§ 44. A colon in an asyndetic compound sentence A colon in an asyndetic compound sentence is placed in cases where the main part of the statement (sometimes corresponding to the main part in a complex sentence) is contained in the first part of the complex sentence,

§ 45. A dash in a non-union complex sentence A dash in a non-union complex sentence is usually placed in cases where the main part of the statement (sometimes corresponding to the main part in a complex sentence) is contained in the second part of the complex sentence, and

§ 46. Comma and dash in a non-union complex sentence The current rules provide for the use of a comma and dash as a single punctuation mark in three cases: 1) before the main part of a complex sentence preceded by a series of

§ 112

XXX. Punctuation marks in an union-free compound sentence § 116. A comma and a semicolon in a union-free compound sentence 1. A comma is placed between the parts of an union-free compound sentence if these parts are closely related in meaning, for example: Pale cheeks fell,

§ 116. A comma and a semicolon in a unionless complex sentence 1. A comma is placed between the parts of an unionless complex sentence if these parts are closely related in meaning, for example: Pale cheeks fell, eyes became big, large, lips burned (Lermontov);

§117

§ 118. A dash in an unionless compound sentence A dash in an unionless compound sentence that breaks into two parts is put: 1) if the second part contains an unexpected addition, an indication of a quick change of events (a union and can be inserted between both parts), for example:

XXX. punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence § 116. A comma and a semicolon in a non-union complex sentence

§ 116. A comma and a semicolon in a unionless complex sentence 1. A comma is placed between the parts of an unionless complex sentence if these parts are closely related in meaning, for example: Pale cheeks fell, eyes became large, large, lips burned (Lermontov);

§ 118. A dash in an unionless compound sentence A dash in an unionless compound sentence that breaks into two parts is put: 1) if the second part contains an unexpected addition, an indication of a quick change of events (a union and can be inserted between both parts), for example:

Punctuation marks in an union-free complex sentence § 127. A comma is placed between the parts of an union-free complex sentence when listing: The ocean with a rumble walked behind the wall with black mountains, a blizzard whistled hard in heavy gear, the ship was shaking all over (Bun.); It was getting dark,

in a non-union complex sentence, a comma between parts of the sentence when listed. § 127 before the last part of a sentence with a union and § 127, also § 25 semicolon between common parts of a sentence § 128 between parts of a sentence that are

Theoretical part

Prepare answers to questions:

1. The concept of a non-union complex sentence (BSP) as a unit of language. Structural-semantic features of the BSP.

2. Types of non-union complex sentences:

1) non-union complex sentences of homogeneous composition (with parts of the same type):

1.1. non-union complex sentences with the meaning of enumeration;

1.2. non-union complex sentences with the meaning of comparison or opposition;

2) non-union complex sentences of heterogeneous composition (with different types of parts):

2.1. non-union complex sentences with the meaning of conditionality;

2.2. union-free complex sentences with explanatory meaning.

1. Beloshapkova V.A. etc. Modern Russian language. Proc. allowance for a philologist. specialist. un-v.-M.: Enlightenment, 1989. -800s.

2. Valgina N.S. etc. Modern Russian language. –M.: Higher. school, 1987. -480 p.

3. Vinogradov V.V. Modern Russian language. –M.: Higher. school, 1986. -640 p.

4. Galkina-Fedoruk E.M. Modern Russian language. - Part 1. - M.: MGU, 1962. - 344s.; Ch.2.–638s.

5. Graudina L.K. and others. Grammatical correctness of Russian speech. -M.: Russian language, 1976. -232 p.

6. Dudnikov A.V. Modern Russian language. - M .: Higher. school, 1990. -424p.

7. Kasatkin L.L. and others. Russian language. Proc. for stud. ped. in-comrade. - Part 2. -M.: Enlightenment, 1989. -287p.

8. Lekant P.A. Modern Russian language. –M.: Higher. school, 1982. -400s.

9. Modern Russian language. Proc. for universities / Under the editorship of D.E.Rosenthal.–M.: Higher. school, 1984. -736 p.

10. Shapiro A.B. Modern Russian language. -M.: Enlightenment, 1966. -156p.

Practical part

1. Read the sentences, determine the semantic relationships between simple sentences as part of non-union complex ones. Rewrite with punctuation marks.

Clouds in the blue white herd floating cranes in the clouds are calling roll ( I.Nikitin). Everything around bloomed, buzzed and sang a festive bright feeling seized the soul ( I. Turgenev). In the yard in a frosty steam the sun was reddening in the house it was warm ( I. Bunin). Birds were not heard, they do not like big forests ( I. Turgenev). The layer of clouds was very thin, the sun shone through it ( K.Paustovsky). Ponds stretched one after another for several miles, solid forests darkened behind them ( I. Turgenev). Not the robber whistle of the projectile, the song of the nightingale overhead ( N. Gribachev). Cars buzzed, horses neighed, forged boots pounded on the asphalt raincoats fluttered ( E. Kazakevich). The day was already fading into evening, the shadows were getting longer in the lowlands, ravines and gorges, a cool breeze blew ( M. Auezov). Old age was not the fault, strength overcame strength ( M. Gorky). It was early in the morning, the sun had not yet risen A. Chekhov). It was possible to look at the sun with the naked eye, a yellow crown appeared around it ( V. Arseniev). Affectionately waving the peaks of the forest, the sun looks more friendly from heaven ( N. Nekrasov).

2. Highlight the grammatical foundations in complex non-union sentences. Establish semantic relationships between the parts of a complex non-union sentence. Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Make an analysis of the selected proposals.

1. From the heat, a dried-up wheel suddenly splits up to the very hub, the spokes stick out with a bunch of bitten pegs, the cart falls with a thud on its side, piles of newspapers fall out 2. We are waiting for Matryoshka for another hour, she is not there. 3. Shmakhin glanced at his watch; it was only ten minutes to seven. 4. If you don't want to answer, I'll tell you. 5. One cannot understand Russia with the mind, one cannot measure it with a common yardstick; one can only believe in Russia. 6. The rye is ripening for you, as if hail hadn’t beaten without rain in the heat, it didn’t dry out from the rain, it didn’t rely. 7. I wanted to stand in front of me, everything spun with speed, I wanted to scream, my tongue became silent and motionless. 8. If you become too smart, you probably don’t want to live, you become richer than all people, they will envy, I better pick and eat the third (magic, shriveled apple). 9. He blushed, he was ashamed to kill an unarmed man. 10. I crawled along the thick grass along the ravine, I looked at the forest, several Cossacks came out of it to the clearing. 11. A white blanket is thrown on the floor. The house is empty. Vera Nikandrovna is alone. 12. Emerald frogs jump under their feet between the roots, raising their golden head lies already and guards them. 13. He noticed some special dilapidation on all the village buildings. The log on the huts was dark and old, many roofs were see through, like a sieve on others there was only a ridge at the top and poles on the sides in the form of ribs. 14. Here are my conditions for you; today you will publicly renounce slander and will ask me for forgiveness. 15. Silence was gradually broken in the house, a door creaked somewhere, someone's steps were heard, someone sneezed in the hayloft. 16. Everyone regarded Nagulnov's behavior differently; 17. After a few moments I get up and see my Karagyoz flying waving mane. 18. I say don't give up. 19. I also remember she loved to dress up and sprinkle perfume. 20. I will definitely tell you that you have a talent. 21. Fedor understood it was about communication. 22. Alex decided to pull quite. 23. Magpie raised his head above, through the thin steam of frost, the golden Bear shone. 24. I raised my head in front of the fire on an overturned tub, a miller's wife was sitting and talking to my hunter. 25. I woke up the dawn was already engaged. 26. The moon was not in the sky; at that time it rose late. 27. He even got scared because it was dark, cramped and unclean. 28. The windows in the barracks were lit up, then extinguished, someone struck matches. 29. Another week has passed, suddenly a carriage drives into my yard. 30. Give him only a knife and let him go on the big road, he will kill him for a penny. 31. Before the sun had time to warm up, the whole sky hummed. 32. I began to call the owner silently knocking silently. 33. The brave win, the cowardly die. 34. There was no way to leave unnoticed, he went out openly as if he was going into the yard and darted into the garden. 35. We will defeat a stone house and build it. 36. A well done man will pass, a maiden will pass, he will grieve, and the harp will pass and sing a song. 37. Damn you, we won’t cry about you at all. 38. Look at the ruble will give. 39. He always liked to chat; I knew this very well. 40. They will part they have already parted this thought stunned both.

3. Designing proposals. Connect the halves of the sentences. Explain punctuation.

1. Do you like to ride

2. A kind person leaves a good memory

3. The cloud layer was very thin

4. I would be glad to serve

5. Tried to run

A. The sun shone through it.

B. love and carry sleds

B. to serve sickeningly

G.'s legs did not move from fear.

D. an evil person will be quickly forgotten

4. Read the proverbs. What syntactic relations are expressed in these complex non-union sentences? Group the sentences according to the semantic relationships of their parts and write them down using punctuation marks.

1. May is a cold, grain-growing year. 2. The winds of the mountain destroy the word of the nations raises. 3. August cooks September serves to the table. 4. You yourself will not bow to the earth, she will not come to you. 5. With a loafer, you will lead grief. 6. Do not dig a hole for another, you yourself will fall into it. 7. Work does not dry a person, care dries. 8. There will be patience and skill. 9. July sweet tooth is generous with fragrant berries. 10. November will nail December will pave. 11. I saw a rook meet spring. 12. The string bag twists the rope, tightens the loop. 13. August the farmer picks up everything in plenty. 14. A house without corners is not built without a proverb, speech is not spoken. 15. Learn good, bad things will not come to mind. 16. She dragged a squirrel of nuts into a hollow to keep her warm in the winter. 17. What a big mansion for a crow, know the crow its nest. 18. If you want to catch a fish, don't climb a tree. 19. Autumn is boastful, winter is fair. 20. More bread in the fields more bread in the bins. 21. In winter, the snow is deep; in summer, the bread is high. 22. Hold on to the oak tree, the oak tree is deep in the ground. 23. Eyes without a soul are blind, ears without a heart are deaf. 24. Life is not a stone in one place, but it runs forward. 25. If you have not been in a foreign land, you will not fully appreciate your country. 26. The older one starts the younger one continues. 27. There is a conscience and there is shame. 28. The goose camp fell off in an instant and flew away; now the sandpiper among the swamps is a great sultan. 29. Do no evil, you will not be in eternal fear.

5. Guess the riddles. Determine the semantic relationships between the parts of complex non-union sentences. What kind of punctuation do they require? Draw diagrams of non-union complex sentences indicating the meaning of the parts, write test unions.

1. Look through the window is thin Antoshka. 2. I will pull the rope and the mountain will rise. 3. You can’t swim in the sea, you can’t eat roads, you can’t plow the land. What is it? 4. Give me a drink and he will start talking. 5. The head is large, the neck is thin. 6. The horse is running, the earth is trembling. 7. One is lying, the other is running, the third is bowing. 8. Don't touch this potion, it burns painfully like fire. 9. In one little room, the neighbors live alone, everyone bites, others chew. 10. A touchy guest will not go anywhere from the threshold; he will touch his finger with his finger, he calls the owner.

(For reference: bell; teeth; rain; road; nettle; camel; thunder; geographical map; skis; ink, pen; year, months, days, nights; head of cabbage.)

6. Read. Determine the boundaries of simple parts in the composition of these complex non-union sentences and indicate their number. What is the complexity of the parts of these complex sentences?

I. 1. The green paths in the forest all seem to be smoking fog everywhere the water rises with bubbles sits on the leaves on the needles of the Christmas trees on the cobwebs on the telegraph wire ( M. Prishvin). 2. On burdocks, on nettles, on any green grass, white petals scattered, bird cherry blossoms ( M. Prishvin). 3. The pine was tall straight on the dark green bark of a cast trunk, not a single knot and not a single scar from a knot ( V. Bocharnikov). 4. The rain almost stopped; the wind became less humid, but it pierced with cold ( J. Verne). 5. Fog swirls over the water, the east turns red and casts a pinkish glow on the river ( M. Twain).

II. 1. There are no accidents in fate, a person creates rather than meets his fate ( L. Tolstoy). 2. The noble ones live in harmony with other people but do not follow them; the low ones follow other people but do not live in harmony with them ( Confucius). 3. The shortest expression of the meaning of life is that the world is moving, the task of a person is being improved to participate in this movement and obey and contribute to it ( L. Tolstoy). 4. They scold condemn, rejoice, praise, approve, be afraid, grieve ( L. Tolstoy). 5. Through the word, a person communicates with thought through images of art, he communicates with feeling with all people, not only of the present but also of the future ( L. Tolstoy). 6. Patriotism should not blind us; love for the Fatherland is an action of a clear mind and not a blind passion ( N. Karamzin). 7. Long is the path of instruction, short and persuasive is the path of examples ( Seneca).

7. First write down complex non-union sentences, which include two simple parts, then complex sentences, which include more than two simple parts. Place punctuation marks, emphasize grammatical foundations, Draw diagrams of complex non-union sentences that combine different meanings between parts.

I. 1. Believe me, I am pure in soul ( N. Rubtsov). 2. After a thunderstorm, it suddenly became very cold, a strong north wind began ( M. Prishvin). 3. Already the willow, all fluffy, spread around again, the fragrant spring blew with the Wing ( L Fet). 4. I look back with pride at our beautiful family tree! ( S.Vikulov). 5. The sun sets in clouds, smoke falls to the ground, clouds stretch across the sky in long misty strands, all these are signs of rain ( K. Paustovsky). 6. It was a gray November morning and it was drizzling. 7. In spring, the whole world is transformed on the trees, green leaves bloom, elegant flowers adorn the earth.

P. 1. A noble person makes demands on himself a low person makes demands on others ( Confucius). 2. Be attentive to your thoughts, they are the beginning of actions ( Lao Tzu). 3. A modest person can achieve anything proud to lose everything modesty always deals with generosity pride with envy ( BUT. Rivarol). 4. Life receives its wealth from the world, love gives it a price ( R. Tagore). 5. An enlightened mind ennobles moral feelings; the head must educate the heart ( F. Schiller). 6. When united, the small grows in discord, and the greatest falls apart ( Sallust). 7. Pride is deprived of the best of vices, it is not able to hide ( F. Bacon). 8. The secret of success in society is simple, you need a certain cordiality, you need a disposition towards others ( R. Emerson). 9. The human heart knows no limits, the human mind is limited ( A. Rivarol). 10. A person has no choice, he must remain a person ( Polish wisdom). 11. It is not enough to have merit, you must be able to please people ( F. Chesterfield). 12. Exalted natures do good, lower natures accept it ( Aristotle).

PRACTICE #8 (2 hours)

Exercise 225 Determine what each sentence is: 1) simple; 2) complex; 3) transitional (from simple to complex). Perform a complete syntactic analysis of simple sentences.

1. Do not look for beauty, but look for kindness. 2. Softly spread and hard to sleep. 3. Although he is not rich, he is happy with guests. 4. An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. 5. Prepare a sleigh in summer and a cart in winter. 6. The further into the forest, the more firewood. 7. Better late than never. 8. Beware of troubles while they are not. 9. Trust in God, but don't make a mistake yourself. 10. The word is not a sparrow, you will not catch it.

11. Seeing the goat wolf forgets about the thunderstorm. 12. The people are worried about the sea by the wind. 13. Do not rush to answer, hurry to listen. 14. What is written with a pen cannot be cut down with an ax. 15 What is the demand for that and the price. 16. Life is not a field to pass. 17. A person without will is like porridge without salt. 18. Quieter you go further you will. 19. Business time fun hour. 20. Done business walk boldly. 21. Away is good, but home is better. 22. If you don't know how to sew with gold, hit it with a hammer. 23. Pick a berry and pick a box. 24. By clothes they meet according to the mind they see off. 25. If it goes wrong, it's better to quit right away. 26. To be afraid of a wolf and not to go into the forest. 27. Expensive and cute cheap and rotten. 28. What you do not want for yourself, do not wish for another. 29. Love and advice, and there is no grief. 30. It would be health, the rest will be. (Proverbs.)

Exercise 226 Determine the type of each sentence: 1) compound; 2) complex; 3) non-union complex sentence; 4) transitional case.

1. You work a lot, but there is no benefit in this. (I. Krylov.)

2. I only had blue paint, but despite this I started to draw a hunt. (L. Tolstoy.) 3. Suddenly I feel someone takes me by the shoulder and pushes me. (I. Turgenev.) 4. Everything breathes truth in it, everything

it is feigned and false. (M. Lermontov.) 5. The public did not like him, but personally the prince was extremely sympathetic. (A. Chekhov.) 6. Neither she will touch anyone nor anyone will touch her. (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin.) 7. Let not every warrior harm the enemy, but everyone go into battle! (N. Nekrasov.) 8. They didn't care if people listened to them and looked at them. (A. Fadeev.) 9. Nezhdanov did not know what to say to her and, having drunk tea, put on his hat and went towards the birch grove (I. Turgenev.) at a higher level, water filled the hollows, penetrating all the loopholes and flooding the forest ... (V. Arseniev.) 11. The closer to Samara, the cheaper bread. (D. Furmanov.) 12. As soon as the wind blows, clouds of sulfate are carried away into the desert, covering everything around with sparkling bitter powder. (K. Paustovsky.)

13. All you know is that you go from place to place. (A. Chekhov.) 14. Manilov sat all the time and smoked a pipe that lasted until dinner. (N. Gogol.) 15. A pinch of fox hairs would not be sorry for her tail (I. Krylov.) 16. No matter how easy it was to mow wet and weak grass, it was difficult to go down the steep slopes of the ravine. (L. Tolstoy.) 17. The Cossack did not have time to answer when a young girl in a wide dark blouse appeared on the threshold of the door behind him

cropped in a circle. (I. Turgenev.) 18. A little morning the cannons and forests lit up the blue tops of the French right there. (M. Lermontov.)

19. And as soon as he sees the earth in the darkness of the night, again his heart trembles and his eyes burn with fire. (M. Lermontov.) 20. If she were with her son, she would be calmer. (N. Ostrovsky.)

Exercise 227. Indicate by what means the parts of these complex sentences are connected: 1) intonation; 2) union; 3) allied word; 4) union bond; 5) index word; 6) the ratio of predicate forms; 7) incompleteness of one of their parts; 8) the order of the parts; 9) structural parallelism; 10) typed lexical elements.

1. Do not sit idly by, and there will be no boredom. (Proverb) 2. Why am I worse than him, that I have to live like this? (M. Bubennov.) 3. From nine in the morning until six in the evening, all you know is that you are hanging around here. (A. Kuprin.) 4. Suddenly the wind blew with such force that he almost snatched the bundle and matting from Yegorushka. (A. Chekhov.) 5. Dunya sat in a wagon next to the hussar, the servant jumped on the box, the coachman whistled, and the horses galloped. (A. Pushkin.) 6. I would be glad to serve - it's sickening to serve (A. Griboyedov). 7. After a few moments, I get up and see: my Karagez lies, waving his mane (M. Lermontov). 8. We were once short friends, but an evil hour came - and we parted like enemies (L. Tolstoy). 9. Judas is ready for anything with aphorisms: if you get confused yourself - unravel it yourself, if you like to ride - love to carry sleds, knew how to brew porridge - know how to disentangle (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin). 10. The air is empty, the birds are no longer heard, but far from the first winter storms, and pure and warm azure is pouring onto the resting field (F. Tyutchev). 11. That Nozdrev is a notorious liar, it was known to everyone (N. Gogol). 12. Hadji Murat recalled his son the way he saw him for the last time (L. Tolstoy). 13. The room where Ilya Ilyich lay, at first glance, seemed perfectly cleaned (I. Goncharov). 14. Nina carried porridge, Vitya - an empty saucepan with a spoon (K. Fedin). 15. I woke up, but laziness overcame (I. Turgenev). 16. Late autumn sometimes happens just like early spring: there is white snow, there is black earth. Only in spring from the thawed patches it smells of earth, and in autumn - of snow (M. Prishvin). 17. Let them tyrannize as they want, even if they take the skin off the living - I will not give up my will (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin). 18. It is worth cracking the ice floe again, and the frosty night will shudder all over, and buzz, and groan (V. Korolenko). 19. Everyone is sleeping, that's why no one walks the streets, except for the common people (I. Goncharov).

20. In less than a quarter of an hour, the growing chirping of engines filled everything around (A. Fadeev).

Compound sentence

Exercise 228. Determine the structural type of compound sentences: 1) open structure; 2) closed structure. Parse the closed structure sentences.

1. A soldier walks through the city, along an unfamiliar street, and the whole street is bright from the smiles of girls. (M. Tanich.) 2. The tree bakes with the sun, then with hail, then it whips with rain. (I. Krylov.) 3. It may be easy to live without love, but how, tell me, to live without love. (N. Dorizo.) 4. You work hard, but there is no benefit in this. (I. Krylov.) 5. There, in silence, the summer sun was already shining, and dusk was still on the ground. (K. Paustovsky.) 6. Neither the sun I can see the light, nor for my roots there is no space, nor the breezes around me have freedom. (I. Krylov.) 7. And the earth becomes kindred, and it’s easier for hearts to understand each other ... (A. Cross.) 8. Outside the window lies the night landscape with white clouds, and the moon flies above it. (V. Syutkin.) 9. And outside the window the wires are still moaning, and the train rushes me into the Siberian frosts. (V. Kuzmin.) 10. The waves whisper, and sigh, and call, but they will not understand, wonderful, they will not understand. (I. Matvienko.) 11. A new meeting is the best remedy for loneliness, but don't forget about what happened. (Yu. Antonov.) 12. You, like Atlantis, have disappeared, but I have not forgotten about you. (L. Derbenev.) 13. Autumn Avenue was full of people, and everyone was not up to our love, and in the ocean of open umbrellas you disappeared from sight. (L. Derbenev.)

14. And I forget about everything in the world with you, and I rush headlong into love, like into the sea. (L. Kozlova.) 15. And you are as cold as an iceberg in the ocean, and all your sorrows are under black water. (L. Kozlova.) 16. Let your warmth stay with you, and my ice of unrealizable desires. (V. Kuzmin.) 17. Recognition can give everything: both joy and flight, but it is only important to find your calling. (I. Talkov.) 18. I have a diploma, but the thing is that I am an almighty magician only on paper. (L. Derbenev.) 19. There are many close and distant paths, but you reject all paths. (V. Inber.) 20. Poetry, like a comforting angel, saved me, and I was resurrected in soul. (A. Pushkin.) 21. Will I fall, pierced by an arrow, or will it fly by? (A. Pushkin.) 22. Bird cherry blossoms, but elderberry blossomed, and strawberries bloomed under it. (M. Prishvin.) 23. I think we are alien to each other, but there is hardly a kindred soul. (M. Lermontov.) 24. In words, this way and that, but in reality nothing. (Proverb.) 25. The world is full of joy and happiness, but the native land

dearest of all, and it is so beautiful to return under the roof of your house. (Yu. Antonov.)

Exercise 229. Indicate the semantic relationships between the parts of a compound sentence: 1) connecting; 2) separating; 3) adversative; 4) connecting.

1. A lot of things are said, but not everything is good for business. (Proverb.)

2. The darkness of the night descended on the trembling city; but for a long time the inhabitants did not sleep and talked among themselves about the past day. (A. Pushkin.) 3. For a long time neither the ringing of the bell nor the sound of wheels on the flinty road was heard, and the poor old man was still standing in the same place in deep thought. (M. Lermontov.) 4. The cannonade became weaker, but the rattle of guns from behind on the right was heard more and more often. (L. Tolstoy.) 5. I loved him for his direct and unhypocritical disposition, and besides, he was dear to me from my memories. (I. Turgenev.) 6. They, of course, do not know me, but I do know them. (F. Dostoevsky.) 7. It was supposed to send Seryozha to the gymnasium, and therefore, it was required to acquaint him with at least the first foundations of ancient languages. (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin.) 8. Kostya, close the window, otherwise it's blowing. (A. Chekhov.) 9. I don’t want to think about anything, or thoughts and memories wander, muddy and unclear, like a dream. (A. Serafimovich.) 10. The comrades treated him hostilely, the soldiers truly loved him. (A. Kuprin.) 11. People were very hungry, the horses also needed rest. (V. Arseniev.) 12. Natasha spoke in a whisper, and the grandfather and the forester also spoke in an undertone. (K. Paustovsky.) 13. Cannons rust in arsenals, but shakos shine. (K. Simonov.) 14. Either he was going to enter the zoological garden as a lion tamer, or he was drawn to the fire business. (V. Kaverin.) 15. They gave six fur coats for Nadia, and the cheapest of them, according to her grandmother, cost three hundred rubles! (A. Chekhov.) 16. She passionately wanted to live, she wanted to go to St. Petersburg, and meeting Sasha already seemed like a sweet, but distant, distant past.

(A. Chekhov.) 17. The view of the earth is still sad, but the air is already breathing in spring, and the stalk sways dead in the field, and the oil stirs the branches. (F. Tyutchev.) 18. Fragrant bird cherry hung out, and golden greenery burns in the sun. (S. Yesenin.) 19. It was quiet, cool in the garden, and dark, calm shadows lay on the ground. (A. Chekhov.) 20. It was still only the twelfth, but they were already driving on wheels, and starlings were rustling in the garden. (A. Chekhov.) 21. Sleepy birch trees smiled, silk braids tousled, green earrings rustle, and silver braids burn. (S. Yesenin.) 22. Dymov was not in the living room, and no one remembered his existence. (A. Chekhov.) 23. Frogs tore themselves in the surrounding swamps, and the smell of wild rosemary smelled to a headache. (K. Paustovsky.) 24. Almost a week has passed, and I have not yet met the Ligovskys. (M. Lermontov.) 25. It began to dawn, the sky cleared, only one cloud lay in the east. (L. Tolstoy.) 26. Life is given once, and you want to live it cheerfully, meaningfully, beautifully. (A. Chekhov.) 27. One more, last effort, and I am free! (I. Turgenev.) 28. The snow is still white in the fields, and the waters are noisy in spring. (F. Tyutchev.) 29. A fire of red mountain ash burns in the garden, but it cannot warm anyone. (S. Yesenin.) 30. The birches blossomed, the oaks stood bare. (A. Chekhov.)

Exercise 230. Determine the semantic relationships between the parts of compound sentences with the union and: 1) temporary; 2) causal; 3) conditionally-investigative; 4) connecting; 5) opposing.

1. Put on your skates and let's skate together. (L. Tolstoy.) 2. We said goodbye again, and the horses galloped. (A. Pushkin.)

3. Another minute - and I'm on the toe of the cliff. (G. Fedoseev.) 4. Do not tease the dog - and it will not bark. (Proverb.) 5. I don’t know you, Daria Mikhailovna, and therefore I can’t like you. (I. Turgenev.)

6. I was thirsty all day, and Gurov often went into the pavilion and offered Anna Sergeevna either water with syrup or ice cream. (A. Chekhov.) 7. The insult is severe, and the society of officers decides the duel. (A. Kuprin.) 8. He became hot, and he opened his sheepskin coat.

(L. Leonov.) 9. Remove the stump in the spring day, and the stump will be nice. (Proverb.) 10. Several weeks passed, and my life in the Belogorsk fortress became for me not only tolerable, but even pleasant. (A. Pushkin.) 11. The birches turned yellow overnight to the very tops, and the leaves fell from them in a frequent and sad rain. (K. Paustovsky.) 12. A cricket always screamed here at night and mice fussed. (A. Chekhov.) 13. But you started the business, Lichonin - and do it. (A. Kuprin.) 14. He knew how to make a mistake - know how to get better. (Proverb.)

15. But now, I conjure you by God, do this for my son, and I will consider you a benefactor. (L. Tolstoy.) 16. And you leave your magnificent words, and let's talk businesslike. (M. Sholokhov.) 17. Never say these words to me, and we will be good friends. (L. Tolstoy.) 18. But the day has passed, and there is no answer. (A. Pushkin.) 19. Kolosov did not like questions, and I was lost in conjectures. (I. Turgenev.) 20. Know how to want - and by the power of desire the Lord's spirit will rush along the strings. (K. Balmont.) 21. The March sun shone brightly, and hot rays fell on the table through the window panes. (A. Chekhov.) 22. Her heart was relieved, and she was no longer angry with the artist. (A. Chekhov.) 23. Rostov is not

believed his eyes, and this doubt lasted for more than a second. (L. Tolstoy.) 24. Tomorrow I'm leaving, and you will go to the station to see me off. (A. Chekhov.) 25. You look - and suddenly it's midnight in the yard. (A. Pushkin.)

Exercise 231. Establish semantic relationships between parts of compound sentences: 1) simultaneity; 2) sequence; 3) alternation; 4) causal relationships; 5) conditionally-investigative relations; 6) transfer; 7) opposition; 8) comparison; 9) mutual exclusion; 10) non-compliance; 11) uncertainty; 12) recompense; 13) explanation; 14) accession; 15) gradation. Determine the means of communication of predicative units. In what sentences is there a syncretism of semantic relations between the parts?

1. And the heart beats in rapture, and for it the deity, and inspiration, and life, and tears, and love have risen again. (A. Pushkin.)

2. We always only remember about happiness, and happiness is everywhere. (I. Bunin.)

3. Poor Nadenka has nowhere else to hear those words, and there is no one else to pronounce them. (A. Chekhov.) 4. In July, evenings come early in the south and the air darkens quickly. (A. Chekhov.) 5. The door opened and guests appeared. (I. Turgenev.) 6. The tree bakes with the sun, then with hail, then it whips with rain. (I. Krylov.) 7. The dogs could not put up with my presence, and for a long time their growl was heard. (I. Turgenev.) 8. I will order him to stand on the river for a day, a month, a year, and he will stand. (A. Chekhov.) 9. And Pushkin looks kindly, and the night has passed, and the meetings go out, and the gentle taste of native speech cools the lips so cleanly. (A. Akhmatova.)

10. The snow is still whitening in the fields, and the waters are noisy in spring. (F. Tyutchev.)

11. He is already over forty, and she is thirty ... (A. Chekhov.) 12. Either you are dressing now, or I will leave alone. (A. Pisemsky.) 13. I thought you were a man, but you are still a child. (M. Lermontov.) 14. The messenger did not return from Remizov: either he was killed on the way, or Remizov could not help in any way. (K. Simonov.) 15. Cannons rust in arsenals, but shakos shine. (K. Simonov.) 16. We were sleeping, that is, my sister was sleeping,

and I lay with my eyes open and thought. (V. Korolenko.) 16. Not only Sonya could not stand it without paint, but the old countess and Natasha blushed, noticing this look. (L. Tolstoy.) 17. Natasha winked at her brother, and both did not hold back for long and laughed loudly ... (L. Tolstoy.) 18. The transparent forest alone turns black, and the spruce turns green through the hoarfrost, and the river shines under the ice. (A. Pushkin.) 19. The old prince was still in the city, and they were waiting for him every minute. (L. Tolstoy.) 20. My mother, his mother-in-law, still adores him, and still he inspires her with sacred horror. (A. Chekhov.) 21. With an absent-minded, unsteady hand, I collected flowers for poetry, and at this hour we met with you, admirer and priestess of beauty. (A. Fet.) 22. The play ended, and I was waiting for approval, praise, enthusiasm. (K. Stanislavsky.) 23. I am doing God's work, and I cannot be interfered with. (L. Tolstoy.) 24. Bolkonsky is my guest in the house and here in Brunn, and I want to treat him as much as I can with all the joys of life here. (L. Tolstoy.) 25. When meeting with her, he will casually say two words to her, and annoyance looms in these two words. (I. Goncharov.) 26. You are tired, rest for half an hour, and I will sit there, wait. (A. Chekhov.) 27. I want to live, I love success, I love fame, noise, and here - as in exile. (A. Chekhov.) 28. I do not need anything, but I am outraged by injustice. (A. Chekhov.) 29. Savelich did not argue with him and did not bargain as usual, and yesterday's suspicions were completely erased from his head. (A. Pushkin.) 30. The novel "The White Guard" is not only talented prose, but also a very curious document of the era. (K. Simonov.)

Exercise 232 Find compound sentences with a common member.

1. The sun was rising outside and the birds were singing loudly. (A. Chekhov.) 2. Both friends kissed very tightly and Manilov took his guest into the room. (N. Gogol.) 3. Everyone's eyes turned and their noses stretched towards the letter. (I. Goncharov.) 4. The doctor's face frowned and the corners of his mouth trembled. (K. Paustovsky.) 5. Was it really or did it seem to Kutuzov? (L. Tolstoy.) 6. Soon after sunrise, a cloud ran up and a short rain splashed. (A. Pushkin.) 7. Did fate bring us together again in the Caucasus, or did she come here on purpose knowing that she would meet me? (M. Lermontov.) 8. You were always strict with me and you were fair ... (I. Turgenev.) 9. The sun was burning unbearably and a warm wind was blowing in the morning. (A. Tolstoy.) 10. I did not want to go home and there was no need to go there. (A. Chekhov.) 11. Thunder is about to break out and refreshing rain will pour on the bare fields. (According to K. Paustovsky.) 12. Each time, Makar's breath was taken away for a minute and there were some purple circles in his eyes. (V. Korolenko.) 13. He will sell the skin tomorrow and the old woman will not beat him. (V. Korolenko.) 14. An alarming squeak of a sleeping bird is heard from the forest or an indefinite sound is heard similar to someone's voice. (A. Chekhov.) 15. And the fogs themselves were torn to shreds and the stars burned day and night and the three-eyed bird rang and a fairy tale walked on tiptoe. (A. Prokofiev.) 16. Subsequently, the whole neighborhood suddenly changed, took on a gloomy character and a thunderstorm began. (According to K. Paustovsky.) 17. At times, the light of the moon seemed to melt, the snow darkened and immediately a reflection of the northern lights shimmered on them. (V. Korolenko.) 18. But most often the bay froze only near the coast and then it was impossible to go to the islands

to get either by ship or on horseback. (K. Paustovsky.) 19. Nightingales sing their spring songs, dandelions are still preserved in sheltered places, and maybe somewhere a lily of the valley is turning white. (M. Prishvin.) 20. Rooks have long been walking around the yard, starlings and larks have also arrived. (S. Aksakov.) 21. The gate went out into the alley and thick branches of an old poplar hung low over them. (V. Korolenko.) 22. Autumn has come, the flowers have dried up and the bare bushes look sadly. (A. Fet.) 23. The forest showered its peaks, the garden bared its forehead, September breathed and the dahlias burned with the breath of the night. (A. Fet.) 24. Love is an unknown country and we all sail there each on our ship and each of us is a captain on our ship and leads the ship in our own way. (M. Prishvin.) 25. And the river began to smoke over the entire space of yellow fields, and the night ascended into heaven, quietly lighting up the stars. (A. Maykov.) 26. The luminary of the day, blushing through the fog, sits proudly behind the mound and, separating the rows of rainy clouds along the ground, a farewell ray glides. (M. Lermontov.) 27. Somewhere on the street there was a knock on the gate and a pig grunted in the shed. (A. Chekhov.) 28. Was this intention seriously nestled in her, or was she just joking ... (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin.) 29. There are no miracles and there is nothing to dream about. (V. Mayakovsky.) 30. Katya's lips did not smile and her dark eyes expressed bewilderment. (I. Turgenev.)

Punctuation marks are placed correctly in sentences.

1): my horse gallops.

2) Human speech as a link between the soul and the body.

3) The gentlemen are fighting - the foreheads of the servants are cracking.

4) Labor that bears fruit, the noblest healer of all ailments.

5) Correctly noticed features: kindness, sociability and speed of movement create a true image of Mikhail Glinka.

• 4) Labor that bears fruit is the noblest healer of all ailments. (The subject "work" and the predicate "healer" are expressed in one part of speech, so a dash is necessary between them);

5) Correctly noticed features: kindness, sociability and speed of movement - create a true image of Mikhail Glinka. (After generalized words, if the sentence does not end, you must put a dash)

After a few moments, I rise and see

In a non-union complex sentence, a colon is placed in cases where the main part of the statement (sometimes corresponding to the main part of a complex sentence) is contained in the first part of the complex sentence, and the second part contains an explanation, disclosure of content, an indication of the reason, etc. (this part in a semantic sense, it is close to the subordinate part of a complex sentence or to an explanatory sentence).

1. A colon is placed between parts of an allied compound sentence if the second part (one or more sentences) reveals the content of the first part (words can be inserted between the parts, namely): The weather was terrible: the wind howled, wet snow fell in flakes (P.); A terrible thought flashed through my mind: I imagined it in the hands of robbers (P.); Dubrovsky put a wick, the shot was successful: one was blown off his head, two were wounded (P.); In fact, Akaky Akakievich's overcoat had some kind of strange device: its collar decreased more and more every year, because it served to undermine other parts (G.); He noticed some special dilapidation on all the village buildings: the log on the huts was dark and old; many roofs blew through like a sieve; on others there was only a ridge at the top and poles on the sides in the form of ribs (G.); I ask you one thing: shoot soon (L.); Here are my conditions: today you will publicly renounce slander and ask me for forgiveness (L.); From early youth, Tatyana was kept in a black body: she worked for two, but she never saw any kindness (T.); It is pleasant, after a long walk and a deep sleep, to lie motionless on the hay: the body basks and languishes, the face glows with a slight heat, sweet laziness closes its eyes (T.); Throughout the morning and the middle of the day, Olenin was completely immersed in arithmetic calculations: how many miles he traveled, how much remains to the first station, how much to the first city, before dinner, before tea, to Stavropol, and what part of the entire road is traveled (L. T.); The silence in the house was broken little by little: somewhere a door creaked; someone's steps were heard; someone sneezed in the hayloft (Gonch.); In the whole village there were only two decent houses: in one the volost government was located, in the other lived Tsybukin, an Epiphany tradesman (Ch.); The excitement of the old man had passed, and now fatigue was showing: his tongue was slurring, his head was shaking, his eyes were watering (Cor.); He did not feel well: the body was weak, there was a dull pain in the eyes (Cupr.); The dark forest is good on a bright sunny day: here is coolness and wonders of light (Prishv.); Then a thought dawned on him: the partisans must be somewhere here, nearby (Pol.); Everyone regarded Nagulnov's behavior differently: some approved, others condemned, some kept quiet (Sh.).

2. Between the parts of an asyndetic complex sentence, a colon is required if the first part contains the words so, such, such, one, etc., the specific content of which is revealed in the second part: I will do it this way: I will dig a large hole near the stone itself ... (L. T.); Like all Moscow ones, your father is like this: he would like a son-in-law with stars and ranks (Gr); My custom is this: signed, so off your shoulders (Gr.); One thing was certain: he would not return back (T.); The question for Kutuzov now consisted only of this: was it really he who allowed Napoleon to Moscow (L.T.).

Note. Punctuation is usually distinguished in a non-union complex sentence, in which the second part reveals the content of the pronominal word one, which is present in the first part (a colon is put), and in a simple sentence, in which word one is explained by an explanatory member of the sentence, and not by the whole sentence (a dash is put). Wed: I will tell you only one thing: you cannot sit idly by (Ch.); In relations with outsiders, he demanded one thing - the preservation of decency (Hertz.). [Cm. § 23, paragraph 1.]

3. A colon is placed between the parts of the non-union complex sentence, if in the first part, by means of the verbs see, look, hear, know, understand, feel, etc., a warning is made that a statement of some fact or some description will follow (in in these cases, a union can be inserted between the parts that): With anxiety, I jumped out of the wagon and see: mother meets me on the porch with a look of deep chagrin (P.); After a few moments, I rise and see: my Karagyoz flies, waving his mane (L); He saw: the earth rose from the ashes, the unconquered earth (Hunchback); I crawled along the thick grass along the ravine, I look: the forest is over, several Cossacks leave it for a clearing (L.); People knew: somewhere, very far from them, there was a war going on (Already); I understand: it is difficult for you now to say about the goals pursued by literature (M. G.); Fedor understood: it was about communication (Furm.); I felt: all my blood rushed into my face (P.); Suddenly I feel: someone takes me by the shoulder and pushes (T.); In the morning, waking up, Geyser felt: his right eye was closed (Fed.); You yourself noticed: day by day I wither (L.); I also remember: she loved to dress well and sprinkle with perfume (Ch.); Evreinov proved to me so well: universities need guys like me (M. G.); I will definitely tell you: you have talent (F.); He believes that for his soldiers the long way forward is shorter than the short way back (Sim.); Alexey decided: enough to pull (Pol.); I say: I will not give up (L. T.).

Note. In the absence of a hint of a warning, at the beginning of a non-union complex sentence of this type, after the first part, a comma is put instead of a colon: I hear the earth trembled (N.).

If the second part is an incomplete sentence, then a dash can be placed before it: I thought it was a wolf. [On the setting of a dash in such cases, see also § 45, paragraph 7.]

4. A colon is placed between the parts of an allied compound sentence if the first part contains verbs to look out, look around, listen, etc., as well as expressions like raise your eyes, raise your head, warning of further presentation (in these cases, you can insert between parts of the sentence words and saw that ...; and felt that, etc.): I looked out of the wagon: everything was darkness and whirlwind (P.); Oblomov looked around: in front of him in reality ... stood the real, real Stolz (Gonch.); I looked out the window: the stars flared up in a cloudless sky (M. G.); I looked around: the night stood solemnly and regally (T.); Lukashin stopped and looked: water was accumulating in the ditch (Pan.); Varvara listened: there was the noise of the evening train (Ch.); I stood, listened to the sounds: the train; I turn around: Grushnitsky! (L.); I woke up: the dawn was already engaged (T.); He thought, sniffed: it smells of honey (Ch.); I looked up: a girl (L.) was standing on the roof of my hut; I raised my head: in front of the fire, on an overturned tub, sat a miller's wife (T.); Magpie raised his head: above, through the thin steam of frost, the golden Bear (Ser.) shone.

In these cases, instead of a colon, there is also a dash to convey various additional shades of meaning: I looked at the hole - the water was dozing (Shishk.) - cf .: ... and there the water was dozing; He looked out of the room - not a single light in the windows (Pan.) - cf .: ... but not a single light in the windows; I turn around - a man in a German helmet (Medv.) - cf .: ... and there is a man in a German helmet. [Cm. § 72, para. 3.]

5. A colon is placed before a direct question included in the non-union complex sentence: Now the question is: what did our society do in the last 20 - 30 years? (Good); There's only one thing I don't understand: how could she bite you? (Ch.); Until now, it remains surprising and unsolved: who, on that fateful night, took the divisional school off guard? '(Furm.); I walked to the gate through the wet grass, feeling anxious: who would see the first tractor in such impenetrable fog? (First) Compare: Maybe nature tells us: use beauty, accept it (Grand) - a kind of equivalent of direct speech. [Cm. § 2, item 5.]

6. If the second part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the basis or reason for what is said in the first part, then a colon is placed between the parts (causal conjunctions can be inserted between the parts because, since, since, etc.): However, it's time to get up : already a quarter to six (P.); I am sad: there is no friend with me (P.); He blushed: he was ashamed to kill an unarmed man (L.); I don’t melt, I was scared: I was lying on the edge of the threatening abyss (L.); I could not sleep: in front of me in the darkness a boy with white eyes was spinning (L.); It was terrible to touch the cloths, canvases and household materials: they turned to dust (G.); In vain do you look around in all directions: there is no way out of the endless tundra (Gonch.); It’s good that Lemm didn’t hear us: he would have fainted (T.); The moon was not in the sky: at that time she rose late (T.); However, not everyone dared to mock Gerasim: he did not like to joke (T.); Birds were not heard: they do not sing during the hours of heat (T.); And Zhilin was depressed: he sees - things are bad (L. T.); Only at the mill the river is angry: there is no space for it, captivity is bitter (N.); He was even frightened: it was so dark, cramped and unclean (Ch.); Science must be loved: people do not have a force more powerful and victorious than science (M. G.); They praised the earth: kind; scolded the climate: uneven, dry (Skin.); In Mexico, you can’t praise a thing in someone else’s house: they wrap it in a piece of paper for you (M.); Sometimes the horses fell through the belly: the soil was very viscous (F.); The windows in the barracks were either lit up or extinguished: someone was striking matches (F.); Seryozhka was silent: he did not like verbal oaths and assurances (F.); Stepan was afraid to approach the shore: slippery (Shishk.); Pavel did not like autumn and winter: they brought him a lot of physical torment (N. O.); Saburov was nervous: he wanted to take Protsenko down somewhere (Sim.); In general, I have a negative attitude towards all kinds of staging: luck is rare here (Ov.).

Note. In the absence of a warning intonation, the colon “is not put in these cases: You won’t go now, it’s hot (Ch.).

7. A special case of setting a colon is found in newspaper headlines like: Space: to fly or not; Bazhov: reader and book lover. [Cm. section 16.]

8. Occasionally, in an union-free complex sentence, consisting of three parts, there is a setting of two colons (on different grounds or with the same base): Well, it goes without saying: the soul is not an apple: you cannot separate it (T.); You kept pestering me: teach us music and the French dialect: here you have a Frenchman and plays the piano (T.); Her passion for cleanliness drove her to self-forgetfulness: she could clean, tidy, wash, dust and clean the hut all day long and unexpectedly skillfully arrange the hut: sometimes she would hang towels with laying out on the window jambs, then in winter she would attach golden wreaths from straw, and in the summer - bunches of flowers, which he casually gathers on the estate (Ch.); There is no need to talk about the spring time: bird cherry blooms together, white-white, you will feel a little dizzy, and you will be confused for a moment: how is it? (Sol.); However, this did not console me at all: the thought, once it came to mind, would not go far and, when necessary, would certainly return, but the capercaillie flew away, and the face of that day, which would never return like this, was determined: I missed the capercaillie (Prishv.) ; And in the cell it was no longer as dark as in the first minute, when the oil lamp went out and the match broke; light of deep winter (Berg.).

Usually in such sentences, in order to avoid the accumulation of colons, one of them is replaced by a dash: “Masses of readers” do not exist, even if the book is published in mass circulation: readers read differently - there are books in which one is available to everyone, the other only to some (Er .); There is one feature in this book - you immediately feel that it was written by a painter: the reader sees landscapes, scenes, people (Er.); The command confidently entrusted Vorobyov with the most responsible military affairs: in a short time it became obvious that this lieutenant, who seemed like a teenager, had recently graduated from the school, became a strong-willed, resourceful and, most importantly, quite an experienced commander; I listened to him carefully: I remember the old rule - it is better to listen to everything to the end, and then only raise questions or object.

See: Shapiro A. B. Fundamentals of Russian punctuation. M., 1955. S. 171; Lapotko A. G., Popova 3. D. Dash and colon in their relation to each other in multicomponent constructions // Modern Russian punctuation. M., 1979. (Some examples are borrowed from these sources.)

After a few moments, I rise and see

1. A colon is put if the second part (one or more sentences) reveals the content of the first part (words can be inserted between both parts, namely): The weather was terrible: the wind howled, wet snow fell in flakes (P.); A terrible thought flashed through my mind: I imagined it in the hands of robbers (P.); Dubrovsky put a wick, the shot was successful: one was blown off his head, two were wounded (P.); In fact, Akaky Akakievich's overcoat had some kind of strange device: its collar decreased more and more every year, because it served to undermine other parts (G.); He noticed some special dilapidation on all the village buildings: the log on the huts was dark and old; many roofs blew through like a sieve; on others there was only a ridge at the top and poles on the sides in the form of ribs (G.); I ask you one thing: shoot soon (L.); Here are my conditions: today you will publicly renounce slander and ask me for forgiveness (L.); From early youth, Tatyana was kept in a black body: she worked for two, but she never saw any kindness (T.); It is pleasant, after a long walk and a deep sleep, to lie motionless on the hay: the body basks and languishes, the face glows with a slight heat, sweet laziness closes its eyes (T.); Throughout the morning and the middle of the day, Olenin was completely immersed in arithmetic calculations: how many miles he traveled, how much remains to the first station, how much to the first city, before dinner, before tea, to Stavropol, and what part of the entire road is traveled (L.T. ); The silence in the house was broken little by little: somewhere a door creaked; someone's steps were heard; someone sneezed in the hayloft (Gonch.); In the whole village there were only two decent houses: in one the volost government was located, in the other lived Tsybukin, an Epiphany tradesman (Ch.); The excitement of the old man had passed, and now fatigue was showing: his tongue was slurring, his head was shaking, his eyes were watering (Cor.); He did not feel well: the body was weak, there was a dull pain in the eyes (Cupr.); The dark forest is good on a bright sunny day: here is coolness and wonders of light (Prishv.); Then a thought dawned on him: the partisans must be somewhere here, nearby (Pol.); Everyone regarded Nagulnov's behavior differently: some approved, others condemned, some kept quiet (Sh.).

2. A colon is required if in the first part of the non-union complex sentence there are words so, such, such, one, etc., the specific content of which is revealed in the second part: My custom is this: signed, so off my shoulders (Gr.) ; Like all Moscow ones, your father is like this: he would like a son-in-law with stars and ranks (Gr.); One thing was certain: he would not return back (T.); I will do it this way: I will dig a large hole near the stone itself ... (L.T.); The question for Kutuzov now consisted only of this: was it really he who allowed Napoleon to Moscow (L.T.).

3. The colon is placed between the parts of the non-union complex sentence, if in the first of them, by means of the verbs to see, look, hear, know, understand, feel, etc., a warning is made that a statement of some fact or some description will follow ( in these cases, a union can be inserted between the parts that): With anxiety, I jumped out of the wagon and I see: mother meets me on the porch with a look of deep chagrin (P.); I felt: all my blood rushed into my face (P.); I crawled along the thick grass along the ravine, I look: the forest is over, several Cossacks leave it for a clearing (L.); After a few moments, I get up and see: my Karagyoz is flying, waving his mane (L.); You yourself noticed: day by day I wither (L.); Suddenly I feel: someone takes me by the shoulder and pushes (T.); I say: I will not give up (L.T.); I also remember: she loved to dress well and sprinkle with perfume (Ch.); I understand: it is difficult for you now to say about the goals pursued by literature (M.G.); Evreinov proved to me so well: universities need just such guys as I am (M.G.), In the morning, waking up, Geyser felt: his right eye was closed (Fed.); I will definitely tell you: you have talent (F.); He believes that for his soldiers the long way forward is shorter than the short way back (Sim.); People knew: somewhere, very far from them, there was a war going on (Azh.); Fedor understood: it was about communication (Furm.); He saw: the earth rose from the ashes, the unconquered earth (Hunchback); Alexey decided: enough to pull (Pol.).

4. The colon is placed between the parts of the non-union complex sentence, if in the first part there are verbs to look out, look around, listen, etc., as well as expressions like raise your eyes, raise your head, warning of further presentation; in these cases, between the parts of the non-union complex sentence, you can insert words and saw (heard, felt) that, etc.: I looked out of the wagon: everything was darkness and whirlwind (P.); I looked up: a girl (L.) was standing on the roof of my hut; I turn around: Grushnitsky! (L.); Oblomov looked around: in front of him in reality ... stood the real, real Stolz (Gonch.); I looked around: the night stood solemnly and regally (T.); I woke up: the dawn was already engaged (T.); I raised my head: in front of the fire, on an overturned tub, sat a miller's wife (T.); Varvara listened: there was the noise of the evening train (Ch.); He thought, sniffed: it smells of honey (Ch.); I looked out the window: the stars flared up in a cloudless sky (M.G.); Magpie raised his head: above, through the thin steam of frost, the golden Bear (Ser.) shone; Lukashin stopped and looked: water was accumulating in the ditch (Pan.); I stood, listened to the sounds: the train.

5. The colon is placed in front of a direct question included in the non-union complex sentence (see § 2, paragraph 5): Now the question is: what did our society do in the last 20-30 years? (Good.); There's only one thing I don't understand: how could she bite you? (Ch.); Until now, it remains surprising and unsolved: who, on that fateful night, took the divisional school off guard? (Furm.); I walked to the gate through the wet grass, feeling anxious: who would see the first tractor in such impenetrable fog? (First) Compare: Maybe nature tells us: use beauty, accept it (Grand) - a kind of equivalent of direct speech.

6. A colon is placed between the parts of an union-free complex sentence if the second part indicates the basis or reason for what is being said in the first part (causal conjunctions can be inserted between both parts because, since, since, etc.): However, it's time to get up : already a quarter to six (P.); I am sad: there is no friend with me (P.); He blushed: he was ashamed to kill an unarmed man (L.); I don’t melt, I was scared: I was lying on the edge of the threatening abyss (L.); I could not sleep: in front of me in the darkness a boy with white eyes was spinning (L.); It was terrible to touch the cloths, canvases and household materials: they turned to dust (G.); In vain do you look around in all directions: there is no way out of the endless tundra (Gonch.); It’s good that Lemm didn’t hear us: he would have fainted (T.); The moon was not in the sky: at that time she rose late (T.); However, not everyone dared to mock Gerasim: he did not like to joke (T.); Birds were not heard: they do not sing during the hours of heat (T.); And Zhilin was depressed: he sees - things are bad (L.T.); Only at the mill the river is angry: there is no space for it, captivity is bitter (N.); He was even frightened: it was so dark, cramped and unclean (Ch.); Science must be loved: people do not have a force more powerful and victorious than science (M.G.); They praised the earth: kind; scolded the climate: uneven, dry (Skin.); In Mexico, you can’t praise a thing in someone else’s house: they wrap it in a piece of paper for you (M); Sometimes the horses fell through the belly: the soil was very viscous (F.); The windows in the barracks were either lit up or extinguished: someone was striking matches (F.); Seryozhka was silent: he did not like verbal oaths and assurances (F.); Stepan was afraid to approach the shore: slippery (Shishk.); Pavel did not like autumn and winter: they brought him a lot of physical torment (N.O.); Saburov was nervous: he wanted to take Protsenko down somewhere (Sim.); In general, I have a negative attitude towards all kinds of staging: luck is rare here (Ov.).

Note. In the absence of a warning intonation, the colon is not put in these cases: You won’t go now, it’s hot (Ch.).

7. A special case of setting a colon is found in newspaper headlines like: Space: to fly or not; Bazhov: reader and book lover. (See section 16.)

8. Occasionally, in an union-free complex sentence, consisting of three parts, there is a setting of two colons (on different grounds or with the same base): Well, it goes without saying: the soul is not an apple: you cannot separate it (T.); You kept pestering me: teach us music and the French dialect: here you have a Frenchman and plays the piano (T.); Her passion for cleanliness drove her to self-forgetfulness: she could clean, tidy, wash, dust and clean the hut all day long and unexpectedly skillfully arrange the hut: sometimes she would hang towels with laying out on the window jambs, then in winter she would attach golden wreaths from straw, and in the summer - bunches of flowers, which he casually gathers on the estate (Ch.); There is no need to talk about the spring time: bird cherry blooms together, white-white, you will feel a little dizzy, and you will be confused for a moment: how is it? (Sol.); However, this did not console me at all: the thought, once it came to mind, would not go far and, when necessary, would certainly return, but the capercaillie flew away, and the face of that day, which would never return like this, was determined: I missed the capercaillie (Prishv.) ; And in the cell it was no longer as dark as in the first minute, when the oil lamp went out and the match broke; light of deep winter (Berg.).

Answers to exercises 50-51

Exercise 50

1. To imagine Vera's life, / 1 he had to be transported a quarter of a century ago, at that time, / 2 when he was a student, thin, mobile / 3. (to - p.) 1, [n. + UK. sl.] 2 , (when - sl. sl.) 3 - NGN with parallel subordination.

I and II clauses (sentences 1 and 2) are clauses of time; they refer to the entire main clause (sentence 3); means of communication - the union when (in the II subordinate union is omitted, but can be restored); subordinate clauses come before the main clause. Between themselves, the clauses of time are connected by a single connecting union and, therefore, a comma is not placed between them.

III clause (sentence 4) is an additional clause; it refers to the predicate in the main clause remembered, expressed by the verb; means of communication - union as; the subordinate clause comes after the main clause.

Exercise 51

1. From the heat, a dried-up wheel suddenly splits up to the very hub, the spokes stick out with a bunch of bitten pegs, the cart falls on its side with a thud, piles of newspapers fall out (SBP; enumeration relations). 2. We are waiting for a nesting doll for an hour, another - it is not (SBP; opposition relations, a union can be inserted between the parts a). 3. Shmakhin looked at his watch: it was only ten minutes to seven (SBP; additional relations, you can insert “and saw that” between the parts). 4. If you don’t want to answer / 1 - I’ll say / 2 (SBP; consists of two parts; conditional relations; you can insert a union if before the first part; therefore, a dash is put). 5. You can’t understand Russia with the mind, you can’t measure it with a common yardstick / 1: she has a special become / 2 - you can only believe in Russia / 3 (SBP; consists of three parts. Between sentences 1 and 2 - causal relationships; between parts you can insert a union because; therefore, a colon is put in. Between sentences 2 and 3 - relations of the consequence; an adverb can be inserted between the parts therefore; therefore, a dash is put). 6. Rye ripens - you care: no matter how it beats with hail, it doesn’t dry out without rain in the heat, it doesn’t rely on rain (SBS; 1 and 2 - temporary relationships, before the first part you can insert a union when; 2 and 3 - explanation relationships, before the third part can be inserted viz.). 7. I wanted to get up / 1 - everything in front of me was spinning with speed / 2; wanted to shout / 3 - the language became silent and motionless / 4 (SBP; consists of four parts. Between sentences 1 and 2; 3 and 4 - relations are adversative; a union can be inserted between the parts but; therefore, a dash is put. Between the first group of sentences (1 and 2) and the second group of sentences (3 and 4) - enumeration relations; since there are other signs within each group, a semicolon is placed on the border of these groups, between sentences 2 and 3). 8. You become too smart / 1 - perhaps you don’t want to live / 2; you will become richer than all people / 3 - they will envy / 4: I’d rather pick and eat the third (magic, shriveled apple) / 5 (SBP; 1 and 2, 3 and 4 - condition relations; before the first and third parts, you can insert a union if; between group 1 and 2 and group 3 and 4 - enumeration relations; sentence 5 contains a derivation; therefore, it can be inserted). 9. He blushed: he was ashamed to kill an unarmed man (SBP; relations of reason, a union can be inserted between the parts because). 10. I crawled through thick grass along the ravine, I look / 1: the forest is over / 2, several Cossacks leave it for a clearing / 3 (SBP; 1 and 2 - additional relations, you can insert “and I see that”; 2 and 3 - enumeration relations). 11. A white blanket is thrown to the floor, the house is empty, Vera Nikandrovna is alone (SBP; transfer relations). 12. Emerald frogs jump underfoot; between the roots, raising his golden head, lies already and guards them (SPB; enumeration relations; since the sentences are distant from each other in meaning and the second sentence is common, has its own commas, a semicolon is placed between the parts). 13. He noticed some special dilapidation on all village buildings / 1: the log on the huts was dark and old / 2; many roofs blew through like a sieve / 3 ; on others, there was only a horse at the top and poles on the sides in the form of ribs / 4 (SBP; 1 and 2 - explanation relations, words can be inserted between the parts, namely; 2, 3 and 4 - enumeration relations; since the sentences are distant from each other in meaning , and the third and fourth sentences are common and have their own commas, then a semicolon is placed between the parts). 14. Here are my conditions for you: now you will publicly renounce slander and will ask me for an apology (SBP; clarification relations, words can be inserted between the parts viz.). 15. Silence was gradually broken in the house / 1: a door creaked somewhere / 2; someone's steps were heard / 3; someone sneezed in the hayloft / 4 (SBP; 1 and 2 - explanatory relations, words can be inserted between the parts, namely; 2, 3 and 4 - enumeration relations; since the sentences are distant from each other in meaning, a dot is placed between the parts with comma). 16. Everyone regarded Nagulnov’s behavior differently / 1: some approved / 2, others condemned / 3, some were reservedly silent / 4 (SBP; 1 and 2 - explanation relations, you can insert words namely; 2, 3 and 4 - relations enumerations). 17. After a few moments, I get up and see: my Karagoz is flying, waving his mane (SBP; additional relations, you can insert a union between the parts). 18. I say: I will not give up (SBP; relations are additional, you can insert a union between the parts). 19. I also remember: she loved to dress up and sprinkle with perfume (SBP; additional relationships, you can insert a union between parts that). 20. I will definitely tell you: you have a talent (SBP; additional relations, you can insert a union between the parts). 21. Fedor understood: it was about communication (SBP; additional relations, you can insert a union between the parts). 22. Alexey decided: enough to pull (SBP; additional relations, you can insert a union between the parts). 23. Magpie raised his head: above, through the thin steam of frost, the golden Bear shone (SBP; additional relations, the words “and saw that” can be inserted between the parts). 24. I raised my head: in front of the fire, on an overturned tub, a miller's wife was sitting and talking to my hunter (SBP; additional relations, the words “and saw that” can be inserted between the parts). 25. I woke up: the dawn was already engaged (SBP; additional relations, you can insert the words “and saw that” between the parts). 26. The moon was not in the sky: at that time she rose late (SBP; relations of cause, a union can be inserted between the parts because). 27. He was even frightened: it was so dark, cramped and unclean (SBP; relations of reason, a union can be inserted between the parts because). 28. The windows in the barracks were either lit up or extinguished: someone was striking matches (SBP; relations of reason, a union can be inserted between the parts because). 29. A week has passed, another - suddenly a stroller enters my yard (SBP; the second sentence contains an unexpected addition; you can insert a union between the parts and; there is a word suddenly). 30. Give him only a knife and let him go on the big road - he will kill him, he will kill him for a penny (SBP; the second sentence contains an unexpected attachment, an unexpected result; you can insert the words “and then” between the parts). 31. Before the sun had warmed up, the whole sky hummed (SBP; the second sentence contains an indication of a quick change of events; the words “and immediately” can be inserted between the parts). 32. I began to call the owner / 1 - they are silent / 2; knock / 3 - silent / 4 (SBP; 1 and 2, 3 and 4 - adversarial relations, between parts 1 and 2, 3 and 4 you can insert a union a; between the first group of sentences (1 and 2) and the second group of sentences (3 and 4) - enumeration relations; since there are other punctuation marks within each group, a semicolon is placed on the border of these groups, between sentences 2 and 3). 33. The brave win - the cowardly die (SBP; adversarial relations, union a can be inserted between the parts). 34. There was no way to leave unnoticed / 1 - he went out openly 2, as if he was going into the yard / 3, and darted into the garden / 2 (1 and 2 - SBP; the second sentence contains a consequence, result, conclusion; an adverb can be inserted between the parts therefore Inside the second sentence there is a subordinate clause with the union like, which is separated by commas on both sides). 35. If we win, you will build a stone house (relationships are conditional, you can insert a union if before the first sentence). 36. A good fellow will pass / 1 - pose / 2, a girl will pass / 3 - mourn / 4, and the harpmen will pass / 5 - they will sing a song / 6 (1 and 2, 3 and 4, 5 and 6 - SBP, conditional relations, before parts 1, 3, 5, you can insert a union if; groups 1 and 2, 3 and 4 are interconnected by enumeration relations; groups 5 and 6 are connected with group 3 and 4 by an opposing union a - SSP). 37. Get lost completely - we won’t cry about you (SBP, conditional relations, you can insert a union if before the first sentence). 38. He will look - he will give a ruble (SBP; comparative relations, you can insert a union between the parts as if). 39. He always liked to chat - I knew this very well (SBP; the second sentence has the meaning of attachment, contains the pronoun it). 40. They will part / 1, they have already parted / 2 - this thought stunned both (SBP; 1 and 2 - enumeration relations; sentence 3 has the meaning of attachment and contains the pronoun eta).

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SECTION 12 Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence

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The following punctuation marks are used in a non-union complex sentence: comma, semicolon, colon, dash.

§ 43. Comma and semicolon in non-union complex sentence

A comma is placed between the predicative parts of a non-union complex sentence if these parts are close in meaning: The snowstorm did not subside, the sky did not clear up (P.); Pale cheeks fell, eyes became big, big, lips burned (L.); The day was gray, the sky hung low, a damp breeze stirred the tops of the grasses (T.); The wide Circassian coat was torn in some places, the hat was broken back, in Chechen style, the legs were lowered below the knees (L.T.); He is covered in tears, his head drooped, his face is pale, his hands are folded on his chest, his lips are whispering (S.-Sch.); The train left quickly, its lights soon disappeared, after a minute there was no more noise (Ch.); The pockmarked face of Nikolai was covered with red spots, his small gray eyes did not look away from the officer (M.G.); A white blanket is thrown to the floor, the house is empty, Vera Nikandrovna is alone (Fed.).

Parts in sentences of the following type (pronounced at a fast pace) are not non-union complex sentences and are not separated by commas: Look, you will get; And look how important he is!; Look, do not lose - in them the word look acts as a particle. The same in sentences like: Do you want to show; If you want, I'll bring it. But: Do you want me to bring it? - with dissected pronunciation and interrogative intonation.

If two simple sentences with an alliance and between them are connected by an allied connection with the previous sentence, then they are equated to homogeneous subordinate clauses and a comma is not placed between them (see § 30): It seems that the weather is getting better and warming will soon come - if you consider the word seems like introductory, then a comma before and is also not put to show that the introductory word is related to both parts of the compound sentence.

In connection with the possibility of different interpretations of the syntactic role of the word noted here, it seems that there is a double punctuation in complex sentences in which the conjunction appears before and, namely:

2) if it seems to be considered as the first part of the subsequent non-union complex sentence connected with the preceding sentence by the union and, then the fifth after is not needed: The task seems simple, and it seems that it really is.

If there is an introductory word between the two parts of the non-union complex sentence, then sometimes a dash is put as an additional sign to show which part of the complex sentence the introductory word belongs to, or to emphasize the additional, explanatory nature of the second part (cf. § 25, paragraph 1). 10): A motor is knocking somewhere - apparently, there is a workshop nearby (Bab); Angry dogs barked in the backyards, not daring to run out to meet the britzka - it must have been weaned from this habit by passing soldiers (Sayan.).

A semicolon is placed in a non-union complex sentence in the following cases:

1) if the predicative parts are distant from each other in meaning or are significantly common and have commas inside: At the gate I saw an old cast-iron cannon; the streets were cramped and crooked; the huts are low and mostly covered with straw (P.); To the left a deep gorge blackened; behind him and in front of us, the dark blue peaks of the mountains, pitted with wrinkles, covered with layers of snow, were drawn in the pale sky, still retaining the last reflection of dawn (L.); It was already evening; the sun disappeared behind a small pine grove, lying half a verst from the garden; the shadow from her stretched endlessly through the motionless fields (T.); Birches, poplars, bird cherry blossomed their sticky and odorous leaves; lindens puffed up bursting buds (L.T.); Emerald frogs jump underfoot; between the roots, raising his golden head, lies already and guards them (M.G.);

2) if the non-union complex sentence breaks up into parts (groups of sentences), which in turn form non-union complex sentences: The pale gray sky brightened, turned cold, turned blue; the stars now twinkled with a faint light, then disappeared; the earth became damp, the leaves were sweaty, in some places living sounds, voices began to be heard (T.); Light dust rises in a yellow column and rushes along the road; a friendly stomp is heard far away, the horses run, pricking up their ears (T.); The rooks flew away, the forest was exposed, the fields were empty; only one strip is not compressed (N.);

3) if an allied connection of parts of a sentence is combined with an allied one (often a semicolon is placed between parts connected without unions, and a comma between parts connected by an alliance): The wind could not rage here; the road was smooth, the horse cheered up, and Vladimir calmed down (P.); For a long time, in the light of the moon, a white sail flickered between the dark waves; the blind man was still sitting on the shore, and now I heard something like a sob (L.); The trouble has passed; the peasant stood up, and he scolds the farm laborer (Kr.); Dinner is over; the big ones went to the office to drink coffee, and we ran into the garden to shuffle our feet along the paths covered with fallen yellow leaves and talk (L.T.); It was gray, dull, bleak, even light a fire; everyone complained about the cold, and the rain was pounding on the windows (Ch.).

§ 44. Colon in a non-union complex sentence

A colon in an asyndetic complex sentence is placed in cases where the main part of the statement (sometimes corresponding to the main part in a complex sentence) is contained in the first part of the complex sentence, and the second part contains an explanation, disclosure of content, an indication of the reason, etc. (this the part is semantically close to the subordinate part or to the explanatory sentence).

A colon is put if the second part (one or more sentences) reveals the content of the first part (words can be inserted between both parts, namely): The weather was terrible: the wind howled, wet snow fell in flakes (P.); A terrible thought flashed through my mind: I imagined her in the hands of robbers (P.); Dubrovsky put a wick, the shot was successful: one was blown off his head, two were wounded (P.); In fact, Akaky Akakievich's overcoat had some kind of strange device: its collar decreased more and more every year, because it served to undermine other parts (G.); He noticed some special dilapidation on all the village buildings: the log on the huts was dark and old; many roofs blew through like a sieve; on others there was only a ridge at the top and poles on the sides in the form of ribs (G.); I ask you one thing: shoot soon (L.); Here are my conditions: today you will publicly renounce slander and will ask me for an apology (L.); From early youth, Tatyana was kept in a black body: she worked for two, but she never saw any kindness (T.); It is pleasant, after a long walk and a deep sleep, to lie motionless on the hay: the body basks and languishes, the face glows with a slight heat, sweet laziness closes its eyes (T.); Throughout the morning and the middle of the day, Olenin was completely immersed in arithmetic calculations: how many miles he traveled, how much remains to the first station, how much to the first city, before dinner, before tea, to Stavropol, and what part of the entire road is traveled (L.T. ); The silence in the house was broken little by little: somewhere a door creaked; someone's steps were heard; someone sneezed in the hayloft (Gonch.); In the whole village there were only two decent houses: in one the volost government was located, in the other lived Tsybukin, an Epiphany tradesman (Ch.); The excitement of the old man had passed, and now fatigue was showing: his tongue was slurring, his head was shaking, his eyes were watering (Cor.); He did not feel well: the body was weak, there was a dull pain in the eyes (Cupr.); The dark forest is good on a bright sunny day: here is coolness and wonders of light (Prishv.); Then a thought dawned on him: the partisans must be somewhere here, nearby (Pol.); Everyone regarded Nagulnov's behavior differently: some approved, others condemned, some kept quiet (Sh.).

A colon is required if the first part of the non-union complex sentence contains the words so, such, such, one, etc., the specific content of which is revealed in the second part: My custom is this: signed, so off my shoulders (Gr.); Like all Moscow ones, your father is like this: he would like a son-in-law with stars and ranks (Gr.); One thing was certain: he would not return back (T.); I will do it this way: I will dig a large hole near the stone itself ... (L.T.); The question for Kutuzov now consisted only of this: was it really he who allowed Napoleon to Moscow (L.T.).

Note. Punctuation is usually distinguished in non-union complex sentences, in which the second part reveals the content of the pronominal word one, which is present in the first part (a colon is put), and in simple sentences, in which the word one is explained by an explanatory member of the sentence, and not by the whole sentence (a dash is put).

Wed: I will tell you only one thing: you cannot sit idly by (Ch.). - In relations with outsiders, he demanded one thing - the preservation of decency (Hertz.) (see § 23, paragraph 1).

The colon is placed between the parts of the non-union complex sentence, if in the first of them, by means of the verbs see, look, hear, know, understand, feel, etc., a warning is made that a statement of some fact or some description will follow (in these in cases between parts, you can insert a union that): With anxiety, I jumped out of the wagon and see: mother meets me on the porch with a look of deep chagrin (P.); I felt: all my blood rushed into my face (P.); I crawled along the thick grass along the ravine, I look: the forest is over, several Cossacks leave it for a clearing (L.); After a few moments, I get up and see: my Karagyoz is flying, waving his mane (L.); You yourself noticed: day by day I wither (L.); Suddenly I feel: someone takes me by the shoulder and pushes (T.); I say: I will not give up (L.T.); I also remember: she loved to dress well and sprinkle with perfume (Ch.); I understand: it is difficult for you now to say about the goals pursued by literature (M.G.); Evreinov proved to me so well: universities need just such guys as I am (M.G.), In the morning, waking up, Geyser felt: his right eye was closed (Fed.); I will definitely tell you: you have talent (F.); He believes that for his soldiers the long way forward is shorter than the short way back (Sim.); People knew: somewhere, very far from them, there was a war going on (Azh.); Fedor understood: it was about communication (Furm.); He saw: the earth rose from the ashes, the unconquered earth (Hunchback); Alexey decided: enough to pull (Pol.).

Note. In the absence of a shade of warning in the first part of a sentence of this type, after it, a comma is put instead of a colon: I hear the earth trembled (N.).

If the second part is an incomplete sentence, then a dash may be placed before it: I thought - a wolf (see also § 45, paragraph 7 on setting a dash in such cases).

A colon is placed between the parts of a non-union complex sentence if the first part contains verbs to look out, look around, listen, etc., as well as expressions like raise your eyes, raise your head, warning of further presentation; in these cases, between the parts of the non-union complex sentence, you can insert words and saw (heard, felt) that, etc.: I looked out of the wagon: everything was darkness and whirlwind (P.); I looked up: a girl (L.) was standing on the roof of my hut; I turn around: Grushnitsky! (L.); Oblomov looked around: in front of him in reality ... stood the real, real Stolz (Gonch.); I looked around: the night stood solemnly and regally (T.); I woke up: the dawn was already engaged (T.); I raised my head: in front of the fire, on an overturned tub, sat a miller's wife (T.); Varvara listened: there was the noise of the evening train (Ch.); He thought, sniffed: it smells of honey (Ch.); I looked out the window: the stars flared up in a cloudless sky (M.G.); Magpie raised his head: above, through the thin steam of frost, the golden Bear (Ser.) shone; Lukashin stopped and looked: water was accumulating in the ditch (Pan.); I stood, listened to the sounds: the train.

In these cases, there is also a dash instead of a colon to convey various additional shades of meaning: I looked at the hole - the water was dozing (Shishk.) (cf .: ... and there the water was dozing); He looked out of the room - not a single light in the windows (Pan.) (cf .: ... but not a single light in the windows); I turn around - a man in a German helmet (Medv.) (cf .. and there is a man in a German helmet). See § 72, para. 3.

The colon is placed in front of a direct question included in the non-union complex sentence (see § 2, paragraph 5): Now the question is: what did our society do in the last 20-30 years? (Good.); There's only one thing I don't understand: how could she bite you? (Ch.); Until now, it remains surprising and unsolved: who, on that fateful night, took the divisional school off guard? (Furm.); I walked to the gate through the wet grass, feeling anxious: who would see the first tractor in such impenetrable fog? (First) Compare: Maybe nature tells us: use beauty, accept it (Grand) - a kind of equivalent of direct speech.

A colon is placed between the parts of an union-free compound sentence if the second part indicates the basis or reason for what is being said in the first part (causal conjunctions can be inserted between both parts because, since, since, etc.): However, it's time to get up: already a quarter to six (P.); I am sad: there is no friend with me (P.); He blushed: he was ashamed to kill an unarmed man (L.); I don’t melt, I was scared: I was lying on the edge of the threatening abyss (L.); I could not sleep: in front of me in the darkness a boy with white eyes was spinning (L.); It was terrible to touch the cloths, canvases and household materials: they turned to dust (G.); In vain do you look around in all directions: there is no way out of the endless tundra (Gonch.); It’s good that Lemm didn’t hear us: he would have fainted (T.); The moon was not in the sky: at that time she rose late (T.); However, not everyone dared to mock Gerasim: he did not like to joke (T.); Birds were not heard: they do not sing during the hours of heat (T.); And Zhilin was depressed: he sees - things are bad (L.T.); Only at the mill the river is angry: there is no space for it, captivity is bitter (N.); He was even frightened: it was so dark, cramped and unclean (Ch.); Science must be loved: people do not have a force more powerful and victorious than science (M.G.); They praised the earth: kind; scolded the climate: uneven, dry (Skin.); In Mexico, you can’t praise a thing in someone else’s house: they wrap it in a piece of paper for you (M); Sometimes the horses fell through the belly: the soil was very viscous (F.); The windows in the barracks were either lit up or extinguished: someone was striking matches (F.); Seryozhka was silent: he did not like verbal oaths and assurances (F.); Stepan was afraid to approach the shore: slippery (Shishk.); Pavel did not like autumn and winter: they brought him a lot of physical torment (N.O.); Saburov was nervous: he wanted to take Protsenko down somewhere (Sim.); In general, I have a negative attitude towards all kinds of staging: luck is rare here (Ov.).

A special case of colonization is found in newspaper headlines like: Space: to fly or not; Bazhov: reader and book lover. (See section 16.)

Occasionally, in an allied complex sentence consisting of three parts, there is a setting of two colons (on different bases or with the same base): Well, it goes without saying: the soul is not an apple: you cannot separate it (T.); You kept pestering me: teach us music and the French dialect: here you have a Frenchman and plays the piano (T.); Her passion for cleanliness drove her to self-forgetfulness: she could clean, tidy, wash, dust and clean the hut all day long and unexpectedly skillfully arrange the hut: sometimes she would hang towels with laying out on the window jambs, then in winter she would attach golden wreaths from straw, and in the summer - bunches of flowers, which he gathers in passing on the estate (Ch.); There is no need to talk about the spring time: bird cherry blooms together, white-white, you will feel a little dizzy, and you will be confused for a moment: how is it? (Sol.); However, this did not console me at all: the thought, once it came to mind, would not go far and, when necessary, would certainly return, but the capercaillie flew away, and the face of that day, which would never return like this, was determined: I missed the capercaillie (Prishv.) ; And in the cell it was no longer as dark as in the first minute, when the oil lamp went out and the match broke; light of deep winter (Berg.) 1 .

Usually in these cases, in order to avoid the accumulation of colons in a sentence, one of them is replaced by a dash: “Masses of readers” do not exist, even if the book is published in mass circulation: readers read differently - there are books in which one is available to everyone, the other is only some (Er.); There is one feature in this book - you immediately feel that it was written by a painter: the reader sees landscapes, scenes, people (Er.); The command confidently entrusted Vorobyov with the most responsible military affairs: in a short time it became obvious that this lieutenant, who seemed like a teenager, had recently graduated from the school, became a strong-willed, resourceful and, most importantly, quite an experienced commander; I listened to him carefully: I remember the old rule - it is better to listen to everything to the end, and then only raise questions or object.

§ 45. Dash in a non-union complex sentence

A dash in a non-union complex sentence is usually placed in cases where the main part of the statement (sometimes corresponding to the main part in a complex sentence) is contained in the second part of the complex sentence, and the first part (corresponding to the subordinate clause) has a subordinate meaning, indicating the time or condition of the commission the action referred to in the second part, sometimes a reason, a concession, etc. (see the conditions for setting a colon in a non-union complex sentence, § 44). Wed coupled sentences:

It is impossible to get out: it is pouring rain outside (the main content is contained in the first part, the reason is indicated in the second). - It's pouring rain outside - it's impossible to get out (the reason is indicated in the first part, the second part gives the consequence, the conclusion, which forms the basis of the statement);

The youth left: it became boring at the evening (left because it became boring). - The youth left - it became boring at the evening (left, so it became boring).

With equal semantic relations between both parts, they have the meaning of comparison, opposition, etc.

A dash is placed in an associative complex sentence that breaks up into two parts, if the second of them contains an unexpected addition, an indication of a quick change of events: A week has passed, another - suddenly a carriage enters my yard (P.); The cheese fell out - there was such a cheat with him (Kr.); Ivan Ivanovich approached the gate, rattled the latch - a dog barking rose from within (G.); Give him only a knife and let him go on the big road - he will kill him, he will kill him for a penny (G.); You pass by a tree - it does not move, it basks (T.); Suddenly, men with axes appeared - the forest rang, groaned, crackled (N.); Ignat pulled the trigger - the gun misfired (Ch.); A ray of the sun will fall on the grass - the grass will flare up with emerald and pearls (M.G.); The wind blew - everything trembled, came to life and laughed (M.G.); The snowstorm was already very close to the fire - suddenly a horse neighing was heard in the darkness (F.); At noon, walk along a dead street - you will not meet a person (Sh.); Before the sun had time to warm the earth, the whole sky hummed (Bub.) [cf. with an allied proposal: Before I had time to pay off my old coachman, Dunya returned with a samovar (P.)].

A dash is placed if in the second part of the non-union complex sentence an opposition is expressed in relation to the content of the first part (you can insert a union but or a between the parts): I would be glad to serve - it’s sickening to serve (Gr.); The rank followed him - he suddenly left the service (Gr.); Sewing will sit down - he does not know how to take a needle; they scold her - she is silent to herself (P.); A week passed, a month - he did not return to his home (P.); I grab the belt - there is no gun (L.); I began to call the owner - they are silent; I knock - they are silent (L.); Until ten o'clock we snooped through the reeds and through the forest - there is no beast (L.); The oak is holding on - the reed has fallen to the ground (Kr.); He painfully ran his eyes along the ceiling, wanted to leave the place, run away - his legs did not obey (Gonch.); At that time you already meet in France a class of people who, with a general loss, gain: the nobility is deprived of their rights - they aggravate theirs; the people are dying of hunger - they are full; the people arm themselves and go to smash the enemies - they profitably supply cloth, provisions (Hertz.); I have been serving for sixteen years - this has never happened to me (L.T.); They mowed a mile - they mowed a penny (M.G.); The Falcon flies up - clings to the ground (M.G.); Pika took on the sewing - the threads were tangled and torn; sat down to play checkers - lost (F.); In Andersen's fairy tales, not only flowers, winds, trees acquire the gift of speech - the home world of things and toys comes to life in them (Paust.); Not a bag was stolen from Mishka - the last hope was stolen (Nev.); This is not a tired, sick soldier walking from the front - it was a builder (Hump.); He is a guest - I am the owner (Bagr.); The battle was not started by our will - we will finish it with our glory (As.); Not wounds, not a sick lung tormented him - the consciousness of uselessness irritated him (Pavl.); I am for a candle - a candle in the stove (Chuk.); The brave win - the cowardly die (last); Summer stores - winter eats (last); Was not - I'll go; Knock, don't knock, they won't open; Cry do not cry - you cannot return the lost; I'll die, I won't tell.

A dash is placed if the second part of the non-union complex sentence contains a consequence, a result, a conclusion from what is said in the first part (words can be inserted between the parts therefore, then, etc.): I am dying - I have nothing to lie (T .); You move the wet bush apart - you will be covered with the accumulated warm smell of the night (T.); There was no way to leave unnoticed - he went out openly, as if he was going into the yard, and darted into the garden (F.); I would go to summer school - let them teach me (M.); Taking both matches and a lighter out of his pocket at the same time, Krainev lit the cords - they flared up (Pop.); Our housing is for us to take care of; They put a samovar in the entrance hall - the smell of smoke spreads around; During the night everyone rested - you can again take on the interrupted work; The key is lost - break the door.

1. If the meaning of the consequence is not emphasized intonation, then a comma is put instead of a dash: ... I will interrogate him carefully, he will not notice (Ch.); A person is not a needle, we will find (Ch.).

2. In the works of classical writers, instead of a dash, in this case there is a colon: There was nothing to do: Marya Ivanovna got into a carriage and went to the palace (P.); We were driving behind: no one saw (L.); A fine rain sows in the morning: it is impossible to get out (T.); Worries, sorrows, failures tormented the poor father to the extreme: he became distrustful, bilious (Vost.).

A dash is placed if the first part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the time of the action referred to in the second part (at the beginning of the first part, you can add the union when): We will win - you will build a stone house (A.T.); I was driving here - the rye was starting to turn yellow. Now I'm leaving back - people eat this rye (Prishv.); A senior made his way ahead, gave a command with a careful movement of his hand: he would raise his hand above his head - everyone immediately stopped and froze; stretch out his hand to the side with an inclination to the ground - all at the same second quickly and silently lay down; wave his hand forward - everyone moved forward; will show back - everyone slowly backed away (Cat.); They plow arable land - they don’t wave their hands (last).

A dash is placed if the first part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the condition for performing the action referred to in the second part (at the beginning of the first part, you can add the union if): If it rains, there will be fungi; there will be fungi - there will be a body (P.); A good fellow will pass - he will sit down, a girl will pass - she will grieve, and the harp will pass - they will sing a song (L.) - the values ​​\u200b\u200bof the condition and time are combined; What will be needed - tell Pavel or Tatyana (T.); Invented - done (T.); You are completely lost - we will not cry about you (Ch.); ... A sin will happen - do not ask for mercy (Ch.); Believe it by eye - measure it crookedly (M.G.); They won't give it away - steal it! (M.G.);

... You know less - you sleep better (M.G.); They will swear - do not be afraid (Ch.); I like to draw - draw for health, no one forbids (Pan.); Ordered - you'll be lucky (A.T.). Wed in proverbs: Called himself a load - climb into the body; Do you like to ride - love to carry sleds; If you miss the fire, you won't put it out; He took up the tug - do not say that it is not hefty; To be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest; You will regret the lychka - you will give the strap; Plow deeper - see more bread; To be afraid of death is not to live in the world, etc.

A dash is placed if the second part of the non-union complex sentence contains a comparison with what is said in the first part (you can add the union as if or as if before the second part): ... Look - he will give a ruble (N.).

A dash is placed if the second part of the non-union complex sentence (often an incomplete sentence) has an explanatory meaning (you can insert the union what before it), and the first part does not contain an intonation warning about the subsequent presentation of any fact (cf. § 44, paragraph 1). 3): The sheep says - she slept all night (Kr.); Sometimes I think - I need to run away (M.G.); ... Hears - behind the elderberry bushes the girl laughs (M.G.); The silence was so complete and gloomy, and the sky was so stuffy that it seemed to the boy that if only one sharp sound was heard, something terrible would happen in nature (Cat.); Yesterday, at a nearby winter hut, they told me that honey had killed a man (Arb.); I hear - groaning again (Pa-ust.); Traffic has been suspended, hopefully not for long; Someone is scratching, it seemed to me - a mouse; But I see - she does not listen to me; They write that we will definitely come - they will meet; They knew - there will be a storm; Leave me alone, can't you see - I'm busy.

A dash is placed before the pronominal words so, such, such, which begin with a connecting sentence, which is part of an union-free compound sentence: An order is an order - this is how the front brought it up (Thief); Go forward or perish - that was the question before the partisan detachment; Crooked streets, small wooden houses - such was a significant part of Moscow at the beginning of the 20th century.

In these sentences, judgments are expressed, the subject of which is named in the first part, and the predicate forms the second part. If the logical relations between the two parts are of a different nature, then a comma and a dash are placed between them: Environmental pollution threatens life on Earth - it cannot continue like this (gas.) (see § 46, paragraph 2).

A dash is placed if the second part of the non-union complex sentence is a connecting sentence (you can insert the word this in front of it, which is sometimes found in the sentence itself): There is not a single image on the wall - a bad sign (L.); You have no soul, you have pride instead of a soul - that's what I'll tell you (Azh.); Inga was excited, Levshin watched her too intently - this caught Kleba in the eyes (Fed.); There is a lot of water - this is the most interesting thing (Hump.); He always liked to chat - I knew this very well (Kav.); They will part, they have already parted - this thought stunned both (Grand.) 2 .

Note. Often, if there is a word before the connecting clause, this is between both parts of the union-free complex sentence, a comma and a dash are placed (see § 46, paragraph 1).

A comma and a dash can also be placed before a connecting sentence containing an additional remark: Pervomaisky village was the oldest mining village in the area - the city (F.) actually began from it.

§ 46. Comma and dash in a non-union complex sentence

The current rules provide for the use of a comma and a dash as a single punctuation mark in three cases:

1) before the main part of a complex sentence, preceded by a series of homogeneous subordinate clauses, to emphasize the splitting of a single whole into two parts;

2) before a word that is repeated in order to connect with it the further part of the same sentence;

3) in a period to indicate the transition from an increase to a decrease 3 .

However, in practice, setting the comma and dash as a single punctuation mark is not limited to these cases (some examples were given in § 40) 4 .

A comma and a dash are often placed before an allied connecting sentence that begins with the pronominal word this: The Russian intelligentsia grew and developed in absolutely brutal conditions - this is undeniable (M.G.); Edgar Poe is considered an excellent master of form, an original artist - this is indisputable (M.G.); A cultured person is created slowly, with great difficulty, - the whole difficult history of ... culture convincingly tells us about this (M.G.); If you find writing disgusting, boring, don't write - it will still turn out badly, falsely (A.T.); At such a time, one must speak rudely and directly - this is smarter and more honest in front of our children (Leon.); The wide entrance was completely empty - it seemed strange to me (Kav.); They not only do not want him to leave, but, on the contrary, would be very upset by separation from him - this is quite obvious; Some believe that in order to become a good singer, it is enough to have natural gifts - this is a fatal mistake; He was talking about some secret - it was a bad omen for me.

The same before the word here: A woman will throw herself into the pool with her head from love, - here is an actress (Ostr.).

A comma and a dash are placed between two parts of a non-union complex sentence, of which the second is of an interconnective nature with various additional shades of meaning (explanatory, temporary, conditional-investigative, etc.); often this part begins with the pronominal words that, so, such, etc. 5: But let us go out into the field with you - you would soon ask me for a drink (Tv.); Sitanov is friendly to me - I owe this to my thick notebook in which verses are written (M.G.); The lower board was coated with cow dung and watered three times in the cold - after that it was made like a mirror (A.T.); She was sitting nearby on a bench under a rickety wooden mushroom - they make such ones in camps for sentries (Paust.); So, it was not Rodion, - that one from any abyss would have responded to her (Leon.); All the objects around were distinct and exaggeratedly real - this happens when you do not sleep all night (Sh.).

A comma and a dash are placed to indicate a “break” in the original construction, to indicate, “on the one hand, the division of the sentence, and on the other hand, that the part that follows this punctuation mark makes a structural turn from the previous part under some, larger or smaller, “angle” 6: The room was filled with the noise of chairs being pushed back, a match flame flared up in the corner, illuminating a hand with long fingers, some young lady clucked like a frightened chicken - Samghin was pleased with the confusion caused by his words (M. G.); Marya sat down on the grass, put Mishka's head on her knees - his head hung, he was so thin (A.T.); At least I know that Volodya Osmukhin and Tolya Orlov remained in Krasnodon - will they sit idly by? (F.); This solidly furnished long room, paneled in oak, so calm, friendly, the room where more than half of his working life has passed - why did he forget about it ?; Something unusual constantly happens to him: either he gets into a street accident, or he almost drowns in a shallow river, or he almost dies of a heart attack - which is not important; There was nothing I could do to help him—what was the point of coming? It seemed to me that I already understood everything, I know - nothing of the sort!; Be that as it may, he could not resist the temptation - who among us is without sin?

Wed also non-union complex sentences, in which a colon can be placed between parts: This feeling was joined by dreary envy, - (:) how nice it would be to have Kutuzov’s rude audacity, to say to people’s faces what you think about them (M.G.); He was moaning, but already much easier than the first time, and soon nature took its toll, - (:) the next day he went for a walk as if nothing had happened and began to go to theaters (Tyn.); Take my advice, the advice of an old friend, - (:) don't go there.

1. From the heat, a dried-up wheel suddenly splits up to the very hub, the spokes stick out with a bunch of bitten pegs, the cart falls on its side with a thud, piles of newspapers fall out (SBP; enumeration relations).

2. We are waiting for a nesting doll for an hour, another - it is not (SBP; opposition relations, a union can be inserted between the parts a).

3. Shmakhin looked at his watch: it was only ten minutes to seven (SBP; additional relations, you can insert “and saw that” between the parts).

4. If you don’t want to answer /1 - I’ll say /2 (SBP; consists of two parts; conditional relations; you can insert a union if before the first part; therefore, a dash is put).

5. You can’t understand Russia with your mind, you can’t measure it with a common yardstick / 1: it has become special / 2 - you can only believe in Russia / 3 (SBP; consists of three parts. Between sentences 1 and 2 - causal relationships; a union can be inserted between parts because; therefore, a colon is put in. Between sentences 2 and 3 - relations of the consequence; an adverb can be inserted between the parts therefore; therefore, a dash is put).

6. Rye ripens - you care: no matter how it beats with hail, it doesn’t dry out without rain in the heat, it doesn’t rely on rain (SBS; 1 and 2 - temporary relationships, before the first part you can insert a union when; 2 and 3 - explanation relationships, before the third part can be inserted viz.).

7. I wanted to get up / 1 - everything began to spin in front of me with speed / 2; wanted to scream / 3 - the language became silent and motionless / 4 (SBP; consists of four parts. Between sentences 1 and 2; 3 and 4 - the relationship is adversative; a union can be inserted between the parts; therefore, a dash is put. Between the first group of sentences (1 and 2) and the second group of sentences (3 and 4) - enumeration relations; since within each group there are other signs, at the border of these groups, between sentences 2 and 3, a semicolon is placed).

8. You become too smart /1 - perhaps you don’t want to live /2; you will become richer than all people / 3 - they will envy / 4: I’d rather pick and eat the third (magic, shriveled apple) / 5 (SBP; 1 and 2, 3 and 4 - condition relations; before the first and third parts, you can insert a union if; between group 1 and 2 and group 3 and 4 - enumeration relations; sentence 5 contains a derivation; therefore, it can be inserted).

9. He blushed: he was ashamed to kill an unarmed man (SBP; relations of reason, a union can be inserted between the parts because).

10. I crawled through thick grass along the ravine, I look / 1: the forest is over / 2, several Cossacks leave it for a clearing / 3 (SBP; 1 and 2 - additional relations, you can insert “and I see that”; 2 and 3 - enumeration relations).

11. A white blanket is thrown to the floor, the house is empty, Vera Nikandrovna is alone (SBP; transfer relations).

12. Emerald frogs jump underfoot; between the roots, raising his golden head, lies already and guards them (SPB; enumeration relations; since the sentences are distant from each other in meaning and the second sentence is common, has its own commas, a semicolon is placed between the parts).

13. He noticed some special dilapidation on all village buildings / 1: the log on the huts was dark and old / 2; many roofs blew through like a sieve /3; on others, there was only a horse at the top and poles on the sides in the form of ribs / 4 (SBP; 1 and 2 - explanation relations, words can be inserted between the parts, namely; 2, 3 and 4 - enumeration relations; since the sentences are distant from each other in meaning , and the third and fourth sentences are common and have their own commas, then a semicolon is placed between the parts).

14. Here are my conditions for you: now you will publicly renounce slander and will ask me for an apology (SBP; clarification relations, words can be inserted between the parts viz.).

15. Silence was broken in the house little by little /1: a door creaked somewhere /2; someone's steps were heard / 3; someone sneezed in the hayloft / 4 (SBP; 1 and 2 - explanation relations, words can be inserted between the parts, namely; 2, 3 and 4 - enumeration relations; since the sentences are distant from each other in meaning, a dot is placed between the parts with comma).

16. Everyone regarded Nagulnov’s behavior differently /1: some approved /2, others condemned /3, some kept quiet /4 enumerations).

17. After a few moments, I get up and see: my Karagoz is flying, waving his mane (SBP; additional relations, you can insert a union between the parts).

18. I say: I will not give up (SBP; relations are additional, you can insert a union between the parts).

19. I also remember: she loved to dress up and sprinkle with perfume (SBP; additional relationships, you can insert a union between parts that).

20. I will definitely tell you: you have a talent (SBP; additional relations, you can insert a union between the parts).

21. Fedor understood: it was about communication (SBP; additional relations, you can insert a union between the parts).

22. Alexey decided: enough to pull (SBP; additional relations, you can insert a union between the parts).

23. Magpie raised his head: above, through the thin steam of frost, the golden Bear shone (SBP; additional relations, the words “and saw that” can be inserted between the parts).

24. I raised my head: in front of the fire, on an overturned tub, a miller's wife was sitting and talking to my hunter (SBP; additional relations, the words “and saw that” can be inserted between the parts).

25. I woke up: the dawn was already engaged (SBP; additional relations, you can insert the words “and saw that” between the parts).

26. The moon was not in the sky: at that time she rose late (SBP; relations of cause, a union can be inserted between the parts because).

27. He was even frightened: it was so dark, cramped and unclean (SBP; relations of reason, a union can be inserted between the parts because).

28. The windows in the barracks were either lit up or extinguished: someone was striking matches (SBP; relations of reason, a union can be inserted between the parts because).

29. A week has passed, another - suddenly a stroller enters my yard (SBP; the second sentence contains an unexpected addition; you can insert a union between the parts and; there is a word suddenly).

30. Give him only a knife and let him go on the big road - he will kill him, he will kill him for a penny (SBP; the second sentence contains an unexpected addition, an unexpected result; you can insert the words “and then” between the parts).

31. Before the sun had warmed up, the whole sky hummed (SBP; the second sentence contains an indication of a quick change of events; the words “and immediately” can be inserted between the parts).

32. I began to call the owner / 1 - they are silent / 2; knock / 3 - silent / 4 (SBP; 1 and 2, 3 and 4 - adversarial relations, between parts 1 and 2, 3 and 4 you can insert a union a; between the first group of sentences (1 and 2) and the second group of sentences (3 and 4) - enumeration relations; since there are other punctuation marks within each group, a semicolon is placed on the border of these groups, between sentences 2 and 3).

33. The brave win - the cowardly die (SBP; adversarial relations, union a can be inserted between the parts).

34. There was no way to leave unnoticed /1 - he went out openly2, as if he was going into the yard /3, and darted into the garden /2 (1 and 2 - SBP; the second sentence contains a consequence, result, conclusion; an adverb can be inserted between the parts therefore Inside the second sentence there is a subordinate clause with the union if, which is separated by commas on both sides).

35. If we win, you will build a stone house (relationships are conditional, you can insert a union if before the first sentence).

36. A good fellow will pass / 1 - he will sit up / 2, a girl will pass / 3 - he will grieve / 4, and the harp will pass / 5 - they will sing a song / 6 (1 and 2, 3 and 4, 5 and 6 - SBP, conditional relations, before parts 1, 3, 5, you can insert a union if; groups 1 and 2, 3 and 4 are interconnected by enumeration relations; groups 5 and 6 are connected with group 3 and 4 by an opposing union a - SSP).

37. Get lost completely - we won’t cry about you (SBP, conditional relations, you can insert a union if before the first sentence).

38. He will look - he will give a ruble (SBP; comparative relations, you can insert a union between the parts as if).

39. He always liked to chat - I knew this very well (SBP; the second sentence has the meaning of attachment, contains the pronoun it).

40. They will part /1, they have already parted /2 - this thought stunned both (SBP; 1 and 2 - enumeration relations; sentence 3 has the meaning of attachment and contains the pronoun eta).