Types of one-part sentences. One-part sentences

The lesson on the topic "Definitely personal sentences" introduces us to this type of one-part syntactic constructions. The sentences under consideration always contain a verb in a certain form. During the lesson, the teacher will teach you to distinguish between incomplete two-part sentences and definitely personal ones.

Subject: One-part sentences

Lesson: Definitely Personal Offers

Definitely personal sentences are one of the types of one-part sentences in which the main member of the sentence has a structure and properties similar to the structure and properties of the predicate.

The main member of definite-personal sentences is similar in structure to simple verb predicate and is expressed by the verb in the form of 1 and 2 persons singular. and many others. number of withdrawals. and command. inclinations.

Verb 1st l. units h. ex. incl. - Again see familiar city.

Verb 2nd l. units h. ex. inc.- Do you remember that autumn evening

Verb 1st l. pl. h. ex. incl. - Let's not forget your kindness.

Verb 2nd l. pl. h. ex. incl. - Come in payroll tomorrow?

Verb 2nd l. units hours command. inc.- think good!

Verb 1st l. pl. hours command. incl. - Let's go to the cinema!

Verb 2nd l. pl. hours command. incl. - Come in to me for sure!

The main members of definitely personal sentences can have a structure not only simple verb, but also compound verb and compound nominal predicate:

When you will study(compound verb) chemistry, you know(simple verb) a lot of interesting things;

You will be counselors(compound nominal) in our camp.

In this case, the auxiliary verb must be in the form 1st or 2nd faces.

Definitely personal sentences report the actions or other signs of a person (that is, a person), while a specific person. This person - depending on the form of the verb - may be the speaker: I love you now, not secretly, for show.

Definitely personal sentences do not always tell us about the actions of a particular person.

They denote the actions of living beings and even inanimate objects, which we kind of “humanize”, treating them in the same way as with people.

Yes, stop yelling! (referring to dog)

Well, do the right thing! (referring to computer)

The information about who exactly is being discussed is already contained in the personal ending of the verb, it is easy for us to understand who it is about, therefore, it is not necessary to designate the subject with other linguistic means, for example, pronouns.

Loved Yu you now, not secretly, for show

(the subject of the action is the speaker, the verb is in 1 l unit of number).

Take eat hand in hand, friends!

(subject of action - speaker and other people, verb in 1l. plural)

Wait for me and I will come back

(the subject of the action is the listener, the verb is in 2 l. units of the number)

Oh give those, give those me freedom!

(subject of action - several listeners, verb in 2 l. plural)

Therefore, despite the absence of a word naming the subject, definitely personal suggestions are informatively sufficient and certainly complete.

The actions of the speaker or listener can be reported in incomplete two-part sentences:

1. I think that 2) I did not make a mistake in it.

The second part of this sentence is an incomplete sentence: I did not make a mistake in it.

The form of the verb in this sentence does not have a morphological feature of the face and does not unambiguously indicate the subject of the action (I was not mistaken; you were not mistaken; she was not mistaken - the form of the verb is the same everywhere), but from the context it is clear who we are talking about, therefore such a design is incomplete.

2. I think 2) I see his.

The second part of the sentence is a two-part incomplete.

Definitely personal sentences are one-part sentences that always report the actions of a specific person; always contain a verb in the form of the 1st and 2nd person singular or plural of the indicative or imperative mood.

1. Bagryantseva V.A., Bolycheva E.M., Galaktionova I.V., Zhdanova L.A., Litnevskaya E.I., Stepanova E.B. Russian language.

2. Barkhudarov S.G., Kryuchkov S.E., Maksimov L.Yu., Cheshko L.A. Russian language.

3. Tests. One-part sentences ().

2. Complete academic reference book, edited by V.V. Shovel ().

1. Find the grammatical basis in the sentences of the text.

Know yourself. Understand how your body changes and grows.

Keep your body clean. Wash frequently, brush your teeth and nails.

Make friends. Be a good friend yourself, learn to talk to friends and parents and listen to them.

Learn to say no. If you are asked to do something that makes you feel uncomfortable, say no.

2. Find one-part sentences.

The paths of the park were sprinkled with sand every morning.

Cranberries are harvested in late autumn.

Cranberry is a marsh berry.

I would like to talk to you.

Not a soul!

Don't let your soul be lazy!

The soul must work.

And you grab her by the shoulders, teach and torture until dark.

Don't leave, stay with me...

One-part sentences- sentences with one main member only the predicate or only the subject: Silence. It's getting light. There's no one on the street. There is only one main member in a one-part sentence, and it cannot be called either a subject or a predicate. This is the main member of the proposal.

One-part sentences can be common and non-common, depending on whether the main member is explained with additional words or not. One-part sentences are of two types: verbal and substantive.

Verb one-part sentence. A distinctive feature of one-component verbal sentences is the absence of a subject: they do not represent the subject of the action, therefore the action is considered as independent. Such a one-part sentence includes the conjugated form of the verb as an auxiliary or linking verb, or is only such a verb: Are you going home?; Outside the window they sing; You won't fool him; He was having fun; Do not pass here. Verbal one-part sentences are divided into:

definitely personal;

vaguely personal;

generalized personal;

impersonal;

Definitely personal suggestions- one-part sentences denoting the actions or states of the direct participants in the speech - the speaker or the interlocutor. The predicate (main member) in them is expressed in the form of the 1st or 2nd person of the verbs, singular or plural.

The category of a person is in the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definite personal sentences can be expressed in the following forms: tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, let's tell; go, go, go, go, I will go, you will go, we will go, you will go, go, go, let's go.

I know that in the evening you will go beyond the ring of roads, we will sit in a fresh shock under the neighboring haystack. (S. Yesenin);

In the depths of the Siberian ores keep proud patience. (A. Pushkin).

These sentences are very close in their meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, the relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence by substituting the subject into the sentence. me, you, we or you.

Indefinitely personal sentences- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an indefinite person; the actor in the grammatical basis is not named, although it is thought personally, but the emphasis is on the action.

The main member of such sentences is the 3rd person plural form (present and future tense, indicative mood and imperative mood) or the plural form (past tense and conditional verbs or adjectives): they say, they will say, they said, let them say, they would say; (im) satisfied; (he) are happy.

For example:

In the village they say that she is not at all a relative of him ... (N. Gogol);

An elephant was led along the streets ... (I. Krylov);

And let them talk, let them talk, but - no, no one dies in vain ... (V. Vysotsky);

It's okay that we are poets, if only they would read us and sing. (L. Oshanin).

The form of the 3rd person plural of the verb-predicate does not contain information about either the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school actively addresses the problem of academic achievement; 2) one person: They brought me this book; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) a person known and unknown: Somewhere far away they scream; I got a 5 on the exam.

Indefinitely personal sentences most often have secondary members, i.e. indefinitely personal sentences, as a rule, are common. As part of indefinitely personal sentences, two groups of secondary members are used: 1) Circumstances of place and time, which usually indirectly characterize the figure: They sang in the hall. There is noise in the next class. In youth, they often strive to imitate someone (A. Fadeev); These distributors usually characterize the figure indirectly, designating the place and time associated with the person's activity. 2) Direct and indirect additions made to the beginning of the sentence: We were invited into a room; He is welcome here; Now he will be brought here (M. Gorky).

Generalized personal sentences- these are one-part sentences in which the verb-predicate denotes an action that is performed by a wide, generalized circle of people.

The verb-predicate in a generalized personal sentence is in the same form as in definite personal and indefinite personal sentences. Proverbs are a prime example.

You can't even catch a fish from a pond without effort.

Business before pleasure.

You never know where you will find the real word. (Paust.)

Generalized personal sentences are used in cases where it is important to name the action itself, and not the persons who perform it. Generalized personal sentences - sentences in which the action is timeless, refers to any, every person, to a group of persons. Common in proverbs, sayings, aphorisms.

Definitely personal and indefinitely personal sentences can have a generalized meaning, that is, the action referred to in the sentence applies to all persons in general.

impersonal proposals- These are one-component sentences that talk about an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the carrier of the state.

A feature of the grammatical meaning of impersonal sentences is the meaning of spontaneity, the involuntary nature of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases when it is expressed: action ( The boat is carried to the shore); condition of a person or animal I couldn't sleep; He is cold); state of the environment ( It's getting dark; Pulls with freshness); the state of affairs ( Bad with frames; Experiments cannot be delayed.), etc. According to D. E. Rosenthal, impersonal sentences have a “tinge of passivity, inertia”.

According to the school classification, impersonal sentences also include infinitive sentences (that is, sentences with a main member-predicate expressed by an independent infinitive).

The main term can be expressed:

Form of the 3rd person singular of an impersonal or personal verb: It's getting light! It smells of spring through the glass (L. May);

The neuter form: Happiness covered you with snow, took you centuries ago, trampled you with the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even before Christmas (A. Chekhov);

Word No(in the past tense, it corresponds to the neuter form did not have, and in the future - the form of the 3rd person singular - will not): And suddenly consciousness will throw me in response that you were not and are not more obedient (N. Gumilyov).

By combining the word of the category of state (with a modal meaning) with the infinitive (compound verbal predicate): When you know that it is impossible to laugh, then - then this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's already seven o'clock (A. Pushkin);

Brief passive participle of the middle gender (compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); I have not tidied up!.. (A. Chekhov);

Infinitive: You will not see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how not to please your own little man? (A. Griboyedov); For a long time to sing and ring the blizzard (S. Yesenin).

Substantive one-part sentence. The main member is expressed by the form of the noun. Substantive sentences are not just verbless, they are not even supposed to act. Depending on the meaning, substantive sentences are divided into:

nominative;

genitive.

denominations.

Nominative proposals assert the existence of an object in the present tense: Night. The street. Lamp. Pharmacy. (Blok A.A.).

Genitive sentences, in addition to beingness and the present, have the meaning of redundancy, enhanced by emotional coloring. Genitive sentences can be common: Gold, gold, how much evil through you! (Ostrovsky A.N.)

denominations- this is one of the types of one-part sentences, the form of the main member in which is similar in expression to the subject.

The main member of nominal sentences is expressed by the form of the nominative case of the noun and the phrase, which includes the nominative case. In principle, the use of a pronoun is also possible, usually in colloquial speech: "Here I am!" Ariel said as she floated into the living room.. The use of the independent nominative case is possible in these sentences, since their meaning is a message about the being, presence, existence of an object or phenomenon. Therefore, only one grammatical tense is assumed - the present.

Types of nominal sentences

Nominative existential state the existence of an object. The subject is expressed in the nominative case of any nominal part of speech: Mom, porridge, cat, spoon, book, bright cover...

denominative indexes point to an object. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, demonstrative particles HERE or WON appear: Here is a sofa for you, spread yourself out to rest (Gr.).

Estimated denominative evaluate the subject from the speaker's point of view. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, various expressive-emotional particles appear: Well, night! Here's to you, grandmother and St. George's day.

Desirable-naming express a strong desire for something. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, particles appear ONLY, ONLY WOULD, IF: If only not the control.

Incomplete a sentence is called that is characterized by an incomplete grammatical structure due to the omission of certain formally necessary members (main or secondary), which, even without naming, are clear from the context or setting.

The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of such sentences does not prevent them from serving the purposes of communication, since the omission of certain members does not violate the semantic completeness and definiteness of these sentences.

In this respect, incomplete sentences differ from unsaid sentences, which are interrupted for one reason or another by statements, for example: But wait, Kalinina, what if... No, it won't work like that...(B. Paul); - I'm, mother. Am I... People say that she...(B. Paul.).

Correlation with complete sentences is revealed by the presence in such sentences of words that retain the grammatical functions and forms characteristic of them in the corresponding complete sentences. It is they who point to the "empty" positions of the omitted members of the sentence. Incomplete sentences are especially common in colloquial styles of language, they are widely used in fiction, both in the transfer of dialogue and in description.

Types of incomplete sentences. Incomplete sentences are divided into contextual and situational. contextual incomplete sentences with unnamed members of the sentence that were mentioned in the context are called: in the nearest sentences or in the same sentence (if it is complex).

Contextual suggestions include:

Simple sentences with unnamed main or minor members (separately or in groups). Absence of subject:

- Wait, who are you? Kurov was surprised.

- Rostislav Sokolov, - the boy introduced himself and even bowed at the same time(B. Paul.).

Absence of predicate:

- You left your wife, Mikola?

- Not,she me(Shol.).

Absence of both subject and predicate:

- Does the baker Konovalov work here?

- Here!I answered her(M. G.).

Absence of predicate and circumstance: Kalinich stood closer to nature.Ferret - to people, to society(T.).

Absence of predicate and object: Who was waiting for him?Empty, uncomfortable room(B. Paul.).

The absence of a minor member of the proposal (additions, circumstances) in the presence of a definition relating to the missing member: The mother gave the father carrots, but forgot to give the gloves.I handed my father(S. Bar.).

Compound sentences with an unnamed main or subordinate clause.

- Well, where are your Near Mills? - What is it to you? You say, not mills? - Where? What do you mean "where"? Here. - Where is it? -Where do we go(Cat.). The main part is not named in the last sentence.

Incomplete sentences that are part of a complex sentence with an unnamed member in another part of the complex sentence.

In a compound sentence: In one hand he held a fishing rod,and in the other - a kukan with a fish(Sol.). In the second part of the complex sentence, the main members that are in the first part are not named.

In a complex sentence: Lopakhin jumped into the trench and,when he raised his head, I saw how the lead aircraft, absurdly falling on the wing, dressed in black smoke and began to fall obliquely(Shol.). In the subordinate part of the sentence, when he raised his head, the subject was not named, which is common with the main part.

In a non-union complex sentence: This is how we go:on level ground - on a cart, uphill - on foot, and downhill - so with jogging(Sol.). In the explanatory part of the complex sentence, the predicate mentioned in the explanatory part is not named.

situational incomplete sentences with unnamed members are called, which are clear from the situation, prompted by the situation. For example: Somehow, after midnight, he knocked on Zhuravushka's door. She threw back the hook ... -Can?he asked in a trembling voice(M. Alekseev).

Occasionally there was a whine somewhere. Apparently not close.

- Calmed down- peacefully said my neighbor(S. Bar.). While I was waiting for my turn, printing presses began to scroll behind me. Only women worked for them today.

- I'm behind you!I warned and ran to my car.(S. Bar.).

Incomplete sentences are especially typical of dialogic speech., which is a combination of replicas or a unity of questions and answers. The peculiarity of dialogic sentences is determined by the fact that in oral speech, along with words, extralinguistic factors also act as additional components: gestures, facial expressions, situation. In such sentences, only those words are called, without which the thought becomes incomprehensible.

Among dialogic sentences, sentences-replicas and sentences-answers to questions are distinguished.

Suggestions-replicas are links in a common chain of successive replicas. In the replica of the dialogue, as a rule, those members of the sentence are used that add something new to the message, and the members of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated, and the replicas that begin the dialogue are usually more complete in composition than the subsequent ones. For example:

- Go to the dressing.

- Will kill...

- Crawling.

- You won't be saved anyway.(New-Rev.).

Suggestions-answers vary depending on the nature of the issue. They can be answers to a question in which one or another member of the sentence stands out:

- What's in your knot, eagles?

"Crayfish," the tall man answered reluctantly.

- Wow! Where did you get them?

- Near the dam(Shol.).

They can be answers to a question requiring confirmation or denial of what was said:

- Do you have a grandmother?

- Not at all.

- And the mother?

- There is(New-Rev.).

Can be answers to a question with suggested answers:

- What have you not tried - to fish or to love?

- First(M. G.).

And finally, answers in the form of a counter-question with the meaning of the statement:

- How will you live?

- And what about the head, and what about the hands?(M. G.).

- Tell me, Stepan, did you marry for love? - asked Masha.

- What kind of love do we have in the village? Stepan replied and chuckled.(Ch.).

In terms of syntax, a sentence is one of the basic units of a language. It is characterized by semantic and intonational completeness and necessarily has a grammatical basis. In Russian, the predicative stem may consist of one or two main members.

The concept of one-part sentences

Types of one-component sentences with examples serve as a visual illustration of the theoretical material in the "Syntax" section of the Russian language.

Syntactic constructions with a base consisting of a subject and a predicate are called two-part. For example: I don't like fatal outcome(V.S. Vysotsky).

Proposals based on only one of the main members are called one-part. Such phrases have a complete meaning and do not need a second main member. It happens that its presence is simply impossible (in impersonal sentences). One-component sentences are very often used in works of art, examples from literature: I melt window glass with my forehead(V.V. Mayakovsky). There is no subject here, but it is easy to recover: "I". It got a little dark(K.K. Sluchevsky). This sentence does not and cannot have a subject.

In colloquial speech, simple one-part sentences are quite common. Examples of their use prove this: - Where are we going? - To the cinema.

One-part sentences are divided into types:

1. Nominal (with a stem from the subject).

2. With a predicate in the base:

• personal;
• impersonal.

• But they called all three daughters witches(V.S. Vysotsky) (predicate - past verb, plural, indicative).
• And let them talk, let them talk, but - no, no one dies in vain(V.S. Vysotsky) (in the role of a predicate - a verb in the present tense, in the 3rd l. and plural).
• They would give me a plot of six acres near the car factory(Sholokhov) (verb-predicate in the form of the subjunctive mood of the plural).

Features of generalized personal sentences

Some linguists (V.V. Babaitseva, A.A. Shakhmatov, etc.) do not single out this group of one-component sentences as a separate type, because the forms of expression of the predicates in them are identical to definite and indefinitely personal and differ only in semantic load. In them, the predicate has a generalized meaning. Such constructions are most often used in proverbs and sayings: Love tops - love roots. Do not have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends. Once he lied - he became a liar forever.

When studying the topic “One-piece personal offer”, examples are of great importance, because. they visually help to determine the type of syntactic construction with one of the main members and to distinguish between them.

impersonal offer

One-part impersonal sentence (example: It gets dark early. Noisy in the head.) differs from personal in that it does not and cannot have a subject.

The predicate can be expressed in different ways:

• impersonal verb: It was getting dark. I'm sick.
• A personal verb that has passed into an impersonal form: I have a tingle in my side. It rumbled in the distance. You are lucky! I can not sleep.
• Predicative adverb (state category or impersonal predicative words): It was very quiet(I.A. Bunin). Stuffy. It's dreary.
• Infinitive: Don't succumb to a changing world(A.V. Makarevich).
• The negative word "no" and the negative particle "neither": The sky is clear. You have no conscience!

Types of predicate

In one-part sentences

In Russian linguistics, the predicate is represented by three types:

1. Simple verb. Expressed by one verb in any form.
2. Compound verb. Consists of a linking verb and an infinitive.
3. Composite noun. It contains a linking verb and a nominal part, which can be expressed by an adjective, noun, participle or adverb.

In one-part sentences, all of the indicated

Chilly(one-part impersonal sentence). An example of a predicate with an omitted verb copula in the present tense, but which appears in the past tense: It was cold. The nominal part is expressed

In a definite personal offer: Let's join hands friends(B.Sh. Okudzhava) - predicate simple verb.

In an indefinitely personal sentence: I don't want to listen to any of you(O. Ermachenkova) - predicate - personal verb + infinitive.

Nominative one-part sentences are examples of a compound nominal predicate with a zero verb copula in the present tense. Often, with the nominative, pointing particles are placed next to each other: Here is your ticket, here is your wagon(V.S. Vysotsky). If nominative sentences are presented in the past tense, then they are converted into two-part sentences. Compare: There was your ticket, there was your car.

One-part and incomplete sentences

Incomplete two-part sentences should be distinguished from one-part sentences. In one-part, in the absence of one of the main members, the meaning of the sentence does not change. In incomplete, any member of the sentence can be omitted, and the meaning may not be clear out of context: Opposite is a table. Or: Today.

In some cases, it is difficult to distinguish between definitely personal sentences and two-part incomplete ones. First of all, this applies to predicates expressed by the verb in the form of the past tense. For example: I thought - and began to eat(A.S. Pushkin). Without the main context, it is impossible to determine whether the verb is used in the 1st or 3rd person. In order not to be mistaken, it is important to understand: in the form of the past tense, the person of the verb is not determined, which means that this is a two-part incomplete sentence.

Of particular difficulty are the differences between an incomplete two-part sentence and a denominative one, for example: Night. Frosty night. and Night in the village. In order to avoid difficulties, it is important to understand: the circumstance is a minor member related to the predicate. Therefore, the sentence " Night in the village- two-part incomplete with a compound nominal predicate, in which the verb part is omitted. Compare: Night has fallen in the village. Frosty night. This is a nominative sentence, because the definition is consistent with the subject, therefore, the adjective "frosty" characterizes the main member "night".

When learning syntax, it is important to perform training exercises in, and for this it is necessary to analyze the types of one-component sentences with examples.

The role of one-part sentences in the language

In written and oral speech, one-component sentences play a significant role. Such syntactic constructions in a concise and capacious form allow us to formulate a thought brightly and colorfully, help to present images or objects. They give the statements dynamism and emotionality, allow you to focus on the right objects or subjects. With the help of one-part sentences, unjustified pronouns can be avoided.

The concept of one-part sentences. All simple sentences, according to the nature of the grammatical basis, are divided into two types in Russian: two-part and one-part. Unlike two-part sentences, one-part sentences have only one main member. Moreover, the absence of the second member of the sentence does not interfere with the transfer of a logically complete thought in a one-part sentence.

For example: Early spring. Flowers are planted in the flower beds. Everything gets dark later.

In one-part sentences, the main member can act as a subject and a predicate. Depending on whether the subject or predicate is in the sentence, the sentences are called nominal or verbal, respectively. A distinctive feature of verbal one-part sentences is that they are subjectless. A verbal one-part sentence includes a conjugated form of the verb, which acts as a verb - a copula.

Differences between one-part and incomplete sentences

In the definition of a one-part sentence, one should know their main difference from incomplete sentences, which also have only one main member. For example:

1) Plum trees are planted in gardens.
2) What do gardeners do in autumn? — Plum trees are planted in the orchards.

In the first case, we see that an established action is taking place, who performs it is not important in the sentence. In the second case, the sentence indicates an action that certain gardening subjects perform. The subject gardeners is missing from the sentence, but it can be easily restored in it, guided by the previous sentence. This means that the second sentence belongs to the category of two-part incomplete, and the first - one-part.

Groups of one-part sentences. According to the method of expression and the meaning of the main member, one-component sentences are divided into the following groups:
1. Definitely personal. I love winter forest. I contemplate the stormy sea.
2. Vaguely personal. A new store is being built in the village. On the outskirts they sing songs.
3. Impersonal. It's getting light. It's getting dark. Sleep would. I'm cold.
4. Names. Summer. Here is the heat.
5. Generalized personal. You never know where you will find your true happiness.

In one-part sentences with a verbal predicate, only the action is expressed, the actor is absent. In impersonal one-part sentences, the person who performs the action is not provided at all. It is important not to forget that in such sentences as I am cold, “me” is a person who only experiences a state, but does not create it in any way, and cannot act as a subject. In generalized personal sentences, the main member indicates an action performed by a wide indefinite range of subjects.

A one-part sentence, the main member of which is the predicate and which is represented by only one word, is called a nominal sentence.

For example: Morning. Freezing. Night.