Nouns that do not have a singular form are examples. Nouns that have only the singular form

§ 30. Groups of nouns that have only singular forms. Singular Category Functions

A large number of nouns have forms of inflection either only singular or only plural. Only singular forms are inherent in those word-building categories of a noun in which either the idea of ​​number in general, or the idea of ​​plurality in general, or the idea of ​​plurality expressed in numbers in a quantitative dimension is not combined with the real meaning of words.

A review of these bits can begin with transition types. This includes words that have the forms of both numbers, but which in the plural are used almost exclusively with quantitative numbers: two, three, several etc. (as well as with the words all, none, many) or with prepositions meaning quantity, possession, deprivation, and without prepositions - only in the function of a genitive quantitative (except, of course, demonstrative-nominative or indicative use with the word this). These are words with the suffix -in(a), meaning a separate, single object, isolated from a group, mass or substance. For example: five potatoes; a few peas; two twigs; not to be counted many clefts; all pearls are in place etc. Diminutive formations with the same suffix in the form -ink(a): several pellets hit the head; cf. word usage grain of sand, speck of dust, speck, speck, speck etc. (but compare: not a single blood in the face; with a twist etc.; cf. the use of words in -ink(a) with an abstract meaning, for example, Leskov in "The Warrior": "She had, like a Russian person, and a little cunning").

Similar shades develop in some words with the suffix -in(a), which in modern language has an augmentative-pejorative meaning, for example: bull, child.

• 1. Words denoting a set of persons, objects, conceivable as a collective or collective unity, as one indivisible whole. These words are formed or formed with the help of different "collective" suffixes: colloquial -yo, For example: old man, woman, crow, linen, rotten etc. (cf. Blok "I went for a walk with a soldier"); book suffix -stv(o) [-estv(o), -estv(o), -estv(o)], For example: majority, minority, multitude, merchants, nobility, teachers, bureaucracy etc.; unproductive -from(a): poor, petty (everyone went to the field, at home - one small thing); endangered vernacular -and I: Komsomol, pioneer etc. (but compare: cavalry, guard, army); contemptuously colloquial -nya in single words ( soldier, sailor); cf., however, relatives, and also obsolete. gentry; contemptuous -chin(s): army, redneck, military etc. Cf. K. A. Polevoy in the story "Emma" in the speech of a footman: "After all, with our brother, a lackey: as someone liked, so the head will become stupefied".

Wed a few collective words -ina: slaughter, slaughter, stuff. Wed few words with unproductive suffix -in (a): foliage, tops, roach, jarg. lads; with dead suffixes -b(a): lump, scum; -or(a), -ur(a): kids, nemchura, midges. Wed also words with borrowed collective suffixes: -Hurrah): advocacy, prosecutor's office, professorship, postgraduate studies etc.; -am: proletariat, elder etc.; cf. single: wolf, cavalry.

The category of collectiveness finds its grammatical expression in the absence of plural forms. Therefore, the forms of the singular number of nouns denoting a person, animal or object, often - in synecdocheal use - acquire the meaning of a collective. "The singular number of a concrete noun ... is the image of a continuous set" (139). For example: "There was an incredible amount of every animal in the steppes and forests"(Aksakov, "Family Chronicle"); "A writer is a people all a mammal"(Saltykov-Shchedrin, "Provincial essays"); "Not a grimy one ... gave us literature, science, art"(Chekhov, "In the estate").

"This is a synecdoche, if this word does not mean the conscious choice of a unit from a multitude. Between sheet (dry leaf falls in autumn), sheets and leaf, in pl. h. leaves- the difference in image, i.e., in the starting point and the way in which the meaning of multiplicity is obtained: in one case, the unit, which serves as a symbol of the set, in the other, a separate set, in the third, a continuous set, understood as a unit or as a set "( 140).

Especially often the use of singular forms in the collective meaning of words that denote small animals: poultry, fish, locust, aphids etc.

• 2. Words denoting a substance (including minerals, metals, chemical elements and compounds) or material have only singular forms. For example: dough, milk, tobacco, butter, meat, copper, gold, silver, phosphorus, porcelain etc.; horsehair mattress; stone gives way to reinforced concrete; Yaroslavl canvas, sale of ready-made dresses; mahogany furniture; "My Mishka killed a myriad of hazel, birch and elm"(Krylov), etc.

But the same words with the meanings of varieties of matter, large amounts of matter ( fats, sands), and sometimes products from the corresponding material can also be used in the plural (especially in special dialects, for example: high-quality steels, varnishes etc.). Wed from Pushkin: "Paintings, marble statues, bronzes ... struck him"("Egyptian nights").

• 3. The circle of words of real meaning, which have forms of only the singular, adjoins words meaning vegetables, cereals, growths, berries: turnips, carrots, potatoes, raspberries, gooseberries, oats, hay, greens etc.

But some of the same words with the meaning of sown areas, fees, in general with the agricultural meaning of sown fields or a set of varieties are also used in the plural: oats, barley, even hay etc.

• 4. Especially brightly negative, devoid of a direct relationship to number, account, the function of the singular appears in words with abstract meanings of property-quality, action-state, emotion, feeling, mood, physical phenomenon or natural phenomenon, ideological direction, flow, in general for designations abstract concepts. Thus, the category of abstraction finds its grammatical expression in the possession of only singular forms. For example, the following words do not have plural forms: salvation, flight, longing, hatred, boredom, yellowness, whiteness, secrecy, gloom, struggle, socialism, Marxism, collectivism, militarization etc. True, in poetic language, plural forms are formed from the names of many abstract concepts (cf., for example, in the language of V. Bryusov). But the function of these forms is not direct, quantitative, but expressive and poetic.

In general, the concretization and individualization of abstract concepts, accompanied by the emergence of new meanings and shades in the corresponding words, often enriches these words with plural forms.

However, words formed with an abstract suffix -chin(s), plural forms are not possible.

In the same way, abstract nouns ascending to the forms of the neuter gender of adjectives and ending in -oh, -her are never used in the plural. For example: "In everything close, understandable, he saw one limited, petty, worldly, meaningless"(L. Tolstoy, "War and Peace").

• 5. Plural forms are not characteristic of proper names, if they are used in their main meaning of an individualizing nickname. For example: Moscow, cinema "Drummer" etc.
• 6. The mixed use of singular and plural, and even - with a stylistic bias towards a general abstraction, towards a generic designation - the predominant use of singular forms is observed when an object refers to several persons or objects and is inherent in each of them separately. For example: "Yes, order in the city to buy bells - for my cows on the neck"(Turgenev, "Freeloader"); "People walked with a handkerchief tied around their noses and mouths"(L. Tolstoy, "War and Peace"); "Servants in black caftans, with coat of arms on their shoulders and with candles in their hands"(Pushkin, "The Queen of Spades"); "The rebels bowed their heads"(Pushkin, "History of Pugachev"); "Commanded to shave their beard"(Pushkin), etc.;

Everyone got up, frowning importantly,

Bow low, bow low

And, touching up the mustache and beard,

They sat on oak benches.

Nouns are the main component of our speech. Of the many possible words, we always choose the most suitable for us in style and color. The way a person builds his speech can say a lot about his personality and mindset to the interlocutor. Therefore, it is very important to be able to correctly and clearly express your thoughts. To do this, you need to know the basics of the grammar of the Russian language and be able to apply them in real life while communicating with people. In this article, we will analyze such a category as the number of nouns.

A noun in Russian can be used in one of two possible forms - in the singular or in the plural. Number is one of the main features of the part of speech called the noun. But there are Russian nouns that can be used in speech only in the singular or only in the plural. Let's deal with everything in order.

Singular nouns

With nouns in the singular, in general, everything is clear and understandable even without grammatical rules: they denote one thing or person, that is, any (for example, a pen, a book, a house, a cat). Such nouns in the singular have their own gender (feminine, masculine or neuter; sometimes common), and also, regardless of the number, decline in cases.

Plural nouns

The same nouns can also be used in the plural (pens, books, houses, cats). These are nouns denoting several things. Very often in Russian there are nouns that have only the plural form. You can read about them below.

Plural nouns that are often misspelled

More than one full-fledged article could be written about the most common mistakes in everyday speech in Russian, but here we will focus our attention only on the incorrect use of nouns. In nouns, the plural and the correct formation of forms are very often questioned.

Be sure to pay attention to the spelling of the following words in the genitive case: boots - boots, felt boots - boots, boots - boots, soldiers - soldiers, places - places, apples - apples.

And mistakes in using these words in the genitive case can be very often heard in grocery stores: tangerines - tangerines, nectarines - nectarines, tomatoes - tomatoes, oranges - oranges. Nouns that have only the plural form differ somewhat from the data in terms of case declension.

Formation of plural forms: features

Sometimes in the formation of the plural form for a certain category of nouns, some difficulties arise. There are no rules as such in Russian that determine which ending is required for the plural of nouns that we need to apply at a particular moment. Therefore, it can be quite difficult to use the word correctly. Let's take a look at the special cases of plural nouns. It is better to just memorize them so as not to make mistakes and not to doubt the correct use of words.

First of all, these are masculine nouns (s in the singular), with the endings -ы, -и, most often denoting professions. For example, a trainer - trainers (not a trainer!), an agreement - contracts, an accountant - accountants, a lecturer - lecturers, a cream - creams and so on.

The next group is the same nouns as in the previous one, but with the endings -а, -я: professor - professors, doctor - doctors, director - directors, anchor - anchors and so on.

Nouns always used in the singular

There are many nouns in Russian that do not change in number and are always used exclusively in the singular form. Consider the groups into which such nouns can be conditionally divided:

Denoting different feelings, features of the state and human qualities (tenderness, anger, anger, hatred, lust, dependence, security, weakness, kindness);

Denoting signs of an object (grayness, blueness, redness, thinness, fullness, density);

Real (oil, gold, steel, tin, silver, nickel, sugar, sour cream, butter, pearls);

Denoting several of some identical items in the aggregate (dishes, foliage, children, animals);

Denoting objects that exist in all of nature in a single copy (Sun, Earth, sky, Moon); geographical names (Argentina, Stockholm, Moscow, Irtysh, Novosibirsk, Crimea, Ob) also belong to this group.

Nouns that have only plural form

The following nouns exist in the Russian language only in the plural:

Denoting various kinds of substances (rouge, perfume, ink, yeast);

Denoting objects in a pair (jeans, rakes, rollers, trousers, leggings, pants, leggings, glasses, sleds, sleds);

Denoting games or some processes (checkers, tags, hide-and-seek, blind man's blind, catch-up, elections);

Denoting natural phenomena or time periods (day, holidays, twilight, weekdays);

Being geographical or astronomical names (Sochi, Alps, Kuriles, Libra).

So, let's summarize: in Russian there are two forms of nouns - singular and plural. Most words have both forms, but there are also nouns that have only the plural form, and, of course, those that are used only in the singular.

Compound ordinal numbers

When declensing compound ordinal numbers, their last part changes, which, when declensed, takes on forms that coincide with the form of full adjectives: first, first, first, etc. The rest of the compound ordinal noun remains unchanged for all types of declensions, and any of its changes are considered a morphological error: the twenty-first lunar day is on the twenty-first lunar day.

Compound and complex cardinal numbers.

Each part and each word that makes up a compound and complex numeral is declined separately: to pay twenty-five rubles. The main part of the numerals declines according to the third declension, but, as we know, there are exceptions to almost every rule of the Russian language:

In accordance with the morphological norms of the modern Russian language, the numeral "one thousand" leans not according to the third, but according to the first declension: to pay off with a thousand rubles. Nevertheless, a very typical mistake is when this numeral, like all the others, is declined according to the third declension - a thousand.

numerals one hundred and forty» in oblique cases have only one form each: one hundred and forty. But when "one hundred" is part of complex numerals, it declines according to an archaic type: with five hundred, about two hundred.

When compound numerals are used together with animate nouns, only the noun is declined, and the numeral does not change: I caught twenty-five butterflies, graze forty-three sheep at the same time.

Rules for declension and the use of collective numbers.

There are several cases in which collective nouns are used:

With nouns people, children and the names of animal cubs: seven kids, two kittens, five children.

With nouns meaning the name of males: four brothers, three friends.

With nouns that are used only in the plural form (paired or compound objects): three gates, five days, seven sledges.

With nouns that name persons and have a substantiated type: three people entered the room, today there are two attendants in the class.

With personal pronouns: there will be three of us, five of them will come.

The following phrases will be correct: three students and three students. But in no case can one say: three students, although this error is also often found in common speech.

Fractional numbers.

There is only one rule here without any exceptions - when declining a fractional numeral, all its parts change. The numerator of a fraction is declined as a separate whole number, and the denominator takes on the corresponding form of an adjective in the plural (as an adjective in the singular, the denominator of a fraction is declined, where the numerator is one): about two-thirds, approaches four-sevenths.

Numerals "one and a half", "both", "one and a half hundred".

The numeral "one and a half" has two generic forms (both male and female), which are used depending on the gender of the noun: one and a half thousand, one and a half dozen eggs. In indirect cases, this numeral also has the form "one and a half": about one and a half thousand dollars.

The same situation is observed with the numeral "both": both fingers, both countries.

Like the numeral "one and a half", "one and a half hundred" also has a special form in oblique cases: about one and a half hundred guardsmen.

Features of declension of phrases with numerals.

When using the phrase "numeral + noun", the numeral in the nominative case controls the genitive case of the noun: three hundred Spartans ruled the country. In the formation of indirect cases, the noun becomes the main one in the phrase, and the numeral: kill two birds with one stone.

Numerals "ten", "hundred", "thousand", "million", "billion", etc. always retain control of the noun in the genitive case: a dozen eggs, about a million rubles.

A noun that does not have a singular number.

When a noun does not have a singular form (scissors, day, etc.), it is often difficult to form a numeral form, more than 20, which would correctly agree with such a numeral: forty-three days? forty-three days? How to say right? The correct option would be: forty-three days. Only numerals ending in one or five are combined with such nouns: twenty-one days. In order to indicate the number of other collective nouns (for example, scissors, shorts, eyes), you can use the word "piece" or "pair": forty-eight pairs of eyes, twenty-two pairs of underpants, seven pieces of scissors.

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Nouns that have only the singular form

Dear Guys! Today we will continue our acquaintance with the grammatical category of number. You will see that some nouns cannot be pluralized. Be sure to remember the lexical groups of words that have only the singular form, and use them correctly in speech.

As you know, most nouns have both singular and plural forms, i.e. change by numbers: mother, notebook, fox, lamp, etc. Look at the pictures, pay attention to how the ending can change the number of a noun.

Cake Cakes

Among nouns, there are those that have only the singular form. Look at the pictures and compare the captions under the pictures. Please note that sometimes a singular noun is used to refer to many identical items: strawberries, milk, etc.

strawberry strawberry The noun strawberry does not have a plural form

Remember! The nouns that have only the singular form include words with the meaning: substances (cotton, milk); qualities, actions (whiteness, fear); groups of people (youth, students).

This is interesting In modern Russian, the words shore, eyes, hands, feet, eyebrows are plural. In the Old Russian language there was a so-called dual number, which denoted paired objects: two eyes, two hands, two banks. If we determine the number of these words in terms of history, we must say that these words have the form of a dual number.

Training apparatus. Select the nouns that have only the singular form. But two more days passed, and Petka entered into a complete agreement with nature. The schoolboy Mitya's face was swarthy yellow, like a second-class carriage, his hair stood up on top and was completely white... and joy that it goes its own way. (According to L. Andreev.)

Check yourself. Nouns that have only the singular form Divide the words into two groups: only singular. h., all the rest Blackberry, nose, flight, rake, silver, corn, youth, wool, shirt, bedspread, star.

Speak right! Remember which syllable is stressed in these words: beetroot silo cotton

Simulator Write 10 nouns that can only take the singular form and make 2 - 3 sentences with them.

Simulator Make up common sentences in which the subjects are the words blueberry, foliage, silver, flight, rebellion, and the predicates are verbs in the past tense.

Important Conclusion There are nouns that can only be plural or only singular. For example, the words scissors, burners, gates are only plural. And the words willow, nettle, sorrel, raspberry, youth, etc. have only the singular form.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Technological map of the lesson "The riddle of the plural" (Nouns that have only the plural form).

Technological map of the lesson "The riddle of the plural" (Nouns that have the form of only the plural)....

The lesson of the Russian language in the 6th grade of a special (correctional) school of the VIII type on the topic "Nouns that have the form of only the singular or only the plural" is one of the lessons ...

GOALS:

• know: about nouns that have only the singular form;
• be able to: use the indicated nouns in combination with adjectives and past tense verbs.

During the classes

1. SELF-DICTATION.

2. So.ntse air and moisture (by)increase ur.zhaynost.

a) Submit an offer.

b) Fill in the missing letters.

c) Open brackets.

d) Explain spelling.

3. EXPLANATION OF THE NEW MATERIAL.

a) Write down the nouns in a column: sun, air, moisture, productivity.

b) Determine the gender and number: singular.

c) Is it possible to form a plural form from these nouns?

With what endings can this be done? (-S, -I; -A, -Z).

d) What conclusion can be drawn? ( There are nouns that only have the singular form..)

e) Describe the offer:

1) (What?) “sun, air, moisture” are subjects expressed by nouns.

2) About them (what is said?), that they "raise". It is a predicate expressed by a verb.

3) “Increase” (what?) Productivity. This is an addition expressed by a noun.

4) “Sun”, “air”, “moisture” are homogeneous subjects, since they answer the same question and refer to the same word. The first and second subjects are connected by the intonation of the enumeration, they are separated by a comma, the second and third are connected by the union “and”, which is single, in this case the comma is not put.

5) The proposal for intonation is narrative, for the purpose of the statement - non-exclamatory.

6) Common.

4. THE WORD OF THE TEACHER.

The topic of today's our lesson, we read together on the board: "Nouns that have only the singular form." We will learn to distinguish between nouns that are used only in the singular form from those that have two numbers. The weather is good. Can you say so? The word "weather" does not have a plural form. There may be “long rains”, “severe thunderstorms” pass, “severe blizzards and snowstorms” rage, but “weather” - excellent, good, variable, bad, disgusting - will still remain “weather”, a singular noun.

5. WORK WITH THE BOOK.

P.206, we read the rule.

A poster made on the blackboard on one's own to this lesson.

1. Real: milk, sour cream, gasoline, kerosene, kefir.
2. Distracted: love, friendship, redness, kindness, severity.
3. With selective: teaching, boyars, kulaks, foliage .
4. Own: Caucasus, Urals, Krokodil magazine, Elektrostal.

6. FIXING.

I am reading the text, and you write down the nouns in two columns: singular and plural.

You want to bake something for dinner. Not every hostess will have at hand yeast. Bake biscuit. Do it like this. Whisk two eggs with a glass Sahara. Add half a glass sour cream slightly diluted kefir. Add soda and pour flour. knead dough and roll it out. Cut out the shapes and bake them. Finished biscuit sprinkle with grated chocolate. Must be submitted to tea, cream. Bon appetit!

Write the words in the first column: cookies, sugar, sour cream, kefir, soda, flour, dough, chocolate, tea.

In the second column - yeast, cream.

What other words can be added to these columns?

7. ON THE BOARD words. Write them out in 3 columns:

singular and plural

Ts.fra, zamoro.ki, sh.pot, darkness, v.rota, weekdays, s.rib, sh.rokh, darkness, r.stenie, ts.rk, t.mnota, holiday nickname, (by) darkness , anger.

What words are more common in Russian? ( Those that have two numbers).

- What grammatical features do not have nouns that have only the plural form? ( Genus, declension).

– What are synonyms? Find them in our words.

8. WORKING TOGETHER.

Match the nouns with antonyms. They must be used only in singular form.

- What are antonyms? On the desk:

9. HOMEWORK(orally pick up antonyms for nouns).

Thaw - frost; holiday - weekdays; dawn - darkness.

Come up with a sentence with one of the words.

10. INSERT nouns that are used only in the singular form.

There is no bad weather) . Each ... (weather) ... (grace). Shura ... (hay) ted, ... (rake) in ... (hay) forgot.

Sleeping under the snows .... Let ... (blizzard) spin in the fields. ... (February) gray-haired wanders along the road. Let it get cold again, but ... (spring) will still come.

11. SUMMARY OF THE LESSON.

What new did you learn in the lesson?

12. SCORING.