The structure of personality development study. Basic theories of personality research

Introduction

1.1 General idea of ​​personality

2.2 Foreign theories

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

Relevance course work. The upbringing of a growing person as the formation of a developed personality is one of the main tasks of modern society.

It is difficult to find a field of activity in which the use of psychological knowledge and methods would not be closely connected with the need to take into account the integrity of the individual as a subject and object of psychological influence. In psychological practice, it is impossible to "work" with only one part of the personality, a separate process, without affecting the entire personality and without changing anything in the system of its relations, in motives, experiences.

The personality is based on its structure - the connection and interaction of relatively stable components (sides) of the personality: abilities, temperament, character, volitional qualities, emotions and motivation.

Views on the psychological problems of the individual were formed by representatives of different schools and directions of domestic and foreign psychology. In modern psychology, there are seven main approaches to the study of personality. Each approach has its own theory, its own ideas about the properties and structure of the personality, its own methods for measuring them.

Personality theory is a set of hypotheses, or assumptions about the nature and mechanisms of personality development. Personality theory attempts not only to explain but also to predict human behavior.

Over the past century, psychology has become a developed field of knowledge and practice for many thousands of specialists. Internal specialization, coexistence within the framework of a single science of various schools and trends - all this undoubtedly testifies to the maturity of psychology as a science, the representatives of which, however, are still united by a keen interest in the problem of personality, a problem that has been and remains fundamental, key.

As an object of study, personality is unique in its complexity, since personality includes many components and processes.

The problem of personality is one of the central problems in theoretical and applied psychology. Numerous studies of domestic and foreign psychologists are devoted to various aspects of this problem, however, the complexity of the mechanisms of its formation and development determines the fact that with an abundance of scientific literature on the formation of personality, we are still far from a complete solution of issues related to the determinants of personal development and the main patterns of this process.

In psychology, there are different approaches to understanding the laws of personality development. However, the points of view on what laws the development of the personality is subject to differ significantly. These differences relate to the understanding of the driving forces of development, in particular the importance of society and various social groups for the development of the individual.

Personality is one of those phenomena that are rarely interpreted in the same way by two different authors. All definitions of personality are somehow conditioned by two opposing views on its development. From the point of view of some, each personality is formed and develops in accordance with its innate qualities and abilities, while the social environment plays a very insignificant role. Representatives of another point of view completely reject the innate internal traits and abilities of the individual, believing that the individual is a product that is completely formed in the course of social experience. Obviously, these are extreme points of view of the process of personality formation.

At the same time, in recent decades, the trend towards an integrated, holistic consideration of personality from the standpoint of different theories and approaches has been increasing.

Personality science is a discipline that seeks to lay the groundwork for a better understanding of human personality through the use of a variety of research strategies.

object term paper is personality in terms of psychology.

Thing- understanding of the personality structure and personality theory of both domestic and foreign psychologists.

Target term paper: to study the prevailing in psychology ideas about the structure of personality.

Tasks:

1. Consider a general idea of ​​personality.
2. To reveal the essence of the concept of personality structure.
3. Consider the domestic approach to the study of personality structure.
4. Describe foreign theories.

Hypothesis. The structure of the mental life of the individual is formed by the correlation of mental processes, mental states and mental properties of the individual.

Chapter 1. Theoretical analysis of the concept of personality in psychology

1.1. General idea of ​​personality

In modern psychology there is no single understanding of personality. However, most researchers believe that a personality is an in vivo forming and individually unique set of features that determine the way (style) of thinking of a given person, the structure of her feelings and behavior.

In domestic psychology, personality is studied from two points of view:

• from the position of introducing the personality principle into the methodology and theory of psychology. It means that all mental processes - attention, memory, thinking - are active, selective, i.e. depend on the characteristics of the individual (motivation, interests, goals, character).
• from the point of view of studying the personality itself - its structure, features of formation and development, self-awareness and self-esteem.

Personality, according to Leontiev, is an internal moment of activity. The child becomes a personality only as a subject of social relations. The concept of personality is usually compared with the concept of the individual. "The concept of "individual" expresses the indivisibility, integrity and peculiarity of a particular subject, which arise already at the early stages of the development of life. An individual is a product of phylogenetic and ontogenetic development. Personality is a relatively late product of the socio-historical and ontogenetic development of a person; it is "produced", created by social relations into which the individual enters in his activity.

The unit of personality analysis is personal meaning as a reflection in the mind of a person of the relationship of motive to goal. Personal meaning is usually correlated with the concept of meaning. A.N. Leontiev argues that meaning cannot be used as a unit of personality analysis, since reality is reflected in it in a form independent of the individual, personality. "Meaning is that generalization of reality that is crystallized, fixed in its sensual carrier - usually in a word or in a phrase. This is an ideal, spiritual form of crystallization of social experience ..."

Raising the question of the connection between consciousness and activity required the disclosure of how and where this connection is formed. Personality, according to Rubinstein, is the basis of this connection. Behind the seeming simplicity of posing the question of the connection between consciousness and activity lies the difficulty of overcoming the separation of consciousness from the personality and substituting it in the place of personality.

Personality as a whole, according to S.L. Rubinstein, is expressed through the trinity: what a person wants (needs, attitudes), what he can (abilities, talents), what he himself is (needs and motives fixed in character). If earlier (in the 30-40s) the concept of personality was used to implement the principle of the unity of consciousness and activity, then in the 50s in the works "Being and Consciousness", "Principles and Ways of Development of Psychology" it correlates with the concept of determinism . With the help of this principle, it was necessary to show the specifics of mental activity, without disconnecting from connections with other phenomena of the material world. The essence of determinism is defined by Rubinstein through the dialectic of external and internal. Personality was considered as the highest level of organization of matter, as a regulator of consciousness in relation to activity. Personality and its mental properties are both the result and the prerequisite of activity.

An important point in the study of personality, according to Rubinstein, is the features of its inclusion in a wider context - not only in activity, but also in life. "The essence of the human personality," says Rubinstein, "finds its final expression in the fact that it has its own history."

According to L.I. Bozhovich, personality is interpreted as an integral psychological system that arises in the course of a person's life and performs a certain function in his relationship with the environment. Being accomplished on the basis of the assimilation of social forms of consciousness and behavior by a person, the formation of a personality frees him from direct subordination to the influences of the environment and allows a person not only to adapt to them, but to consciously transform this environment and himself.

Psychologists V.I. Slobodchikov and E.I. Isaev give the following definition of personality: “Personality is the integrity of subjective reality and the way of being of a person in the system of relationships with others; personality is a subject freely defined in the space of culture and time of history.

According to Z. Freud, a person is a biological individuality closed in itself, living in society and experiencing its influences, but opposing it. It turns out that the source of personality activity is subconscious drives: sexual and death drives, which manifest themselves in a fatal way. Accordingly, the meaning of life consists in the satisfaction of these initial biological drives.

GW Allport formulated the well-known definition of personality as follows: "personality is a dynamic organization of those psychophysical systems in an individual that determine his behavior and thinking." Thus, he viewed personality as a constantly changing dynamic system.

In a broad sense, a person's personality is an integral integrity of biogenic, sociogenic and psychogenic elements.

The biological basis of personality covers the nervous system, the glandular system, metabolic processes (hunger, thirst, sexual impulse), gender differences, anatomical features, the processes of maturation and development of the organism.

The social "dimension" of the personality is determined by the influence of the culture and structure of the communities in which the person was brought up and in which he participates. The most important sociogenic components of the personality are the social roles performed by it in various communities (family, school, group of peers), as well as the subjective "I", that is, the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe own person created under the influence of others, and the reflected "I", that is, a complex of ideas about ourselves, created from the ideas of other people about ourselves.

Personality is characterized, first of all, as a system of human relations to the surrounding reality. In analysis, this system can be divided into an infinite number of relationships of the individual to various objects of reality, but no matter how partial in this sense these relationships may be, each of them always remains personal. The most important and defining personality is its relationship to people, which are at the same time relationships.

The main characteristics of the personality are: activity, stability, integrity. Under activity is understood as the ability of a person to produce socially significant transformations of the environment, manifested in communication, joint activities, creativity and self-development . Sustainability- this is the relative constancy of personal properties.

Most psychologists believe that a person is not born as a person, but becomes. However, in modern psychology there is no unified theory of the formation and development of personality.

Psychology takes into account that a person is not only an object of social relations, not only experiences social influences, but refracts and transforms them, since gradually a person begins to act as a set of internal conditions through which the external influences of society are refracted. Thus, a person is not only an object and product of social relations, but also an active subject of activity, communication, consciousness, self-consciousness.

Personality is a social concept, it expresses everything that is supranatural, historical in a person. Personality is not innate, but arises as a result of cultural and social development.

1.2 The concept of personality structure

Personality structure - a system of ideas about a personality that generalizes the procedural-hierarchical substructures of a personality with the subordination of lower substructures to higher ones, including substructures of abilities and character superimposed on them.

In understanding the structure of personality, it is necessary to adhere to the following requirements of an integrated approach.

Firstly, the structural organization of the personality is carried out on two interrelated grounds: on the basis of activity (as a system-forming factor in the development of the individual) and on the basis of social relations that it enters into in the course of its life activity.

Secondly, the subsystems of activity are at the same time its stages or stages, successively replacing and conditioning each other. Together, these stages form a single process of activity.

Thirdly, they also act as subsystems of the personality itself as a dynamic and self-developing integrity.

Fourthly, the structural elements of activity are included in the system of its social relations not completely, but only partially, mediating the links between the subjects and parties of these relations.

The first (“activity”) basis of personality structuring is used mainly in psychology, and the second (“relational”) basis is used in sociological science. An integrated approach allows you to combine both bases into a single structural and logical scheme.

The psychologist considers this structure from the point of view of the mental properties and qualities of a person. On the one hand, he singles out in it an “incentive” component that expresses a person’s attitude to his life and to the world as a whole (the orientation of the personality), and, on the other hand, an “executive” component that constitutes the conditions for the successful implementation of his activity (ability).

According to Z. Freud, a personality consists of three main systems: id (innate states and instincts of a person, which are a source of mental energy), ego (an executive organ of a personality that acts as an intermediary between the instinctive demands of the body and environmental conditions; its main purpose is the preservation and reproduction of the body) , superego (developing system of the individual, performing the functions of conscience as a moral self-control and representing the traditional values ​​and ideals of society). In a certain sense, the personality, functioning as a whole, includes the id as a biological component, the ego as a psychological component, and the superego as a social component.

According to the author of the analytical theory K. Jung, personality consists of several differentiated systems. The most important of them are the following: the ego (the conscious mind, the center of consciousness), the personal unconscious (individual experiences suppressed and forced out of the sphere of consciousness) and its complexes (the “core” of the personal unconscious, an organized group of feelings and instincts), the collective unconscious (the leading system , acting as a repository of hidden memories inherited from ancestors) and its archetypes (universal thought forms or ideas that make up the content of the collective unconscious), attitudes (introversion and extraversion), functions (thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition) and self (the center of all personality).

The followers of Freud - E. Fromm, K. Horney, G. Sullivan and A. Maslow, a representative of humanistic psychology, understand the structure of personality somewhat differently. E. Fromm's personality structure is determined by existential needs (needs to establish connections, to overcome, in roots, in identity, in a system of views and devotion). The basis of the personality, according to K. Horney, is neurotic needs, including the need for love and trust, for a leading partner, for restrictions, for power, for exploitation, for public recognition, for self-admiration, for ambition, for self-sufficiency and independence, in perfection). In the structure of personality, G. Sullivan identifies such components as dynamisms (the smallest energy units of the psyche), personifications (individual images of oneself or others) and cognitive processes (experiences and representations).

In the humanistic psychology of A. Maslow (1908-1970), the structure of the personality is considered depending on its basic needs. These are physiological needs, the needs for security and protection, for belonging and love, for recognition and self-respect, for self-actualization and personal self-improvement. Meta-needs rise above them as existential values ​​(needs for knowledge and understanding, aesthetic needs).

In Russian literature, there are also various interpretations of the personality structure. The well-known domestic psychologist K.K. Platonov proposed a hierarchical structure of personality, taking as a basis the relationship of biological and social, innate and acquired, procedural and content.

However, in the scheme proposed above, the personality structure includes the biological properties of a person, which contradicts the generally accepted view. According to another domestic psychologist A.N. Leontiev, the biologically determined prerequisites of a person (temperament and character, abilities and knowledge) should not be included in its structure. Personality first appears only in human society, and a person begins his history as an individual endowed with certain natural properties and abilities.

Therefore, temperament and character, abilities and knowledge are properties of the individual rather than personality. An individual is a genotypic formation, the formation of which occurs throughout life. Personality is a relatively late product of the socio-historical and ontogenetic development of man. A person is not born, one becomes in the process of carrying out activities in society.

Given the specific scientific data about a person that modern sciences have, we can distinguish three inextricably interconnected and interdependent levels of personality:

- biological, represented by certain genetically determined, psychophysiological inclinations: natural needs, predisposition to certain types of activities and behavior, to the development of intelligence, thinking, speech, etc.;

- spiritual, acting as an internal subjective reality, the ideal world of a person, his "I". More often this level is defined as psychological. However, the human psyche and spirituality are different concepts. Spirituality is formed as a result of the interaction of psychophysiological and sociocultural components;

- social, actually personal, includes those personality traits that are developed in the process of its participation in the life of society, social groups; value orientations, the totality of social knowledge, skills, habits, etc. necessary to perform numerous social roles.

Personality, therefore, appears as a structural integrity of psychobiological, spiritual and social components. And the whole set of properties due to these three above

levels of the human personality, arising and functioning in the process of its diverse life activity, under the influence of those social groups in which it is included, constitutes the structure of the personality.

As elements of the social structure of the individual, the following can be distinguished:

a) activity as a way of existence of the individual;

b) abilities and social needs determined by society;

c) the spiritual world of a person, as a set of scientific, aesthetic, moral, religious, everyday practical, and other knowledge; moral values, ideals, beliefs, interests, etc.; all the rational and emotional aspects of human life, its perceived and vaguely felt facets, as well as many other aspects, the state of a person’s spiritual life;

d) moral norms, principles, beliefs, attitudes that guide a person in his life;

e) skills, abilities.

So, in order to get an idea of ​​the variety of meanings of the concept of personality in psychology, let us turn to the views of some recognized theorists in this field. For example, Gordon Allport defined personality as what an individual really is - an internal "something" that determines the nature of a person's interaction with the world. And in the understanding of Erik Erickson, an individual goes through a series of psychosocial crises during his life and his personality appears as a function of the results of the crisis. George Kelly considered personality as a unique way of understanding life experience inherent in each individual. A completely different concept was proposed by Raymond Cattell, according to whom, the core of the personality structure is formed by sixteen initial features.

Despite some points of convergence, definitions of personality vary significantly among different authors. Most theoretical definitions of personality contain the following general provisions:

Most definitions emphasize individuality, or individual differences. Personality contains such special qualities, thanks to which this person differs from all other people. Moreover, it is only by examining individual differences that one can understand which specific qualities, or combinations thereof, differentiate one personality from another.

In most definitions, a person appears as a kind of hypothetical structure or organization. An individual's behavior that is directly observable, at least in part, is seen as organized or integrated by the individual.

Most definitions emphasize the importance of looking at the personality in relation to the individual's life history or developmental prospects. Personality is characterized in the evolutionary process as subject to the influence of internal and external factors, including genetic and biological predisposition, social experience and changing environmental circumstances.

If we summarize the definitions of the concept of "personality" that exist within the framework of various psychological theories, then we can say that personality is traditionally understood as a synthesis of all the characteristics of an individual into a unique structure that is determined and changed as a result of adaptation to a constantly changing environment and is largely shaped by the reactions of others. on the behavior of this individual.

Chapter 2

2.1 Domestic approach to the study of personality structure

Each personological concept deals with relatively unchanging characteristics that people exhibit in different societies and at different times. These stable characteristics constitute the basic building blocks of the human psyche, like atoms or cells in the natural sciences. A simple example of a structural concept is the personality trait. A trait is seen as a stable quality and a person's tendency to behave in a certain way in different circumstances. Gordon Allport, Raymond Cattell, G. Eysenck, who studied personality traits, believed that it is better to present the structure of personality in terms of the traits that underlie behavior.

Others prefer to describe personality structure using the concept of personality type. The personality type is described using a combination of various traits, forming an independent category with clearly defined boundaries. (Introverts and extroverts).

Among domestic works on the theory of personality, its structure in psychology, the works of K.K. Platonova, A.G. Kovalev and V.N. Myasishchev.

The structure of personality according to Platonov is based on the concept of a dynamic functional structure of personality, let's consider it in more detail.

The dynamic functional psychological structure of personality has four substructures. Their selection is determined by the following criteria:

1) the necessity and sufficiency to include in them all the elements (features) of the personality;

2) the generally accepted classifications of personality traits and psychological concepts that have practically justified themselves;

3) the inverse proportionality of the gradients of social and biological conditioning of both individual personality traits and the substructures that unite them;

4) the specificity of hierarchically related types of formation of each of these substructures.

The first substructure combines orientation, attitudes, and moral personality traits. The elements (features) of the personality included in this substructure do not have direct natural inclinations and reflect the individually refracted class social consciousness. This substructure is formed through education. She is socially conditioned. Briefly, it can be called a substructure of personality orientation. It can be said in another way - these are attitudes that have become personality traits.

Taken as a whole, orientation in turn includes several hierarchically connected forms. This is primarily attraction as the most primitive biological form of orientation. It is clearly expressed in its specificity, but fuzzy in content, it is a vague need for something. Genetically the earliest and the simplest in terms of its physiological mechanisms, this form is included in the structure of all subsequent ones.

Desire is already a fully realized need and attraction to something quite definite. It can be passive, but when included in its structure, the volitional component becomes an aspiration.

Interest is a cognitive form of focus on objects. Genetically, it is based on an unconditioned orienting reflex associated with emotion, but in a person, interests always develop on the basis of a conditioned reflex of the second signaling system and in a complex manner, becoming curiosity. Interest may be passive, but when the volitional component of orientation, striving, is included in its structure, it becomes an inclination, which can be defined as interest and striving for a certain activity.

Concretized in an image or representation, the ultimate goal of inclination is the ideal. This goal can manifest itself in several forms: moral, aesthetic, cognitive (gnostic) and praxical ideal.

Worldview is a system of ideas and concepts learned by a person about the world and its laws, about the phenomena surrounding a person, nature and society. It may be vague or take the form of a cognitive ideal; passive worldview or become a conviction.

Beliefs are the highest form of orientation, the structure of which includes its lower forms and in which the worldview is associated with the desire to achieve ideals.

In the direction of the personality as a whole, it is necessary to distinguish between its level, breadth, intensity, stability and effectiveness. The same qualities of orientation, the essence of which is clear from their names, are also inherent in its indicated individual forms.

In the forms of personality orientation, both relationships and moral qualities of the personality are manifested. However, the attitude, as has already been shown, is not so much a property of the personality, but, first of all, a property of consciousness along with experience and cognition. At the same time, all forms of personality orientation are both its needs and potential (and may become actual) motives for activity. This most clearly manifests the principle of the unity of consciousness and activity.

The second substructure of the personality includes knowledge, skills, abilities and habits acquired in personal experience, through training, but already with a noticeable influence and biologically determined personality traits. It is sometimes called individual culture or preparedness; briefly it can be called a substructure of experience.

Skills and abilities are ways of objectifying a person in activity. It should be noted that it is through this substructure that the personality in its individual development is most clearly objectified, and it is through this substructure that the individual development of the individual accumulates the historical experience of mankind.

The third substructure covers the individual characteristics of individual mental processes, or mental functions, as forms of reflection. The influence of biologically determined features in this substructure can be seen even more clearly. This substructure, interacting with the rest, is formed through exercise. Briefly, it can be called a substructure of reflection forms.

The fourth substructure combines the properties of temperament (typological properties of the personality), the sex and age properties of the personality and its pathological, so-called organic changes. The necessary traits included in this substructure are formed (or rather, they are remade) by training. They are incomparably more dependent on the physiological and even morphological features of the brain than on social influences on a person, and therefore this substructure can be briefly called a biologically determined substructure.

These four substructures can contain all known properties (traits) of a person. The number of the latter is very large. Moreover, some of these properties relate mainly to only one substructure, for example: conviction and interest - to the substructure of orientation; erudition and skill - to the substructure of experience; decisiveness and ingenuity - to the substructure of forms of reflection; exhaustion and excitability - to a biologically determined substructure. Other properties lie at the intersections of these substructures. Having their own structure, they are the result of the interconnections of various substructures. As an example, we can name the morally educated will, which is the relationship between the substructure of direction and the substructure of forms of reflection; musicality as an interrelation of forms of reflection and experience; self-control as the interconnection of substructures of forms of reflection, biologically determined and, often, experience.

Each of these four substructures, considered as a whole, in turn has its own substructures, each personality trait is formed from more subtle connections.

However, the point of view of K.K. Platonov is disputed by individual psychologists.

The structure of personality, believes another psychologist A.G. Kovalev, is formed by the correlation of mental processes, mental states and mental properties of a person, that is, in the form of a unity of orientation of character, temperament and abilities.

A. G. Kovalev raises the question of the integral spiritual image of the personality, its origin and structure as a question of the synthesis of complex structures:

• temperament (structure of natural properties),
• orientation (system of needs, interests, ideals),
• abilities (a system of intellectual, volitional and emotional properties).

All these structures arise from the interrelation of the mental properties of the personality, which characterize a stable, constant level of activity, which ensures the best adaptation of the individual to the influencing stimuli due to the greatest adequacy of their reflection. In the course of an activity, properties are associated with each other in a certain way in accordance with the requirements of the activity.

Myasishchev has been talking about the structure of the personality since the 1930s, but he considers it only as one of the sides of the personality along with the direction, level of development and dynamics; he believes that "a structural characteristic illuminates a person from the side of his integrity or splitting, consistency or inconsistency, stability or variability, depth or surface, predominance or relative insufficiency of certain mental functions."

In his later speeches, V. N. Myasishchev uses the term "structure of personality relations", or "profile of relations."

2.2 Foreign theories

A large number of views on the problem of personality structure exist in foreign psychology. We will characterize only its most prominent representatives.

The most important contribution to the theory of personality was made by Sigmund Freud, who proposed the structure of the psyche (I, Super-I and It) in the theory of psychoanalysis.

The theory of personality developed by Z. Freud presented a person not as a rational being and aware of his behavior, but as a being in eternal conflict, the origins of which lie in another, wider sphere of the mental.

In general terms, the human psyche is represented by Freud as split into two opposing spheres of the conscious and the unconscious, which are essential characteristics of the personality.

But in the Freudian structure of the personality, these spheres are not presented equally: he considered the unconscious to be the central component that makes up the essence of the human psyche, and the conscious - only a special instance, built on top of the unconscious; the conscious owes its origin to the unconscious and crystallizes out of it in the process of the development of the psyche.

Although Freud's ideas about the structural levels of the human psyche changed throughout his theoretical activity, the fundamental division into the spheres of the conscious and the unconscious was preserved in one form or another in all the personality models he created.

However, in the early 1920s, Freud revised his conceptual model of mental life and introduced three basic structures into the anatomy of the personality. This has been called the structural model of personality, although Freud himself tended to regard them as processes rather than structures.

The personality model created by Freud appears as a combination of three elements that are in a certain subordination with each other: the conscious (“Super-I”), the preconscious (“I”) and the unconscious (“It”), in which the main structures of the personality are located.

"It" - the unconscious part of the psyche, a seething cauldron of biological innate instinctual drives: aggressive and sexual. "It" is saturated with sexual energy - "libido". Man is a closed energy system, the amount of energy in each person is a constant value. Being unconscious and irrational, "it" obeys the pleasure principle, i.e. pleasure and happiness are the main goals in human life. The second principle of behavior - homeostasis - a tendency to maintain an approximate internal balance. The level of "I" of consciousness is in a state of constant conflict with "it", suppresses sexual desires. Three forces act on the "I": "it", "super-I" and society, which makes its demands on a person. "I" tries to establish harmony between them, obeys not the principle of pleasure, but the principle of "reality". The "super-ego" serves as the bearer of moral standards; this is the part of the personality that plays the role of critic, censor, conscience. If the "I" makes a decision or performs an action in favor of the "it", but in opposition to the "super-I", then it is punished in the form of guilt, shame, remorse of conscience. The "super-ego" does not allow instincts into the "I", and then the energy of these instincts is sublimated, transformed, embodied in other forms of activity that are acceptable to society and man (creativity, art, social activity, labor activity, in forms of behavior: in dreams , slips of the tongue, slips of the tongue, jokes, puns, in free associations, in the features of forgetting). If the energy of "libido" does not find a way out, then a person will have mental illness, neurosis, hysteria, longing. To save from opposition between "I" and " it" means of psychological defense are used: repression, suppression - involuntary elimination of illicit thoughts, feelings, desires from consciousness into the unconscious "it"; projection - an unconscious attempt to get rid of an obsessive desire, idea, attributing it to another person; rationalization - an unconscious attempt to rationalize, justify an absurd idea.The formation of the child's psyche occurs through overcoming the oedipal complex.

The theory of personality developed by Z. Freud can be attributed to the type of psychodynamic, covering the whole life of a person and used to describe him as a person, the internal psychological properties of an individual, primarily his needs and motives.

Freud was the first to characterize the psyche as a battlefield between the irreconcilable forces of instinct, reason and consciousness. The term "psychodynamic" refers precisely to this ongoing struggle between different aspects of the personality. Psychoanalytic theory as such exemplifies the psychodynamic approach - it gives the leading role to the complex interaction between instincts, motives and drives that compete or fight with each other for supremacy in the regulation of human behavior. The idea that the personality is a dynamic configuration of processes that are in endless opposition expresses the essence of the psychodynamic direction, especially in the interpretation of Freud. The concept of dynamics in relation to personality implies that human behavior is deterministic rather than arbitrary or random. The determinism assumed by the psychodynamic perspective extends to everything we do, feel, or think, including even events that many people view as pure coincidences, as well as slips of the tongue, slips of the tongue, and the like. This presentation brings us to the main and decisive theme developed by the psychodynamic direction. Namely, it emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in the regulation of human behavior. According to Freud, not only are our actions often irrational, but the very meaning and causes of our behavior are rarely comprehensible.

Jung's views on human personality are perhaps the most complex, unorthodox, and most polemical in the personological tradition. He created a unique theory of great scientific interest, markedly different from all other approaches to the study of personality.

The essence of Jung's differences with Freud came down to an understanding of the nature of the unconscious. Jung believed that Freud wrongly reduced all human activity to a biologically inherited sexual instinct, while human instincts are not biological, but entirely symbolic in nature.

Jung believed that the human soul consists of 3 complex components: the ego, the unconscious and the collective unconscious.

The ego is responsible for awareness of both oneself, as a person endowed with certain traits, characteristics, skills, etc., and the perception of the outside world, the environment. Thanks to him, each of us retains the ability to distinguish ourselves from others (identify).

The personal unconscious acts as a large dark warehouse in which all our memories, conflicts, experiences, fears that we have forgotten or suppressed are stored. There lies everything that a person does not want to remember for one reason or another.

And finally, the layer of the human “soul” that he introduced is the collective unconscious, which is responsible for preserving information that was not received in our life, it captures our ancestors, thoughts and feelings common to all mankind, the entire past of mankind. It has evolved over centuries and millennia and is the same for everyone.
Jung suggested that archetypes are primary prototypes embedded in our collective unconscious. They are the same for everyone, which is confirmed by a certain type of response to certain situations by everyone. Archetypes allow you to quickly respond to a particular situation.

Jung believed that each archetype helps to classify certain feelings, themes, objects, relationships into types and combines them for itself. Thus, it is easier for a person to extract one or another emotion from himself. This unity is clearly seen in cross-cultural studies, where there are striking similarities in the symbols used by people.

So, in the history of personality psychology, several successive stages are clearly traced, in which certain approaches and accents dominated, an attitude to the real aspects of the personality, their special vision, was formed. Researchers of personality have attached particular importance either to the unconscious and consciousness, or to activity and reactivity, or to rationality and irrationality, and so on. As Gibson rightly notes, the subject of psychology has described a kind of circle - “from the power of subjectivity to the undivided dominance of objective phenomena and again to the recognition of subjective phenomena. In our opinion, the psychology of personality during the twentieth century went through a similar circle of its formation. According to some scientists and our opinion, the history of personality psychology follows in parallel the history of general psychology.

The problem of personality structure is closely related to the principle of systemicity, which involves studying an object from the point of view of its hierarchical structure and types of connection between individual levels.

Considering the structure of personality, most psychologists, both domestic and foreign, include in it temperament, abilities, character, orientation, a peculiar combination of which creates the uniqueness of human individuality.

Analytical psychology K.G. Young as the most adequate of the known systems. Unlike most of the above theories, Jung, having developed and qualitatively reworked Freudianism, considers personality as an integral system, in addition to conscious elements, having both an individual and a collective unconscious component (archetypes as phenomena of the collective unconscious are the most important part of Jung's theory), a dynamic aspect of development in the form of libido. The structure of personality is seen as a system of ego, superego and id, and their interaction is much more complex than Freud's.

Conclusion

So, we can state that there are different approaches to the study of personality in domestic and foreign psychology; the concept of "personality" in each approach is specific.

Today, in Russian psychology, there is a widespread view of a person as an individual, personality and subject of activity, but there is no more or less generally accepted concept of personality.

The views of foreign psychologists on personality are characterized by even greater diversity. L. Hjell and D. Ziegler, in their well-known monograph, distinguish at least nine directions in personality theory. This is a psychodynamic (3. Freud) and a version of this direction revised by A. Adler and C. Jung, dispositional (G. Allport, R. Cattell), behaviorist (B. Skinner), social-cognitive (A. Bandura), cognitive ( J. Kelly), humanistic (A. Maslow), phenomenological (K. Rogers) and ego psychology, represented by the names of E. Erickson, E. Fromm and K. Horney.

In domestic psychology, much attention was paid to theoretical aspects, in Western psychology - to practical ones. The current state of domestic psychology largely characterizes the intensive process of mastering foreign experience, in particular, through the familiarization of Russian psychologists with world psychological literature. To date, we have had the opportunity to get acquainted with the best examples of psychological classics, and with the work of contemporary authors in the field of practical work.

In modern foreign psychology, there are various approaches to the definition of the concept of personality. The dissimilarity of all approaches to the definition of the concept of personality shows that the content of personality from the standpoint of different theoretical ideas is more diverse than the concept of "external social image". All approaches to this or that understanding of personality depend on the theoretical ideas of the personologist. Considering that a theory is a system of interrelated ideas, postulates, principles, aimed at explaining certain observations, it is always speculative in its essence and cannot be right or wrong.

Personality is a complex, internally structured entity. However, on the question of what structural elements form a personality, there are great disagreements. Understanding the internal structure of the personality is directly dependent on the interpretation of the concept of "personality". There are many different approaches and theories of personality in personality psychology. The psychodynamic type includes theories that describe the personality and explain its behavior based on its psychological, or internal, subjective characteristics.

Among the structural theories are theories for which the main problem is to clarify the structure of the personality and the system of concepts with which it should be described. Theories are called dynamic, the main theme of which is transformation, change in the development of the personality, i.e. its dynamics.

Numerous properties can be generalized and reduced to a holistic personality structure. Well-known domestic psychologist S.L. Rubinstein, summarizing the available approaches and views on the problem of personality, briefly expressed his understanding of its structure in three aspects:

• what a person wants (needs, motives, interests, values, ideals, etc.);
• what he is (character, abilities, etc.);
• what he can (experience, skills, knowledge, etc.).

The structure of personality has as its genetic source long-term and varied metamorphoses of mental phenomena, especially their integration by type. In this sense, the structure of personality is a product of individual mental development, which acts in three ways: the ontogenetic evolution of psychophysiological functions, the formation of activity and the history of the development of a person as a subject of labor, cognition and communication, and finally, as a person’s life path - the history of personality. At the same time, the structure of the personality, which has developed in the process of individual development of a person, itself determines the direction, degree of change and level of development of all phenomena of mental development. S. L. Rubinshtein saw precisely in this structure of the personality, in the complex of personal properties, those internal conditions through which certain external factors act.

Based on the analysis of existing theories of personality, the following schematic definition can be proposed: personality is a multidimensional and multilevel system of psychological characteristics that provide individual originality, temporal and situational stability of human behavior.

On the basis of theoretical analysis, we confirmed the hypothesis that the structure of the mental life of a person is formed by the correlation of mental processes, mental states and mental properties of a person.

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The phenomenon of personality is too complex to give it an unambiguous definition. It can be considered as a social subject or a chain of psychological connections. The value of understanding what a person is is that it helps to better understand yourself, to study your abilities, motivation, temperament. It allows you to learn how to apply the acquired knowledge in practice, building relationships with other people.

What is a personality?

Personality is a combination of individual social and psychological properties of character and behavior. There are certain properties, structure and personality types. They differ because each classification method is based on the research and points of view of different scientists in the field of psychology and sociology. They are united only by some properties that help to “draw” a social and psychological portrait of a person.

• Character. An important component that demonstrates the attitude to the world, others, life, which determines behavior and forms views.
• Temperament. In accordance with this characteristic, there is a division into types of personalities: melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine. Each of them has its own reactions to life circumstances, their perception.
• Motivation. A person may have several motives that determine his actions and proceed from his needs. They are the driving force, the stronger the motivation, the more purposeful the person is.
• Capabilities. There are strong-willed, mental, physical, mental, etc. They are the basis for accomplishments and achieving goals. But not always a person skillfully disposes of them.
• Emotionality. Shows how a person expresses his attitude to the situation, people, events.
• Orientation. The ability to define values ​​and goals, to move towards their achievement. This is a collection of things, tangible and intangible, that are really dear to a person.
• Worldview. A look at life, a vision of the world, an attitude towards them. It can be realistic, mystical, feminine, masculine, positive, negative.
• Experience. Knowledge and skills acquired throughout life, formed the worldview, habits.
• Body drawing. External expression of personality characteristics: gait, facial expressions, gestures, stoop or attempt to keep the back straight, etc.

Social structure of personality

Sociology defines the structure of personality as a set of objective and subjective properties that form its detail and depend on society.

There are 2 approaches, each of which has its own important components:

• Activity, culture, memory. Activity involves conscious actions in relation to an object or subject. Culture affects the social norms that weigh on the actions of the individual. Memory is a storehouse of knowledge formed into experience.
• Value orientations, social roles, culture. This trio reflects the character traits acquired through interaction with the subjects of society, instilled by parents, inherited, shaped by life experience.

The structure of personality in psychology

The psychological structure of personality mainly consists of the following components:

• Orientation. Needs, attitudes, interests. It happens that in a person only one of the components is leading, and the rest are less developed. For example, a person has a need for work, but this does not mean that he will be interested in it. In order for the orientation to work, in this case, a financial motive may be enough.
• Capabilities. This component influences the previous one. For example, an individual has the ability to draw, this generates interest, which is the leading component of direction and motivation for development in this particular area.
• Character. The most important component, sometimes a person is judged precisely by it, and not by orientation or abilities. For example, a person with a bad and difficult character will find it difficult to integrate into society, even if he has phenomenal abilities in any area.
• Self control. Determines the ability to plan behavior, transform, correct actions.

Freud's personality structure

In the personality structure proposed by Freud, the following components:

• It. The unconscious part that generates desires, internal instincts, libido. A component based on biological attraction, driven by the desire for pleasure. If there is tension, it can be discharged through fantasies, reflex actions. Unfulfilled desires often result in a problem in social life.
• Ego. Consciousness, which controls It. The ego is responsible for satisfying the desires of the id. But this happens after the circumstances are analyzed, the implementation of the desired should not contradict social norms.
• Superego. A set of moral and ethical principles and taboos that affect human behavior. They originate in childhood (3-5 years), a period when parents pay the most attention to raising children. These rules are fixed in a children's direction, later supplemented by their own norms, which they acquire in life experience.

Three components should develop equally, if one of them is more active, the balance is disturbed. The balanced work of the three components allows you to develop a protective mechanism:

• Negation. Causes suppression of impulses coming from within.
• Projection. When a person attributes his negative traits to other people.
• Substitution. When an unreachable object is replaced with one that is accessible.
• Rationalization. A person is able to logically explain his actions.
• Reaction formation. Committing acts that are opposite to internal impulses that a person considers forbidden.

Freud also identified the Electra and Oedipus complexes. Children unconsciously consider one of the parents as a sexual partner, feeling jealous of the second. Girls see their mother as a threat, boys see their father.

Personality structure according to Rubinstein

Rubinstein named 3 components of the structure:

• Orientation. It includes beliefs, motivation, needs, worldview, behavioral factors. Expresses the social essence, determines the type of activity.
• Skills, knowledge. Means obtained through knowledge and objective activity. Knowledge helps to navigate the world, skills allow you to engage in specific activities, skills contribute to the achievement of results.
• Typological properties. This includes temperament, character, abilities that make a person unique.

In addition, Rubinstein singled out the levels of organization:

• Vital. Includes experience, morality, worldview.
• Personal. Individual character traits.
• Mental. Psychological processes, specificity, activity.

Rubinstein believed that the formation of personality occurs through interaction with society and the world as a whole. The structure of the orientation of the personality is made up of conscious actions and the subconscious.

Jung's personality structure

Jung identified the following components:

• consciousness;
• collective unconscious;
• individual unconscious.

Consciousness is divided into the human I (person), shown to others, and Ego, the real essence of man. The person helps to socialize. It is a mask that a person wears to get in touch with other individuals. This allows you to make an impression, to attract attention. Makes you buy fashionable things, expensive cars, big houses to fit and fit into a certain segment of society.

The ego is the core formed from experiences, thoughts, awareness of one's actions, decisions. It is experience, knowledge, skills. Thanks to the ego, a person is a holistic person.

The individual unconscious is formed from thoughts, beliefs, experiences, desires. Previously, they were relevant for a person, but after he experienced them, they turned into memories. They are stored in the unconscious, sometimes come out. They are divided into archetypes:

• Shadow. Kind of a dark twin. These are vicious desires, negative feelings, immoral thoughts that a person suppresses, as he is afraid to face them openly. Jung believed that it is harmful to repress the dark side, it must be accepted and one should consider one's good features against its background.
• Anima and animus. Masculine and feminine. The animus gives women masculine traits - firmness of will; the anima makes it possible for men to sometimes be weak - to show softness. Jung attributed this to the presence of male and female hormones in opposite sexes. The presence of the concepts of anima and animus enables women and men to better understand each other.
• Self. Jung called it the core that forms integrity. The self develops only with a balanced development of all components of the structure.

Personality structure according to Leontiev

A. N. Leontiev defines personality as experience, a set of actions, decisions. He divided the structure of personality into levels:

• Psychophysical background. This includes temperament, inclinations that can develop into abilities.
• Expressive instrumental. Roles, character, abilities. This is the outer shell of a person through which he interacts with the world.
• Inner world. Values, meaning, relationships. This is a person's view of the world through the prism of their own opinion about it.
• existential level. Includes freedom, spirituality, responsibility.

Leontiev singled out in his theory the concept of "the second birth of personality". It occurs when a person corrects his behavior, finding new methods for solving conflict and difficult situations.

The structure of personality according to Platonov

K. K. Platonov built a pyramidal personality structure, which has four substructures (from the foundation to the top):

• biological conditioning. Genetics and physiology. This includes age, gender.
• Display forms. Thinking, attention, memory, perception, sensations. The more developed they are, the more opportunities a person has.
• social experience. Skills, abilities, knowledge acquired through experience.
• Orientation. Worldview, aspirations, beliefs, ideals.

Socionic personality types in psychology

Socionics is a concept developed by Aushra Augustinavichiute based on the personality types proposed by Jung. In different sources there are different designations, they can be conditionally divided into such groups.

Analysts:

• INTJ is a strategist. He has a rich imagination, he always has a plan for the next Saturday, and for 20 years ahead.
• INTP is a scientist. Creativity and ingenuity are their forte. They believe in science, they believe that it can explain everything.
• ENTJ - commander. Resourcefulness, courage, fortitude are the strong features of such people. They always find a solution to a problem.
• ENTP is a controversialist. Thinkers with curiosity, a sharp mind. They are happy to get into arguments.

Diplomats:

• INFJ is an activist. Idealistic, sometimes vindictive, usually reticent, but inspiring.
• INFP is an intermediary. Altruists who can come to the rescue at any moment.
• ENFJ is a trainer. They have unusual charisma, natural leadership qualities, can inspire, charm.
• ENFP is a wrestler. More sociable, creative, imaginative, optimistic, full of enthusiasm.

Keepers:

• ISTJ is an administrator. Perceive only the facts, reliable.
• ISFJ is a protector. They have a high responsibility, will help relatives.
• ESTJ is a manager. Such people can easily manage the masses, they are skilled administrators.
• ENFJ - consul. Sociable, popular, love to take care of others.

Seekers:

• ISTP is a virtuoso. They are characterized by courage, craving for experiments, jacks of all trades.
• ISFP is an artist. They have a subtle charm, ready to rush in search and study of the unknown.
• ESTP is a businessman. Receptive, the energy in them is in full swing, they like to take risks, they are smart.
• ESFP is an entertainer. You will not get bored with such a person, they are always cheerful, adore spontaneous actions and surprises.

To quickly understand a person, it is enough to disassemble his personality on the shelves. Theories about its structure and types help with this. This information helps build business and personal relationships.

Man is a creature with a very complex mental organization. He is born and develops according to the laws of biology and genetics, in parallel with this, the formation of his personality and self-consciousness under the influence of society takes place. In addition, a person is a subject of activity in almost all spheres of life - social, spiritual, economic and political.

The concept of personality and its structure

It is impossible within the framework of one science to embrace all the diversity of facets of human essence, because of this, there are many theories about what constitutes a person. This term is used in modern psychology, along with such as "individual" and "individuality", the difference between them is that the last two definitions are more specific and cover only one or another side of the personality. In a broad sense, a personality is a set of qualities of an individual acquired by him in the process of development and manifested in relations with other individuals or in various spheres of conscious activity. As can be seen from the definition, the concept of personality characterizes a person mainly in social terms. The structure of personality in psychology is represented by many different classifications, the most common of them will be presented below.

The theory of personality in psychology according to Freud

In the 1920s, the great German psychologist developed his concept

anatomy of the human soul. The structure of personality in Freud's psychology consists of three components: "Id" - It (unconscious), "Ego" - I (conscious) and "Super-Ego" - Super-I (conscience, ideal attitudes). Id - occupies a central place in the structure of personality throughout the life of an individual, its main principle is to receive pleasure from the immediate satisfaction of one's irrational desires. The ego is a kind of regulator, trying to satisfy the needs of the id, while at the same time not violating the laws and traditions of society. The super-ego plays the role of a propagandist of high moral ideals and is formed in the process of education.

The structure of personality in psychology according to Rubinstein

Soviet psychologist and philosopher S.L. Rubinstein proposed his own concept of the development of a person's personality. He also distinguished three components:

2. Knowledge, skills and abilities (KAS) acquired as a result of cognitive

activities.

3. Individual characteristics, expressed in character traits, temperament, abilities.

The structure of personality in psychology according to Platonov

K.K. Platonov considered personality as a set of biosocial properties, among which he singled out four substructures:

1. Socially oriented qualities (moral qualities, social ties).

2. Experience (habits and ZUN).

3. Individual biologically determined traits (character, temperament, inclinations, needs).

4. Forms of reflection of mental processes (thinking, will, feelings, sensations, memory).

As you can see, Platonov's classification largely coincides with Rubinstein's classification, but it is more detailed. This model significantly influenced the development of Soviet psychology.

To the question "Who am I?" each of us, most likely, will answer: "a person, a full member of society, a personality", therefore it is not surprising that many people are interested in learning more about what elements are the components of a personality, without which traits and properties an individual cannot take place as a full-fledged personality in the socio-cultural society, how the process of personality formation takes place. Personality is a basic concept in psychology; without a detailed study of its structure and mechanisms of formation, further psychological and sociological research is impossible.

Psychologists define personality as a stable structure of socially significant features that characterize a person as a member of a particular society. Based on the definition, we can conclude that the process of becoming an individual as a person is impossible in isolation from society, and all personality traits and substructures are formed and developed under the influence of society. The structure of personality in psychology has been carefully studied and described by world-famous specialists, and despite the fact that some well-known sociologists, psychologists and psychiatrists disagreed about the basic properties and characteristics of personality, there are several generally accepted divisions and classifications of structure elements.

Psychological structure of personality

All personality substructures are inherent in every person living in a socio-cultural society, but in different individuals they are at different levels of development. One of the main tasks that psychologists set themselves when studying the constituent structures is to determine the mechanisms of development, the correction of one or another substructure. One of the most complete and detailed descriptions of the personality structure in psychology includes 10 substructures, the main of which are worldview, experience, orientation, character. Let's consider all substructures in more detail.

worldview

Perception of the world is a subjective perception by an individual of the surrounding world, of all ongoing events, and a designation of one's place in the world. As a rule, perception of the world is the result of passing the information received through the prism of one's own experience and evaluating the outside world according to internal criteria. Psychologists consider the formation of the "I-concept" - the definition of oneself in the external world and in its individual manifestations - to be the most important component of this element of the structure. The worldview can be pessimistic, optimistic, realistic, mystical, atheistic, idealistic, male, female, childish, but it is impossible to unambiguously classify the worldview of people according to any criteria - each person sees and perceives the reality around him in his own way.

Experience

Experience is the most important component of the personality structure in psychology, which is a set of habits, skills, knowledge and skills accumulated in the process of life and development, as well as acquired during a stay in society. In the process of accumulating experience, a certain lifestyle is formed. As a rule, the worldview, horizons, breadth of a person’s thinking and the certainty of the personality’s orientation depend on the amount of accumulated experience.

Orientation

The orientation of the personality is the values, aspirations, guidelines of a person. Realization of oneself in professional activity, search for a place in life, embodiment of dreams and desires, observance of certain moral and ethical rules and norms - all these are the orientations of the individual. According to such criteria as the ability of a person to independently and without outside assistance set goals for himself, according to the breadth, stability, effectiveness of the orientation of the individual and the degree of influence of society on the formation of his aspirations, the general level of personality development is determined.

Character

Psychologists also call character a psychotype - a set of stable features of a person's behavior under certain circumstances and his reactions to any situations. As a rule, under the concept of "character" psychologists mean the most typical personality traits, manifested in the form of a subjective response to objective circumstances; very often the character is described with one keyword - explosive or calm, decisive or suspicious, impulsive or reasonable, etc.

Temperament

Temperament is a combination of stable personality traits associated with the dynamic aspects of activity and determining the type of higher nervous activity of a person. Psychologists distinguish four main types of temperament, which are based on the strength and balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition of the nervous system. The most common classification of temperament types is the allocation of four types: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholic.

Capabilities

The main abilities of each person are strong-willed, mental, mental and bodily; also, all people, to one degree or another, have a number of other abilities - musical, mathematical, artistic, etc. Abilities as a component of the structure are one of the most important tools of the individual, because the more developed the abilities, the more the person is integrated into society and the more he can to do something useful for the society and for yourself.

cognitive sphere

The cognitive sphere includes all components of the psyche and mind, aimed at rational knowledge and perception of the world - logical thinking, memory, attention, critical and analytical perception, decision making, etc.

affective sphere

This sphere, in contrast to the cognitive one, consists of processes related to emotions, feelings, needs and motivation. This area includes psychological processes that cannot be explained from a rational point of view - impulsive reactions, emotions, feelings, desires, predispositions, experiences, worries, intuition, hidden motives, subjective impressions, etc.

Conscious and subconscious

The structure of personality in psychology also includes all manifestations of consciousness, subconscious and unconscious psychological processes. Consciousness includes all conscious and mind-controlled processes and mental activity, and the unconscious includes those mental phenomena and processes that occur without conscious control. In the subconscious, psychological processes occur that have a certain logic, but are not amenable to conscious control.

body drawing

Body drawing is a personality substructure, which includes the body structure, facial expressions characteristic of a person, habitual gestures, manner of speaking, gait, etc. Body drawing is defined as a personality substructure for the reason that many psychologists are of the opinion that there is a connection between the structure body and character. (For more information about the connection of gestures and facial expressions with psychological processes, see the article)

The structure of personality in psychology is an integral system of personal qualities and properties that fully and comprehensively characterizes all the psychological characteristics of an individual. In addition to the elements described above, the personality structure includes many other components - self-esteem, values, willpower, etc. The level of development of a personality determines the strength of the influence of physiological, emotional and cognitive components. In highly developed individuals with a broad outlook, strong will and personality orientation, as well as developed abilities, as a rule, conscious and cognitive components based on their own experience take precedence over unconscious manifestations, instincts, emotions and temperament.

Consciousness and psyche exist in a particular person, individual, personality. So far, we have used these words as synonyms, but in reality, each of them has some specific content. There is no generally accepted opinion in their psychological interpretation, so we will give a fairly generalized position developed in Russian psychology.

The main problem is that in modern science there is no holistic, sufficiently complete human knowledge. The phenomenon of man is studied in various aspects (anthropological, historical, medical, social), but so far it seems to be fragmented, "not assembled" into a systemic and worthy whole.

A similar complexity extends to psychology, which, in studying and describing a person, is forced to operate with a bunch of terms, each of which is focused on some own aspect of a single subject. Moreover, such a selective orientation is rather conditional, often and inevitably intersecting with others.

The broadest is the concept of "man". This is an accepted classical scientific abstraction, a generalized name for a special kind of living creature on Earth - Homo sapiens, or Homo sapiens. This concept combines everything: natural, social, energy, biochemical, medical, space, etc.

Personality- this is a person who develops in society and interacts and communicates with other people using language; this is a person as a member of society, a compressed sociality, the result of formation, development and socialization as an entry into society and into oneself.

The foregoing does not mean at all that a person is an exclusively social being, completely devoid of biological characteristics. In the psychology of personality, the biological and the social exist not side by side, not in opposition or in addition, but in real unity. It is no coincidence that S. L. Rubinshtein said that the whole psychology of man is the psychology of personality. At the same time, the concepts of "man" and "personality" are not synonymous. The latter emphasizes the social orientation of a person who becomes a personality if he develops in society (as opposed to, for example, "wild children"), interacts and communicates with other people (as opposed to, say, deeply ill from birth). With this interpretation, every normal person projected onto the plane of sociality is at the same time a personality, and each person has several interconnected personality manifestations, depending on which part of society he is projected to: family, work, friends, enemies. At the same time, the personality as such is integral and unified, systematically and hierarchically organized.

There are other, narrower interpretations of the concept of personality, when certain qualities are singled out, supposedly acting as necessary attributes for it. Thus, only those who are independent, responsible, highly developed, etc., are proposed to be considered a person. Such personality criteria are, as a rule, rather subjective, difficult to prove, and therefore do not withstand scientific verification and criticism, although they have always existed and will probably continue to exist, especially in the structure of overly ideologized and politicized humanitarian constructions. The problem objectively lies in the fact that a newborn baby also cannot be called not only a person, but, strictly speaking, a person. He, most likely, is a "candidate" for the role of Homo sapiens, since he still does not have consciousness, speech, or even upright posture. Although it is clear that for parents and relatives this child initially and convincingly exists both as a person and as a person.

The individual emphasizes the biological in man, but does not at all exclude the social components inherent in the human race. A person is born as a concrete individual, but, having become a personality, does not cease to be an individual at the same time.

Each person is unique, and for psychology this is the same initial given as the very presence of the psyche. Another thing is that not always and not all the studied mental phenomena are considered at the level of their individuality, actual uniqueness. Science is impossible without generalizations, without this or that typification, systematization, while real psychological practice is the more effective, the more it is individualized.

Subject is an indication of specific living, animated bearer of psychological phenomenology, activity and behavior.

The subject is traditionally opposed to the object, but in itself it is, of course, objective. The concept of the subject is one of the basic ones for philosophy, but recently it has been acquiring some updated, broad interpretation in Russian psychology, where a special, subjective approach to the analysis of the human psyche and behavior is being developed (A. V. Brushlinsky). Thus, in accordance with the designated terminology, the human psyche can be investigated and described in different, but inevitably objectively intersecting aspects: personal, individual, individual, subjective.

In modern psychology, not all of these approaches have been sufficiently developed and clearly used, especially at the level of practice-oriented research. For example, in educational and popular literature, the concept is used more often than others. "psychology of Personality" as something terminologically unifying, synthesizing. Meanwhile, the objective reality is much more complicated. All psychological characteristics of a person are, of course, specific, but not all of them are personal in nature. The latter requires the presence of a specific social origin or special social projections of these psychological properties or qualities. Everything closes on the central methodological issue of the relationship and interaction of the biological and the social in the human psyche. Therefore, the problematic, conditional nature of the formulation of criteria for human, personal, individual and individual gradations seems obvious.

Each person is many-sided and integral, ordinary and unique, united and scattered, changeable and stable. And all this coexists simultaneously: in the bodily, social, mental and spiritual organization. To describe a person, each science uses its own indicators: anthropometric, medical, economic, sociological. Psychology solves similar problems, for which, first of all, it is necessary to have an appropriate psychological schema or models characteristics that distinguish one person from another.

Psychological structure (mental appearance) of personality(person, individual, subject) is a kind of integral system, a model of qualities and properties that quite fully characterizes the psychological characteristics of a person (person, individual, subject).

All mental processes are carried out in a particular person, but not all act as its distinctive properties. The latter include only some of the most significant, related to others, stable properties that have a specific projection on social interactions and human relations with other people. The task of establishing such properties is complicated by the fact that in the human psyche it is hardly possible to mathematically rigorously identify the necessary and sufficient number of corresponding differentiating qualities. Each of us is in some ways similar to all people, in some ways only to some, in some ways to no one, including sometimes even himself. Such variability makes it difficult, in particular, to single out the notorious "most important" in the personality, which, of course, is sometimes called "non-existent essence" grotesquely, but not without a share of justice.

Various mental properties can be conditionally represented in the desired space at least four relatively independent dimensions.

First, this scale of time and quantitative variability - stability of a quality or personality trait. Suppose a person's mood is more changeable than his character, and the direction of the personality is more stable than current worries and hobbies.

Secondly, scale of uniqueness-universality of the studied mental parameter depending on its representation, statistical distribution in people. For example, the property of empathy is inherent in everyone to a different extent, but not everyone is sympathetic altruists or, on the contrary, convinced egoists and misanthropes.

Thirdly, a measure of the participation of the processes of awareness and comprehension in the functioning of a mental property. Related to this are such features as the level of subjective experience, the degree of controllability and the possibility of self-regulation of the psyche and behavior. Let's say one person understands and accepts his involvement in the work being done, while another does it unconsciously, formally and senselessly. Fourth, the degree of external manifestation, behavioral output of a particular quality. This is the practical, actually vital significance of personality traits. For example, both parents equally sincerely love their child, but one shows it in tenderness and overprotection, and the other in deliberate severity and increased demands.

Measures of their innateness or acquisition, anatomical and physiological norm or deviation, age or professional conditionality can be added to the named parameters of mental qualities.

Thus, the mental space in which the mental properties of a person receive their representation and description is multidimensional, not completely ordered, and in this regard, psychology still has a lot to do for their scientific systematization. One of the brightest domestic psychologists V. D. Nebylitsyn, in particular, believed that the main task of differential psychology is to understand how and why each person differs from another.

In psychology, there are a large number of models of the psychological structure of the personality, which come from different concepts of the psyche and personality, various parameters and tasks of personality gradations. Numerous monographic publications are devoted to an analytical review of such constructions. To solve the problems of our textbook, we use a model of the psychological structure of personality, built on the basis of combining two well-known schemes of Russian psychology, developed first by S. L. Rubinshtein and then by K. K. Platonov (1904–1985).

Basic psychological model of personality proceeds from the methodology of the personality-activity approach, is based on the acceptance of integrity and dynamic contingency, the systemic nature of the structure of the personality and psyche, on the assumption of objective measurability and vital significance of the identified personal parameters. The research task is to understand how and why each person differs from another from the point of view of psychology. This structure includes seven interconnected substructures, each of which is only an accentuated selected aspect, a conditional perspective of considering the many-sided human psyche. Personality is integral, but this does not mean its homogeneity. The selected substructures exist in real unity, but not in identity and not in opposition. They are conditionally singled out only to obtain some analytical scheme, a model of the psyche of a truly holistic person.

Personality is dynamic and at the same time self-sustaining. It transforms the world, and at the same time it transforms itself, i.e. self-changes or develops, realizing purposeful behavior and being itself in a social and objective environment. Personality and activity exist in unity, and this determines the basic direction of the scientific and psychological study of personality.

A. N. Leontiev formulated a detailed and promising methodological triad "activity - consciousness - personality", the specific psychological content of which is revealed in the subsequent chapters of the textbook.

So, in the psychology of personality, the following psychological components are distinguished, or relatively "autonomous" substructures:

• personality orientation (see ch. 5, 7);
• consciousness and self-consciousness (see § 4.2, ch. 6);
• abilities and inclinations (see Ch. 9);
• temperament (see ch. 10);
• character (see ch. 11);
• features of mental processes and states (see ch. 8, 12-18);
• mental experience of the individual (see Chapter 7).

These substructures can be decomposed into more detailed components: blocks, personal formations, individual processes, qualities and properties described by various categories, concepts, terms. Essentially, the entire textbook is devoted to the description of the subject content of these components of the mental make-up of a person.

• Brushlinsky Andrey Vladimirovich (1933–2002) – Doctor of Psychology (1978), Professor (1991), Full Member of the Russian Academy of Education (1992), Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1990), Full Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (1996), Academician of the International Personnel Academy (1997) ). A student and follower of S. L. Rubinshtein. Graduated from the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Moscow State University (1956). Employee of the psychology sector of the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1956–1972); Senior Researcher, Leading Researcher, Head of the Psychology of Thinking Group at the Institute of Psychology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1972–1989); director of the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1989–2002), editor-in-chief of the Psychological Journal of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1988). The author of the concept of continual-genetic psychology of the subject, who created a new version of dialectical logic, a well-known specialist in the field of personality psychology, thinking and pedagogy. Major writings: "Cultural-historical theory of thinking" (1968); "Psychology of thinking and cybernetics" (1970); "On the natural prerequisites for the mental development of man" (1977); "Thinking and forecasting" (1979); "Thinking and Communication" (co-authored; 1990); "Subject, thinking, teaching, imagination" (1996); "Psychology of the subject" (2003).
• Nebylitsyn Vladimir Dmitrievich (1930–1972) – Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences (Psychology) (1966), Professor (1968), Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences (1970). Graduated from the Department of Russian Language, Logic and Psychology of the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University (1952). From 1965 to 1972, he worked as deputy director of the Research Institute of Physical Education and Applied Sciences of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and head of the laboratory of differential psychophysiology. Deputy director and chief Laboratory of Psychophysiology of the Institute of Psychology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Professor of the Department of General and Applied Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Moscow State University (1968–1970). He made a great contribution to the creation of a scientific school of domestic differential psychophysiology; He proved the three-dimensional nature (excitation, inhibition, balance) of the properties of the nervous system and the existence of connections between the strength of the nervous system and sensitivity, with the individual psychological originality of activity and behavior. Main works:"Basic Properties of the Nervous System" (1966); "Psychophysiological Studies of Individual Differences" (1976).