Suffix hood in English. Formative suffixes in English

Starting to learn a foreign language, we face many problems, including a limited vocabulary. If you understand the principle of word formation in English, then the lexicon can be very easily expanded. Affixation is one of the ways to form new words based on others by adding parts of a word to the beginning or end of a language unit. Suffixes in English are used much more often than prefixes. They can like create other parts of speech, and bring in a different shade of meaning.

Nouns

Nouns have the greatest variety of suffixes than any other part of speech in English. Often this morpheme carries a certain semantic connotation and helps to determine that we have a noun in front of us.

Popular suffixes -er (-or) indicates a person's belonging to a profession, a character, while the basis is usually a verb: to build (build) - builder (builder), to invent (invent) - inventor (inventor). In addition, this suffix means belonging to any locality: London (London) - Londoner (resident of London). Or a tool: to roll (roll) - roller (roller). The suffixes –er and -or are essentially synonymous, but the former is the most common in the language.

Suffix -ness, usually added to adjectives, gives a shade of property or quality and corresponds to Russian -ot-, -ost, -in-: dark (dark) - darkness (darkness), fanciful (sophisticated) - fancifulness (sophistication), deep (deep ) - deepness (depth).

In modern English there are both native suffixes and borrowed ones from other languages. A great example of the former is the suffix -ship, with the help of which: friend (friend) - friendship (friendship), partner (companion) - partnership (company).

Most suffixes ( -age, -ence) form precisely abstract nouns: to leak (leak) - leakage (leak), silent (quiet) - silence (silence). English affix –tion often corresponds to Russian -tion: to present (present) - presentation (presentation). If you add to a verb or adjective -th, then you can observe changes in the vowel at the root of the word: strong (strong) - strength (strength), to die (die) - death (death).

Suffix -ment, borrowed in the 12th century from French, has the meaning of the result of the action: to amaze (surprise) - amazement (surprise). The same function is performed by -ade: to block (block) - blockade (blockade).

Verbs

We rarely see suffixes. Usually they themselves are the basis for the formation of words. However, such verbal morphemes do exist. For example, the suffix -fy found in the words to terrify (horrify), to signify (mean), to mystify (mystify). Verbs are also formed with –en, -ise/-ize: broad (wide) - broaden (expand), real (real) - realize (realize). British version is considered with the letter “s”, American - with “z”.

Adjectives

One of the suffixes of adjectives is –able (-ible). It gives the word the meaning of the possibility, the ability to do something: to work (work) - workable (working), to translate (translate) - translatable (translatable). The suffix also indicates the presence of quality. –al, which often coincides with Russian -al-: nation (nation) - national (national).

Suffix -ful gives meaning to the completeness of something. For example, beauty (beauty) - beautiful (beautiful = full of beauty), tact (tact) - tactful (tactful = full of tact).

Suffix -ish expresses belonging to a nationality or a weak degree of quality of the subject: Polland (Poland) - Pollish (Polish), girl (girl) - girlish (girlish). Often also used to indicate nationality -(i)an or –ese: Russia (Russia) - Russian (Russian), China (China) - Chinese (Chinese).

Suffix -less denotes the absence of something: end (end) - endless (endless), heart (heart) - heartless (heartless).

Adverbs

Most adverbs are formed from adjectives with the suffix –ly: bad (bad) - badly (bad), regular (regular) - regularly (regularly). But there are other less productive (used) suffixes, for example, -ward in the word backward (back).

The word independent prompted me to write this article. I keep making the same mistake, no matter how often I see him. Every time comes out from under my pen independent. And every time I flatter myself that I am so influenced by (relative) knowledge of the French language (compare ind?pendant), but you and I know that this is self-deception. Similar suffixes – ance/– ence and correspondingly - ant/- ent, as well as - ancy/-ency productive and often cause spelling confusion. For example, according to the OEC (Oxford English Corpus) the misspelling is independent found in publications such as The Guardian, American Zoologist, etc., whose articles are always subject to proofreading. In total, OED gives exactly 737 examples. Of course, it is encouraging that even journalists admit it. It seems like we are then even more allowed to write independent. But think about it: even if rules are there to be broken, our minds are highly biased, many people recoil in horror at misspelled text and instantly form an unflattering opinion of the person who wrote it. It can even be called discrimination against the illiterate! Well, rightfully so. Spelling errors in your text can make the reader think about your competence and general state of intelligence.

Why do we confuse these suffixes?

Because in colloquial speech they sound exactly the same, because they are always unstressed, and the vowel in them is the so-called neutral "seam" /?/. However, there are a few simple rules that will help you choose: a or e, instead of rummaging through the dictionary every time.

- anceor -ence?

These suffixes form nouns and denote a quality or state (e.g. ignorance) or action (e.g. emergence). Their spelling in most cases depends on the words from which they are formed.

- ance

- y, - ure, or – ear, then the suffix is added to it –ance. For example, apply-appliance; assurance - assurance; appear-appearance.

2. If the noun comes from a verb ending in –ate, then in most cases it acquires the suffix -ance: deviate - deviance; hesitate - hesitance etc.

3. If the word root ends in c (sounding like /k/ like in the word cab) or g (/g/ like in the word get), then the suffix is used –ance: significant; elegance.

4. As for the rest of the uses –ance, then they are not subject to any rules, and it is easier to just remember them. For example, abundance, guidance, resistance, resemblance, etc.

- ence

1. If the noun is formed from a verb ending in – ere, then the suffix is added to it - ence. For example, adhere - adherence, interfere - interference. I can already hear you asking me indignantly why perseverance spelled with –ance if it is formed from persevere? This is an exception, deal with it.

2. If the noun comes from a verb ending in a stressed suffix –er, then it acquires the suffix -ence: conference - conference; prefer - preference, transfer - transference etc.

Please note that difference spelled with –ence despite the fact that in the verb differ the stress falls on the first syllable.

3. If the word contains -cid-, -fid-, -sid- or -vid-, standing right before the final suffix, then this final suffix will be –ence. For example: confidence, evidence, residence.

4. If the word root ends in c (/s/ as in the word cell) or g (/dg/ as in the word gin), then the suffix is used –ence: indulgence, license. There are exceptions here, such as: vengeance.

5. And again, some words do not obey any rules, and they just need to be remembered: absence, excellence, patience, sentence etc.

- ancyor -ency?

With the help of these suffixes, nouns are formed, denoting a quality or state. For example, infancy or fluency.

The spelling rules are the same as –ance/-ence. For example:

If a noun comes from a verb ending in -ate, then it will acquire the suffix - ance: hesitate - hesitancy; vacate - vacancy.
If the word root ends in c (/s/ as in cell) or g (/dg/ as in gin), then the suffix is used –ence: urgent, emergency.
Etc.

-antor–ent?

Suffixes -ant and –ent used for education:

Adjectives denoting quality or state: arrogant, convenient, different, etc.

Nouns denoting the performer of an action, that is, an agent: accountant, resident, etc.

The same rules apply, for example:

Words derived from a verb ending in - y, add a suffix –ant. For example, defy - defiant; occupy - occupant.
Words derived from a verb ending in - ate, acquire the suffix –ant: deviate - deviant; hesitate - hesitant etc.
If the word comes from a verb ending in –ere, the suffix is added to it –ent: cohere-coherent; adhere - adherent.
In addition, the same rule applies to c and g: if they are pronounced as /k/ and /g/, then use - ant, For example: communicant, extravagant; if they are pronounced as /s/ and /dg/, then the suffix will be used -ent, For example: intelligent, recent etc.
Etc.

Dependent/dependantandpendant/pendent

The spelling of these adjectives depends on the part of speech to which they belong.

Let's start with dependent/dependant:

In British English, a noun can be written with the suffix –ent, and with the suffix - ant: He is a single man with no dependents/ dependants. In American English, only the variant is correct dependent.
If we are talking about an adjective, then in both versions of the language the spelling will be correct dependent (We're dependent on his goodwill). Note: independent always spelled with a suffix –ent, be it a noun or an adjective.

Situation with pendant/pendent a little easier. Pendant can be both an adjective and a noun She wore a silver pendant; pendant catkins), while pendent- it's just an adjective pendent catkins).

I agree that at first glance it seems that it is easier to check every time or just learn the spelling of words than to apply these rules. But it's not. Rules referring to one pair of suffixes, for example, -ence and - ance, act with the rest, and this greatly simplifies our task. So, being confident in writing competence, you can't go wrong with competent and competency.

Follow the rules! But don't be afraid to experiment.

Hi friends. There can be confusion between suffixes and endings in English (both are often called word endings, “word endings”), and the English terminology in this matter is slightly different from Russian. So let's start with the basic concepts.

The ending is an inflectional morpheme. It changes the form of the word, but not its meaning, and at the same time carries a grammatical load:

pencil - pencil s(ending indicates plural)
work - work ed(the ending indicates the past tense)

The suffix, in turn, is a derivational morpheme. Suffixes in English create new words, either by changing the meaning of the original one or by transforming one part of speech into another:

red - redd ish(red - reddish)
teach - teach er(teach - teacher)

There are very few endings in English - these are -s (-es), -ed and -ing. There are a lot of suffixes in English. In this article we will consider only the most common ones.

Noun suffixes

1. Suffix -er (-or)

1) This suffix is used to form nouns from verbs (infinitive without to + -er, -or). A noun with this ending denotes either a device that performs the action expressed by the verb from which it is derived, or a person performing this action.

to play (play) - a player player
to read (read) - a reader reader
to mix (mix) - a mixer mixer

If the verb ends in e, then only the letter r is attached, for example:

to make (produce) - a maker manufacturer
to use (use) - a user user

It should be remembered that one often has to resort to descriptive translation of nouns that have the suffix -er, -or, for example:

to lift (raise) - a lifter lifting device
to read - a reader
to time (assign time, calculate by time) - and timer is a device that calculates time.

2. Suffix -ist

This is a very common suffix that forms nouns denoting professionals, supporters of a social or scientific direction. It can be attached to nouns and adjectives.

3. Suffix -ian

Nouns with this suffix denote nationality or rank and profession, for example:
Russian - Russian, academician - academician, musician - musician, Darwinian - Darwinist.

Words formed by adding the suffix -ian can also be translated as adjectives, for example:
the Russian language
Neo-Darwinian interpretation of evolution - neo-Darwinian interpretation of evolution.

Note! Nouns and adjectives denoting nationality are always capitalized: Ukrainian, English, Russian, Polish, American.

4. Suffix -ity (spelling variants -ety, -iety)

forms abstract nouns with the meaning of state, quality, condition. The suffix -ity corresponds to the suffix -ost, for example:

able (capable) - ability (ability)
active (active) - activity (activity, activity)
valid (valid, justified, effective) - validity (effectiveness, fairness, legality, validity)

5. The suffix -ing forms nouns from verbs, for example:

to meet (meet) - meeting (meeting)
to proceed (continue) - proceeding (practice, proceedings, works, notes (scientific society)

Note! Do not confuse -ing nouns with participles and gerunds

6. The suffix -hood forms nouns with the meaning"state, position, quality", for example:

child (child) - childhood (childhood)
man (male) - manhood (masculinity)

7. The suffix -ment forms nouns denoting action, for example:

to move (move) - movement (movement)

Some words with this suffix take on the meaning of a set of objects, for example:

equipment (equipment)

8. The suffix -ness forms nouns with the meaning "state, quality", for example:

dark (dark) - darkness (darkness)
good (good) - goodness (kindness)
great (great) - greatness (greatness)

9. The suffix -y forms abstract nouns from verbs, for example:

to discover (open) - discovery (opening)
to inquire (ask, find out) - inquiry (question, request)

10. The suffix -th forms nouns with the meaning of quality, for example:

true (true, truthful) - truth (true)
health - (health)

By adding the -th suffix, nouns are formed from adjectives, often changing the root vowel, for example:

long (long) - length (length)
deep (deep) - depth (depth)
strong (strong) - strength (strength)

11. The suffix -ant forms nouns with the meaning of person and substance, for example:

to assist (help) - assistant assistant
to serve (serve) - servant (servant)
an oxidant (oxidizing agent), solvent (solvent)

12. The suffix -age forms nouns with different meanings, for example:

to break (break) - breakage (breakage)
to marry (marry) - marriage (wedding)
courage (courage, courage, courage)

13. The suffix -ism is characteristic of many languages, for example:

Darwinism
romanticism
capitalism
vandalism

14. The suffix -ure (-ture, -sure) forms nouns denoting a process, for example:

to press (press) - pressure (pressure)
to mix (mix) - mixture (mixing)

Many nouns formed with the help of these suffixes can have the meaning of the result of an action in the form of an object, a substance, for example:

mixture - mixture, mixture;
fixture - fixture (detail).

15. The suffix -ship forms nouns with the meaning of state, position or property, for example:

friend (friend) - friendship (friendship)
member (member) - membership (membership)

Noun suffix table

Suffix meaning	Suffix	Examples
The meaning of a person's belonging to a political movement, profession or nationality	-ist	specialist (specialist), socialist (socialist), artist (artist) historian (historian), librarian (librarian), Italian (Italian) musician (musician), Iranian (Iranian), Brazilian (Brazilian) European (European)
The value of following a doctrine, theory, political movement	-ism	capitalism (capitalism), heroism (heroism), socialism (socialism)
The meaning of the occupation or position of the actor	-er	teacher (teacher), driver (driver), writer (writer) inventor (inventor), actor (actor) employee (employee), referee (sports referee) auctioneer (auctioneer), mountaineer (climber) servant (servant), assistant (assistant), student (student) beggar (beggar, beggar) drunkard (drunkard, alcoholic) financier (financier)
Action result value	-ment	achievement (achievement), arrangement (agreement) decade (decade), blockade (blockade)
The meaning of a certain state, regime, degree of relationship	-hood	brotherhood (brotherhood), childhood (childhood) leadership (leadership), partnership (partnership) policy (policy), accuracy (accuracy), infancy (infancy) supremacy (superiority)
Meaning of action, state, process, result	-age	shortage (lack), leakage (leakage), marriage (marriage, matrimony) hunting (hunting), painting (painting) silence (silence), difference (difference) importance (importance), resistance (resistance) collection (collection, collection), dictation (dictation, dictation) competition (competition) preparation (preparation), hesitation (doubt, hesitation) decision (decision), division (division) removal (removal), arrival (arrival), refusal (refusal)
The meaning of quality or condition	-dom	freedom (freedom), kingdom (kingdom), wisdom (wisdom) readiness (readiness), darkness (darkness), kindness (kindness) activity (activity), safety (security) possibility (opportunity), nationality (nationality) brilliancy (brilliance, splendor), constancy (permanence) fluency (fluency), dependency (dependence) perjury (perjury), modesty (modesty)
The meaning of the place of action, occupation or state	-ry	bakery (bakery), surgery (surgeon's office), cookery (cooking) factory (factory), laboratory (laboratory)
Designation of a particular branch of science	-ics	physics (physics), politics (politics), mathematics (mathematics)
Designation of female persons	-ess	waitress (waitress), actress (actress), poetess (poetess) usherette (ticket girl)
Nationality designation	-ese	Chinese (Chinese), Japanese (Japanese)
Expression of a diminutive meaning or a touch of disdain	-ie	birdie (bird) cloudlet (cloud), kinglet (king)
Designation of various measures	-th	length (length), growth (growth), depth (depth)
Designation of various scientific concepts	-ture	mixture (mixture) failure (error, miss) measure (measure) pressure (pressure)
Designation of general or abstract concepts, associations, groups	-ty	safety (security), royalty (monarchy) popularity (popularity) honesty (honesty)
Suffix of Latin origin	-sis	analysis (analysis), diagnosis (diagnosis)

Suffixes in English: ly ful er ment

It is important to note that a suffix is an element that is attached to a word, and in most cases changes the meaning of the word and its role in speech.

As a rule, noun suffixes in English are combined with specific words that simply need to be remembered. However, there are a number of rules that must be followed for competent language skills.

How many suffixes does English have?

There are a huge number of noun suffixes in English, and they all have their own meaning. Therefore, it is very important to understand them. You need to know that usually suffixes in English remain unstressed, but in certain situations they have primary stress throughout the word.

It is important to note that there are:

nouns in English are responsible for the creation of new words that carry a different meaning. For example, the word collect, which in translation means to collect when adding the suffix or takes on a new meaning collector which means collector.
Formative suffixes are responsible for converting a word into another form, for example, into the past. For example word cook, which in translation means to cook, when adding the suffix ed, acquires the past form without losing the meaning of the word itself ( cooked- prepared). There are only 5 such suffixes in English.

Application of suffixes er, or, ar

These suffixes of nouns in English, as a rule, are attached to verbs and give the word the meaning of the performer of the action. Also the suffixes er, or, ar can be used to designate a tool that performs a specific action. It is necessary to give a few examples to understand the situation clearly:

Let's take a verb play, whose translation is "play" and add the suffix er. As a result, we get a noun player, whose translation is "player". In this example, you can see the difference when adding a suffix, because the word play, the translation of which was the word "play" turned into a noun player, whose translation is "player".
Verb collect(collect) when adding a suffix or takes on the meaning of "collector".
If to the verb beg, which means "to ask" in translation, add the suffix ar, then the word will turn into a noun with the meaning "beggar".

The important point is that words like father, brother, sister, daughter, also apply to this rule, despite the fact that their meaning does not indicate their type of activity. Although, to some extent, the logic is present here.

As for the spelling rules, it must be recalled that there are verbs ending in a consonant e. In such a case, when adding a suffix er, only one letter is added r.

Interestingly, translators often have to resort to descriptive translation when they encounter these suffixes. For example, a noun lifter often translated as a lifting device, or the word timer translated as a device that calculates time.

Another interesting fact is that nouns that have a suffix or are often of French or Latin origin. For example, doctor, actor etc.

Suffix -ist in English

Suffix ist is very popular, it gives the word the meaning of a professional figure in a scientific or political direction. This suffix in English is identical to our "ist", which has a similar meaning in Russian. Suffix ist can be attached to both nouns and adjectives.

Let's give an illustrative example when this suffix is used to denote a professional figure. For example, a noun psychologist, the equivalent of which in Russian is the word "psychologist".

This suffix can also be used with musical instruments to indicate who plays them. For example, according to this principle, the word pianist which means "pianist".

Suffix ist can be used to refer to a person who has a negative attitude towards a certain group of people, a direction in society. An excellent example of this situation is the word racist which means "racist".

Suffix -ian in English

This suffix can indicate the Latin or Greek origin of a particular word. In English this suffix is used for:

Designations of nationality or belonging to a particular country. For example, Russian- Russian, Russian; Ukrainian- Ukrainian, Ukrainian; Bulgarian- Bulgarian, Bulgarians.
This suffix can also be used to denote professions, but this is quite rare. For example, musician- musician; librarian- librarian.

It must be remembered that nouns and which indicate belonging to a particular country, nationality, in English are always capitalized, regardless of the suffix. This rule applies to all adjectives and nouns denoting nationality, and these words can have absolutely any suffix.

It is important to note that currently words with the suffix ian can also be translated as adjectives.

To the relative of the suffix ian refer and suffix an, however this suffix is not so common. But it is worth noting that a fairly large number of words are formed using the suffix an and are actively used both in colloquial speech and in official speech.

Suffix -ing in English

This suffix forms nouns from verbs. Presence of a suffix ing may refer to:

Action. For example, meet - meeting, meet - meeting.
Result. For example, proceed - proceeding, continue - practice.
Process. For example, build - building, build - construction.
Material. For example, wad - wadding, stuff - stuffing.

However, it is worth understanding the difference between gerund, verb and participle. All of them are used with the ending ing, but the differences between them are very significant. They show up in usage and meaning.

Suffix ing, of course, is also used to denote adjectives. First, adjectives with this suffix describe the subject to which they refer. For example, "interesting trip" would be translated as interesting trip.

This suffix can be used to indicate a cause. For example, something boring would be translated as something boring.

Suffixes -ment, -ion, -ism in English

A number of these morphemes have similar properties. These suffixes can carry meaning:

Movement, result or state. A prime example is the verb move which means "to move". When adding a suffix - ment turns into a noun and takes on a new meaning - movement, which means "movement" in translation;
Suffix - ism can denote a system of views and beliefs. For example, racism(racist, racist) communism(communism);
Suffix - ion can also have the meaning of an action, process or result. For example, revolution- the revolution; isolation- isolation; restriction- restriction. The presence of this suffix always indicates a Latin origin.

Suffix -ess in English

This suffix plays a very important role in the word formation of the English language, because it forms feminine nouns. For example, a noun poet when adding a suffix - ess takes shape poetess and takes on a feminine gender, these words are translated as: "poet-poetess" or a noun sreward- steward in the presence of this suffix becomes stewardess and takes a feminine form.

This suffix is also called the "female" suffix because it is one of the few suffixes for the formation of feminine nouns.

Suffixes -hood, -ship in English

These suffixes indicate the age, relationship, and condition of the person. In English, the use of these suffixes is a very popular phenomenon. A clear example of this is the words, for example, childhood, which translates as "childhood", motherhood, which means "motherhood" friendship, translated as "friendship".

It is important to note that the suffix - ship indicates a certain group, united by some sign or signs. Also, this suffix can indicate the state of the relationship, for example, partnership which means "partnership". Indicates a rank or position, for example, lordship, which translates as "lightness". Suffix - ship can define skills or abilities, a vivid example of this is the word horse manship, which, translated from English into Russian, will mean "the art of riding."

Morphemes -ness and -th

As for the suffix - ness, then it serves to create nouns from adjectives. A prime example is the word cuteness, which translates as "attractiveness" is formed from the adjective "attractive", which in English will sound like cute.

An important role is played by the suffix - th, because it points to a noun with a quality value. For example, truth- truth, health- health.

Of course, in English there are a huge number of different suffixes that have different meanings, but the article shows the most used of them.

This is a lesson from the cycle and in it we will look at common noun suffixes: -er/or, -tion, -ing, -ness, -ence/ance (5). The exercises will help you understand how nouns are formed in English, as well as prepare for English exams in the form of the OGE and the Unified State Examination.

Basic noun suffixes in English (Grade 9)

Remember these 5 main suffixes. Next, let's take a closer look at each of them.

er/or
ence/ance

1. Suffixes of nouns formed from a verb

verb + Ʌ = noun

-er/or(doer suffix)
dance - dancer (dance - dancer)
work - worker
collect - collector (collect - collector)
inventor - inventor
-tion(process suffix)
collect - collection (collection, collection)
invent - invention
-ing
suffer - suffering (suffer - suffering)
warn-warning
mean - meaning

Remember three suffixes -er (-or), -tion, -ing, by means of which nouns are formed from a verb.

2. Suffixes of nouns formed from an adjective

adj + Ʌ = noun

-ness
ill - illness (sick - illness)
kind - kindness
-ance/ -ence(corresponding adjectives have suffixes: -ant/ -ent)
important - importance (important - importance)
different - difference

Remember two suffixes: -ness, -ence (ance), by which nouns are formed from adjectives.

Suffixes of nouns in English. Exercises

-ness & -tion are the most common noun suffixes.

Exercise 1. Suffix -ness.Translate the indicated nouns and indicate the adjectives from which they are formed.

foolishness, happiness, seriousness, illness, readiness, richness, strangeness, carelessness, whiteness, cleverness, greatness, brightness

Note. Please note that the letter "y" usually occurs at the end of the word, in the middle of the word its double is used - the letter "i": happ i ness-happ y.

Exercise 2. Suffix –tion and its varieties -ation /-ion/ -sion/ -ssion.Translate the indicated nouns and indicate the verb from which they are formed.

translation, explanation, admiration, celebration, continuation, invitation, pronunciation, exhibition, demonstration, conversation, competition, communication

Exercise 3 The suffix -tion.Paraphrase the sentence using a verb instead of a noun.

EXAMPLE. Their acting was very good. —— They acted very well.

1. His collection of books was mainly on art.
2. The farmer's quick actions saved the building from fire.
3.Her translation of the poem was so good that the professor invited her to take part in a translation contest.
4. The teacher's explanation of the task was clear to everybody.

Exercise 4 Guess the suffix and form nouns with it. Translate them.

weak-
polite-
fresh-
ugly-
cold-
dark-
careful-

Exercise 5 Suffix -er.Guess the profession.

EXAMPLE. Someone who bakes bread is a baker.

Someone who interviews people is a….
Someone who plays football is a…
Someone who eats well is a…
Someone who sleeps well is a…
Someone who rules the country is a…
Someone who explores new lands is a…
Someone who makes or repairs shoes is a…
Someone who always causes trouble is a…
Someone who makes films is a…
Someone who has traveled to another place for a holiday is a…

Remember:

troublemaker- bully, bully
holiday maker- vacationer

Exercise 6 If you know verbs, then adding a suffix –tion, you easily form new words. Translate them into Russian.

collect-
explain-
protect -
prepare-
found-
inform -
celebrate-
composite-
create-
decorate-

Exercise 7 Suffix –er/or.Form nouns from these words using suffixes: -er/-or.

Remember: to fail - failure (failure)

to construct, to direct, to protect, to transport, to fail, to educate, to manage, to govern, to achieve, to build, to sing, to act, to sleep

Exercise 8 Suffix –ence/ance.Translate and memorize pairs of words with -ence/-ance suffixes:

import ant-import ance
differ ent- differ ence
indifferent - indifference
independent
dependent - dependence
patient-patience
persistence
insistent - insistence
indulgent - indulgence