Especially if it's a comma. Especially since

Recently, a certain cheat sheet on the Russian language has spread on LJ. I took it from here: http://natalyushko.livejournal.com/533497.html

However, there were errors and inaccuracies.
I corrected what I noticed, plus added information from my notebook and other sources.

Enjoy. =)

If you notice errors or have additions, please write about it.

Editor's note. Part 1

Commas, punctuation

“In addition” - ALWAYS stands out with commas (both at the beginning and in the middle of a sentence).

“Most likely” in the meaning of “very likely, most likely” - stands out with commas (Of course, all because of the cognac and the steam room, otherwise he would most likely have kept silent.).
In the meaning of "fastest" - NO (This way, most likely, one could come to the house.).

"Quicker". If in the meaning of “better, more willing”, then WITHOUT commas. For example: "She would rather die than betray him." Also WITHOUT commas, if in the meaning of "it's better to say." For example: "pronouncing some remark or rather an exclamation."
BUT! A comma is needed if this is an introductory word expressing the author's assessment of the degree of reliability of this statement in relation to the previous one (in the meaning of "most likely" or "most likely"). For example: "He cannot be called a smart person - rather, he is in his own mind."

“Of course”, “of course” - the word of course is NOT highlighted with commas at the beginning of the response, uttered in a tone of confidence, conviction: Of course it is!
In other cases, a comma is NEEDED.

The expressions “in general”, “in general” are SEPARATED in the meaning of “in short, in a word”, then they are introductory.

“First of all” are isolated as introductory in the meaning of “first of all” (First of all, he is a rather capable person).
These words are NOT highlighted in the meaning of “first, first” (First of all, you need to contact a specialist).
A comma after "a", "but", etc. is NOT needed: "But first of all, I want to say."
When clarifying, the entire turnover is highlighted: “There is hope that these proposals, primarily from the Ministry of Finance, will not be accepted or will be changed.”

"at least", "at least" - are isolated only when inverted: "This issue was discussed twice, at least."

“in turn” - does not stand out with a comma in the meaning of “for its part”, “in response, when the turn has come”. And as introductory are isolated.

“literally” - not introductory, commas are not separated

"Hence". If in the meaning “therefore, thus, it means”, then commas are needed. For example: "So you, therefore, are our neighbors."
BUT! If in the meaning "therefore, because of this, based on the fact that", then the comma is needed only on the left. For example: “I found a job, so we will have more money”; “You are angry, therefore you are wrong”; "You can't bake a cake, so I'll bake it."

"Least". If in the value of "the smallest", then without commas. For example: “At least I will wash the dishes”; "He made at least a dozen mistakes."
BUT! If in the meaning of comparison with something, emotional evaluation, then with a comma. For example: “At a minimum, this approach involves control”, “For this you need, at a minimum, to understand politics.”

“that is, if”, “especially if” - a comma is usually not needed

"That is" is not an introductory word and is not separated by commas on both sides. This is a union, a comma is placed before it (and if in some contexts a comma is placed after it, then for other reasons: for example, to highlight some separate construction or subordinate clause that comes after it).
For example: “It’s still five kilometers to the station, that is, an hour’s walk” (well, a comma is needed), “It’s another five kilometers to the station, that is, if you go slowly, an hour’s walk (a comma after “that is” is placed to highlight the subordinate clause "If you go slowly").

"In any case" are separated by commas as introductory if they are used in the meaning of "at least".

“Besides”, “besides this”, “besides everything (other)”, “besides everything (other)” are separated as introductory.
BUT! "Besides" is a conjunction, a comma is NOT needed. For example: "In addition to the fact that he does nothing, he also makes claims against me."

“Because of this,” “because of that,” “because of that,” and “along with that,” a comma is usually not required. Separation is optional. The presence of a comma is not an error.

"Moreover" - WITHOUT a comma.
“Especially when”, “especially since”, “especially if”, etc. - a comma is needed before "especially". For example: “Such arguments are hardly needed, especially since this is a false statement”, “especially if it means”, “relax, especially since a lot of work awaits you”, “you shouldn’t sit at home, especially if your partner invites to dance."

"Moreover" - is distinguished by a comma only in the middle of the sentence (on the left).

"Nevertheless" - a comma is placed in the middle of the sentence (on the left). For example: "He decided everything, nevertheless I will try to convince him."
BUT! If “but nevertheless”, “if nevertheless”, etc., then commas are NOT needed.

If "however" means "but", then the comma on the right side is NOT put. (An exception is if it is an interjection. For example: “However, what a wind!”)

“In the end” - if in the meaning “in the end”, then the comma is NOT put.

“Really” is NOT separated by commas in the meaning of “really” (that is, if this is a circumstance expressed by an adverb), if it is synonymous with the adjective “valid” - “real, genuine”. For example: “Her bark itself is thin, not like that of oak or pine, which are really not afraid of hot sun rays”; "You are really very tired."

"Really" can act as an introductory and SEPARATE. The introductory word is distinguished by intonational isolation - it expresses the speaker's confidence in the truth of the reported fact. In controversial cases, the issue of punctuation is decided by the author of the text.

“Due to the fact that” - a comma is NOT needed if it is a union, that is, if it can be replaced with “because”. For example: “As a child, he underwent a medical check-up because he fought in Vietnam”, “maybe it’s all because I love it when a person sings” (a comma is needed, because replace “because” with it is forbidden).

"Anyway". A comma is needed if the meaning is "however". Then this is an introduction. For example: "She knew that, one way or another, she would tell Anna everything."
BUT! The adverbial expression "one way or another" (the same as "one way or another" or "in any case") does NOT require punctuation. For example: "War is somehow necessary."

Always WITHOUT commas:
primarily
at first sight
like
seems to be
for sure
likewise
More or less
literally
in addition
in the (final) end
in the end
last resort
best case scenario
anyway
at the same time
overall
primarily
especially
in some cases
through thick and thin
subsequently
otherwise
as a result
concerning
after all
in this case
in the same time
generally
in this regard
mainly
often
exclusively
as a maximum
meanwhile
just in case
in case of emergency
if possible
as far as possible
still
practically
approximately
with all (with) that
with (all) desire
on occasion
wherein
likewise
the biggest
at least
actually
generally
maybe
as if
in addition
to top it off
probably
by the proposal
by decree
by decision
like
traditionally
supposedly

The comma is NOT included
at the beginning of a sentence:
“Before… I was…”
"Since…"
"Before as…"
"Despite the fact that…"
"As…"
"In order to…"
"Instead of…"
“Actually…”
"While…"
"Besides..."
"However…"
“Despite the fact that ...” (at the same time - separately); DO NOT put a comma before "what".
"If…"
"After…"
“And…”

“Finally” in the meaning of “finally” - DOES NOT stand out with commas.

“And this despite the fact that ...” - in the middle of the sentence, a comma is ALWAYS put!

“Based on this, ...” - a comma is placed at the beginning of the sentence. BUT: “He did so on the basis of ...” - the comma is NOT put.

“After all, if ..., then ...” - a comma before “if” is NOT put, since the second part of the double union comes next - “then”. If there is no “then”, then a comma before “if” is put!

“Less than two years…” - a comma before “what” is NOT put, because. this is NOT a comparison.

A comma before "HOW" is placed only in case of comparison.

“Politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ...” - a comma is placed, because is the noun "politics".
BUT: "...politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ..." - a comma is NOT put before "as".

Commas are NOT included:
“God forbid”, “God forbid”, “for God's sake” - do not stand out with commas, + the word “God” is written with a small letter.

BUT: commas are placed in two directions:
“Glory to God” in the middle of a sentence is highlighted with commas on both sides (the word “God” in this case is written with a capital letter) + at the beginning of the sentence - is highlighted with a comma (on the right side).
“By God” - in these cases, commas are placed on both sides (the word “god” in this case is written with a small letter).
"My God" - separated by commas on both sides; in the middle of the sentence "God" - with a small letter.

If a introductory word can drop or rearrange to another place in the sentence without violating its structure (usually this happens with the unions “and” and “but”), then the union is not included in the introductory construction - the comma is NEEDED. For example: "Firstly, it became dark, and, secondly, everyone was tired."

If a introductory word remove or rearrange it is forbidden , then the comma after the union (usually with the union "a") is NOT put. For example: “She just forgot about this fact, or maybe she never remembered it”, “..., and therefore ...”, “..., and maybe ...”, “..., which means ...”.

If a introductory word can remove or rearrange, then the comma is NEEDED after the conjunction “a”, since it is not associated with the introductory word, i.e. soldered combinations such as “so”, “but by the way”, “and therefore”, “maybe”, etc. n. For example: "She not only did not love him, but, perhaps, even despised him."

If a at the beginning sentences worth writing union(in an attached meaning) (“and”, “yes” in the meaning of “and”, “also”, “also”, “and that”, “and that”, “yes and”, “and also”, etc.) , and then the introduction, then a comma before it is NOT needed. For example: “And really, you shouldn’t have done this”; “And perhaps it was necessary to do something differently”; “Finally, the action of the play is ordered and divided into acts”; “Besides, other circumstances came to light”; “But of course, everything ended well.”

Rare: if at the beginning offers worth joining union, a the introductory construction is emphasized intonation, then commas are NEEDED. For example: "But, to my great annoyance, Shvabrin decisively announced ..."; "And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing."

The main groups of introductory words
and phrases
(highlighted by commas + on both sides in the middle of a sentence)

1. Expressing the speaker's feelings (joy, regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message:
to annoyance
to amazement
Unfortunately
unfortunately
unfortunately
to joy
unfortunately
to shame
Fortunately
to the surprise
to horror
unfortunately
for joy
for luck
not even hour
nothing to hide
unfortunately
fortunately
strange affair
amazing thing
what good, etc.

2. Expressing the speaker's assessment of the degree of reality of what is being reported (confidence, uncertainty, assumption, possibility, etc.):
without any doubts
undoubtedly
undoubtedly
may be
right
probably
apparently
possibly
Indeed
in fact
should be
think
seems
seemingly
certainly
maybe
may be
maybe
hope
presumably
is not it
no doubt
obviously
apparently
most likely
truly
perhaps
I guess
in fact
essentially
truth
right
of course
needless to say
tea, etc.

3. Pointing to the source of the reported:
they say
say
they say
transmit
In your
according to…
remember
to my mind
our way
according to legend
according to…
according to…
rumored
by post...
your way
heard
report, etc.

4. Pointing to the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation:
all in all
First of all,
second, etc.
however
means
in particular
the main thing
Further
means
so
for example
besides
by the way
by the way
by the way
by the way
finally
vice versa
For example
against
I repeat
I emphasize
more than that
on the other side
one side
that is
thus etc.
howbeit
whatever it was

5. Pointing to the techniques and ways of formalizing the expressed thoughts:
rather
generally speaking
in other words
if I may say so
if I may say so
in other words
in other words
in short
better to say
to put it mildly
in a word
to put it simply
word
as a matter of fact
let me tell you
so to speak
to clarify
what is called etc.

6. Representing calls to the interlocutor (reader) in order to draw his attention to what is being reported, to inspire a certain attitude to the facts presented:
do you believe
do you believe (do)
see (do)
you see)
imagine(those)
allowable
do you know)
Do you know)
Sorry)
believe (those)
please
understand (those)
do you understand
do you understand
listen (those)
suppose
Imagine
sorry)
say
agree
agree etc.

7. Indicating an assessment of the measure of what is being said:
at least, at least - are isolated only when inverted: "This issue was discussed twice, at least."
the biggest
at least

8. Showing the degree of commonness of the reported:
it happens
used to
as usual
according to custom
happens

9. Expressive statements:
no joke
between us will be said
talking between us
need to say
not in reproach will be said
to tell the truth
according to conscience
in fairness
confess say
tell the truth
funny to say
honestly.

Set expressions with comparison
(without commas):
poor as a church mouse
white as a harrier
white as a sheet
white as snow
beat like a fish on ice
pale as death
shines like a mirror
sickness vanished
fear like fire
wandering like a restless
rushed like crazy
mumbling like a sexton
ran like crazy
lucky, as a drowned man
spinning like a squirrel in a wheel
seen as day
squeals like a pig
lying like a gray gelding
everything goes like clockwork
all as a choice
jumped up like crazy
jumped up like crazy
stupid as hell
looked like a wolf
naked as a falcon
hungry as wolf
as far as heaven from earth
shaking like a fever
trembled like an aspen leaf
he's like water off a duck's back
wait like manna from heaven
wait like a holiday
lead a cat and dog life
live like a bird of the sky
fell asleep like the dead
frozen like a statue
lost like a needle in a haystack
sounds like music
healthy as an ox
know how flaky
have at one's fingertips
rides like a cow saddle
goes along like a sewn
how to sink into the water
ride like cheese in butter
swinging like a drunk
swayed (swayed) like a jelly
handsome as god
red like a tomato
red as a lobster
strong (strong) like oak
screaming like crazy
light as a feather
flies like an arrow
bald as a knee
like a shower
waving his arms like a windmill
thrashing around like crazy
wet as a mouse
gloomy as a cloud
dropping like flies
hope like a stone wall
people like herring in a barrel
dress up like a doll
not see how their ears
mute like a grave
dumb like a fish
rush (rush) like crazy
rush (rush) like crazy
worn like a fool with a written sack
runs like a chicken and an egg
needed like air
needed like last year's snow
needed like the fifth spoke in a chariot
needed like a dog's fifth leg
peel like sticky
one as a finger
left like a stranded cancer
stopped dead in his tracks
razor sharp
as different as day from night
as different as heaven from earth
bake like pancakes
pale as a sheet
pale as death
repeated like crazy
you go like a little
remember your name
remember like a dream
get into cabbage soup like chickens
hit like a butt on the head
fall like a cornucopia
look like two drops of water
went down like a stone
appear as if on cue
loyal like a dog
stuck like a bath leaf
fall through the ground
use (use) as from a goat's milk
disappeared into the water
just like a knife to the heart
blazed like fire
works like an ox
understands like a pig in oranges
vanished like smoke
play like clockwork
grow like mushrooms after the rain
grow by leaps and bounds
drop from the clouds
fresh as blood and milk
fresh as a cucumber
sat as if chained
sit on pins and needles
sit on the coals
listened spellbound
looked spellbound
slept like the dead
hurry like fire
stands like a statue
slender as a Lebanese cedar
melts like a candle
rock hard
dark as night
as accurate as a clock
skinny as a skeleton
cowardly as a rabbit
died like a hero
fell down like a wreck
stuck like a sheep
lean like a bull
mulish
tired as a dog
cunning like a fox
cunning as a fox
gushing like a bucket
walked as if plunged into water
walked like a birthday
walk like a thread
cold as ice
thin as a sliver
black as coal
black as hell
feel at home
feel like behind a stone wall
feel like a fish in water
staggered like a drunk
she's like a punishment
clear as twice two four
clear as day, etc.

Do not confuse with homogeneous members

1. The following stable expressions are NOT homogeneous and therefore are NOT separated by a comma:
neither this nor that;
neither fish nor fowl;
neither stand nor sit down;
no end no edge;
neither light nor dawn;
neither hearing nor spirit;
neither to himself nor to people;
neither sleep nor spirit;
neither here nor there;
for nothing;
neither give nor take;
no answer, no greeting;
neither yours nor ours;
neither subtract nor add;
and so and so;
and day and night;
and laughter and grief;
and cold and hunger;
both old and young;
about this and that;
both;
in both.

(General rule: a comma is not placed inside integral expressions of a phraseological nature, formed by two words with opposite meanings, connected by a repeating conjunction “and” or “neither”)

2. NOT separated by a comma:

1) Verbs in the same form, indicating the movement and its purpose.
I'll go for a walk.
Sit down and rest.
Go take a look.
2) Forming semantic unity.
Can't wait.
Let's sit and talk.

3) Pair combinations of a synonymous, antonymous or associative character.
Search for truth-truth.
There is no end.
Honor to all.
Let's go.
Everything is covered.
It's expensive to see.
Purchase and sale questions.
Meet with bread and salt.
Tie hand and foot.

4) Compound words (interrogative-relative pronouns, adverbs, which are opposed to something).
Someone else, but you can't.
Already somewhere, where, and everything is there.

Compiled by -

Does the turnover “all the more” stand apart? Do I need a comma before or after the word "especially"? These questions involuntarily arise when you encounter a similar case in a letter. To know for sure whether a comma is needed or not with the combination “all the more”, we propose to find out what kind of part of speech it is and what punctuation rules apply to it.

Part of speech and role in a sentence

The word "all the more so" can act as a union or a particle. In rare cases, most often in fiction, it is used as.

Union

• attaches the subordinate part of a complex sentence;
• can be replaced by synonyms "especially since", .

I decided to spend this evening at home by the fireplace, especially since the weather outside the window was rainy.

I decided to spend this evening at home by the fireplace, besides, the weather outside the window was rainy.

I decided to spend this evening at home by the fireplace, especially since the weather outside the window was rainy.

Particle

• enhances the semantic meaning of the sentence;
• does not refer to a specific word;
• can be replaced by synonyms “especially”, “moreover”, “and even more so”, “plus everything”, “and at all”.

No diet, especially weight loss drugs, will help you lose weight without physical activity.

No diet, especially weight loss drugs, will help you lose weight without physical activity.

Due to fatigue, I could no longer even walk, let alone run.

Due to fatigue, I could no longer even walk, and run even more so.

Sometimes in dialogues, the particle “all the more so” is separated into a separate sentence and serves to confirm what was said earlier.

- Let's not go to the sea, it's stormy today.

Yes, and I don't feel well.

- Especially!

introductory word

• connected with the rest of the sentence only in meaning, but not syntactically;
• is not a member of the offer;
• can be moved to another place or removed from the sentence without losing its meaning;
• serves to continue the thought expressed in the previous sentence.

The rest of the summer can be spent without loading yourself with cramming. Moreover, I already know the results of the entrance tests.

The rest of the summer can be spent without loading yourself with cramming. Moreover, I already know the results of the entrance tests.

The rest of the summer can be spent without loading yourself with cramming. I already know the results of the entrance tests.

When is a comma placed?

1 Union"all the more", being at the junction of two parts, requires a comma in front of it.

On a trip to Italy, I missed my brushes and easel, especially since the landscapes in front of me were amazing.

Important! If before "all the more" stands coordinating conjunction ("a", ) or particle "already", there is no comma between them. In this case, only the boundary between parts of the sentence is separated by commas.

My older brother never played with me, much less he would read me a book at night.

My older brother never played with me, much less he would read me a book at night.

2 When used in a sentence synonymous union "especially since", the comma is placed before the entire union, and not inside it.

On a trip to Italy, I missed my brushes and easel, especially since the landscapes in front of me were amazing.

But! If “all the more so” is in the main part and after it there are other members of the sentence, then the subordinate part begins with “what”. In this case, a comma is placed before the second part of the union.

On a trip to Italy, I missed my brushes and easel all the more because the landscapes before me were amazing.

3 If particle"all the more so" is part of connecting turnover, then the entire turnover is separated by commas.

Natasha did not like modern cinema, especially domestic.

Natasha did not like modern, especially domestic, cinema.

Natasha did not like modern cinema, and even more so domestic.

Natasha did not like modern cinema, especially domestic cinema.

4 introductory word"all the more so" is separated by commas on both sides.

I did not scold my son for a broken typewriter. Moreover, he was already upset.

I did not scold my son for a broken typewriter. Moreover, he was already upset.

When is a comma not used?

single particle"Especially" in the sentence is not separated by commas.

I don’t even want to talk about the behavior, and even more so about the academic performance of our graduates.

More examples for learning

"even more so"

I don't want to waste my energy on this hopeless venture, much less I'm not going to risk my money for this.(conjunction with the particle "already" at the junction of parts of a complex sentence)

"and even more so"

In winter, and even more so in severe frosts, one so sweetly dreams of a warm summer.

"and even more so"

I will never be friends and even more so share the secret with this person.(particle)

Still, we shouldn't have gone for a walk so late yesterday, and even more so it was a mistake to stay in the club until closing time.(the union "all the more so" in combination with the union "and" and the particle "already")

"especially since"

Along with the boots, I bought a suitcase at the same time, especially since a month later I was waiting for a vacation abroad.(union at the junction of parts of a complex sentence)

"and especially"

The trip to the cafe was canceled, as Ira felt bad, and even more so, there was no one to leave her son with.(conjunction "all the more so" with the coordinating conjunction "and")

I will no longer discuss politics with him, let alone argue.(particle)

"and even more so"

Literature, and especially ancient Russian literature, has always aroused genuine interest in me.(a particle in a separate turnover)

“Of course”, “including”, “first of all” - a comma, like all other punctuation marks that exist today, allows you to most correctly convey the meaning of written speech. After all, it is quite easy to write a sentence, but it is much more difficult to make it so that in the end it is perfectly understandable for readers. There are a lot of vivid examples of absurdities due to punctuation.

For example, tin makers in England in 1864 were able to bribe proofreaders and eventually defraud the American government of almost $50 million. In this case, proofreaders simply had to shift a single comma in the process of printing a customs tariff, as a result of which tin iron was eventually ranked as tin , and then for 18 years a low duty was levied on it.

That is why, first of all, a comma requires special attention, and you need to know all the rules for arranging this sign in a sentence.

Separation and selection

It is immediately worth noting the fact that commas can be placed one at a time or in pairs. Single commas allow you to divide a whole sentence into several parts, while separating these parts from each other and providing an opportunity to mark the boundaries between them. For example, in a complex sentence, first of all, a comma is used to separate several simple parts from each other, while in a simple sentence, homogeneous members of a sentence are separated by a punctuation mark.

Double commas are usually used to highlight an independent part of a sentence, as well as to mark the boundaries of this part. In the overwhelming majority of cases, on both sides, first of all, such a part is distinguished by commas in the case of treatment, adverbial and participial turns, or the use of introductory words.

Some Features

Many people find the placement of commas too difficult, and therefore simply do not want to understand all the intricacies. But in fact, you can simplify this task if you know a few rules that help determine where to put a comma.

Meaning

You always need to delve into the meaning of the sentence that you write, because punctuation marks are used for a reason, but have a direct connection with the meaning inherent in a certain sentence. Here are some examples of incorrect placement:

• We met with a friend with whom we had a very strong quarrel with cheerful faces yesterday.
• I began to improve my health so as not to get sick running in the evenings.

Unions

In addition to the meaning of the sentence, you still need to know a few words and phrases that stand out, or which are preceded by a comma. Including almost every union is highlighted with commas, and allied words. The latter are not so difficult to remember: what, where, when, since, that is, there are some others. In complex sentences where these words are used, they must be preceded by a comma.

Independent parts

Quite often, many people have various difficulties with separating any parts of a sentence from the main one. Including separated by commas and an independent part, so you need to understand how to define it. In fact, checking this is quite simple - just read the sentence without this part, and if it eventually does not lose its meaning, the removed part can be called independent.

Be sure to use commas to highlight introductory words and sentences, adverbial phrases. The following sentence can be used as an example: “Recently, I saw that Kupriyanov, while relaxing in Egypt, got a good tan.” In this case, if we remove the adverbial phrase “having a rest in Egypt” from this sentence, the sentence will not lose its meaning at all, since the following will turn out: “Recently, I saw that Kupriyanov had a good tan.” Of course, it is the section “resting in Egypt” that is highlighted with commas, since if you remove some other elements of this sentence, it will absolutely lose its intent.

But in fact, with gerunds, everything is far from being so simple. You can meet various situations when gerunds adjoin a certain predicate, that is, a verb, as a result of which their meaning is close to the adverb. In such situations, participles will no longer need to be separated by commas. Example: "Dance in clover!". If you remove the gerund from such a sentence, the sentence will eventually become incomprehensible, as a result of which commas are not needed here.

Special attention should be paid to introductory words, since there are a huge number of them. We use most of them every day: first of all, fortunately, by the way, imagine, by the way, of course - each of them is separated by commas. They are not difficult to find in the offer - just try to remove them.

Appeals

Regardless of who is being addressed, it is always separated by commas. It is worth noting that the appeal is especially difficult to distinguish if it is not at the beginning of the sentence, especially since the comma must be placed correctly. For example: "Come, I will feed you, dog, and you, kitty, do not be afraid, I will give you too." In such a sentence, several appeals appear at once - a dog and a cat.

Comparative turns

Comparative turns must be separated by commas. They are also quite easy to detect, since they use conjunctions: exactly, as, as if, what, as if, as and, as well as many others. Here it is more important to remember that there are also several exceptions and rules that must be taken into account. In fact, remembering them is not so difficult. Moreover, a comma is not put in the case of using comparative turns, which have become phraseological units, that is, unchangeable turns of speech: it pours like a bucket, pale as death, goes like clockwork.

Homogeneous members of a sentence

Homogeneous members of a sentence are always separated by commas from each other, while it is quite difficult to make a mistake here, because here the intonation of the enumeration is an indicator. It is also worth noting that they help determine where it is better to put a comma, unions that are repeated before homogeneous members of a particular sentence.

If we talk about some more difficult cases, then we can highlight For example, if (for example: an interesting, exciting performance), then a comma must be put without fail. For heterogeneous definitions, such as "Please (comma) watch this interesting Italian performance", the comma will no longer be placed, because here the word "Italian" is used to convey a personal viewing experience, while "Italian" indicates who exactly is the author or performer of this work.

Coordinating conjunctions

Commas must always be preceded by a comma in a compound sentence. In this case, you need to be able to determine where one simple sentence ends and the next begins. Again, in this case, reading the sentence and determining its meaning will greatly help you, or you can simply determine the subject and predicate.

For example: "Please, (comma) stop talking about this case, and in general, I'm pretty tired of such stories."

Contrastive conjunctions

For many people, the simplest rule is that opposite conjunctions should always be preceded by a comma. In other words, words like “but, ah, yes (which equates to “but”) signal us to use a comma in a sentence. For example: “The group was about to leave, but Grisha, unfortunately, (highlighted by commas) still wanted to look at the giraffe. The group still had to leave. More than (in this case, the comma is placed after “more”, and not after “than”) Grisha, no one wanted to look at the giraffe.”

Participle turnovers

In this case, the situation is somewhat more complicated compared to adverbial phrases, because commas should be placed only in those situations if the phrase is after the word being defined. In this case, the word being defined is the one from which the question will be asked to this turnover:

• the candidate who took the seat;
• bus stop located on the side of the house;
• the man who saved my life.

In principle, remembering all these features is quite simple, therefore, there are no big problems with their use.

Interjection

If we talk about interjections, then in this case it is necessary to put commas after the “emotional” turns. Examples:

• Alas, it never lived up to our expectations.
• Oh, how persistently this guy does his job.
• Oh, we do not see the beauty of this whole world.

Do not forget that interjections must be distinguished from the usual particles "oh", "ah" and others, which are used in a sentence to enhance the shade, as well as the particle "o", which is used in case of an appeal.

Between subordinate and main clauses

A comma must necessarily be placed between the subordinate and main clauses, but at the same time, if the subordinate clause is located directly inside the main clause, it will need to be separated by commas on both sides. First of all, a comma is placed between the parts of a complex sentence precisely in order to highlight the subordinate clause.

"He put a comma in the sentence to make it conform to the rules of the Russian language."

If the subordinate clause comes after the main one, then in this case, both with simple and complex subordinating unions, it will be necessary to put a comma only once immediately before the union itself.

“He stood motionless because he was afraid and could not do anything with himself.”

A complex subordinating union cannot be divided into parts with a comma in the situation when which begins with this union, stands immediately before the main one.

“In the process of how I told him, he gradually fell asleep.”

But depending on the features of the meaning, a complex union can be divided into two parts, the first of which will be included directly in the main sentence, while the second will play the role of the union. First of all, it is not the sentence itself that is highlighted with commas, but the punctuation mark is placed only before the second part.

“He gained strength for it because it was about his freedom.”

If there are two unions next to each other, a comma between them should be placed only if the omission of the subordinate clause does not provide for the need to restructure the main one.

“The decision to stay was made by the tourists, who, although it was quite cold, wanted to enjoy the beauty of this place, on the basis of (comma before “on”) which the guide decided to set up camp.”

At the same time, it is worth noting the fact that if the subordinate clause consists of only one union or a relative word, it will not need to be separated by a comma.

"Where? I showed you where.

Repeating words

A comma must necessarily be placed between identical words that are repeated in order to indicate the duration of the action, a greater number of persons, phenomena or objects, as well as an increase in the degree of quality. In addition, it must be placed before words that are repeated to reinforce agreement.

"Hurry, finish here and get on with the next one!", "More than (comma before "what") last time, you can't go wrong.".

Defining turns

Commas must necessarily distinguish adjectives and participles that have explanatory words with them, and at the same time stand after the noun being defined, with the exception of those that are quite closely adjacent to the verb in meaning.

“Several snowdrifts covered with ice especially attracted the attention of passers-by.”

Adjectives and participles that are placed after the noun they define in order to give them a more independent meaning. This also applies to cases where there are no explanatory words, especially if there is a defining word before the noun.

“Tomorrow Monday will come, and my life, gray and measured, will go on as usual.”

Also, adjectives and participles are separated by commas, regardless of whether they stand with explanatory or without them, if they are placed before the noun being defined, and at the same time, in addition to the meaning of the definition, they also have a circumstantial connotation.

“Closed in himself, Vanya at that moment did not want to talk to anyone.”

If adjectives and participles refer to and precede a noun, but are separated by other members of the sentence, they should also be separated by commas.

“If, having gained strength, our honorable employee does not return to work after sick leave, he will be fired.”

Detailed turns

Commas are used in the following cases:

If gerunds are used with or without explanatory words. The exception in this case are single gerunds and all kinds of gerunds, adjoining directly to the predicate and in their meaning close to the adverb.

“Having arrived at this wonderful place, we decided to stop to take a closer look at it.”

But at the same time, it should be noted that commas are not put if a gerund with explanatory words is used, and they are integral expressions, such as: carelessly, with bated breath, arms folded, and so on.

In addition, a comma is not placed between the union "a" and the adverbial turnover, or the adverbial in the event that when this turnover or the word itself is omitted, the sentence needs to be restructured.

“He stopped, often looked back, and guiding me through these jungles, he allowed me to get acquainted with the local fauna, in connection with which I received inexpressible pleasure from the hike.”

A noun in with prepositions, and in some situations also without prepositions, if they have an adverbial value. In particular, this applies to those situations where nouns have explanatory words, and at the same time they stand before the predicate.

"Unlike other soldiers, this one was one of those people who constantly went forward."

Indefinite forms of the verb with any words related to them, which are attached to the predicate with the help of conjunctions "to" (in order to; so that, etc.)

"I decided to do morning runs to get in shape again."

Clarifying and limiting words

Commas must necessarily separate groups of words or individual words that clarify or limit the meaning of previous (subsequent) words, as well as those attached to them directly or using the words “including”, “including”, “except” and others.

“Ten years ago, in winter, on the road from St. Petersburg to Rostov, I had to sit all day at the station, also because of the lack of trains.”

Introductory sentences and words

Commas should always separate introductory words and sentences.

“This is a rather simple and, unfortunately (separated by commas), unnecessary thing in the work.”

In the majority of cases, as introductory words can be found: it happened, most likely, without a doubt, apparently, firstly, secondly, and others.

Special attention should be paid to the fact that you need to be able to correctly distinguish introductory words from detailed ones that answer the questions “when?”, “How” and others.

"He uttered this phrase by the way."

You should also be able to correctly distinguish between the use of the same turns and words as introductory or as amplifying.

"You, of course, (punctuation - comma) consider this the most optimal solution." In this case, the introductory word is used.

"You will certainly get to this place much earlier than me." Here, the same “of course” is already an amplifying word.

Among other things, if the words "say", "for example", "suppose" come before some word or group of words intended to clarify the previous ones, no punctuation marks should be placed after them.

Negative, affirmative and question words

A comma should always be placed after the words "of course", "yes" and others, if they denote confirmation, and also after the word "no" if it denotes denial.

“Yes, I am the person you met at the local bakery.”

"No, I haven't been to work today yet."

“What, are you afraid to compete with equal opponents?”

Commas with separate phrases

• "Primarily". It does not require punctuation, but in fiction there are examples where the words "first of all" are isolated.
• "Including". If the connecting revolutions begin with the union "including", they are separate.
• "Especially". If this is a particle (similar to the meaning of “especially”), then they are not required, but if it is a union (similar to the meaning of “and besides”), then it is already necessary to single out constructions with this union.
• "I ask you to". Does not require punctuation marks.
• "More than". Depending on how exactly this phrase is used, a comma can be placed before the word "greater than" or "than".
• "Unfortunately". As an introductory word, it should be separated by commas.
• "In connection with". A comma is needed, and it is placed before this phrase.

Conclusion

Of course, it is impossible to cover absolutely all options for arranging commas, because you should not forget that there are author's punctuation marks that cannot fit into certain rules and have only one explanation - the creative intention of the writer himself. However, some "experts" try to explain their own ignorance of punctuation in this way.

Commas should always be treated carefully, and this is taught to children in elementary grades - how to place commas correctly. After all, a word that is spelled with spelling errors can be understood by everyone, while the omission of one comma can significantly distort the meaning of the sentence.

But, remembering these simple rules, you can understand whether a comma is needed in a particular case.

The correct placement of commas is important in any field of activity of a modern person. Of course, this is important for those people who work with manual filling of papers or writing text, but it is especially important for those who are directly involved in the preparation of economic contracts and other responsible documents, where an incorrectly placed comma can result in serious financial losses.

Especially since

union

Syntactic constructions that begin with the union "especially since" are distinguished by punctuation marks. In this case, the first punctuation mark is usually placed before the compound union (before the word "that"), and not between its parts.

She gladly accepted the invitation., especially heard about this house. F. Iskander, Young architect and beauty. This news shocked all the students., especially since our way to school passed by the river... D. Mamin-Sibiryak, Bad comrade. The doctors told me, ma'am, to keep my feet warm., especially since I now need to go tune the piano to General Shevelitsyna. A. Chekhov, Boots.

Dictionary-reference book on punctuation. - M.: Reference and information Internet portal GRAMOTA.RU. V. V. Svintsov, V. M. Pakhomov, I. V. Filatova. 2010 .

See what "especially since" is in other dictionaries:

All the more .. that- union 1. Use. when attaching the subordinate part of a complex sentence containing an additional and significant argument; especially the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova. T. F. Efremova. 2000...

Especially since- MORE, adv. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Especially since- union It is used when attaching the subordinate part of a complex sentence (containing an additional and significant argument), corresponding in meaning to the following: even more so. Explanatory Dictionary of Ephraim. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova

especially since- 1. see more; in sign union. Expresses attachment with a hint of justification. 2. see topics; in sign union. Particularly because… Dictionary of many expressions

especially- ▲ the more the more so. even more so. all the more so. (and) at all. even more so (and he #). already (it's # loaded). so. squared (nonsense #). see extra, premise... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

Especially- I union It is used when attaching the subordinate part of a complex sentence (containing an additional and significant argument), corresponding in meaning to the following: all the more so. II part. Used to emphasize or enhance the importance of ... ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova

especially- Unchange. In particular, if you take into account any circumstance (used to emphasize something important, to indicate a greater degree of manifestation of a sign). With all my striving to the place of danger, I could not leave the child, especially since ... ... Educational Phraseological Dictionary

Particle and Union 1. Particle. The same as "especially". Does not require punctuation marks. You, wife, understand one thing - both from Aizada and even more so from Sabitzhan, even if he is a son, a man, there will be little sense. Ch. Aitmatov, And the day lasts longer than a century. By Main… Punctuation Dictionary

ESPECIALLY- The group was formed in 1995 in Balashikha by three students of the Institute of Communications: Oleg Bisyaryn (guitar, vocals, lyrics), Vladimir Korobeinikov (guitar) and Sergey Gorokhov (bass guitar, keys), who left the band in 1996 … … Russian rock. Small encyclopedia

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?- ’WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?’ (‘Qu est ce que la philosophie?’, Les Editions de Minuit, 1991) book by Deleuze and Guattari. According to the authors, indicated in the Introduction, ‘what is philosophy’ is a question that is ‘asked, hiding anxiety, closer to ... ... History of Philosophy: Encyclopedia

Books

• Moreover, life is so short ..., Krasukhin Gennady Grigorievich. These are the most complete biographical notes of the author, in which he sums up his own life. For almost half a century he worked in the press, including for many years in the famous Literary newspaper ...