels: consciousness (ego), preconsciousness (super-ego) and subconsciousness (id). Jung, drawing on his more than sixty years of experience with patients, saw that this structure is filled in different ways in different people. Jung classified stable, possibly innate differences in behavior, people's abilities, propensities for disease, and appearance. Given these features, Jung constructed not one, like Freud, but eight models of the psyche and described, based on them, eight psychological personality types.

Observations gave Jung reason to argue that some people are better at operating with logical information (reasoning, inference, evidence), while others are better with emotional information (people's relationships, their feelings). Some have a more developed intuition (premonition, perception in general, instinctive grasping of information), others have more developed sensations (perception of external and internal sensory stimuli). According to the predominant function that leaves its mark on the character of a person, Jung defined types: thinking, feeling, intuitive, sensing. He considered each of these types in extroverted and introverted variants.

Based on Jung's teachings about psychological types, the Lithuanian scientist, teacher and economist Ausra Augustinavichyute built a new science of socionics. A. Augustinavichute wrote that for many years she tried to understand the basis of human relations, trying to understand “why, if people want to be kind, sympathetic, good-natured, irritability and malice appear in their communication from nowhere.” She managed to combine Jung's typology with the theory of informational metabolism (exchange), developed by the famous Polish psychologist and psychiatrist Andrzej Kempinski. According to this theory, a person's mental health depends on the quantity and quality of the information he processes.

A. Augustinavichyute came to the conclusion that Jung's typology should be attributed not to the entire human psyche in all its uniqueness, but to the action of the information processing system. Applying the theory of information metabolism, A. Augustinavichute developed a system of signs and models, which allowed each psychological type to match its own model, type formula. Models are used to analyze the processes of information processing by the human psyche, therefore socionics is sometimes called informational psychoanalysis.

The development of Jung's typology by our contemporaries increased the number of types from eight to sixteen. An analysis of the processes of information transfer between types of people made it possible to discover the phenomenon of information interactions, called intertype relationships. Prior to this discovery, interpersonal relationships were analyzed only from the point of view of the behavior and feeling of each individual person in these relationships. Accordingly, the recommendations were reduced to how a person should behave in any situation. Aushra Augustinavichute discovered for the first time that there is not only a personality structure, but also a relationship structure. This structure constitutes their objective basis, determined by the formulas of the types of participants in the relationship, independent of their aspirations and perceptions.

Now it has become clear why, at first glance, the same communication situation looks different for different people. It is refracted through the type formula, and everyone extracts their information from it. Not all emerging relationships can be equally beautiful, not everything depends on the will and desire of people. The main thing that socionics gives is the recognition of a person's right to be himself, without demanding the impossible from himself and from people.

So, the science that studies the psychological types of personality from the point of view of the information exchange of a person with the world is called socionics. Socionics is based on the theory of psychological types by K.G. Jung and is of great importance for application in determining the professional inclinations of people.

Typology K.G. Jung is also developing in the West. Jung's student Catherine Briggs, who attended his lectures in Switzerland, and her talented daughter Isabelle Briggs Myers studied in detail the manifestations of each of the 16 types, described the characteristic personality traits. They noted the influence of personality type on the way a person exists in the world: professional orientation, creativity, attitude to various activities, people, animals, books, study, work, art, health, and much more. This typology has received in the countries of Europe and the USA the name "Theories of type of personality" (Type Theory) or "Type Watching" (Type Watching).

Isabelle Briggs Myers developed a personality test system that she called The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator or MBTI. MBTI is used in psychological counseling and personnel management in many countries, including Russia. Most Americans know their type of personality type, but Western Type Science has not gone further than defining types. Some authors have attempted to describe the type of personality in development (Teeger, B.-Teeger) and suggest favorable combinations of personality types, for example, to create families (Keirsi). But these theories do not withstand practical testing.

Socionics is now used in career guidance and family counseling, it is applicable in the analysis of relationship problems in a team. Knowledge of the individual characteristics of a personality type helps to most fully reveal talents and protect vulnerabilities; overcome barriers to the disclosure of creative individuality and identify the causes of stress and problems; feel more confident in life and develop means of security in relationships with people.

So, socionics is a tool for forecasting and building relationships. Considering the strengths and weaknesses of the psychotypes of those around you, you can avoid many problems, make life brighter and richer, relationships more interesting and comfortable, and work more efficient. Socionics has discovered that each person has one of 16 psychotypes, which does not change during life.

Having studied your psychotype and having learned to determine the psychotypes of others, you can understand many differences between people, learn how to correctly determine your compatibility with other people and avoid sharp corners in communication. Knowledge of psychotypes helps to understand which qualities of a partner should be used and which ones should be preserved. This is especially important in family relationships when choosing a life partner. Taking into account the psychotype, it is easy to choose an occupation or profession that will be most harmoniously combined with your abilities and character. However, we must remember that the division of people into types does not imply the existence of "bad" and "good" types. A psychotype is only a way of a person's perception of the world around him. How to relate to the information received, what decisions to make, what to do - each of us decides for himself, this type is not directly related

Introduction to psychological types

Jung's typology

Jung's typology is a personality typology system based on the concept of a psychological attitude, which can be extraverted or introverted and on the predominance of one or another mental function - thinking, feeling, sensation or intuition.

This typology was developed by the Swiss psychiatrist C. G. Jung in his Psychological Types, published in 1921.

The purpose of psychological typology, according to Jung, is not a simple classification of people into categories. Typology, in his opinion, is, firstly, a researcher's tool for ordering the infinitely diverse psychological experience in a kind of coordinate scale. Secondly, typology is a tool of a practical psychologist, which allows, based on the classification of the patient and the psychologist himself, to choose the most effective methods and avoid mistakes.

C. G. Jung built a typology based on two settings:

extraversion - introversion

and on four mental functions:

thinking, feeling, intuition, feeling

According to Jung, mental functions are characteristics of individual mental processes that, in combination, make it possible to describe various "personality types".

The term "mental function" was first used in functional psychology - the direction of psychology at the end of the 19th century, which studies the processes occurring in consciousness. The mental function was interpreted as a mental act, or psychophysical activity, realizing the process of adaptation of the organism to the external environment. Functional psychology was eventually supplanted by behaviorism, but the concept of "function" is still used today.

Modern psychology interprets the concept of "function" in a narrower sense: these are elementary psycho-physiological processes occurring in the body under certain conditions. So, we can talk about sensitivity as a function of nerve endings, about a mnemonic function based on the ability of the nervous system to remember and reproduce sensitivity data, about a tonic function that manifests itself in temperament, in affective excitability, etc. One way or another, the psychophysiological function is reduced to the activity of nerve cells.

Psychophysiological functions are the basis of a more complex object of study of psychology - mental processes. Despite the fact that mental processes arise on a functional basis, they are not reduced to it. For example, perception is not a function in the same sense that sensitivity is a function—it is a more complex but still specific process. Sensitivity is involved in it, but a certain level of development of the tonic function is also a prerequisite for it; in addition, comprehension, reproduction of past experience, etc. participate in the process of perception.

Mental processes, including certain psychophysical functions as components, in turn are included in certain specific forms of activity, within which and depending on which they are formed. When we analyze a person's activity, we characterize it as mental or emotional, according to the predominant component in it, which leaves its defining imprint on the activity as a whole. From this point of view, no activity can be of a "pure type" - we can only talk about the relative predominance of certain mental processes in it.

C. G. Jung called the psychological functions of the form of mental activity, however, in view of the foregoing, psychological functions should be called the components that determine this form - mental processes. We can observe mental activity directly, but, as was said above, it cannot be of a "pure type." In this regard, psychological functions are ideal, "pure" forms: we cannot observe them directly, but only draw a conclusion about their manifestation by observing mental activity. On the other hand, there are prerequisites for the identification of psychological functions based on psychophysiological studies, however, in this case, psychological functions remain ideal forms, which are the result of approximation of psychophysiological measurements (Fig.).

Rice. Functional structure of the psyche

It is precisely the fact that psychological functions are ideal forms that makes them suitable as elements of a model of the human psyche.

Jung considered each of the four psychological functions in two settings: both extraverted and introverted. He determined, according to these eight functions, 8 psychological types. He stated: "both the extraverted and the introverted type can be either thinking, or feeling, or intuitive, or feeling." Jung gave detailed descriptions of types in his book Psychological Types.

The extraversion/introversion dichotomy

A dichotomy is a pair of mutually exclusive features.

The first to describe the settings of the human psyche: extraversion and introversion.

« extraversion there is, to a certain extent, the transposition of interest outside, from the subject to the object ”(C. G. Jung).

Introversion Jung called the turning of interest inwards, when "the motivating force belongs primarily to the subject, while the object belongs to the greatest secondary value."

Jung noted that there are neither pure extroverts nor pure introverts in the world, but each individual is more prone to one of these attitudes and operates predominantly within its framework. "Every person has common mechanisms, extraversion and introversion, and only the relative predominance of one or the other determines the type."

Extrovert. Moves from the particular to the general. Operates with objective facts. Can cover a large amount of new information. Can easily communicate with several people at once, even with a crowd. Energy oriented. Expands the field of its activities. Objective perception of reality.

Introvert. Moves from the general to the particular. He talks about his opinion, his views. "Loads" each new external object into itself. Communicates one on one with a specific person, it is difficult to keep attention on more than three people. Focused on energy conservation. He tends to deepen and detail what he undertakes. Subjective perception.

An introvert needs an extrovert to show him how wide this world is, an extrovert brings new information to the world of an introvert, supports him with his energy. The extrovert expands the field of the introvert.

An extrovert needs an introvert to help focus on a particular issue, to refine and bring to mind what the extrovert started. And also to show that not everything is outside, there is a lot inside. The introvert channels the energy of the extrovert.

Table. Differences between extroverts and introverts

The concepts of extraversion and introversion should not be equated with the degree sociability or isolation person. As can be seen from the definitions and explanations of Jung himself, in these concepts sociability and isolation are far from the main thing. Sociability can be based on both an interest in people (extroverted) and an interest in information that is useful or attractive to oneself (introverted). There are extraverted types who prefer to observe objects from the side. Conversely, an introvert can be very sociable, thereby creating inner comfort for himself.

Jung next described four psychological functions.

Thinking is the function that, following its own laws, brings the data of the content of representations into a conceptual connection.

Feeling is a function that gives the content a certain value in terms of accepting or rejecting it. The feeling is based on value judgments: good - bad, beautiful - ugly.

Sensation is perception through the senses.

Intuition is a function that conveys perception to the subject in an unconscious way. The subject of such perception can be everything - both external and internal objects or their combinations.

Jung wrote: “I was almost reproachfully asked why I speak of exactly four functions, no more and no less. The fact that there are exactly four of them turned out, first of all, purely empirically. But that a certain degree of wholeness has been achieved through them may be demonstrated by the following consideration. Feeling establishes what actually happens. Thinking allows us to know what it means. Feeling - what is its value. And, finally, intuition points to the possible "whence" and "whither" contained in what is currently available. Thanks to this, orientation in the modern world can be as complete as determining a place in space using geographical coordinates.

The experience of working with patients gave Jung reason to assert that some people are better at operating with logical information (reasoning, inference, evidence), while others are better with emotional information (people's relationships, their feelings). Some have a more developed intuition (premonition, perception in general, instinctive grasping of information), others have more developed sensations (perception of external and internal stimuli).

As defined by C. G. Jung:

Thinking (logic) there is that psychological function which brings the data of the content of representations into a conceptual connection. Thinking is busy truth and is based on impersonal, logical, objective criteria.

Feeling (ethics) is a function that gives the content a known value in the sense of accepting or rejecting it. Feeling based on value judgments: good - bad, beautiful - ugly.

Intuition there is that psychological function which conveys to the subject perception in an unconscious way. Intuition is a kind instinctive grasp, the reliability of intuition rests on certain mental data, the implementation and existence of which, however, remained unconscious.

Feeling (sensory)- that psychological function that perceives physical irritation. Sensation is based on direct experience of perception. concrete facts.

Every person has all four psychological functions. However, these functions are not developed to the same extent. Usually one function dominates, giving a person real means to achieve social success. Other functions inevitably lag behind it, which is by no means a pathology, and their "backwardness" is manifested only in comparison with the dominant one.

Experience shows that the basic psychological functions are rarely or almost never of equal strength or of the same degree of development in the same individual. Usually one or the other function outweighs both in strength and development.

If a person's thinking is on the same level as feeling, then, as Jung wrote, we are talking about “relatively undeveloped thinking and feeling. Uniform consciousness and unconsciousness of functions is, therefore, a sign of a primitive state of mind.

The Logic/Ethics Dichotomy

Logician. Dealing with a queue of information. Even any communication for a logician is primarily an exchange of information. “So many words and no specifics. Talk to the point already?"

Trusts the facts, judges according to the parameters right - wrong, logical - not logical, fair - unfair. “I promised, so I will do it” He speaks of facts, of givens. Operates according to the contract, according to the law. Usually "template" facial expressions and gestures.

The logician is not sure about his relations with people: who likes him and who does not. Judges others by their deeds, listens to what they say, not how.

Usually moves to facts and logical conclusions, even when asked about human relationships.

Ethics. Deals with energy. For an ethicist, communication is an exchange of energy. Judges by intonations, facial expressions, gestures of the interlocutor. He looks at how the interlocutor says, pays less attention to what exactly. "He just said" Hello ", and everything was immediately clear to me"

He judges according to the parameters morally - immorally, humanely - not humanely. He talks about people, about relationships, even when the questions are on the logical topics “What am I doing? Oh, we have a very friendly team! Such wonderful people.” Competent in the field of human relationships. It acts according to the heart, mood. Very diverse facial expressions, lively.

Logic needs an ethicist in order to maintain the mood, build relationships, cheer up. Help to understand interpersonal problems, inspire. An ethicist can suggest a line of conduct, which position is better to take in dealing with certain people.

Ethics needs a logician to find out the expediency or inexpediency of actions, calculate costs, identify logical connections, help deal with logical information: laws, technologies, etc.

In a work team, logic is easier to draw up business plans, allocate resources, develop concepts. Ethics is better able to find an approach to people, motivate, maintain the atmosphere in the team.

Table. Differences between logicians and ethics

Sensory/intuition dichotomy

Sensorik. Lives here and now, lives in the world of concrete sensations. He is well versed in the sensations of his own body. For him, his own territory, things, objects are important. Can work long and hard, finish what he started. Can lead people, get what is required from someone. Worries about unpredictability, worries about what lies ahead.

Intuit."Spreads" in time, lives in the world of ideas and thoughts. Feels the likelihood, can predict the development of events. He does not pay so much attention to his own space, he cannot always defend his opinion by force for a long time. Feels ideas and trends, "grabs" them out of thin air. Usually not very good at getting others to listen to him. Cannot enjoy the moment, does not feel very well the sensations of his body when he is ill or does not feel well.

The sensory needs intuition in order to understand what the situation is leading to, which course is better to choose, what alternatives exist.

An intuitive needs a sensor to help defend his opinion, to bring things to an end. In addition, the sensor will tell the intuitive when and how to pay attention to their health.

Table. Differences between intuitives and sensors

	Intuition	Sensory (sensation)
The nature of perception	global	local
Easier to navigate	in time	in space
The nature of thinking	abstract theoretical	specific practical
Life position	wait and see	here and now
Efficiency	in the strange, incomprehensible	in what is tested and reliable

Rationality/irrationality dichotomy

In addition to the main mental function (thinking, feeling, intuition, sensation), for a more accurate description of the human psyche, Jung introduced the concept of an “auxiliary” or “additional” function.

He divided all the functions into two classes: "rational", that is, lying in the sphere of reason - thinking and feeling, - and "irrational", that is, lying "outside the mind" - sensation and intuition.

« Rational there is reasonable sensible corresponding to it.
Jung understood the mind as an orientation towards the norms and objective values ​​accumulated in society.

Irrational According to Jung, this is not something unreasonable, but out of mind not based on reason.

So, for example, taste is a personal matter of each person. Taste is not guided by social norms. So are intuitive insights. These categories are neither reasonable (according to Jung) nor unreasonable. They are not based on the mind, they are outside of it.

Auxiliary function - the second (or third) function of four according to the model of Jung's typology, which, along with the primary or leading (dominant), is capable of exerting a co-determining influence on consciousness.

“Absolute supremacy empirically always belongs to only one function and can belong to only one function, since the equally independent intrusion of another function will inevitably change the orientation, which is at least in part contradictory to the first. But since it is a vital condition for the conscious process of adaptation to always have clear and consistent goals, the very presence of a second function of equal strength is naturally excluded. Therefore, another function can only have a secondary value, which is always empirically confirmed. Its secondary significance lies in the fact that, as a primary function, it does not have the sole and absolute certainty and decisive significance, but is taken into account more as an auxiliary and additional function. Naturally, a secondary function can only be one whose essence is not opposite to the primary function” (K.G. Jung).

In practice, the auxiliary function is always such that its nature, rational or irrational, is different from the leading function. For example, feeling cannot be a secondary function when thinking dominates, and vice versa: because both are rational functions. Thinking, if it wishes to be true, following its own principle, must completely and strictly exclude all feeling. Of course, there are individuals whose thinking and feeling are on the same level, so that their motivations are equal for consciousness. But here we can talk more about relatively undeveloped thinking and feeling than about distinguishing types.

An auxiliary function is therefore always one whose nature is different from, but not antagonistic to, the primary function: either the irrational functions may be auxiliary to one of the rational functions, or vice versa.

Similarly, when sensation is the leading function, intuition cannot be the auxiliary function, and vice versa. This is because the effective operation of sensation requires oneself to focus on the perceptions of the senses in the external world. And this is completely incomparable at the same time with intuition, which “feels” what is happening in the inner world.

Thus, thinking and intuition can easily, without difficulty, form a pair, just as sensation and thinking can do this, since the nature of intuition and sensation is not fundamentally opposed to the thinking function. Indeed, as we shall see later in a detailed description of the types themselves, sensation or intuition, both being irrational functions of perception, can be very useful in the rational judgments of the thought function.

It is almost equally true that sensation is supported by an auxiliary function of thinking or feeling, feeling is always supported by sensation or intuition, and intuition can be helped by feeling or thinking.

“The final combinations present, for example, the well-known picture of practical thinking in alliance with sensation, speculative thinking trudges ahead with intuition, artistic intuition selects and presents its images with the help of sensory evaluations, philosophical intuition systematizes its vision into an intelligible thought with the help of a powerful intellect and so on” (C.G. Jung).

The dominance of a function requires the suppression of the opposite function (thinking excludes feeling, sensation excludes intuition, and vice versa), although this simple principle, according to Jung, is far from always fulfilled.

Rational. Has a goal, gets things done. Aimed at preserving traditions and patterns, both logical and ethical. Prone to planning, the absence of a plan gives a feeling of instability and uncertainty.

Rationals are needed in this world in order to maintain stability, to pass on traditions.

Irrational. Easily changes target or may exist without a specific target at all. It destroys the existing norms, does it in its own way. Does not like plans, any plan limits.

The world needs irrationals to find new ways where the old ones are no longer effective.

Table. Differences between rationals and irrationals

	Rationality	Irrationality
Planning	Prefers the opportunity to plan his work and work according to the plan	Better adapts to changing situations, adjusts the plan according to the situation
Making decisions	Strives to make a decision in advance at each stage. Protects the decision	Forms intermediate solutions, corrects them in the process of execution
Sequencing	Does consistently one job after another, rhythmically, steadily	Likes to do several things at once, in parallel, in a changing rhythm
Life position	Strives to ensure stability, a predictable future	Better adapt to a changing world, use new opportunities

The totality of these four pairs (dichotomies) of features is Young basis on which socionic theory is based.

Jung wrote: "Why I establish precisely these divisions as the main ones, for this I cannot fully indicate an a priori basis, but I can only emphasize that such an understanding has developed in me over the course of many years of experience."

Having singled out one, the strongest and most pronounced function for each psychological type, Jung called it the dominant one and gave the name to the type in accordance with this function. For a better understanding of Jung's typology, let's summarize all 8 types in a table.

Table. Psychological types K.G. cabin boy

Each person can be described in terms of one of Jung's psychological types. “Two faces see the same object, but they do not see it in such a way that both pictures obtained from this are absolutely identical. In addition to different sharpness of the sense organs and personal equation, there are often profound differences in the kind and amount of mental assimilation of the perceived image," Jung wrote.

The type shows relatively strong and relatively weak points in the functioning of the psyche and the style of activity that is preferable for a person. But this does not mean at all that the type imposes any restrictions on human activity. Each of us is free to choose for himself whether to engage in activities in which it is easier for him to achieve significant results, or, for some reason, choose an activity that is more difficult for him.

Sub function

As already mentioned, all functions except the leading, dominant, most preferred, are relatively subordinate.

In all cases, there is one function that especially resists integration into consciousness. This is the so-called subordinate function, or sometimes, to distinguish it from other subordinate functions, it is called the "fourth function".

“The essence of the subordinate function,” writes Jung, “is autonomy: it is independent, it attacks, charms, captivates, and spins us so that we are no longer masters of ourselves and can no longer correctly distinguish between ourselves and others.”

Marie-Louise von Franz, a close collaborator and colleague of Jung's for many years, points out that one of the biggest problems with the slave function is that it is very slow compared to the master function:

That's why people hate to start working with her; the reaction of the leading function is fast and well adapted, while many people do not even know what their subordinate function is. Thinking types, for example, don't think about how they feel or what kind of feelings they have. They sit for half an hour wondering if they feel anything about anything at all, and if they do, they are uncertain about the nature of that feeling. If you ask a thinking type how he feels, he will usually respond with either a thought or a quick conditioned response; if you persistently ask him further about what he really feels, it will turn out that he simply does not know. Pulling that confession out of his liver, so to speak, could take half an hour. Or if an intuitive fills out a tax form, then he needs a week where other people need only one day.

In Jung's model, the subordinate or fourth function invariably turns out to be of the same nature as the leading function: when the rational thinking function is most developed, then the other rational function, feeling, will be subordinate; if sensation dominates, then intuition, another irrational function, will be the fourth function, and so on.

This is consistent with common experience: the thinker regularly stumbles over sensory evaluations; the practical feeling type easily falls into a rut of blindness to the possibilities "seen" by the intuition; the feeling type is deaf to the conclusions presented by logical thinking; and the intuitive, attuned to the inner world, moves through the filth of concrete reality.

Of course, this does not mean that a person is completely oblivious to these kinds of perceptions or judgments associated with a subordinate function. Thinking types, for example, may be aware of their feelings - to the extent that they are capable of introspection - but do not attach much importance to them; they doubt their significance and may even claim that they are not under any influence at all.

Similarly, feeling types who are one-sidedly oriented toward the perception of physical sensations may have intuition, but even if they admit that they have it, it does not motivate their activity. In the same way, feeling types push away thoughts that disturb them, and intuitive types simply ignore what is right under their noses.

Although the subordinate function may be recognized as a phenomenon, nevertheless, its true meaning remains unrecognized. It behaves like many repressed or insufficiently acceptable contents, partly conscious and partly not... Thus, in normal cases, the subordinate function remains conscious, at least in its manifestations; but in neurosis it plunges wholly or partly into the unconscious.

To the extent that a person acts too one-sidedly, the subordinate function becomes correspondingly primitive and troublesome, both for himself and for others. (“Life is not merciful,” notes von Franz, “with a low position of the subordinate function”) The psychic energy claimed by the leading function is taken from the subordinate function, which falls into the unconscious. There, the subordinate function tends to be activated in an unnatural way, giving rise to childhood fantasies and numerous personality disorders.

This is what happens regularly in the so-called mid-life crisis, when an individual neglects certain aspects of his personality for so long that they eventually demand their recognition. At such moments, usually the causes of the "disorders" themselves are projected onto others. And only a certain period of self-reflection and analysis of fantasies can restore balance and make further development possible. In fact, as von Franz points out, a crisis of this kind may prove to be a “golden” opportunity—

There is a tremendous concentration of life in the area of ​​the subordinate function, so that as the leading function wears out—like an old car starts to rumble and run out of oil—if people are successful in turning to their subordinate function, they rediscover a new potential for life. In this area of ​​subordinate function, everything becomes exciting, dramatic, full of positive and negative possibilities. There is a tension of tremendous tremendous power and the world itself, so to speak, is rediscovered through the subordinate function - although not without some discomfort, since the process of assimilation of the subordinate function "raises" it into consciousness and is invariably accompanied by a "lowering" of the leading or primary function.

The thinking type who concentrates on the sensory function, for example, has difficulty in writing an essay because he cannot think logically; the feeling type, actively carried away by intuition, loses the keys, forgets about the appointments, leaves the stove unheated at night; the intuition becomes fascinated by sound, color, texture, and he ignores the possibilities; the feeling type burrows into books, plunges into ideas of inferiority and harm to social life. In each case, the problem itself arises in such a way that a person needs to find a middle way.

There are typical characteristics associated with each function when it operates in slave mode. Some of them will be discussed later. Here it suffices to note that hypersensitivity and strong emotional reactions of any kind, from passionate love to blind anger, are a clear sign that a subordinate function, along with one or more complexes, has become active. This naturally gives rise to many relationship problems.

In therapy, when it is necessary or desirable to develop a subordinate function, this is done gradually and primarily by going through one of the auxiliary functions. As Jung comments:

“I have often observed how an analyst, faced, for example, with a predominantly thinking type, tries to do everything in his power to develop a feeling function directly from the unconscious. Such an attempt is doomed to failure in advance, since it involves too violent treatment of the conscious point of view. If, however, such coercion is successful, then there is a downright obsessive (compulsive) dependence of the patient on the analyst, a transference that can be stopped only by harsh methods, because, having lost the point of view, the patient makes his point of view of the analyst ... For In order to calm the impact of the unconscious, the irrational type needs a stronger development of the rational auxiliary function present in the mind [and vice versa]."

Two types of installation

According to Jung, his initial motivation in his study of typology was to understand why Freud's view of neurosis was so different from Adler's.

Freud initially considered his patients to be very dependent on objects that were significant to them, who considered themselves in connection with these objects, especially, and above all, with their parents. The emphasis of the Adlerian approach was that the individual (or subject) seeks his own security and superiority. One assumed that human behavior is determined by the object, the other found the determining agent in the subject itself. Jung greatly appreciated both points of view:

Freud's theory is attractive in its simplicity, so much so that the person who follows it is sometimes painfully upset if someone else has the intention to express the opposite judgment. But the same is true for Adler's theory. It also sparkles with simplicity and explains as much as Freud's theory ... And it just so happens that the researcher sees only one side, and, after all, why does everyone insist that only he has the right position? ... Both, with Obviously, they are dealing with the same material, but due to personal characteristics, each of them sees things from a different angle.

Jung concludes that these "personality traits" are in fact due to typological differences: Freud's system is predominantly extraverted, while Adler's is introverted.

These fundamentally opposite types of attitudes are found in both sexes and at all social levels. They are not the subject of conscious choice or inheritance or education. Their appearance is a general phenomenon with an apparently random distribution.

Two children in the same family may well turn out to be opposite in type. “Ultimately,” writes Jung, “it must be attributed to the individual predisposition that, given the greatest possible homogeneity of external conditions, one child exhibits one type, and another child another.” In fact, he believed that the antithesis type was due to some unconscious instinctual cause, for which there seemed to be some biological basis:

In nature, there are two fundamentally different ways of adaptation that ensure the continued existence of a living organism. One is the high rate of reproduction, with relatively low defensive capacity and the short lifespan of the individual; the other is to provide the individual himself with a variety of means of self-preservation at a relatively low fecundity... [Similarly] the specific nature of the extravert constantly urges him to waste, to multiply himself in any way and to infiltrate everything, while the tendency of the introvert is to defend himself against any external demands, to refrain from any expenditure of energy directed directly at the object, but to create for oneself the most consolidated and powerful position possible.

While it is clear that some individuals have a greater ability or character to adapt to life in one way or another, it is not known why this is so. Jung believed there were possible physiological causes, of which we do not yet have exact knowledge, since a change or distortion of the type often turns out to be detrimental to the physical well-being of the individual.

Nobody, of course, is pure introverted or extroverted. Although each of us, in the process of following his dominant inclination or adapting to his immediate environment, invariably develops one attitude more than another, the opposite attitude still potentially remains in him.

In fact, family circumstances may force someone at an early age to adopt some attitude that turns out to be unnatural, thus violating the individual innate disposition of such a person. “As a general rule,” writes Jung, “wherever such type falsification takes place ... later the individual becomes neurotic and can be cured by developing in him that attitude which is consonant with his nature.

This definitely complicates the issue of type, since everyone is, to some extent, neurotic - that is, one-sided.

In general, the introvert is simply unaware of his extraverted side due to his habitual orientation towards the inner world. The extrovert's introversion similarly slumbers, waiting to be released.

In fact, an undeveloped attitude becomes an aspect of the shadow, all that in ourselves that we are not aware of - our unrealized potential, our "unlived life". In addition, when the subordinate attitude comes to the surface, namely when the extraversion of the introvert or the introversion of the extrovert manifests itself, to be unconscious means to be in a constellation, that is, to be "involved." This leads down an emotional, socially unadapted path, just as it does with a subordinate function.

So what is of value to an introvert is the opposite of what is important to an extrovert; the subordinate attitude constantly confuses the relationship of a person with other people.

To illustrate this, Jung tells the story of two young people, one an introvert and the other an extrovert, who find themselves on a walk in the countryside.* They come to a castle. Both wanted to visit him, but for different reasons. The introvert was curious to know what the inside of the castle looked like, for the extrovert it served as a game of adventure.

At the gate, the introvert retreated. “Maybe they won't let us in,” he said, imagining sniffer dogs, cops and a fine as the end result of the event. The extrovert was unstoppable. "Oh, they'll let us through, don't worry," he said, imagining the good old watchman and the possibility of meeting an attractive girl.

On a wave of extrovert optimism, both eventually entered the castle. There they found several dusty rooms and a collection of old manuscripts. As often happens, old manuscripts are the main interest of introverts. Ours cried out with joy and enthusiastically began to carefully examine the treasures. He talked to the curator, asked to call the head of the library, and generally became alive and inspired, his embarrassment disappeared, the objects seduced by mysterious magic.

Meanwhile, the spirit of the extrovert has clearly fallen. He became bored and began to yawn. The good watchman was gone, and so was the attractive girl; only an old castle converted into a museum. The manuscripts reminded him of the student library at his university, a place associated with tedious learning and exams. And he came to the conclusion that everything here is incredibly boring.

“Great, isn't it? exclaimed the introvert, “look here!” - to which the extrovert sullenly replied: "This is not for me, let's get out of here." This greatly annoyed the introvert, who secretly vowed never again to go for a walk with such an inconsiderate extrovert. And the extrovert, completely upset, could no longer think of anything but to quickly get out of here on a sunny spring day.

Jung notices that the two young people walk together in a happy unity (symbiosis) until they come across the castle. They enjoy a certain degree of harmony because they are collectively and mutually adapted to one another, the natural attitude of one complementing that of the other.

The introvert is curious but indecisive; an extrovert opens doors. But, once inside, the types change places: the first one is fascinated by what he sees, he is attracted by objects, the second is full of negative thoughts. The introvert is now impossible to bring out, and the extrovert regrets even that he set foot in this castle.

What happened? An introvert extroverted and an extrovert introverted. But the very opposite attitude of each manifested itself in a socially subordinate way: the introvert, suppressed by the object, did not appreciate that his friend was bored; the extrovert, disappointed in his expectations of a romantic adventure, became despondent and withdrawn, and completely ignored his friend's excitement.

Here is a simple example of the way in which a subordinate installation becomes independent. What we are not aware of in ourselves is, by definition, beyond our control. When an undeveloped attitude is constellated (formed), we become victims of any kind of destructive emotions - we are "notorious".

In the above story, the two young men could be called shadow brothers. In relationships between men and women, the psychological dynamics can be better understood with Jung's notion of countersexual archetypes: the anima, the inner ideal image of the woman in the man, and the animus, the internal ideal image of the man in the woman.

In general, an extraverted male has an introverted anima, while an introverted female has an extraverted animus, and vice versa. This picture may change in the process of psychological work on oneself, but the inner images themselves are usually projected onto persons of the opposite sex, with the result that any type of attitude tends to marry its opposite. This usually happens because each type is unconsciously complementary to the other.

Recall that an introvert tends to be reflective, to think deeply about things and carefully calculate everything before taking action. Shyness and a certain distrust of objects is manifested in indecision and some difficulty in adapting to the outside world. The extrovert, for his part, attracted by the outside world, is captivated by new and unknown situations. As a general rule, an extrovert acts first and thinks later - the action is quick and not subject to bad fears or hesitation.

“Both types,” writes Jung, “seem, therefore, designed for symbiosis. One cares about reflection, deliberation, while the other strives for initiative and practical action. When these two types are betrothed by union, they can form an ideal unity."

Discussing this typical situation, Jung points out that the ideal position itself operates as long as the partners are busy adjusting to "the manifold external needs of life":

But when... external necessity no longer presses, then they have time to occupy themselves with each other. Until now, they have stood back to back and defended themselves against the vicissitudes of fate. But now they have turned face to face and are looking for understanding - only to find that they never understood each other. Everyone speaks a different language. Then a conflict begins between the two types. This struggle is poisonous, cruel, full of mutual depreciation, even if it is carried out calmly and in the greatest confidential closeness. Because the values ​​of one turn out to be a negation of the values ​​of the other.

In the course of life, we generally have to develop to a certain extent both introversion and extraversion. This is necessary not only for coexisting with others, but also for the development of individual character. “We cannot allow, over the long course of life,” writes Jung, “to transfer to one part of our personality all symbiotic care for another.” However, in fact, this is exactly what happens when we trust friends, relatives or lovers to drag our subordinate installation or function.

If the subordinate attitude does not receive conscious expression in our life, we usually begin to get bored and indulge in melancholy, becoming uninteresting both to ourselves and to others. And since the existing energy connects us with everything unconscious inside, we have no interest in life, in the "life" energy that makes the personality well balanced.

It is important to understand that the degree of personal activity is not always a reliable indicator of the type of attitude. The life of a Company person can be considered extroverted, but it doesn't have to be. Similarly, long periods of loneliness do not automatically mean that a person is an introvert. A party goer can be an introvert living in his shadow; a hermit can turn into an extrovert who simply let off steam, "lay down on the bottom", or was forced by circumstances. In other words, as long as a particular type of activity is associated with extraversion or introversion, it will not be so easy to translate into the type to which this or that person belongs.

The decisive factor in determining the type, as opposed to the simplistic conventional description of the attitude as such, is not what a person does, but rather the very motivation to do - the very direction in which the energy of a person flows, flows naturally and habitually: for an extrovert, the most interesting and attractive is the object, while the subject itself or psychic reality itself is more important to the introvert.

Regardless of whether someone is extroverted or introverted, there are inevitable psychological complicity events associated with the role of the unconscious. Some of these are noted in the following section and are discussed more specifically in those chapters that describe the characteristics of each installation type. A separate medical and clinical presentation is given in Appendix 1, "Clinical Significance of Extraversion and Introversion."

The role of the unconscious

The great difficulty in defining types lies in the fact that the dominant conscious attitude is unconsciously compensated or balanced by its opposite.

Introversion or extraversion as a typological setting shows some significant shift in the conditions of the flow of a holistic human mental process. The habitual way of reaction determines not only the style of behavior itself, but also the quality of subjective experience (experience). In addition, he determines what is necessary in terms of compensation by the unconscious. Since any attitude is in itself one-sided, a complete loss of mental balance will inevitably occur if there is no compensation by an unconscious counterposition.

Therefore, side by side or behind the usual mode of functioning of the introvert, there is an unconscious extraverted attitude that automatically compensates for the one-sidedness of consciousness. Likewise, the one-sidedness of extraversion is balanced or tempered by the unconscious introverted attitude.

Strictly speaking, there is no indicative "attitude of the unconscious", but only modes of functioning that are colored by the unconscious. And in this sense, one can speak of a compensatory attitude in the unconscious.

As we have already seen, in general only one of the four functions is sufficiently differentiated to be freely manipulated by the conscious will. Others are completely or partially unconscious, and the subordinate function is the most. Thus the conscious orientation of the thinking type is balanced by unconscious feeling, and vice versa, while feeling is compensated by intuition, and so on.

Jung speaks of a "nominal emphasis" that falls either on the object or on the subject, depending on whether the latter is extraverted or introverted. This nominal emphasis also "chooses" one or the other of the four functions, whose differentiation is essentially an empirical sequence of typical differences in the functional attitude itself. Thus one finds extraverted feeling in an introverted intellectual, introverted feeling in an extraverted intuitive, and so on.

An additional problem in establishing a personality typology is that unconscious, undifferentiated functions can distort the personality to such an extent that an outside observer can easily mistake one type for another.

For example, rational types (thinking and feeling) will have relatively subordinate irrational functions (sensing and intuition); what they do consciously and intentionally may be in accordance with reason (from their point of view), but what will happen to them can be well characterized by infantile primitive sensations and intuitions. As Jung points out,

Since there are a huge number of people whose lives consist more of what happens to them than of actions that they perform according to their reasonable intentions, then [the viewer, observer] after careful observation of them can easily describe both types of [thinking and feeling types] as irrational. And we have to admit that too often the unconscious of a person makes a much greater impression on the observer than conscious doing, and that the actions of such a person turn out to be much more important than his rational intentions.

To the difficulty of establishing the typological basis of a person is added the case when people are already “tired” of living with their leading function and dominant attitude. Von Franz notes this circumstance:

They very often assure you with absolute sincerity that they are the exact opposite type to which they actually belong. An extrovert swears that he is deeply introverted, and vice versa. Such things come from the fact that the subordinate function subjectively presents itself as really existing; she feels more important, more authentic... So don't think about what DOES matter the most when you're trying to figure out your type, it's best to ask instead, "What I usually do the most."

In practice, it is often useful to ask yourself: What kind of cross am I carrying, what is its weight? What do I suffer the most from? How does it happen in life that I always bang my head against the wall and feel like a fool? Answers to such questions usually lead to a subordinate attitude and function, and these answers, with a certain decision and a good deal of patience, can then lead to greater awareness.

Myers-Briggs typology

The greatest contribution to the development of Jung's typology in the West was made by his student Katherine Briggs, who attended his lectures in Switzerland. She took up the propaganda of Jung's ideas and carried away this with her daughter Isabelle Briggs Myers. Isabelle set herself the goal of making Jung's discoveries understandable and useful to the average person.

For forty years she expounded and propagated Jung's theory, and also made some improvements to this theory. The typology elaborated by her received in the USA and in the countries of Europe the name "Theories of the type of personality" (Type Theory) or "Type Watching" (Type Watching).

Jungian attitudes, functions and classes in Myers-Briggs typology are built into a system of independent features, denoted in Latin letters:

• Extraverted
• Introverted (Introverted)
• Thinking (Thinking)
• Feeling
• Intuitive
• Sensing
• Decisive (Judging)
• Perceiving.

The names of the signs are given according to the book by O. Kroeger and J. M. Tewson. With the help of these signs, types are determined, which in Myers-Briggs type theory are called personality types.

For a detailed description of personality types, I. Myers and K. Briggs took a step related to taking into account the second, auxiliary function. (Although Jung wrote about the meaning of this function, he never reflected this idea in typology.) The result is a more detailed psychological type, described as both a dominant and an auxiliary function. So, for example, the Jungian thinking type in typology can be described as either thinking-feeling (ST) or thinking-intuitive (NT). Such an operation with all the types described by Jung expanded the typology from eight types to sixteen. As a name, each personality type was assigned a four-letter code, consisting of signs of features that are more pronounced in the type.

Let's summarize the sixteen personality types according to Myers-Briggs in a table similar to the table of Jung's psychological types.

Table. Personality types according to Myers-Briggs.

To determine the type of personality, Isabelle Briggs Myers developed a system of tests, which she called The Myers - Briggs Type Indicator or MBTI. The questionnaire contains more than 100 questions. Dominance in all four pairs of traits is revealed in the test subjects. The number of questions varies depending on the type of questionnaire: for commercial or scientific use. There are special options for high school and college students. Guidelines for the use of the questionnaire were first published in 1962.

MBTI is used in psychotherapy and psychological counseling, including in Russia. K. Briggs, I. Briggs Myers and their followers in the USA studied in detail the manifestations of each of the sixteen types, described the characteristic personality traits. They noted the influence of personality structure on the way of existence in the world: professional orientation, creativity, attitude to various activities, people, animals, books, study, work, art, health, and much more.

Subject of socionics

Socionics arose as a natural continuation of the teachings of the founder of psychoanalysis Z. Freud and the Swiss psychiatrist K.G. Cabin boy. Briefly describe the foundations of socionics, it will sound like this: Freud introduced into science the idea that the human psyche has structure . He described this structure as follows: consciousness (ego), preconsciousness (super-ego) and subconsciousness (id). Jung However, based on my experience of working with patients, I saw that such structures are filled differently from different people. Jung classified stable, possibly innate differences in behavior, abilities of people, susceptibility to disease, and features of appearance. Studying all these features, Jung constructed not one, like Freud, but eight models of the psyche and described, based on them, eight psychological types.

Jung, as a result of his studies of the human personality, identified 4 pairs of signs that served as the basis for the typology of personality:

• "thinking" / "feeling",
• "intuition" / "feeling",
• "judgment" / "perception" ("rationality" / "irrationality"),
• extraversion/introversion.

Depending on the sign of rationality/irrationality, a person is dominated by one of the first two pairs of signs ("thinking"/"feeling" for rationals, and "intuition"/"feeling" for irrationals), while the concept of extraversion/introversion was applied only to manifestations of this dominant pair of traits.

The founder of socionics, Aushra Augustinavichyute, combined Jung's ideas with A. Kempinsky's ideas about informational metabolism. The result was a new typology - socionics, in which the semantic content of dichotomies had a very significant difference from Jung's.

Metabolism means: exchange, processing, processing. The classic of Polish psychiatry A. Kempinsky likened the process of information exchange by the human psyche to the metabolism in the body. He introduced the following image: “The human psyche feeds on information. His mental health depends on the quantity and quality of this information.”

Such a comparison became possible only in the middle of the 20th century: information became an object of scientific interest thanks to Wiener, who created the science of cybernetics in the 1940s. Then it became possible to talk about the functioning of the human psyche in the mode of information processing. It became clear that the structure of the psyche studied by Jung - informational. Jung, ahead of his time, got, in the words of A. Augustinavichute, into the sphere of "unidentified objects", observing the operation of the information processing system. Its description, and not the description of the entire human psyche in all its nuances, is the essence of socionic typology.

Thus, based on the theories of Jung and Kempinski, Aushra Augustinavichute showed that psychological types are nothing but different ways of information exchange. Therefore, in personality socionics, types are called types of informational metabolism .

Socionics does not study the whole personality, but only its information structure - the preferred type or method of information exchange. Upbringing, education, level of culture, life experience, character - that which is individual, unique in a person - is not considered by basic socionics, this is done by individual psychology.

The continuous process of screening and use of perceived information by people is presented as information metabolism (IM). A. Augustinavichyute hypothesized that for the perception of the surrounding world, the human psyche uses 8 elements of informational metabolism (8 mental functions), each of which perceives one specific aspect of objective reality. Using information in a certain way is mental functions, and the specific information that these functions use is information aspects perceived reality.

Mental functions (more precisely, the functions of informational metabolism) are certain elements of the human psyche, with the help of which a person interacts with the informational aspects of the world around him. In total, there are 8 mental functions, each is limited by its own range of activities, interacts with a certain one of the 8 informational aspects - it perceives, processes or issues information related to it. These 8 functions correspond to the 4 mental functions introduced by Jung, in an extraverted or introverted setting. At the psychological level, the development of a particular function means the ability of a person to understand certain aspects of the world around him.

Following Jung, A. Augustinavichiute presented functions in extraverted and introverted versions and divided them into classes: rational and irrational. Based on the experience of observations, she came up with refined names for each function. Terminology has been changed. Augustinavichute replaced the designations of the attributes "thinking" and "feeling" with the terms "logic" and "ethics", and the designations of the attributes "intuition" and "sensation" with the terms "intuition" and "sensorics".

So, from the point of view of socionics, the "information flow", perceived and processed by the psyche, is divided in the process of information metabolism in accordance with the number of socionic functions, into eight "aspects", each of which is "processed" by its function.

Socionic function (function of information metabolism) is a stable ability of the psyche to process any type of information; a kind of information "processor" that processes the information of the corresponding aspect with varying degrees of differentiation success.

Socionics proceeds from the fact that there are eight main types of information flows, or aspects that the human psyche is able to perceive. The psyche of some people perceives some informational aspects better, the psyche of others - others.

Aspect - part of the global information flow of the interaction of the psyche with the outside world; shows what kind of information, what it is about; type of information. Aspect is a type of information, part of an information flow. It shows what kind of information is meant, what it is about. The entire information flow can be divided into 4 features: logic, ethics, intuition and sensory. Each of these signs, in turn, is divided into two aspects: extraverted and introverted.

Socionics proceeds from the position that different personality types perceive and process “information aspects” differently due to the difference in the development of the corresponding functions. The development of one or another socionic function corresponds to a person's ability to understand certain aspects of the surrounding world.

A. Augustinavichyute also proposed a model of the psyche (Model A), which showed how and how effectively the psyche of representatives of each type processes one or another aspect of the information flow.

The concept of mental function

First, it is necessary to dwell on the definition of the concept of a function as such. By studying various sources, one can easily be convinced that most authors approach this concept quite freely and in a peculiar way, and some are generally silent about it. However, without clearly defining the function, we cannot know what we are guided by when typing, what we are generally subjected to research.

K.G. Jung defines function as a form of mental activity that remains equal to itself under various circumstances. From an energetic point of view, function is a form of manifestation of libido. It should be noted that under the libido of K.G. Jung understands any psychic energy. In fact, mental activity is equated here with the manifestation of libido, which, acquiring a structure, is expressed in the form of a function that a person possesses.

In the works of socionics, a function is transformed into a communicative or informational unit.

A. Augustinavichute defines the mental function as a social one. The function is responsible for the perception of information from the outside world and subject it to selection. This determines the ability to pay attention to one or the other side of the outer life. Thus, the function is determined by the social space and is significant only in the case of communication between a person and the outside world. The definition of mental function narrows down to the perception and processing of information.

Sedykh R.K. calls the function aspect, defining it as an information type. By information, Sedykh understands that which implements the connection, concretizes it, is a reflection in the second system of processes (2nd signal system) occurring in the first (1st signal system). In fact, it is emphasized that a function or aspect depends on the external world, without information exchange does not exist.

Gulenko V.V. names functions signs of a communicative space. At each level of this space: physical, psychological, social, informational, these functions find their manifestation in the form of a sign by which one person can be distinguished from another. Thus, the mental function becomes part of the communicative space, which manifests itself only when a person, as an object of study, enters into communication. Of course, it is difficult to imagine a person cut off from the communicative space even for a moment, although theoretically it is possible. Such a person, according to this theory, should not develop mental functions even in the form of a deposit, since part of the communicative space appears and is formed in this space. A similar conclusion can be drawn from the incorrect definition of communication as such. According to the encyclopedic dictionary, communication is communication, the transfer of information from person to person in the process of activity. Since only a person is the object of communication, communication with non-living objects is impossible, while in socionics mental functions reflect communication with non-living objects as well. A contradiction is fixed here, therefore, a function cannot be a communicative unit or a sign of a communicative space, it must be assumed that it has a more global meaning and has a strong relationship with the fundamental principle of man.

In the works of E.S. Filatova, a direct definition of a function is not given, however, it can be understood from the text that a function is understood as a type of informational response. This understanding is more accurate because information is a deeper concept than communication and includes interaction with inanimate objects. In fact, a function is defined as a course of action associated with the transmission and reception of information. This definition does not include either the processing or the preservation of information, but the essence of the mental function is reflected correctly. Thus, the function goes from a form of mental activity to an information unit that is unique to a person. In order to come to the right conclusion, it is necessary to analyze all types of mental functions that are distinguished in socionics at this stage and try to arrange them systematically, interconnectedly. At this stage, socionics distinguishes eight functions. K.G. Jung singled out only four functions - thinking, feeling, emotion and intuition. He did not consider extraverted and introverted functions to be special functions, but only a variant of the installation, orientation of the function. Below we will talk about this setting as a function.