Our planet Earth is inimitable and unique, despite the fact that planets have also been discovered around a number of other stars. Like other planets in the solar system, Earth formed from interstellar dust and gases. Its geological age is 4.5-5 billion years. Since the beginning of the geological stage, the surface of the Earth has been divided into mainland ledges and ocean trenches. A special granite-metamorphic layer was formed in the earth's crust. When gases were released from the mantle, the primary atmosphere and hydrosphere were formed.

The natural conditions on Earth turned out to be so favorable that with a billion years since the formation of the planet on it life appeared. The emergence of life is due not only to the peculiarities of the Earth as a planet, but also to its optimal distance from the Sun ( about 150 million km). For planets closer to the Sun, the flow of solar heat and light is too great and heats their surfaces above the boiling point of water. Planets more distant than Earth receive too little solar heat and are too cool. The planets, the mass of which is much less than the earth, the force of gravity is so small that it does not provide the ability to hold a sufficiently powerful and dense atmosphere.

During the existence of the planet, its nature has changed significantly. Tectonic activity periodically intensified, the size and shape of land and oceans changed, cosmic bodies fell on the surface of the planet, and ice sheets repeatedly appeared and disappeared. However, these changes, although they influenced the development of organic life, did not significantly disturb it.

The uniqueness of the Earth is associated with the presence of a geographical shell that arose as a result of the interaction of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and living organisms.

In the observable part of outer space, another celestial body similar to the Earth has not yet been discovered.

Earth, like other planets in the solar system, has spherical shape. The ancient Greeks were the first to talk about sphericity ( Pythagoras ). Aristotle , observing lunar eclipses, noted that the shadow cast by the Earth on the Moon always has a rounded shape, which prompted the scientist to think about the sphericity of the Earth. Over time, this idea was substantiated not only by observations, but also by accurate calculations.

At the end 17th century Newton proposed the polar compression of the Earth due to its axial rotation. Measurements of the lengths of meridian segments near the poles and the equator, carried out in the middle XVIII century proved the "oblateness" of the planet at the poles. It was determined that The equatorial radius of the Earth is 21 km longer than its polar radius. Thus, of the geometric bodies, the figure of the Earth most of all resembles ellipsoid of revolution , not a ball.

As proof of the sphericity of the Earth, circumnavigations around the world, an increase in the range of the visible horizon with height, etc. are often cited. Strictly speaking, these are only proofs of the bulge of the Earth, and not its sphericity.

The scientific proof of sphericity is images of the Earth from space, geodetic measurements on the Earth's surface and lunar eclipses.

As a result of changes carried out in various ways, the main parameters of the Earth were determined:

middle radius - 6371 km;

equatorial radius - 6378 km;

polar radius - 6357 km;

circumference of the equator 40,076 km;

surface area - 510 million km 2;

weight - 5976 ∙ 10 21 kg.

Earth- the third planet from the Sun (after Mercury and Venus) and the fifth largest among the other planets of the solar system (Mercury is about 3 times smaller than the Earth, and Jupiter is 11 times larger). The Earth's orbit is in the shape of an ellipse. The maximum distance between the earth and the sun is 152 million km, minimum - 147 million km.

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Eight large planets with satellites revolve around the Sun. The Earth is located at an average distance of 150 million km. from the sun. The sun is the closest star to us.

The planet closest to the Sun is 2.5 times closer to it than the Earth, and the most distant is 40 times farther from it.

Together with Mercury, Venus and the Earth, it is part of the inner (terrestrial) group of planets. Outer group - giant planets: Jupiter,. These planets are huge spherical bodies composed almost entirely of hydrogen and helium. Pluto (discovered in 1930) cannot be assigned to any of the groups.

It occupies the 5th place among all satellites in size and the first in terms of the ratio of its mass to the mass of the planet. The mass of the Moon is only 81.3 times less than the mass of the Earth.

The earth has a spherical shape. As a result of rotation around the axis, it is slightly flattened ("geoid"). If the Earth is taken as a sphere, then its radius is 6371 km. In fact, the polar semi-axis is 6356 m, and the equatorial - 6379 km. The length of the equator is 40,000 km.

The Earth revolves around the Sun in a circular orbit, passing it in 365 days - a year. In January, it is closer to the Sun than in July. The speed of the Earth's revolution: the farther from the Sun, the slower the speed. Therefore, in the northern hemisphere, winter is shorter than summer, and vice versa, in the southern hemisphere, summer is shorter.

Around an imaginary axis (axial movement) from west to east, (in the same direction in which it moves in orbit), making a complete revolution in 24 hours - a day. The axis of rotation is inclined to the plane of the orbit by 66.5 degrees. The main consequences of the orbital and axial motion of the Earth are the change of day and night and the change of seasons.

To the north of the Arctic Circle (66.5 degrees north latitude) - a polar day lasting from 24 at the Arctic Circle to six months at the North Pole. In the southern hemisphere on June 22 at all latitudes, the day is shorter than the night, and south of the Antarctic Circle (66.5 degrees S) - the polar night. Accordingly, in the northern hemisphere - summer, in the southern - winter.

After the summer (June 22) solstice, due to the movement of the Earth in its orbit, in the northern hemisphere, the height of the Sun gradually decreases, the days become shorter and the nights longer. In the southern hemisphere, on the contrary, the Sun rises higher, the days lengthen, the nights become shorter. September 22 is the day of the autumnal equinox, after which the southern hemisphere receives more and more solar heat, and the northern hemisphere gets less and less. December 22 is the winter solstice. Summer in the southern hemisphere, winter in the northern hemisphere.

At the equator, day is always equal to night. The angle of incidence of the sun's rays on the surface (the height of the Sun) changes very little during the year - the change of seasons is not expressed.

The change of day and night, the change of seasons determine the daily and annual rhythms in nature.

The Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the largest of the terrestrial planets. However, it is only the fifth largest planet in terms of size and mass in the solar system, but, surprisingly, the densest of all the planets in the system (5.513 kg / m3). It is also noteworthy that the Earth is the only planet in the solar system that people themselves did not name after a mythological creature - its name comes from the old English word "ertha", which means soil.

It is believed that the Earth formed somewhere around 4.5 billion years ago, and is currently the only known planet where life is possible in principle, and the conditions are such that life is literally teeming on the planet.

Throughout human history, humans have sought to understand their home planet. However, the learning curve turned out to be very, very difficult, with lots of mistakes made along the way. For example, even before the existence of the ancient Romans, the world was understood as flat, not spherical. The second clear example is the belief that the sun revolves around the earth. It wasn't until the sixteenth century, thanks to the work of Copernicus, that people learned that the earth was actually just a planet revolving around the sun.

Perhaps the most important discovery regarding our planet in the last two centuries is that the Earth is both a common and a unique place in the solar system. On the one hand, many of its characteristics are rather ordinary. Take, for example, the size of the planet, its internal and geological processes: its internal structure is almost identical to the other three terrestrial planets in the solar system. Almost the same geological processes that form the surface take place on Earth, which are characteristic of similar planets and many planetary satellites. However, with all this, the Earth has just a huge number of absolutely unique characteristics that strikingly distinguish it from almost all the planets of the terrestrial group known today.

One of the necessary conditions for the existence of life on Earth without a doubt is its atmosphere. It is composed of approximately 78% nitrogen (N2), 21% oxygen (O2) and 1% argon. It also contains very small amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases. It is noteworthy that nitrogen and oxygen are necessary for the creation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the production of biological energy, without which life cannot exist. In addition, the oxygen present in the ozone layer of the atmosphere protects the surface of the planet and absorbs harmful solar radiation.

It is curious that a significant amount of oxygen present in the atmosphere is created on Earth. It is formed as a by-product of photosynthesis, when plants convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into oxygen. Essentially, this means that without plants, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would be much higher, and the level of oxygen would be much lower. On the one hand, if the level of carbon dioxide rises, it is likely that the Earth will suffer from the greenhouse effect as on. On the other hand, if the percentage of carbon dioxide becomes even slightly lower, then a decrease in the greenhouse effect would lead to a sharp cooling. Thus, the current level of carbon dioxide contributes to an ideal range of comfortable temperatures from -88°C to 58°C.

When observing the Earth from space, the first thing that catches your eye is the oceans of liquid water. In terms of surface area, the oceans cover approximately 70% of the Earth, which is one of the most unique features of our planet.

Like the Earth's atmosphere, the presence of liquid water is a necessary criterion for sustaining life. Scientists believe that for the first time life on Earth arose 3.8 billion years ago and it was in the ocean, and the ability to move on land appeared in living beings much later.

Planetologists explain the presence of oceans on Earth in two ways. The first of these is the Earth itself. There is an assumption that during the formation of the Earth, the atmosphere of the planet was able to capture large volumes of water vapor. Over time, the planet's geological mechanisms, primarily its volcanic activity, released this water vapor into the atmosphere, after which, in the atmosphere, this vapor condensed and fell to the planet's surface in the form of liquid water. Another version suggests that the comets that fell to the Earth's surface in the past were the source of water, the ice that prevailed in their composition and formed the existing reservoirs on Earth.

Land surface

Despite the fact that most of the Earth's surface is located under its oceans, the "dry" surface has many distinctive features. When comparing the Earth with other solid bodies in the solar system, its surface is strikingly different, since it does not have craters. According to planetary scientists, this does not mean that the Earth has escaped numerous impacts of small cosmic bodies, but rather indicates that evidence of such impacts has been erased. There may be many geological processes responsible for this, but the two most important are weathering and erosion. It is believed that in many respects it was the dual impact of these factors that influenced the erasure of traces of craters from the face of the Earth.

So weathering breaks surface structures into smaller pieces, not to mention the chemical and physical means of weathering. An example of chemical weathering is acid rain. An example of physical weathering is the abrasion of river beds caused by rocks contained in running water. The second mechanism, erosion, is essentially the impact on the relief by the movement of particles of water, ice, wind or earth. Thus, under the influence of weathering and erosion, impact craters on our planet were “erased”, due to which some relief features were formed.

Scientists also identify two geological mechanisms that, in their opinion, helped shape the surface of the Earth. The first such mechanism is volcanic activity - the process of release of magma (molten rock) from the bowels of the Earth through gaps in its crust. Perhaps it was due to volcanic activity that the earth's crust was changed and islands were formed (the Hawaiian Islands are a good example). The second mechanism determines mountain building or the formation of mountains as a result of compression of tectonic plates.

Structure of the planet Earth

Like other terrestrial planets, the Earth consists of three components: core, mantle and crust. Science now believes that the core of our planet consists of two separate layers: an inner core of solid nickel and iron, and an outer core of molten nickel and iron. At the same time, the mantle is a very dense and almost completely solid silicate rock - its thickness is approximately 2850 km. The crust is also composed of silicate rocks and the difference is in its thickness. While continental ranges of crust are 30 to 40 kilometers thick, oceanic crust is much thinner, only 6 to 11 kilometers.

Another distinguishing feature of the Earth relative to other terrestrial planets is that its crust is divided into cold, rigid plates that rest on the hotter mantle below. In addition, these plates are in constant motion. Along their boundaries, as a rule, two processes are carried out at once, known as subduction and spreading. During subduction, two plates come into contact producing earthquakes and one plate runs over the other. The second process is separation, when two plates move away from each other.

Orbit and rotation of the Earth

The Earth takes approximately 365 days to make a complete orbit around the Sun. The length of our year is related to a large extent to the average orbital distance of the Earth, which is 1.50 x 10 to the power of 8 km. At this orbital distance, it takes on average about eight minutes and twenty seconds for sunlight to reach the Earth's surface.

With an orbital eccentricity of .0167, the Earth's orbit is one of the most circular in the entire solar system. This means that the difference between the Earth's perihelion and aphelion is relatively small. As a result of such a small difference, the intensity of sunlight on Earth remains almost the same all year round. However, the position of the Earth in its orbit determines this or that season.

The tilt of the Earth's axis is approximately 23.45°. At the same time, the Earth takes twenty-four hours to complete one revolution around its axis. This is the fastest rotation among the terrestrial planets, but slightly slower than all gas planets.

In the past, the Earth was considered the center of the universe. For 2000 years, ancient astronomers believed that the Earth was static, and that other celestial bodies traveled in circular orbits around it. They came to this conclusion by observing the apparent movement of the Sun and planets when viewed from the Earth. In 1543, Copernicus published his heliocentric model of the solar system, in which the sun is at the center of our solar system.

Earth is the only planet in the system not named after mythological gods or goddesses (the other seven planets in the solar system were named after Roman gods or goddesses). This refers to the five planets visible to the naked eye: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. The same approach with the names of the ancient Roman gods was used after the discovery of Uranus and Neptune. The very same word "Earth" comes from the old English word "ertha" meaning soil.

Earth is the densest planet in the solar system. The density of the Earth is different in each layer of the planet (the core, for example, is denser than the earth's crust). The average density of the planet is about 5.52 grams per cubic centimeter.

The gravitational interaction between the Earth and causes the tides on the Earth. It is believed that the Moon is blocked by the tidal forces of the Earth, so its period of rotation coincides with the Earth's and it always faces our planet with the same side.

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Now most people take it for granted that the sun is at the center of the solar system, but the heliocentric concept did not appear immediately. In the II century AD. Claudius Ptolemy proposed a model with the Earth in the center (geocentric). According to his model, the Earth and other planets are stationary, and the sun revolves around them in an elliptical orbit. The Ptolemaic system was considered correct by astronomers and religion for several hundred years. It wasn't until the 17th century that Nicolaus Copernicus developed a model for the structure of the solar system, in which the sun was at the center instead of the Earth. The new model was rejected by the church but gradually gained ground because it provided a better explanation for the observed phenomena. Oddly enough, Copernicus' initial measurements were no more accurate than Ptolemy's, only they made a lot more sense.

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SOLAR SYSTEM The solar system is a group of astronomical bodies, including the Earth, orbiting and gravitationally bound to a star called the Sun. The Sun's retinue includes nine planets, approximately 50 satellites, more than 1000 observed comets, and thousands of smaller bodies known as asteroids and meteorites).

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The Sun The Sun is the central celestial body of the solar system. This star is a hot ball - I myself am close to the Earth. Its diameter is 109 times the diameter of the Earth. It is located at a distance of 150 million km from the Earth. The temperature inside it reaches 15 million degrees. The mass of the Sun is 750 times greater than the mass of all the planets moving around it combined.

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Jupiter Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet in the solar system. Jupiter has 16 satellites, as well as a ring about 6 thousand km wide, almost adjacent to the planet. Jupiter does not have a solid surface, scientists suggest that it is liquid or even gaseous. Due to the great distance from the Sun, the temperature on the surface of this planet is -130 degrees.

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Mercury Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. The surface of Mercury, covered with basalt-type material, is rather dark, very similar to the surface of the Moon. Along with craters (generally less deep than on the Moon), there are hills and valleys. The height of the mountains can reach 4 km. Above the surface of Mercury there are traces of a very rarefied atmosphere containing, in addition to helium, also hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon, oxygen and noble gases (argon, neon). The proximity of the Sun causes the surface of the planet to heat up to +400 degrees.

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Saturn Saturn, the sixth planet from the Sun, the second largest planet in the solar system after Jupiter; refers to the giant planets, consists mainly of gases. Nearly 100% of its mass is made up of hydrogen and helium gas. The surface temperature is approaching -170 degrees. The planet does not have a clear solid surface, optical observations are hampered by the opacity of the atmosphere. Saturn has a record number of satellites, about 30 are now known. It is believed that the rings are formed by various particles, potassium, blocks of various sizes, covered with ice, snow, and frost.

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Venus Venus, the second planet from the Sun, is Earth's twin in the solar system. The two planets have approximately the same diameter, mass, density and soil composition. On the surface of Venus, craters, faults, and other signs of intense tectonic processes were found. Venus is the only planet in the solar system whose own rotation is opposite to the direction of its revolution around the Sun. Venus has no satellites. In the sky, it shines brighter than all the stars and is clearly visible to the naked eye. The temperature on the surface is +5000, because an atmosphere composed primarily of CO2

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Uranus Uranus, the seventh planet from the Sun, is one of the giant planets. For many centuries, Earth astronomers knew only five "wandering stars" - planets. 1781 was marked by the discovery of another planet, named Uranus, which was the first to be discovered using a telescope. Uranus has 18 moons. The atmosphere of Uranus is mainly composed of hydrogen, helium and methane.

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Earth is the third planet from the Sun. Earth is the only planet in the solar system with an oxygen-rich atmosphere. Thanks to its unique natural conditions in the Universe, it has become a place where organic life originated and developed. According to modern concepts, the Earth was formed approximately 4.6–4.7 billion years ago from a protoplanetary cloud captured by the attraction of the Sun. The formation of the first, most ancient of the studied rocks took 100–200 million years. ____

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Based on seismic studies, the Earth is conventionally divided into three regions: crust, mantle and core (in the center). The outer layer (crust) has an average thickness of about 35 km. To a depth of about 35 to 2885 km, the Earth's mantle extends, which is also called the silicate shell. It is separated from the bark by a sharp border. Another boundary between the mantle and the outer core detected by seismic methods is located at a depth of 2775 km. Finally, at depths above 5120 km there is a solid inner core, which accounts for 1.7% of the Earth's mass.

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The Earth rotates around its own axis in 23 hours 56 minutes 4.1 seconds. The linear velocity of the Earth's surface at the equator is about 465 m/s. The axis of rotation is inclined to the plane of the ecliptic at an angle of 66 ° 33 "22". This tilt and the annual revolution of the Earth around the Sun determine the change of seasons, which is extremely important for the Earth's climate, and its own rotation - the change of day and night.

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Neptune Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun. It has a magnetic field. Astronomers believe that below the atmosphere, at a depth of about 10,000 km, Neptune is an "ocean" made up of water, methane and ammonia. There are 8 satellites moving around Neptune. The largest of them is Triton. This planet is named after the ancient Roman god of the sea. The location of Neptune was calculated by scientists, and only then it was discovered with a telescope in 1864.

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Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. A qualitatively new level of exploration of Mars began in 1965, when spacecraft began to be used for these purposes, which first circled the planet, and then (since 1971) descended to its surface. The mantle of Mars is enriched in iron sulfide, appreciable amounts of which have also been found in the investigated surface rocks. The planet got its name in honor of the ancient Roman god of war. The change of seasons is noticeable on the planet. Has two satellites.

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Pluto Pluto is the ninth largest planet from the Sun in the solar system. In 1930, Clyde Thombaug discovered Pluto close to one of the regions predicted by theoretical calculations. Pluto's mass, however, is so small that the discovery was made by accident as a result of intense exploration of the part of the sky to which the predictions had drawn attention. Pluto is about 40 times farther from the Sun than Earth. Pluto spends almost 250 Earth years per revolution around the Sun. Since the discovery, he has not yet managed to make a single complete revolution.

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The most, most, most ... Mercury is the planet closest to the sunPluto is the planet farthest from the sunOn Venus the highest surface temperatureOnly on Earth there is lifeOn Venus, a day is longer than a yearJupiter is the largest planetSaturn has the largest number of satellites Pluto is the smallest planetJupiter is the coldest » The planet Saturn has the most unusual and colorful appearance.

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Test questions Name the largest planet? Name the smallest planet? The planet closest to the sun? The planet on which life exists? The planet that was first discovered with a telescope? Which planet was named after the god of war? Which planet has the brightest rings? A celestial body that radiates light and heat? What planet was named after the goddess of war and beauty? A planet that was discovered “on the tip of a pen”

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Our planet is a huge ellipsoid consisting of rocks, metals and covered with water and soil. The Earth is one of the nine planets that revolve around the Sun; ranks fifth in terms of the size of the planets. The sun, together with the planets revolving around it, forms. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, has a diameter of about 100,000 light-years (that's how long it takes for light to travel to the last point of a given space).

The planets of the solar system describe ellipses around the sun, while also rotating around their own axes. The four planets closest to the Sun (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) are called internal, the rest (Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto) are external. Recently, scientists have found many planets in the solar system that are equal to or slightly smaller than Pluto in size, so in astronomy today there are only eight planets that make up the solar system, but we will stick to the standard theory.

The Earth moves in its orbit around the Sun at a speed of 107,200 km/h (29.8 km/s). In addition, it rotates around its axis of an imaginary rod passing through the northernmost and southernmost points of the Earth. The earth's axis is inclined to the plane of the ecliptic at an angle of 66.5°. Scientists calculated that if the Earth stopped, it would instantly burn out from the energy of its own speed. The ends of the axis are called the North and South Poles.

The Earth describes its path around the Sun in one year (365.25 days). Every fourth year contains 366 days (an extra day accumulates over 4 years), it is called a leap year. Due to the fact that the earth's axis has a tilt, the northern hemisphere is most tilted towards the Sun in June, and the southern - in December. In the hemisphere that is currently most inclined towards the Sun, it is summer. This means that in the other hemisphere it is winter and it is now the least illuminated by the sun's rays.

The imaginary lines running north and south of the equator, called the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, show where the sun's rays fall vertically on the surface of the Earth at noon. In the northern hemisphere this happens in June (the Tropic of Cancer) and in the southern hemisphere in December (the Tropic of Capricorn).

The solar system consists of nine planets orbiting the Sun, their satellites, many minor planets, comets and interplanetary dust.

Earth Movement

The Earth makes 11 different movements, but of them the daily movement around the axis and the annual revolution around the Sun have important geographical significance.

In this case, the following definitions are introduced: aphelion is the most distant point in the orbit from the Sun (152 million km). Earth passes over it on July 5th. Perihelion is the closest point in orbit from the Sun (147 million km). The earth passes over it on January 3rd. The total length of the orbit is 940 million km.

The movement of the Earth around its axis goes from west to east, a complete revolution takes 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds. This time is taken as a day. The daily movement has 4 consequences:

• Compression at the poles and the spherical shape of the Earth;
• Change of day and night, seasons;
• The Coriolis force (named after the French scientist G. Coriolis) is the deviation of horizontally moving bodies in the Northern Hemisphere to the left, in the Southern Hemisphere to the right, this affects the direction of movement of air masses, sea currents, etc.;
• tidal phenomena.

The Earth's orbit has several important points corresponding to the days of the equinoxes and solstices. June 22 - the day of the summer solstice, when in the Northern Hemisphere - the longest, and in the Southern
- the shortest day of the year. On the Arctic Circle and inside it on this day - the polar day, on the South Arctic Circle and inside it - the polar night. December 22 is the winter solstice, the shortest day of the year in the northern hemisphere and the longest day in the southern hemisphere. Within the Arctic Circle - the polar night. South Arctic Circle - polar day. March 21 and September 23 are the days of the spring and autumn equinoxes, since the rays of the Sun fall vertically on the equator, on the whole Earth (except for the poles) the day is equal to the night.

Tropics - parallels with latitudes of 23.5 °, in which the Sun is at its zenith only once a year. Between the Northern and Southern tropics, the Sun is at its zenith twice a year, and outside them, the Sun is never at its zenith.

The Arctic Circles (Northern and Southern) are parallels in the Northern and Southern hemispheres with latitudes of 66.5 °, on which the polar day and night last exactly a day.

The polar day and night reach their maximum duration (six months) at the poles.

Time Zones. In order to regulate the differences in time resulting from the rotation of the Earth around its axis, the globe is conventionally divided into 24 time zones. Without them, no one could answer the question: "What time is it in other parts of the world?". The boundaries of these belts approximately coincide with the lines of longitude. In each time zone, people set their clocks to their own local time, depending on the point on Earth. The gap between the belts is 15°. In 1884, Greenwich Mean Time was introduced, which is calculated from the meridian passing through the Greenwich Observatory and having a longitude of 0 °.

The 180° East and West longitude lines coincide. This common line is called the International Date Line. Time at points on the Earth to the west of this line is 12 hours ahead of time at points to the east of this line (symmetrical with respect to the international date line). The time in these neighboring zones coincides, but traveling east you find yourself in yesterday, traveling west you find yourself in tomorrow.

Earth parameters

• Equatorial radius - 6378 km
• Polar radius - 6357 km
• Compression of the earth ellipsoid - 1: 298
• Average radius - 6371 km
• Equator circumference - 40,076 km
• Meridian length - 40,008 km
• Surface - 510 million km2
• Volume - 1.083 trillion. km3
• Weight - 5.98 10 ^ 24 kg
• Free fall acceleration - 9.81 m/s^2 (Paris) Distance from the Earth to the Moon - 384,000 km Distance from the Earth to the Sun - 150 million km.

Solar system

Planet	The duration of one revolution around the sun	Period of revolution around its axis (days)	Average orbital speed (km/s)	Orbit deviation, deg (from the plane of the Earth's surface)	Gravity (Earth value = 1)
Mercury	88 days	58,65	48	7	0,38
Venus	224.7 days	243	34,9	3,4	0.9
Earth	365.25 days	0,9973	29,8	0	1
Mars	687 days	1,02-60	24	1,8	0.38
Jupiter	11.86 years old	0,410	12.9	1,3	2,53
Saturn	29.46 years old	0,427	9,7	2,5	1,07
Uranus	84.01 years	0,45	6,8	0,8	0,92
Neptune	164.8 years	0,67	5,3	1,8	1,19
Pluto	247.7 years	6,3867	4,7	17,2	0.05

Planet	Diameter, in km	Distance from the Sun, in million km	Number of moons	Equator diameter (km)	Mass (Earth = 1)	Density (water = 1)	Volume (Earth = 1)
Mercury	4878	58	0	4880	0,055	5,43	0,06
Venus	12103	108	0	12104	0,814	5,24	0,86
Earth	12756	150	1	12756	1	5,52	1
Mars	6794	228	2	6794	0,107	3,93	0,15
Jupiter	143800	778	16	142984	317,8	1,33	1323
Saturn	120 OOO	1429	17	120536	95,16	0,71	752
Uranus	52400	2875	15	51118	14,55	1,31	64
Neptune	49400	4504	8	49532	17,23	1,77	54
Pluto	1100	5913	1	2320	0,0026	1,1	0,01