Vessels of the Navy of the USSR. The Soviet Navy was the largest in the world! Heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser "Admiral Gorshkov"
The largest fleet in the world
Magazine "Sea"
Yuri Egorov
World War II ended with the signing of the surrender of Imperial Japan aboard the American battleship Missouri. After a horrific war, the world was left split in two, grouped around the two major military victorious powers: the United States of America and the Soviet Union. Each of the warring parties possessed huge armed forces. Only in the USA did the center of gravity of these forces lean towards strategic aviation (already with atomic bombs on board) and the navy, and in the USSR - towards armored armadas of tank troops and battlefield aviation.
The short-term peace was replaced by an exhausting long-term arms race and the Cold War. The combination of the clear reluctance of the parties to a direct armed conflict and the emergence of nuclear weapons caused the growing "cold war" in the form of a military-industrial confrontation between the two powers.
The coastal and small fleet of the USSR could not in any way be compared with the huge naval potential created by the United States to fight the submarine forces of the Third Reich and the aircraft carrier imperial fleet of Japan in the vastness of the entire oceans. Indeed, by the end of the war, the US Navy had more than a hundred aircraft carriers!
By almost 1946, only two naval powers remained: the United States and Great Britain. During the first post-war decade, the USSR continued to carry out a slightly revised version of the 1937 shipbuilding program. At the suggestion of the General Staff of the USSR Navy (and in fact - Stalin's personal opinion), according to the ten-year plan of 1946, it was planned to build 4 battleships and 10 heavy (actually - battle) cruisers, 84 cruisers, 12 aircraft carriers, 358 destroyers and 495 submarines. In fact, the task was to create a navy in 10 years, if not equal, then at least comparable to the US navy and surpass the British fleet. On October 16, 1946, an amended ten-year military shipbuilding program for 1946-1955 was approved. In accordance with it, it was planned to expand the construction of large surface ships, in particular, four heavy cruisers - the "Stalingrad" type (project 82), 30 light cruisers of the "Chapaev" / "Sverdlov" type (project 68K / 68-bis), 188 destroyers pr.30/41 and 367 submarines.
Surprising was the fact of the continuation of the construction of large artillery ships in the USSR and the complete denial of aircraft carriers. Even the fact that the practically finished German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin was taken into their own hands did not lead to the realization of the need for its comprehensive study and use as a training or experimental ship. However, the dreadnought of the times of the First World War - "Novorossiysk", which had served all the terms of the First World War, remained in the fleet for ten years. 5 Chapaev-class cruisers and 14 Sverdlov-class cruisers were completed (the lead one was commissioned in 1952). 10 destroyers of the "Fire" type (project 30), laid down before the war, also entered service. At the end of the 40s. the construction of the largest series of destroyers in the history of Russia and the USSR (70 units) began. The head, "Skory", entered service on December 21, 1949. Was built in 1955 a prototype of a new ocean destroyer pr. 41 type "Neustrashimy" (1 unit).
The development of the fleet in the first post-war decade resulted in the construction of almost 200 surface warships of the main classes (cruiser - destroyer - patrol ship) and more than 300 diesel-electric submarines (including new projects: 26 large pr. 611, 215 medium pr. 613 and 31 small square pr. A-615). By the end of the 1950s, the USSR navy surpassed the fleet of the "mistress of the seas" in size.
However, the testing of a nuclear bomb in the Soviet Union in 1949, the beginning of the intensive development of missile weapons and the development of nuclear submarines in the United States, as well as the death of Stalin, predetermined the cessation of the construction of large surface ships in the USSR and the beginning of the creation of the Soviet nuclear missile submarine fleet.
The adoption of a virtually new military doctrine (like "nuclear deterrence") under N.S. Khrushchev, relied on the successful development of nuclear missile weapons and the introduction of nuclear energy in the fleet. This allowed the USSR in the second post-war decade to avoid the wasteful quantitative expansion of the fleet and make a qualitative leap in its development. In 1956, 375 warships were mothballed. Looking back, after 40 years, it is worth recognizing the rightness of a sharp reduction in the construction of the surface fleet, in order to save huge amounts of money. During the second post-war stage in the construction of the navy, 19 fundamentally new projects of combat surface ships were created, including large missile ships of the "Trouble" and "Thundering" type, large anti-submarine ships "Komsomolets of Ukraine", missile cruisers of the "Grozny" type ", the first aircraft carrier - the anti-submarine cruiser Moskva, the anti-submarine ship pr.159 and the small anti-submarine ship pr.204, four projects of missile boats, torpedo and patrol boats. These ships became the prototypes of all projects built in the USSR in the next three decades. In fact, from the end of the fifties, with the coming to the leadership of the fleet commander-in-chief S.G. Gorshkov, the creation of an ocean-going nuclear missile fleet, mainly underwater, began. Unfortunately, the appointment of a new Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Navy was marked by one of the biggest tragedies of the navies in the 20th century. On October 29, 1955, the captured battleship Novorossiysk (former Italian Giulio Cesare) capsized and sank from an explosion in the Sevastopol Bay. Together with him, 609 sailors died ... This tragedy became the reason for the second removal from his post of Admiral N.G. Kuznetsov, who headed the USSR fleet during the war years. In contrast to the traditional development strategy of the fleet, in December 1955 it was decided to equip it with light missile ships. However, it should be noted that naval aircraft were the first to receive rocket weapons. The Tu-4K naval bomber armed with the Kometa KS cruise missile, the tests of which were successfully completed on November 21, 1952, became the first missile weapon system adopted by the Soviet Navy.
However, it was 1957 that became the year of the "rocket revolution in the USSR." And not only after the successful launch of the first ever artificial Earth satellite with the famous R-7 rocket, but also in the rearmament of the Soviet Navy. The first of these were the Bedovy-type DBK (project 56R) and specially designed large missile ships (BRK) of the Thundering type (project 57). The test of cruise missiles (CR) KSCH from the board of the missile ship "Badovy" (project 56E) took place in the Black Sea on February 2, 1957.
Created on the basis of destroyers pr.56, missile ships of the "Bad" type (4 units) had one launcher of cruise missiles KShch (7-8 missiles). Project 57 DBKs were built in a series of 8 units (the lead one was commissioned on June 30, 1960) and equipped with 2 launchers and 12 cruise missiles. At the same time, on the basis of the re-equipment of the same basic project, air defense missile ships of the Bravy type (Project 56K and serial Project 56A) were created, which were armed with the first serial ship-based anti-aircraft missile system Volna. At the end of the 50s, cruisers of the Sverdlov type - Dzerzhinsky (SAM Volkhov) and Admiral Nakhimov (UKR Strela) were modernized for missile systems.
However, unlike the United States, the modernization of artillery ships into missile ships was not developed in the Soviet fleet. A fundamentally new type of missile ship was the Grozny-class missile cruisers (Project 58), which were originally built as destroyers. The project of these ships, built at the Shipyard named after. A.A. Zhdanov (Leningrad) with a series of 4 units, was developed under the direction of V.A. Nikitin. With an extremely small displacement (total - 5400 tons), they carried 16 P-35 cruise missiles (development of the P-5 type) and 16 Volna anti-aircraft missiles. The lead one, Grozny, was put into operation on December 30, 1962. A new type of light missile ships, originally TFR, and then BOD pr.61, was developed by B.I. Kupensky. The lead one, "Komsomolets Ukrainy", was built in Nikolaev and entered service a day later than the RRC "Grozny". These were the world's first mass-produced (20 units) destroyer-class gas turbine ships equipped with Volna air defense systems (32 missiles). One of the ships of this type - BOD "Brave" was killed by an explosion in 1974 near Sevastopol. Ships of this type became the largest warships built for export to the USSR in a series of 5 units for India. However, submarines and missile boats remained the main carriers of missile weapons in the Soviet Navy.
On July 4, 1958, a new era began in the history of the Navy - the lead nuclear submarine K-3 (project 627) under the command of cap. 1 rank L.G. Osipenko passed the first miles of the nuclear submarine fleet using the energy of a nuclear reactor. However, the submarine fleet had already received missile and nuclear weapons by this date. The first weapons with nuclear warheads (torpedoes and P-5 cruise missiles) were placed on board medium-sized diesel-electric ships. project 613 (13 units were modernized for cruise missiles) and large square. project 611 (6 units were upgraded for ballistic missiles). Nuclear torpedoes were tested from a submarine (submarine) pr. 613 in 1955. The first successful launches of R-11FM ballistic missiles capable of carrying combat nuclear units took place on September 16, 1955 from the submarine B-67 (project V- 611). The complex of cruise missiles P-5, created in the design bureau of V.N. Chelomeya, was also successfully tested on November 22, 1957 from the S-146 submarine (Project 613).
At the second stage, nuclear submarines armed with cruise missiles became the main force of the USSR submarine fleet. 50 submarines with RCC were built (atomic submarines pr. 659/675 - 34 units and diesel-electric submarines pr. 651 - 16 units) and 31 pl. with SLBMs (nuclear according to project 658 - 8 units and 23 units of diesel-electric submarines project 629). The most numerous Soviet nuclear pl. in the 60s, Project 675 boats began, which had eight on-board containers for cruise missiles, reminiscent of Dzhevetsky's torpedo tubes on Bars from the First World War. 14 nuclear-powered torpedo submarines were built. By the end of 1966, the Soviet submarine fleet was armed with 364 cruise missiles and 105 ballistic missiles (in the USA - 656). The first launches of the KR P-15, created at the Raduga design bureau, took place on board two experimental missile boats, project 183E, built at shipyard No. 5 (now Almaz), on October 16, 1957. built since 1959 (a series of 112 units was built), and since 1960 a new project 205 armed with 4 P-15 cruise missiles. In total, 427 missile boats of this project were built (for export from 1963 to 1985 - 157 boats of various modifications). Soviet missile boats revolutionized naval affairs. And their combat use was only a matter of time. On October 21, 1967, the Israeli destroyer "Eilat" was sunk by 4 missiles P-15 of the Soviet-built project 183R missile boat of the United Arab Republic. This event, in terms of its significance in the history of military operations at sea, can be compared with the first combat use of mine boats and submarines. By the end of the 1960s, the appearance of several hundred missile boats in the combat composition of the USSR Navy made it possible to be ahead of the NATO navies in this class by a decade and create a cheap and reliable class of combat coastal surface ship.
By the end of the second stage (1957-66) of the creation of the nuclear missile fleet, there were 29 missile surface ships in the USSR Navy (67 in the US Navy). During this period, 4 cruisers, 49 destroyers, 105 TFRs and MPKs, 56 nuclear submarines, 102 diesel-electric submarines were built. In terms of the number of nuclear and missile submarines, by the end of the 60s, the Soviet Union surpassed the United States of America. Cruise missiles on board the ships of the USSR, even without missile boats, more than 500 units were placed. However, in terms of the number of ballistic and anti-aircraft missiles, the Soviet fleet lagged behind the US fleet several times.
Unfortunately, with the coming to power of L.I. Brezhnev, an arms race unjustified in peacetime, including naval arms, began. At the third stage of the development of the navy in the USSR (1967-1991), the construction of warships began at a rate exceeding the American one. The largest navy in the world in terms of displacement and the number of warships was built. In terms of the number of weapons placed on board the ships (excluding aviation weapons), the USSR also surpassed the United States. Since the mid-1960s, in fulfillment of the new Brezhnev-Grechko-Gorshkov armed forces building program, intensive construction of large surface ships was launched on the "ship for ship" principle. Almost the entire series of heavy aircraft carrier cruisers of the "Kyiv" type was put into operation year after year with the American nuclear aircraft carriers of the "Nimitz" type. During the first decade (1967-1975), while the Vietnam War was going on, the US Navy, on the contrary, sharply reduced the construction of warships. The break in the construction of aircraft carriers was 8 years, cruisers - 7 years, and destroyers as much as 11 years. However, the break in the construction of missile submarines was even longer, and amounted to 14 years!
Since the commissioning of the USSR Navy on November 5, 1967, the first strategic missile submarine K-137 "Leninets", designed by S.N. Kovalev, the construction of the world's largest series of projects 667A, B, BD, BDR, BDRM - 77 units has begun. Together with 6 of the world's largest heavy missile submarines of project 941 - "Akula", armed with 20 90-ton ICBMs, the number of strategic missile carriers of the USSR exceeded the United States by almost one and a half times. Already with the commissioning in December 1972 of the first missile nuclear submarine K-279 of the Murena type (project 667B) with the R-29 SLBM with a firing range of 7800 km, which is 1.5 times superior to the American Poseidon missile, the Soviet Navy overtook the US Navy by 7 (!) years (the Trident-I missile system entered service only in 1979). Over the past two decades, the Soviet Navy has been able not only to catch up with the US Navy in terms of the number of combat surface ships, but also to dramatically overtake the number of submarines, including nuclear submarines. 80 nuclear submarines were built (including 7 heavy submarine cruisers with RCC) and 110 combat surface ships of the oceanic zone of action: 5 aircraft carriers, 3 heavy nuclear cruisers, 1 nuclear ship of the measuring complex, 42 missile cruisers and BOD of the 1st rank (cruisers, according to NATO classification), 42 BODs and TFRs of the 2nd rank (destroyers).
The costs of creating a navy in the USSR were unreasonably high. The main reason for this was the variety of ships. If you look at the table, you can see that only 10 (!) times more submarine projects were developed in the USSR than in the USA.
This table clearly shows that the displacement of the Soviet naval armada exceeded the US Navy by 17%.
The basis of the USSR military fleet was the nuclear submarines of project 671RTM and RT - 33 units and 12 nuclear submarines of project 670 and 670M. The most powerful were 7 units of project 949 and 949A missile submarines, each of which had the ability to destroy a US aircraft carrier group.
The USSR fleet also included 12 nuclear submarines with titanium alloy hulls, including the fastest in the world (project 661) and the deepest (project 685).
The first specially designed ship with aviation weapons (ship-based helicopters Ka-25) and the first anti-submarine missiles "Whirlwind" - the anti-submarine cruiser "Moskva" was commissioned in 1967. In 1975, the first cruiser with aviation weapons "Kyiv" was commissioned "with Yak-38 vertical takeoff aircraft. This aircraft made its first takeoff from the deck of the Moskva anti-ship missile on November 18, 1972. In total, 4 aircraft carrier cruisers pr.1143 (Kyiv, Minsk, Novorossiysk, Admiral Gorshkov) (formerly Baku "). The service life of the ships of this series was short. The first Russian aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov", laid down in 1982, entered combat service in the Atlantic with great difficulty only 13 years later (!).
On November 1, 1989, the first "classic" landing of combat aircraft (Su-27K, MiG-29K, Su-25UTG) on its deck took place in the history of the Russian fleet. On March 27, 1974, a unique warship was laid down at the Baltic Shipyard in Leningrad - the Kirov heavy nuclear missile cruiser (project 1144, chief designer - B.I. Kupensky). The entry of the cruiser "Kirov" into service on December 30, 1980, in terms of its historical significance, can be compared with the entry into operation in 1907 of the English battleship "Dreadnought". The ship, with a nuclear installation, equipped with two of the latest missile systems that have no analogues abroad - the anti-ship "Granit" (20 missiles) and the anti-aircraft missile (multi-purpose) "Fort" (96 S-300 missiles), was essentially a prototype of the ship "arsenal type", the construction of which is only expected at the beginning of the XXI century in the United States. Ships of this type were classified as battlecruisers according to the classification of the Jane's Fighting Ships directory (this most respected naval directory in the world turns 100 years old in 1997).
Despite the fact that the first surface ship with a nuclear power plant in the USSR appeared back in 1959 - the nuclear icebreaker "Lenin", which was a significant recognition of the importance of developing sea routes in the Arctic, the USSR Navy received the first nuclear warship 20 years later than the Navy USA. In total, 4 such ships were built: "Kirov", "Frunze", "Kalinin" and "Peter the Great", the state tests of which began with great difficulty on September 28, 1996 (10 years after the laying).
In parallel with the construction of this type of cruisers, a unique ship of the measuring complex with a nuclear power plant "Ural" (project 1941), the largest nuclear-powered surface ship of the USSR Navy, with a total displacement of 35,000 tons, was built at the Baltic Shipyard. The fate of this unique ship, which is of strategic importance not only for the Russian Navy, but also for the security of Russia, unfortunately, turned out to be the same as that of the Krasnoyarsk radar station and other strategic objects of Russia. The newest and very expensive ship is supposed to be used as a power plant for Vladivostok. Truly, the Pacific Fleet of Russia at the end of the century became the same grave of warships as the waters of the Tsushima Strait in 1905.
In general, the construction of the surface fleet of the USSR Navy was unjustifiably wasteful and illogical. For example, the urgent need to build large aircraft carriers was ignored, without which the fleet was simply unable to conduct full-fledged combat operations in the conditions of both local military conflicts and unlimited nuclear war. At the same time, the surface fleet was replenished with 4 (!) Types of cruisers at the same time. Almost every shipyard built its own type of ship (with the exception of the Shipyard named after A.A. Zhdanov, which built two types in parallel: project 956 and project 1155). At the same time, only one type of cruiser was built in wealthy America - the Ticonderoga, and even then it was unified with its prototype - destroyers of the Spruence type.
Diversity has become a common problem not only in shipbuilding. The weapons and electronic equipment systems that were on board the Soviet ships were also very diverse. Over the past two decades, 45 types of warships (PL-AV-KR-EM-SKR) were put into operation in the USSR, and 16 types in the USA. 30 types of missiles were adopted for the armament of ships (without aviation), in the USA - only 10 types.
The navies of the two powers had a clearly expressed asymmetry in the ship composition. If the USSR has more than half of the submarine fleet, then in the USA 40% of the displacement of the fleet are aircraft carriers and landing ships. Total displacement built in the USA during 1971-90. aircraft carriers exceeded the displacement of all built submarines (!) and was almost equal to the displacement of all other combat surface ships (see table). Large aircraft carrier ships are the most effective combat platform in the ocean, capable of both effective control over the air and sea situation in vast areas, and intensive combat operations to gain air supremacy in local wars and become a forward base for nuclear weapons in the event of a war with its application. They are capable of performing the entire range of combat activities: from the policy of demonstration of force and intimidation to the performance of local combat missions anywhere on Earth. Somalia, Iraq, Bosnia - these are the countries off the coast of which US aircraft carriers have operated in the last few years alone. In addition to being the most versatile warship, an aircraft carrier is also the cheapest (!) type of such ships in terms of cost-effectiveness. The cost of building one ton of displacement of an aircraft carrier is almost 5 times lower than that of nuclear submarines or cruisers.
The Soviet fleet was built on the basis of a general nuclear war, in which nuclear submarines had the greatest combat stability, the use of which in local wars is more problematic.
During the third stage, the Soviet fleet began to be intensively replenished with ocean-going anti-submarine ships of the 3rd generation: large anti-submarine ships (BPK) of the Vladivostok, Kronstadt, and Nikolaev types, which actually revived the traditions of domestic construction of cruisers. In total, until 1979, 25 units of these projects were built (8 with cruise missiles and 17 with anti-submarine missiles). During the 80s and early 90s, three Slava-class missile cruisers (project 1164), 13 large Udaloy-class anti-submarine ships (the last 2 according to a modified project), 20 destroyers of the 1st rank type "Modern" (project 956). Ships of the 2nd rank of the "Vigilant" type (project 1135), built in several modifications in a series of 41 units, became the basis of the naval forces of the USSR and Russia. Among them are 7 patrol ships of the border troops of the "Nerei" type (project 1135.1). The last 2 ships of this series have already become part of the Ukrainian Navy. The coastal "small" fleet was actively replenished with small anti-submarine ships of the Albatross type (project 1124 - 72 units), a project of warships that had been under construction for almost thirty years.
To develop the class of missile boats, the Central Design Bureau "Almaz" developed a small missile ship of project 1234, the lead "Storm" entered service in September 1970. The ship, unlike missile boats, is equipped with a more powerful missile system "Malachite" (6 missiles P -120) and the Osa-M air defense system. Over the past decade, more than 100 units of small missile and anti-submarine ships of various modifications of the Molniya type (the base pr. .206.
The main disadvantage of the Soviet patrol, small missile and anti-submarine ships should be considered the lack of airborne weapons in the form of light helicopters. This shortcoming manifested itself especially clearly in project 1135. Virtually no Western ship of this class was built without standard helicopter armament or at least a runway.
The construction of landing ships, the need for which was so acutely felt during the war years, began almost only twenty years after its end. In 1968, the first large landing ship, project 1171, was built from a series of 14 units. The total number of large and medium landing ships by 1991 exceeded 100 units. The main landing craft of the USSR Navy were medium landing ships pr.770, 771, 773, built in Poland. The fleet included only 3 large landing ships with dock chambers of the Ivan Rogov type (Project 1174). Ships, ships and boats with dynamic support principles received special development in the Soviet naval, and even in the civilian sea and river fleet. Four large series of landing ships and hovercraft were put into operation: the Skat type (project 1205) - 30 units, the Kalmar type (project 1206) - 19 units, the Jeyran type (pr. 1232.1) - 18 units. and the most powerful type "Zubr" (project 1232.2) - in Russia 8 units (the last 2 unfinished went to Ukraine). A special merit in the creation of the majority of hydrofoils, starting with the famous "Rocket" - created in the same significant year 1957, belongs to the designers of the Krasnoye Sormovo shipyard under the leadership of Rostislav Alekseev. The same team, for the first time in the world, created for the Navy a series of experimental and combat ekranoplanes, the analogue of which has not been created in any country in the world to this day. The world's largest experimental ekranoplan KM-1 was created and began testing as early as 1965. Serial ekranoplans (chief designer V.V. Sokolov) were built in Nizhny Novgorod. Type "Dragon" (project 904) - 5 units and type "Lun" (project 902) - 2 units (the second - missile, with the "Mosquito" complex of 6 launchers).
Among the ships with dynamic support principles, missile and anti-submarine ships with controlled hydrofoils stood out - RTOs of the Uragan type (project 1240), 2 small missile ships of the Sivuch skeg type (project 1239), MPK of the Sokol type (pr. 1141) and its development 2 units project 1145.
Mine-sweeping warships were greatly developed in the Soviet fleet, which was caused by the considerable length of the country's coastline and the closeness of maritime theaters of potential military operations. Ensuring the combat service of the navy and research activities to create and improve modern weapons and detection systems required the creation of a significant number of research ships (oceanographic, ships of physical fields and carriers of underwater vehicles). The Soviet Navy operated the world's largest number of research vessels (EOS), reconnaissance vessels (SVs) and submersibles.
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the development of the Russian Navy, in addition to the loss of a significant number of naval bases, ship repair enterprises and training centers, has been determined by residual funding and the absence of a program for its restructuring and reduction. The allocated funds constantly, over the past five years, have not been enough not only for the qualitative development of the fleet in the minimum required amount, but also for its elementary maintenance. And this is not surprising. The economic potential of Russia and the value of its military spending over the specified period decreased several times, however, there was no corresponding reduction in the strength of the Russian Navy. No program was adopted for the conservation of surplus naval personnel and their targeted sale abroad, namely as combat units, and not as scrap metal.
The Russian navy suffered heavy losses from the lack of a normal basing system and the lack of scheduled ship repairs. For 5 years, at a time when the public circles of the country were actively discussing, and the leadership of the country and the fleet were intensively dividing the ships of the Black Sea Fleet that were absolutely unnecessary for Russia (the ship composition of the remaining three fleets of Russia is at least three times more than what the Russian fleet could actually contain), a significant number of very modern ships were withdrawn from the fleet, which for many years could form the backbone of the Russian fleet (aircraft carrier cruisers Kyiv, Minsk, Novorossiysk, Admiral Gorshkov, nuclear cruisers Admiral Ushakov "and" Admiral Lazarev "). Only in the last few years, after fires and accidents and the impossibility of repairing them, several large warships were withdrawn from the fleet - TAKR "Admiral Gorshkov", KIK "Ural", BOD "Admiral Zakharov", etc. Even during the Civil War and subsequent the devastation had saved the most valuable ships of the fleet.
The latest statements by the country's leadership about the planned completion of the aircraft carrier "Varyag", plundered according to eyewitnesses, to a terrifying state, are another political demarche, not supported by any calculations. It was much easier and cheaper to keep what they had.
One of the very negative consequences of the mistakes of reforms in recent years has been the destruction of the maritime component of the country's economic power. The possibilities of shipbuilding, which was militarized in past years to the limit, have not been used even by a tenth, the country's maritime transportation is 95% carried out by ships of foreign countries, marine instrumentation is practically paralyzed ... It is imperative to preserve the technology for the development and construction of warships, incl. development of new weapon systems, electronic equipment and engines. Although, according to many experts, in a number of areas of science and technology, the irreversible destruction of the scientific and production potential has already occurred.
In recent years, two nuclear submarines of two new unified projects have been laid down in Russia - the strategic missile carrier "Yuri Dolgoruky" (1996) and the nuclear multi-purpose submarine "Severodvinsk" (1994). The last Delfin-class missile submarine (K-407, project 667BDRM) was completed. 4 heavy nuclear submarines pr.949A - "Orel", "Omsk", "Kursk", "Tomsk" were put into operation; 2 nuclear submarines pr.945A - "Zubatka" and "Perch"; 6 low-noise nuclear submarines pr.971 - "Dragon", "Wolf", "Leopard", "Tiger", "Lynx", "Vepr". Diesel-electric submarines of an improved type "Varshavyanka" (project 636) and "Lada" (project 677) are being built.
In the year of the 300th anniversary of the Russian fleet, at the cost of great efforts, the nuclear cruiser "Peter the Great" was finally completed and enlisted in the Northern Fleet.
From surface ships at the Yantar plant, the TFR of the new project Hawk (project 11540) - Undaunted was built, laid down - Unstoppable (1993). 6 EM pr.956 were put into operation - "Restless", "Persistent", "Fearless", "Important", "Thoughtful", "Wild" and BOD "Admiral Chabanenko".
At the Zelenodolsk shipbuilding plant, three Gepard-type patrol ships (project 11661) were laid down. Design Bureau "Almaz" created a new project of the TFR of the "Novik" type (project 1244), the lead one was laid down on July 25, 1997 at the Yantar plant. It is planned that this small (3,000 tons, length - 100 meters) patrol ship, equipped with universal artillery, anti-aircraft, anti-submarine and strike missiles and, most importantly, a hangar-based helicopter, will become the basis of the Russian ocean fleet at the beginning of the 21st century.
Taking into account the vast extent of Russia's maritime borders, the urgent need for the new fleet is the comprehensive development of naval carrier-based aviation. Adoption of new types of helicopters (light patrol and multi-purpose), armed with modern detection systems and weapons, ensuring their deployment on most patrol ships of the fleet will solve most of the problems of protecting water areas and maritime borders of the country. Russia, probably like no other country in the world, needs modern naval carrier-based aviation: from light helicopters to multi-purpose carrier-based aircraft. And, of course, low-noise, reliable nuclear and non-nuclear submarines of unified designs should remain the backbone of the fleet. One of the main arguments of the apologists for a large navy in terms of payroll is the need for each fleet to have a number of ships equal to the payroll of the fleets of neighboring states. Based on these prerequisites, the Russian fleet should be equal in composition to the fleet of Germany, Norway, Turkey and China or Japan. Even elementary common sense suggests that this is impossible in the foreseeable future, and it is not necessary in principle. Russia needs the smallest possible navy.
And its maritime potential needs to be developed in the areas of offshore raw material extraction technology, maritime transport and fishing fleet, port facilities, civil shipbuilding, mariculture and seaside tourism.
Varyag (until June 19, 1990 - "Riga"), heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser of project 1143.6December 6, 1985 laid down at the Black Sea shipyard in Nikolaev
(serial number 106), launched on November 25, 1988.
In 1992, with 67% technical readiness, construction was suspended, the ship was mothballed.
In 1993, under an agreement between Ukraine and Russia, the Varyag went to Ukraine.
In April 1998, it was sold to Chong Lot Travel Agency Ltd for $20 million.
- at the cost of the finished order of 5-6 billion dollars.
Since 2008 - renamed "Shi Lang"
basic information
Type: Aircraft carrier
Flag State: Chinese Flag China
Home port: Dalian
Construction started: December 6, 1985
Launched: November 25, 1988
Commissioned: not completed
Current status: sold
Kyiv is a heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser of the Northern Fleet of the Navy of the USSR (USSR Navy).
It was built from 1970 to 1975 in Nikolaev at the Black Sea Shipyard.
In 1993, due to a lack of funds for operation and repair, a significant development of the resource of weapons, mechanisms and equipment, it was withdrawn from the fleet, after which it was disarmed and sold to the government of the PRC. In early 1994, it was towed to Qinhuangdao, where it was converted into a museum.
In September 2003, the Kyiv was towed to Tianjin.
basic information
Type: TAKR
Shipyard: Chernomorsky shipyard in Nikolaev (USSR, now Ukraine)
Construction started: July 21, 1970
Launched: December 26, 1972
Commissioned: December 28, 1975
Withdrawn from the fleet: June 30, 1993
Current status: sold Chinese company in the amusement park.
Minsk is a heavy aircraft carrier cruiser of the Black Sea Fleet of the USSR Navy, and later - the Russian Navy.
"Minsk" was launched on September 30, 1975.
Entered service in 1978.
In November 1978, it would be included in the Pacific Fleet.
In 1993, a decision was made to disarm the "Minsk", its exclusion from the Russian Navy with transfer to the OFI for dismantling and sale. In August 1994, after the ceremonial lowering of the Naval flag, it was disbanded.
At the end of 1995, Minsk was towed to South Korea to cut its hull into metal. After the aircraft carrier was resold to the Chinese company Shenzhen Minsk Aircraft Carrier Industry Co Ltd. In 2006, when the company went bankrupt, Minsk became part of the Minsk World military park in Shenzhen. On March 22, 2006, the aircraft carrier was put up for auction, but there were no buyers. On May 31, 2006, the aircraft carrier was put up for auction again and was sold for 128 million yuan.
basic information
Type: TAKR.
Flag state: Flag of the USSR USSR.
Shipyard: Chernomorsky shipyard.
Launched: September 30, 1975.
Withdrawn from the fleet: June 30, 1993.
Current status: sold to the entertainment center.
Novorossiysk - an aircraft carrier of the Black Sea and Pacific Fleets of the Navy of the USSR (USSR Navy) in 1978-1991.
For the first time in the USSR, an aircraft carrier was designed to accommodate troops on board, receive heavy transport helicopters and base Yak-38P fighters.
Built from 1975 to 1978 in a shipyard in Nikolaev (Chernomorsky shipyard, director Gankevich). Changes made to the project during construction delayed the commissioning date until 1982. Since 1978, it was launched and completed in a floating state.
On August 15, 1982, the Naval flag of the USSR was solemnly raised on the ship, and on November 24 it was included in the Red Banner Pacific Fleet.
basic information
Type: aircraft carrier
Flag state: Flag of the USSR USSR
Launched: December 26, 1978
Withdrawn from the fleet: 1991
Current status: sold South Korea
Heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser "Admiral Gorshkov"
(until October 4, 1990 it was called "Baku", then renamed "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Gorshkov", but recently in official documents it is referred to in a simplified form as "Admiral Gorshkov") - Soviet and Russian heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser, the only ship of project 1143.4 , sold to India on January 20, 2004. On March 5, 2004, the cruiser was excluded from the combat strength of the Russian Navy, the current name was canceled, and the Andreevsky flag was solemnly lowered. At present, the ship, after a complete restructuring, has been commissioned into the Indian Navy as the Vikramaditya aircraft carrier and is being completed afloat, at one of the berths of the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise.
basic information
Type: Heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser project 1143.4
Flag State: Flag of Russia Russia
Launched: 1987
Withdrawn from the fleet: 2004
Current status: sold India January 20, 2004
"Ulyanovsk" (order S-107) - Soviet heavy nuclear aircraft carrier with a displacement of 75,000 tons, Project 1143.7.
Laid down on the slipway of the Black Sea Shipbuilding Plant on November 25, 1988, construction was stopped in 1991. By the end of 1991, most of the hull of the nuclear aircraft carrier was formed, but after the cessation of funding, the ship, which was ready by almost a third, was cut on the slipway. The metal intended for the second ship of this type also went into remelting.
Ulyanovsk, which was supposed to become the flagship of the Navy, was supposed to have an air group, including up to 70 vehicles, such as helicopters and Su-27K, Su-25, Yak-141 and Yak-44 aircraft. The ship was equipped with two catapults, a springboard and an arrester. To store the aircraft below deck, there was a hangar measuring 175 × 32 × 7.9 m. They were lifted onto the flight deck using 3 lifts with a carrying capacity of 50 tons each (2 on the starboard side and 1 on the port side). The Luna optical landing system was located in the aft part.
It was supposed to build 4 ships. On October 4, 1988, the lead "Ulyanovsk" (serial number 107) was included in the lists of ships of the Navy and on November 25 was laid down at the Black Sea Shipyard No. 444 in Nikolaev. Commissioning was planned for December 1995.
basic information
Type: Heavy aircraft carrier cruiser
Flag state: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of the USSR
Home port: Sevastopol
Current status: disposed of
"Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov"
He is the "Soviet Union" (project),
aka "Riga" (bookmark),
he is "Leonid Brezhnev" (launching),
aka "Tbilisi" (tests))
- heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser of project 1143.5, the only one in the Russian Navy in its class (as of 2009). Designed to destroy large surface targets, protect naval formations from attacks by a potential enemy.
Named after Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov, Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union. Built in Nikolaev, at the Black Sea shipyard.
During cruises, Su-25UTG and Su-33 aircraft of the 279th Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment (home base - Severomorsk-3) and Ka-27 and Ka-29 helicopters of the 830th Separate Shipborne Anti-Submarine Helicopter Regiment (base airfield - Severomorsk-1).
December 5, 2007 "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov" led a detachment of warships that set off on a campaign in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
Thus, the Russian Navy resumed its presence in the oceans.
Large anti-submarine ships of the "Komsomolets of Ukraine" type (project 61, NATO code - Kashin).
As of 2009, the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Navy has only one (SKR "Sharp-witted") of the 20 ships of the project that became part of the Soviet Navy in the period from 1962 to 1973. The remaining 19 ships are currently decommissioned and dismantled for metal.
No. Name Shipyard Laid down Launched In service Decommissioned Fleet
1. Komsomolets of Ukraine Nikolaev 09/15/1959 12/31/1960 12/31/1962 06/24/1991 H
2. Smart Nikolaev 07/20/1960 11/04/1961 12/26/1963 07/03/1992 H, S
3. Agile Nikolaev 02/10/1961 04/21/1962 12/25/1964 08/21/1990 H
4. Fire Leningrad 05/05/1962 05/31/1963 12/31/1964 04/25/1989 B,S
5. Exemplary Leningrad 07/29/1963 02/23/1964 09/29/1965 06/30/1993 B
6. Gifted Leningrad 01/22/1963 09/11/1964 12/30/1965 04/19/1990 S, T
7. Brave Nikolaev 08/10/1963 10/17/1964 12/31/1965 11/12/1974† H
8. Glorious Leningrad 07/26/1964 04/24/1965 09/30/1966 06/24/1991 B
9. Slender Nikolaev 03/20/1964 07/28/1965 12/15/1966 04/12/1990 C
10. Guarding Leningrad 07/26/1964 02/20/1966 12/21/1966 06/30/1993 T
11. Red Caucasus Nikolaev 11/25/1964 02/09/1966 09/25/1967 05/01/1998 H
12. Resolute Nikolaev 06/25/1965 06/30/1966 12/30/1967 11/01/1989 H
13. Smart Nikolaev 08/15/1965 10/22/1966 09/27/1968 02/22/1993 C
14. Strict Nikolaev 02/22/1966 04/29/1967 12/24/1968 06/30/1993 T
15. Sharp-witted Nikolaev 07/15/1966 08/26/1967 09/25/1969 - H
16. Brave Nikolaev 11/15/1966 02/06/1968 12/27/1969 03/05/1988 B, B
17. Red Crimea Nikolaev 02/23/1968 02/28/1969 10/15/1970 06/24/1993 H
18. Capable Nikolaev 03/10/1969 04/11/1970 09/25/1971 01/06/1993 T
19. Fast Nikolaev 04/20/1970 02/26/1971 09/23/1972 11/22/1997 H
20. Restrained Nikolaev 03/10/1971 02/25/1972 12/30/1973 05/29/1991 H
21. DD51 Rajput (Reliable) Nikolaev 09/11/1976 09/17/1977 11/30/1979 05/04/1980 India
22. DD52 Rana (Destructive) Nikolaev 11/29/1976 09/27/1978 09/30/1981 02/10/1982 India
23. DD53 Ranjit (Nimble) Nikolaev 06/29/1977 06/16/1979 07/20/1983 11/24/1983 India
24. DD54 Ranvir (Solid) Nikolaev 10/24/1981 03/12/1983 12/30/1985 10/28/1986 India
25. DD55 Ranjivay (Tolkovy) Nikolaev 03/19/1982 02/01/1986 02/01/1986 01/15/1988 India
Anti-submarine cruisers-helicopter carriers.
Moscow - sold to India, cut into scrap metal.
Leningrad - they were taken in tow to India, where they were butchered for metal.
Project 1164 cruisers
"Moscow" - (former name - "Glory") is the flagship of the Black Sea Fleet
"Marshal Ustinov" - part of the Northern Fleet.
Varyag is the flagship of the Pacific Fleet.
"Ukraine"(former "Admiral of the Fleet Lobov")
In 1993, he became part of the Ukrainian Navy, the decision to complete it was made in 1998, but Ukraine cannot put it into operation, and therefore the cruiser is standing at the pier, options for selling the cruiser are being considered.
Total:
-Out of SEVEN heavy aircraft-carrying cruisers, ONE is ready to defend Russia.
Five SOLD.
One has been disposed of.
Of two anti-submarine cruisers-helicopter carriers
SOLD TWO.
From 20 BOD (project 61)
19 ships decommissioned and dismantled on metal.
Of the four missile cruisers of project 1164
3 active.
1 on pre-sale stage.
P.p.s.:
CONSTRUCTED and under construction ships and submarines of the Russian Navy:
in recent years:
Etc. 20380 "Guarding" Russia, 2008 Corvette --- 2 built + 2 under construction
Etc. 22460 Rubin Russia 2009 PSKR --- 1 built
Etc. 22350 "Admiral Gorshkov" Russia 2011 Frigate --- 2 under construction (not to be confused with the aircraft carrier "A. Gorshkov" of the same name!))
Etc. 21630 Buyan Russia 2007 MAK (small artillery ship) --- 1 built in 2006 +2 under construction
Etc. 20370 Russia, 2001 Communication boat --- 4 built
Etc. 20180 Zvezdochka Russia, 2007 PTS --- 1 in 2007 +1 under construction 5-6 units are expected in the series. minimum
Etc. 20120 Russia, 2008 Experimental diesel-electric submarine 1 built by SF - B-90 "Sarov"
Etc. 18280 Russia, 2004 Communication ship 1 built by Admiral Yu. Ivanov, +1 under construction. SSV, that is, scout
Etc. 11711 "Ivan Gren" Russia, 2012 BDK (large landing ship) 1 under construction +5 in the future Baltic Fleet
Etc. 16810 Russia, 2007 Deep submersible 2 built by "Rus" and "Consul"
Etc. 14230 Sokzhoy Russia, 2002 PC 2 built
Etc. 1244.1 Grom Russia, 2009 TFR 1 in 2009 now Borodino, training ship
Etc. 1431 "Mirage" Russia, 2001 PK 3 BF - 2, KF - 1.
Etc. 1166.1 "Gepard" Russia, 2001 MPK 2 built by "Tatarstan" and "Dagestan" Series - 10.
Etc. 1244.1 "Thunder" Russia, 2011 Frigate 1 by 2011
Etc. 266.8 "Agat" Russia, 2007 MT 1 built by the Baltic Fleet (= project 02268 "Adm. Zakharyin" delivered to the Black Sea Fleet)
Etc. 10410/2 "Fireflyak" of the USSR, 1987 PC, about thirty were built in total, of which about ten since the early 2000s. 1 is under construction.
Etc. 955/A Borey/Kasatka Russia, 2007 SSBN 1 built + 3 under construction, preparing to lay down 1
Etc. 885 "Ash" Russia, 2010 SSGN 1 is almost built. 1 is under construction. It is planned to bookmark 1 more during the year.
Etc. 677 Lada Russia, 2010 DPLT 1 built. 3 are under construction.
Etc. 10830 "Wicket" Russia, 2003 AGS 1 built
PLANNED FOR CONSTRUCTION:
Etc. 677 Lada Russia, 2010 DPLT 3 under construction 4 by 2015. Planned to build 20-25 so far.
Etc. 955 / A "Borey" / "Kasatka" Russia, 2007 SSBNs 1 + 3 laid down Planned construction from 5 to 8
Etc. 885 Yasen Russia, 2010 SSGN 1 under construction, 1 laid down At least 10 planned
Etc. 20180 Zvyozdochka Russia, 2007 PTS 1 in 2007 +1 under construction 6 in the future
20380 "Ave. Steregushchiy» Russia, 2008 Planned construction of 20
Etc. 21630 "Buyan" Russia, 2007 MAK 1 in 2006 +2 KF are under construction
Construction is planned from 5 to 7-15 until 2020.
Etc. 22350 Admiral Gorshkov Russia, 2011 Frigate 1 under construction + 1 laid down Planned construction 20
Links in addition:
1) Nuclear submarine "Project 210" "Losharik" built in 2003
http://www.newsru.ru/russia/12aug2003/losharik.html
2) In 2008, the Caspian Flotilla (CF) of Russia received two small landing boats "Serna" and 1 for the Black Sea Fleet (plan - 30 pieces). A total of 7 pieces were built, one is under construction.
http://prospekta.net.ru/np11770.html
3) A new generation patrol ship for the Border Guard was launched
http://www.itar-tasskuban.ru/news.php?news=2302
In total, the order for the PV is 20 ships of this type; in November 2009, an icebreaker patrol ship for the PV, with a displacement of 1000 tons, was commissioned.
plus for the PV, another order of 30 PSKA boats pr.
4) The program for the restoration of heavy missile cruisers of the "Kirov" type (project 1144 and its modifications).
Now the Russian Navy has one nuclear-powered missile cruiser, Peter the Great. The possibility of restoring and modernizing the nuclear cruiser Admiral Nakhimov, as well as Admiral Lazarev, is being discussed. According to Vladimir Popovkin, the Ministry of Defense considers it expedient to have up to three such ships in the Navy: one of them will be in the Pacific Fleet and two in the Northern.
http://www.oborona.ru/1001/1010/index.shtml?id=4213
Addition to the list.
For the Russian Navy, the following are still being built:
* Base minesweeper project 12700 "Alexandrite". Currently, two ships of this project are being built. Note - minesweepers, mine seekers, and not ordinary MT
* Project 21820 "Dugong" air cavity small landing craft.
Currently, one ship of this project is being built, an order for up to ten Dugongs has been announced.
*Project 18280 communications vessel. Currently, one vessel of this project is being built, an order for a total of two vessels of project 18280 has been announced.
*Rescue vessel of project 21300C. Currently, one vessel of this type is being built, an order for a total of four vessels of project 21300C has been announced.
* Rescue vessel "Igor Belousov"
JSC "Admiralty Shipyards" is under construction. Laid down December 24, 2005. Delivery to the fleet was announced for 2011.
*Sea transport of weapons of project 21130 "Diskant". One ship of this project is currently under construction. Laid down in 2008, delivery in 2011.
*Marine transport of weapons (search and transport vessel) of project 20180. Currently, one ship of this project is being built.
*Crane loader vessel project 20360 "Dubnyak" . Currently, one vessel of this project is being built, an order for two Dubnyakov has been announced.
*Experimental vessel of project 11982. Currently, one vessel is being built. "Seliger" Laid down on July 8, 2009. Delivery to the fleet was announced for 2011.
*Project 22030 sea rescue tug. Currently, one vessel of this project is being built, and an order for three such tugs has been announced. Delivery of the first - 2011.
*Marine rescue tug of project 745MB "Walrus". Currently, two ships of this project are being built (in the 745MB modification), an order for a total of four Walruses has been announced.
*Small hydrographic vessel of project 19910. The lead vessel ("Vaigach") entered the fleet in 2008. Currently, one vessel of this type is being built, and an order for a total of four vessels of project 19910 has been announced.
*Large hydrographic boat of project 19920 (19920B). The lead boat of this project BGK-2090 entered the fleet in 2008. One boat of this type is currently under construction.
* Project 90600 offshore tug. Since 2003, 18 project 90600 tugs have been built (including one for the Russian Navy). Currently, 2 vessels of this project are being built, and an order for a total of five tugs has been announced from the Russian Navy.
* In addition, ordered:
OJSC "Baltic shipbuilding plant "Yantar"" (Kaliningrad) Oceanographic vessel of project 22010 2013
OJSC "Vostochnaya Verf" (Vladivostok) Landing boat 2011
JSC "Okskaya Sudoverf" (Navashino, Nizhny Novgorod region) Crane-loader project 20360 2010
OJSC "Khabarovsk shipbuilding plant" Two sea rescue tugs of project 22030 2011
JSC "Zelenodolsk plant named after A. M. Gorky" (Zelenodolsk, Tatarstan) Two sea rescue tugs of project 745MB 2010 and 2011
Astrakhan Shipyard Project 705B harbor tug 2011
JSC "Leningrad shipbuilding plant" Pella "" Two roadstead tugs of project 90600 2010 and 2011
JSC "Sokolskaya shipyard" (Sokolskoye settlement, Nizhny Novgorod region) Road boat of project 1388НЗ 2010
OAO "Shipbuilding Plant named after the October Revolution" (Blagoveshchensk, Amur Region) Two self-propelled barges 2009 and 2010
35th ship repair plant (Murmansk) Project 1394 boat 2010.
Needless to say, the strike aircraft carrier Enterprise is a noble target. Large, with huge combat potential. But it is already very vulnerable - sometimes one unexploded 127 mm caliber missile is enough for an aircraft carrier to "leave the game". But what will happen if a fiery flurry of fifty shells of 100 and 152 mm calibers hits the Enterprise's flight deck? - Going in direct line of sight, the Soviet cruiser tirelessly keeps the aircraft carrier at gunpoint. Constant monitoring of the "probable enemy" is an indispensable attribute of peacetime. And it doesn't matter anymore that the combat radius of the deck "Phantoms" is ten times greater than the firing range of the guns of the old cruiser - in the event of a war, the first move will be for the gunners.
The cheerful cruiser pr. 68 bis is just a warm-up. The Soviet commanders-in-chief have real trump cards up their sleeves - nuclear submarines of projects 949 and 949A, Tu-22M missile carriers, space reconnaissance systems and ultra-long-range anti-ship missiles. There is a problem - there is a solution.
But the Soviet Navy also had Real Problems. After all, it is no coincidence that most of the surface forces of the USSR Navy were classified as "Large anti-submarine ships." The Soviet leadership was well aware of who the main threat came from - one George Washington with the Polaris SLBM could do more harm than a thousand Enterprise aircraft carriers.
Quite right, dear reader, the USSR Navy was primarily focused on searching for and combating enemy nuclear submarines. Especially with "city killers" carrying long-range ballistic missiles. The ocean surface was continuously scanned by Il-38 and Tu-142 anti-submarine aircraft, underwater killers pr. 705 and 671 scoured the water column, and legendary BODs were on duty at the anti-submarine lines - Soviet cruisers and destroyers focused on performing anti-submarine missions.
Singing frigatebirds
Large anti-submarine ships of project 61. Total displacement 4300 tons. Crew 270 people. Full stroke 35 knots. Cruising range 3500 miles at 18 knots.
Armament:
- 2 launchers of the M-1 "Volna" air defense system (ammunition load of 32 anti-aircraft missiles);
- 2 rocket launchers RBU-6000 (192 depth charges);
- 2 rocket launchers RBU-1000 (48 depth charges);
— five-pipe torpedo tube caliber 533 mm;
- helipad, aviation fuel storage (5 tons), cellar for aviation torpedoes and equipment.
A series of twenty* Soviet patrol ships of the early 60s, later assigned to the BOD class. The world's first warships with a gas turbine power plant designed for all modes of travel.
Project 61 became an important stage in domestic shipbuilding - for the first time a ship with an aluminum hull and gas turbine was created. Two anti-aircraft missile systems, universal artillery, reactive depth charges and deep-sea torpedoes - a glorious little ship could use its weapons even in a storm: sharp "snub" hull lines allowed the BOD to easily go against any wave.
* 5 more ships of this type were subsequently built for the Indian Navy
There were also disadvantages: the sailors complained about the high noise level in the cockpits - the powerful roar of gas turbines penetrated into every room, making service on the BOD Project 61 a rather unpleasant event. But the issue of the ship's survivability was much more serious - fears were confirmed in 1974, when the Otvazhny BOD was killed on the roadstead of Sevastopol - after the explosion of the missile cellar, the fire quickly spread throughout the ship, destroying flimsy bulkheads made of AMG aluminum-magnesium alloy in its path.
However, some circumstances allow us to disagree with the statement about the low survivability of the "singing frigates" - 480 kg of explosives and six tons of gunpowder detonated in the aft cellar of the "Brave", but the small ship continued to fight the fire for 5 hours.
Until now, the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Navy has one ship of this type.
BOD "Sharp-witted" in the Mediterranean Sea. In the background is the USS Mahan Aegis destroyer.
Large anti-submarine ships of project 1134A (code "Berkut-A")
Full displacement 7500 tons. Crew 380 people. Full stroke 33 knots. Cruising range 5500 miles at 18 knots.
Armament:
- 2 launchers of the M-11 "Storm" air defense system (ammunition 48 missiles);
- 2 universal automatic artillery systems AK-725 caliber 57 mm;
- 2 RBU-6000 (192 depth charges);
A series of ten BODs built between 1966 and 1977. for the Soviet Navy. Just good ships, without any special frills. They provided the Soviet naval presence in the oceans, regularly served in the Atlantic, in the Indian and Pacific oceans. They provided military-political support to "friendly" regimes, patrolled in zones of military conflicts, brought submarine strategic missile carriers of the USSR Navy to combat positions, provided combat training for the fleet, and took part in firing and naval exercises. In a word, they did everything that a warship was supposed to do during the Cold War.
Project 1123 anti-submarine cruisers (code "Condor")
Full displacement 15,000 tons. Crew of 700 people. Full stroke 28 knots. Cruising range 6000 miles at 18 knots.
Armament:
- an air group of 14 helicopters: Ka-25PL anti-submarine helicopters, Ka-25TsU long-range radar detection and target designation helicopters, Ka-25PS search and rescue vehicles.
- 4 helipads, an underdeck hangar, a small hangar in the aft part of the superstructure, two helicopter lifts;
- anti-submarine missile system "Whirlwind" (1 launcher, 8 special munitions with nuclear warheads);
- 2 launchers of the M-11 "Storm" air defense system (96 missiles);
- 2 universal automatic systems AK-725 caliber 57 mm.
- initially, the ship had torpedo weapons and 30 mm AK-230 anti-aircraft guns (they were removed during the modernization).
The anti-submarine cruisers Moskva and Leningrad became the first aircraft carriers (helicopter carriers) of the USSR Navy. The reason for the appearance of these large ships was the entry into combat duty of American strategic missile carriers of the George Washington type - 16 Polaris A-1 ballistic missiles with a flight range of 2200 km pretty scared the leadership of the USSR.
As a result, a "hybrid" with powerful missile weapons appeared, the entire aft part of which was a runway with an extended underdeck hangar. To detect enemy submarines, in addition to 14 Ka-25 helicopters, there was an Orion under-keel sonar and a Vega towed sonar station on board.
Project 1123 is not a BOD, but based on the purpose of the anti-submarine cruiser and its weapons, it has the right to take a place among the same "large anti-submarine ships" - an extremely vague definition that covers ships of the USSR Navy of various sizes and characteristics.
The main shortcoming of "Moscow" and "Leningrad" became clear already during the first combat services on anti-submarine lines. Only 4 helipads (flight deck space where takeoff and landing operations can be carried out) and 14 helicopters turned out to be too few to provide a round-the-clock anti-submarine patrol over a given ocean area. In addition, by the time the lead cruiser-helicopter carrier Moskva entered service with the US Navy, a new Polaris A-3 ballistic missile with a firing range of 4,600 km had entered service - the combat patrol area of the Washingtons and Eten Allen expanded, which made countering strategic missile carriers is an even more difficult task.
Anti-submarine cruisers served for almost thirty years as part of the USSR Navy, made numerous visits to the ports of friendly states ... Cuba, Angola, Yugoslavia, Yemen. The anti-submarine cruiser "Leningrad" was the flagship of a detachment of ships of the Soviet Navy during the demining of the Suez Canal (1974).
Both cruisers were part of the Black Sea Fleet. "Leningrad" after two overhauls ended its service in 1991, and "Moskva" was put into reserve in 1983, and decommissioned in 1997.
Patrol ships of project 1135 (code "Petrel")
Full displacement 3200 tons. Crew 190 people. Full stroke 32 knots. Cruising range 4000 miles at 14 knots.
Armament:
- "package" launcher of the anti-submarine complex "Metel" (4 rocket torpedoes);
- 2 launchers of the Osa-M short-range air defense system (ammunition load of 40 missiles);
- 2 automated gun mounts AK-726 caliber 76 mm;
- 2 RBU-6000 (96 depth charges);
- eight 533 mm torpedoes;
- sea mines - up to 20 pcs. on the upper deck.
A series of 32 patrol ships (until 1977 they were classified as rank II BODs) to solve a wide range of tasks to provide anti-submarine and air defense of ship formations in open sea areas and the littoral zone, escort convoys in areas of local armed conflicts and protect territorial waters.
Project 1135 differed from its predecessors not only in its elegant appearance, but also in its solid armament, the latest means of detecting enemy submarines, and a high level of automation - the Burevestniki brought anti-submarine defense to a qualitatively new level. The successful design provided them with a long active service in all fleets of the USSR Naval Forces, and two of them still remain part of the Russian Navy.
TFR "Petrel" and USS Yorktown (CG-48)
Objectively, due to the weakness of air defense and the lack of a helicopter, the Burevestnik lost in terms of capabilities to its famous peers - the American frigates Knox and Oliver H. Perry. But circumstances have developed in such a way that the US Navy remembers the Burevestnik much better than its Knoxes and Perrys - in 1988, the Bezvevetny patrol ship rudely forced the Yorktown missile cruiser out of Soviet territorial waters. The watchman broke the crew boat and the Harpoon anti-ship missile launcher for the American ship, tore the plating in the area of the superstructure, deformed the helipad and demolished the entire railing on the port side.
Large anti-submarine ships of project 1134-B (code "Berkut-B")
Full displacement 8500 tons. Crew 430 people. Full stroke 32 knots. Cruising range 7000 miles at 18 knots.
Armament:
- 8 launchers of the Metel anti-submarine missile system;
- 2 launchers of the M-11 "Storm" air defense system (ammunition load of 80 missiles);
- 2 launchers of the Osa-M short-range air defense system (ammunition load of 40 missiles)
- 2 universal automatic artillery systems AK-726 caliber 76 mm;
- 2 batteries of six-barreled anti-aircraft guns AK-630;
- 2 RBU-6000 (144 depth charges);
- 2 RBU-1000 (48 depth charges);
- 2x5 torpedo tubes of caliber 533 mm;
- anti-submarine helicopter Ka-25PL, deck hangar.
A constellation of seven large anti-submarine ships of the Soviet Navy. Large ocean-going BODs with amazing combat potential - anti-submarine missile torpedoes, four anti-aircraft missile systems, universal and rapid-fire artillery, depth charges and an anti-submarine helicopter. Outstanding seaworthiness, cruising range of 6500 miles - enough for the passage from Murmansk to New York and back. "Bukari" (as 1134-B was affectionately called in the fleet) really were the best BODs in the Soviet Navy, the most balanced in terms of characteristics and most fully meeting the tasks of the Navy.
Most BOD pr. 1134-B served in the Pacific Ocean. Reduced to several anti-submarine groups, the Bukari continuously "combed" the Philippine Sea, where the combat patrol area of American strategic submarines was located, preparing to launch a missile attack on the Far East and Siberia.
There were big plans for the modernization of the BOD pr. 1134-B - the modernization potential of the ships made it possible to mount on board the new Rastrub-B anti-submarine missile system and even the long-range S-300 anti-aircraft system! As an experiment, one of the BODs of this type - "Azov" received two under-deck launchers and a fire control system for the S-300F air defense system instead of the stern SAM "Storm" - it turned out perfectly. In the future, the ship composition of the Soviet Navy could be replenished with unique BODs, whose foreign counterparts would appear only 10 years later. But, alas...
Large anti-submarine ships of project 1155 (code "Udaloy")
Full displacement 7500 tons. Crew 220 people. Full stroke 29 knots. Cruising range 5000 miles at 14 knots.
Armament:
8 launchers of the Rastrub-B anti-submarine missile system;
- 8 below-deck drum-type launchers of the Kinzhal self-defense air defense system (ammunition load of 64 missiles);
- 2 automated artillery pieces of 100 mm caliber;
- 2 batteries of six-barreled anti-aircraft guns AK-630;
- 2 RBU-6000 (96 depth charges)
- 2x4 533 mm torpedo tubes
- 2 Ka-27PL helicopters, 2 hangars.
"Udaloy" was a mistake of the leadership of the USSR Navy.
No, at first glance, BOD pr. 1155 is a real masterpiece of shipbuilding, equipped with a 700-ton sonar system "Polyn", a multi-channel air defense system "Dagger" to repel massive attacks of anti-ship missiles, two helicopters and a whole range of naval weapons - from universal artillery to homing torpedoes.
"Remote" would have become an undoubted masterpiece ... if it were not for its predecessor - 1134-B. Compared with the Bukar, the BOD pr. 1155 turned out to be a step backwards.
Due to the 30-meter fairing of the Polynom GAS, the driving performance and seaworthiness of the new ship were seriously affected - the complex turned out to be too heavy for the modest BOD. Of course, the "Polynom" gave great opportunities in terms of detecting enemy nuclear submarines, which it detected at a distance of up to 25 miles, which to some extent compensated for the deterioration in the seaworthiness of the "Udaly". But a much more serious drawback was the complete absence of medium or long-range air defense systems - the "Dagger" had a firing range of only 6.5 miles and could only deal with anti-ship missiles, but not with their carriers.
Otherwise, the BOD pr. 1155 was a wonderful ship with a noble forecastle line and powerful anti-submarine weapons. In total, before the collapse of the USSR, the fleet managed to receive 12 large anti-submarine ships of this type.
In the 90s, only one BOD was built according to the modified project 11551 - the only representative of this project, Admiral Chabanenko, retained all the advantages of Project 1155, but additionally received the AK-130 artillery system, Kortik anti-aircraft systems and Moskit anti-ship missiles .
Conclusion
The above 90 large anti-submarine ships and anti-submarine cruisers are only the "tip of the iceberg" of the anti-submarine defense system of the USSR Navy. There was a whole system of base patrol aviation with hundreds of anti-submarine aircraft and helicopters. Ordinary trawlers with unusual trawls plowed the expanses of the ocean - camouflaged anti-submarine patrols with a multi-kilometer low-frequency antenna stretching behind the stern (try to prove that this was not a trawl!) ruffled a lot of nerves for American sailors.
Fantastic projects were developed, such as the atomic BOD of project 1199 Anchar. Moreover, all four project 1143 heavy aircraft-carrying cruisers carried a squadron of anti-submarine helicopters on their decks and had on board a solid anti-submarine weapon system (the grandiose Polinom SJSC and Vikhr anti-submarine missiles with nuclear warheads). So, contrary to the well-known myth, during the passage through the Bosphorus, Soviet sailors did not deceive the Turkish representatives at all, calling their aircraft-carrying cruisers anti-submarine ships.
By the way, the US Navy developed according to exactly the same scenario - the Americans were scared to death of Soviet submarines, which is why they planned the ship composition of their fleet at the rate of "one frigate per one Russian boat." SOSUS worldwide sonar system for tracking submarines, FRAMM programs to convert hundreds of obsolete destroyers into anti-submarine ships, a huge series of Knox and Oliver H. Perry anti-submarine frigates, unique Spruence-class destroyers with hypertrophied anti-submarine weapons, but without systems zonal air defense - just the American "twins" of the BOD pr. 1155 "Udaloy".
It remains to add that the idea of a "large anti-submarine ship" died with the advent of sea-launched intercontinental ballistic missiles with a range of 10,000 km. From now on, strategic missile carriers could launch missiles from the territorial waters of their state.
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