Hard or soft pronunciation e. §1

In the pronunciation of a number of words, difficulties arise due to the indistinguishability of letters in the printed text. e and yo , since only one graphic symbol is used to designate them - e . This situation leads to a distortion of the phonetic appearance of the word, causes frequent pronunciation errors. You need to remember two sets of words:

1) with a letter e and sound [" uh]: af e ra, be e , live e , grenad e r, op e ka, os e dumb, stupid e ny, foreign e ny, w e non-hater;

2) with a letter yo and sound [" about]: beznad yo zhy, payment yo capable, man yo vry, white yo syy, bl yo cool, w yo personal, w yo lie (option - w e lch), one yo ny.

In some pairs of words, a different meaning is accompanied by a different sound of the stressed vowel: ist e kshiy (term) - but: ist yo kshiy (with blood), screams as loud e ny - but: decree, announce yo given in the morning etc. .

Some difficult cases of pronunciation of consonants

1. According to old Moscow norms, the spelling combination -ch- should always be pronounced like [sh] in words: bakery, on purpose, penny, fiddling, creamy, apple and under. Currently, the pronunciation has been preserved only in some words: sure, boring, scrambled eggs, fiddling, birdhouse, bachelorette party. In the vast majority of other words, [ch] is pronounced, as it is written: toy, creamy, apple, flour, snack bar, wine glass etc.

Pronunciation [ sh] is also preserved today in female patronymics ending in -ichna: Nikitichna, Ilyinichna etc..

According to old Moscow norms, the combination -thu- pronounced like [pcs] in the word what and in words derived from it: nothing, something and others: currently this rule is preserved (with the exception of the word something[Th]). In all other words, spelling - thu- always pronounced like [th]: mail, dream, mast.

2. In words man, defector on the spot zhch, in the form of the comparative degree of adverbs tougher, tougher(and biting) in place stch, as well as in place of combinations zch and mid customer, sandstone, cost accounting etc. is pronounced [ sch]: mu[sh]ina, perebe[sh]ik, zhe[sh]e etc.

3. When several consonants accumulate in some words, one of them is not pronounced: learning [s "n"] ik, ve [s "n"] ik according to [zn] o, pra[zn] ik, soviet [s "l"] ive, maximum [ss] cue etc. .

4. Hard consonants before soft consonants can soften:

a) must be softened n before soft h and with: face [n "z"] iya, pretense [n "z"] iya;

b) n in front of soft t and d softens: a["n"t"]personal, ka[n"d"]idat.

Pronunciation of loanwords

Many borrowed words have orthoepic features that must be remembered.

1. In some words of foreign origin, the sound [o] is pronounced in place of the unstressed o: beau monde, trio, boa, cocoa, biostimulant, veto, gross, net, advice note, oasis, reputation. Word pronunciation poetry, creed and others with unstressed [o] optional. Proper names of foreign origin also retain unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation: Chopin, Voltaire, Sacramento and etc.

2. In some borrowed words, after vowels and at the beginning of a word, unstressed [e] sounds quite distinctly: aegis, evolution, duelist and etc.

3. In oral speech, certain difficulties are caused by pronouncing a hard or soft consonant in borrowed words before the letter e: t[em]p or [t "e] mp? bass [se] yn or bass [s "e] yn? In some cases, a soft consonant is pronounced.

Soft pronunciation:

In other cases before e a hard consonant is pronounced.

Solid pronunciation:

4. Currently, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of words:

6. In loanwords with two (or more) e often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other remains firm before e: gene sis[g "ene], relay[rel "e] and others.

7. Solid [ w] is pronounced in words pair shyu t[shu], bro shyu ra[shu]. In the word jury pronounced soft hissing [ w"]. Names are softly pronounced Julien, Jules.

8. When pronouncing some words, erroneous extra consonants or vowels sometimes appear. Should be pronounced:

incident, not incident[n]dent;

precedent, not precede[n] dent;

compromise, not compromise;

competitive, not competitive[n]capable;

emergency, not h[e] extraordinary;

institution, not education;

future, not future;

thirsty, not thirsty

The Russian language as a whole is characterized by the opposition of hard and soft consonants.

Wed: small and crumpled, WHO and carried, sir and ser, mouse and bear.

In many European languages ​​there is no such opposition. When borrowing, the word usually obeys the pronunciation norms of the Russian language. Yes, before e in Russian, a soft consonant usually sounds: chalk, no. Many borrowed words begin to be pronounced in the same way: meter, rebus. However, in other cases, the pronunciation of a hard consonant is retained in the borrowed word: adept[adept], amber[ambre], although this is not graphically reflected. Usually after a solid consonant in Russian it is written uh, after soft e. In borrowed words, as a rule, it is written e. Consonants can be pronounced both softly and firmly.

When pronouncing a borrowed word, several parameters must be taken into account.

1. The pronunciation of hard consonants is usually preserved by foreign surnames:

Shope[e]n, Volte[e]r.

2. The pronunciation of hard consonants is usually preserved in book words, little used, recently included in the Russian language:

de[e]-facto, apart[e]id, re[e]yting.

As the word is fixed in the language, the pronunciation of a hard consonant can be replaced by the pronunciation of a soft one (in accordance with the spelling). So, now it is possible to have a double pronunciation of the consonant in words:

de[e/e] grade, de[e/e] valuation, de[e/e] duction, de[e/e] odorant, de[e/e] can.

3. A certain role is played by the type of consonant located before e.

So, in borrowed words with the combination de, the consonant is regularly softened (in accordance with the spelling): de[e]coration, de[e]clamation, de[e]mobilization.


The process of softening the consonant is quite active in words with combinations not, re: abre[e]k, aggreg[e]ssia, watercolor[e]l, take[e]t, re[e]gent, re[e]yter, re[e]feri, brunet[e]t, tire[ spruce.


On the contrary, the combination of those quite stably preserves the solid pronunciation of the consonant: ate [e] lie, jewelry [e] ria, bute [e] rbrod, de [e] te [e] active, te [e] rier.

4. A certain role is played by the source of borrowing and the place in the word of combination with e.

So, the pronunciation of a solid consonant sound is stably preserved by those words that are borrowed from French with a final stressed syllable: entre [e], meringue [e], corrugated [e], curé [e], paste [e] l.

5. In book words in which before the letter e there is not a consonant, but a vowel, the sound [j] is not pronounced. Compare: in Russian words: ate [j] ate, over [j] ate; in borrowed words: hazel[e]s, project[e]kt, projector[e]ctor, projection[e]ction, ree[e]p.

note

The pronunciation of hard and soft consonants in borrowed words has a social significance. If the pronunciation of a solid consonant still remains the norm (for example, chimpanzee[e], corrugated[e], computer[e]r, madem[dm] oise[e]l), then the pronunciation of the soft consonant in such words ( chimpanzee[e], corrugated[e], computer[e]r, made[e] moise[e]l) can be perceived by listeners as a manifestation of the low culture of the speaker. At the same time, the pronunciation of a hard consonant where the pronunciation of a soft consonant has already become the norm can be perceived by listeners as a manifestation of philistinism, pretentiousness, pseudo-intelligence. So, for example, the pronunciation of solid consonants in words is perceived: acade[e]mic, take[e]t, brunet[e]t, accounting[e]r, de[e]claration, de[e]magog, de[e]mocrat, coffee[e], te[e ]ma, te[e]rmome[e]tr, fane[e]ra, tire[e]l.

In borrowed words, only solid consonants in words are pronounced before spelling e ([e]): antenna, business, steak, delta, cabaret, cafe, scarf, codex, cocktail, model, hotel, parterre, pastel, poetess, puree, requiem, tarantella, dash, tunnel, brown hair, masterpiece, highway, eczema, aesthetics, etc.

In a number of words, the pronunciation of both hard and soft consonants is acceptable: deduction, dean, congress, creed, terrorist, etc..

Finally, in some words only the soft consonant is pronounced: beige, brunette, museum, pioneer, rail, term, plywood, overcoat.

5. Difficult cases in the system of orthoepic norms: pronunciation [o] and [e] after soft consonants and hissing.

In Russian, the sound [e] (graphically - e) in a position between a soft consonant or hissing and a hard consonant under stress, usually alternates with the sound [o] (graphically yo or about- in some forms after hissing).

Sister - sisters, wife - wives, to cope with the task - to go with a candle.

This process is very consistent.

Whitish, millstone, bucket, gutter, wool.

However, no such alternation is observed in the whole group of words.

1. Usually there is no alternation in words of Old Slavonic origin: One-tribal, expired, successor, rival, bent.


Wed parallel Old Church Slavonic and native Russian forms: being - being, snapdragon - yawning.

However, the pronunciation [about] now it is actively spreading to a number of Old Slavonicisms, primarily to verbal adjectives and participles. So, in "Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin forms intoxicated, kneeling pronounced (in accordance with the orthoepic norms of that time) with the sound [e] under stress: "Napoleon waited in vain, Intoxicated with last happiness, Moscow on its knees With the keys of the old Kremlin." Now these Old Slavonic forms, like many others, are pronounced with the sound [about](graphically - yo): Captured, emaciated, emaciated, kneeling, aware and etc.

Sometimes the pronunciation of a word depends on its meaning. Wed: bled out - expired, announced results - screams like an announced, death of cattle - nominative case; a perfect crime is a perfect creation.


2. As a rule, there is no alternation in place of the etymological "". The presence of this sound in the past can be identified by comparing Russian and Ukrainian forms (in Russian - e, in Ukrainian - i: bread - bread). White, cut, thug, footprint, body.

But even in this group of words there are exceptions. stars, stellar, but: stellate.


3. There is no alternation in most loanwords.

Pharmacy, scam (!), bluff, canary, mannered.

note

It should be taken into account that, firstly, at present the transition [e] in [about] begins to actively capture foreign words (cf .: maneuver- main option maneuver- admissible; maneuverable and maneuverable- equal options), and secondly, the pronunciation of the vowel under stress largely depends on the source of borrowing. So, in Russian, the pronunciation is preserved [about] in the name of a Polish priest - priest.

Especially a lot of fluctuations in the pronunciation of words on -er. Wed: grenadier, dromedary, engineer, interior - make-up artist, kioskeur, retoucher.


Options starter and starter, combine operator and combine operator are equal.

4. No alternation in vowel position e between two soft consonants.

Wed: ice - ice, polygamy - polygamy, bigamy - bigamy.

note

There may be fluctuations in the pronunciation of some words: oared(admissible - oared), slaver and slaver(but: carry a roundabout).

Especially a lot of fluctuations are observed when pronouncing a stressed vowel in combination with hissing consonants (in the Old Russian language they were soft, then partially hardened, so the pronunciation of the vowel here goes either with a soft or with a hard consonant): a pot is a potter, a head is a firebrand.


This group of words is most prone to pronunciation fluctuations: bile(admissible - bile) – bilious(admissible - bilious); wool - coarse-haired, short-haired; pole - perch; lattice and lattice.


The Russian language as a whole is characterized by the opposition of hard and soft consonants (cf.: small and crumpled, Houses and Dyoma). In many European languages ​​there is no such opposition. When borrowing, the word usually obeys the pronunciation norms of the Russian language. So, before "e" in Russian, a soft consonant usually sounds ( m ate, no no). Many foreign words begin to be pronounced in the same way: m etr, r ebus. The pronunciation of hard consonants is usually retained by all foreign surnames: Chopin [pe], Voltaire [te]. The pronunciation of a solid consonant before "e" is also typical for bookish, little-used words ( apartheid [te]. demarche [de]). The type of consonant before "e" also has a certain meaning. For example, the combination "de" is more often pronounced with a soft consonant. and the combination "te" - with solid. A certain role is played by the source of borrowing. For example, the final stressed syllable in words from French is usually pronounced with a hard consonant ( pastel [te], cure [re], corrugated [re]). But there are exceptions, such as the word overcoat pronounced with a soft "n". Here is a small group of words in which pronunciation errors are often observed.

The correct pronunciation is considered to be a solid consonant before "e" in the following words: artery, atelier, atheist, bijouterie, business, businessman, steak, brandy, brotherhood, Bundeswehr, sandwich, bra, water polo, riding breeches, gangster, corrugation, grotesque, disintegration, decadent, dequalification, decollete, detective, dumping, denunciation, determinism, de facto, de jure, deciphering, identical, impresario, inert, index, interval, integration, intensity, intervention, interview, cartel, square, cabaret, condensate, container, motorcade, computer, cure, laser, lottery, Madeira, Mademoiselle Manager

In words diet, project, caries the sound [j] is not pronounced, that is, they sound like [d ieta], [project], [kar yes].

The consonant before the "e" is pronounced softly: academy, certificate, benefit performance, beret, brunet, bookmaker, accounting, promissory note, gazelle, haberdashery, hegemon, debit, debate, debut, degenerate, devaluation, degradation, disinfection, demagogue, democrat, demi-season, dismantling, deposit, dispatch, despot, defect, hyphen, deficit, deformation, dividend, ikebana, investor, intellectual; congress, conditioner, coffee, cream, patent, presentation, progress, review, raglan, register, reserve, raid, flight, rail, x-ray, referee, term, overcoat, effect.

In general, the pronunciation of hard and soft consonants in loanwords is a very flexible norm. As a rule, when borrowing, the word is pronounced with a firm consonant for some time. As it is mastered by the language, it loses the “plaque” of a foreign, “foreign”, hard pronunciation is gradually replaced by the pronunciation of a soft consonant (in accordance with the spelling). Sometimes this process goes very quickly. For example, schoolchildren in urban schools, where the computer is no longer perceived as something exotic, usually pronounce the word a computer with a soft “t”, but such a pronunciation has not yet become a general literary norm.

At the same time, in some cases, the pronunciation of both hard and soft consonants is equally acceptable. For example, the pronunciation of "e" and "e" is allowed in the words: aggression, misinformation, decade, dean, creed, claim and some others.

Attention should also be paid to the social significance of the pronunciation of hard and soft consonants in borrowed words. If the pronunciation of a hard consonant is still the norm, then the pronunciation of a soft consonant can be perceived as a manifestation of a person’s low culture (cf. , can be perceived as a manifestation of philistinism, pseudo-intelligence. This is how, for example, pronunciation like shi [ne] l, k [re] m, ko [fe], bru [ne] t, aka [de] miya, [te] ma is perceived.

Pronunciation [e] and [o] under stress after soft consonants and hissing

In Russian, in a position between a soft and hard consonant, under stress, “o” is usually pronounced (graphically “e”): sister - sisters, wife - wives. However, in whole groups of words, such alternation is not observed. These are many borrowed words ( bluff, scam etc.), words that came to us from the Old Slavonic language. For example, nouns in -ie are usually of Old Slavonic origin, and words with -e are Russian, so the following parallels can be distinguished: being - being, living - living. There is no alternation in the position between two soft consonants, cf .: ice, but - sleet.

CHECK YOURSELF:

1. Read the following words carefully, paying attention to their correct pronunciation and stress:

a) White, faded, sequin, voyager, millstone, gutter, bile, kioskeur, maneuver, nonsense, sweep, loan, receiver, polygamy, bucket, bucket, priest, kneeling, imprinted, wool, perch, hopeless, worthless, importer, retoucher , marker, pianist, chronicler, stuntman, knowledgeable, starter, officer.

b) Obstetrician, guardianship, scam, being, life, plump, snapdragon. grenadier, carabinieri, successor, sharpness, settled way of life, bent, bigamist, polygamist, bluff, expired, pole, wand, hornet, spineless, fashion designer, dispensary, minuscule, croupier, porter, point.

2. Mark the words in which [e] is pronounced under stress after a soft consonant.

Genesis, fable, of the same name, catechumen, stunned, grenadier, difference in time, connected, laden, coarse-haired.

3. Divide the words below into two groups, depending on whether the consonant is pronounced hard or soft.

Ampere, anesthesia, antenna, beige, steak, brunette, sandwich, dean, demon, depression, chapel, caravel, file cabinet, cafe, cake, stranded, modern, museum, short story, Odessa, hotel, pastel, patent, pioneer, resonance, rail, sausage, superman, tavern, thematic, plywood, music library, brown hair, overcoat.

4. Highlight the words in which the consonant before E is pronounced firmly.

Antithesis, anapaest, grotesque, aesthetics, effect, genetics, tennis, pool, phoneme, benefit performance.

1. A certain kind of difficulty may arise when pronouncing consonants before E in foreign words.

Some book words and words of a terminological nature are pronounced with a hard consonant before E: in [te] rvyu, tone [ne] l, sin [te] z, [te] st, [manager] dzher, [te] zis, coc \ te \ yl.

In modern Russian, the main trend in the pronunciation of borrowed words is the transition from a hard pronunciation to a soft one. Some words that were previously only pronounced hard now allow soft pronunciation: artery, vaudeville, devaluation, deduction, deodorant, dismantling, criterion, panther.

2. As a rule, remember: in all borrowed words, the sounds [k], [g], [x] and [l] before E are softened according to the laws of Russian phonetics: \ k "e \ ks, s [x" e \ ma, [g "e \ nesis, suf [l" e], ba [g "e] t. In most cases, the soft pronunciation of consonants becomes the main one, and the variant with a hard pronunciation becomes obsolete and is characterized by dictionaries as acceptable, for example: aggression[r "e and additional re], dean[d "e and additional de], depression[d "e, p" e and add. de, re], hyphen[d "e and additional deh], congress[r "ei additional re], progress[r "e and additional re], express[p "e and additional re].

Of particular note are the pronunciations of compound words (abbreviations): they are pronounced as the names of the letters that make them up are pronounced: VAT [en de es], FSB [ef es ba], CIS [es en ge]. Pronounce proper names correctly: Lodeynoye Pole(district center of the Leningrad region) [d] is pronounced softly Lo [d "e \ ynoe, not [de]; Oh [d "e] ss, not O[de]ssa, as we sometimes hear.

However, many foreign names and surnames, as well as geographical names, are pronounced with a firm consonant: \De]kart, Wol[te]r, Gyo[te], Ma[ne\, Ro[de]n, Ba[de]n-Ba[de]n, Manhat[te]n and others. The norm regarding borrowed names developed in the 19th century and is associated with the habit of pronouncing proper names as they sound in the original language.

3. It is necessary to distinguish between sounds [e] and [o] after soft consonants. Remember: a) only [e] pronounced in the words: af e ra, be e, foreign e nny, ist e kshiy, op e ka and etc.; b) only [about] pronounced in the words: zat ë kshiy, newborn ë ny, sharp ë , prin ë sshiy and etc.

Pronunciation options can also be noted: equal ( white e syy and white ë syy, resh e woven and resh ë woven), semantic ( n e bo - n ë bo, yellow e zka - yellow ë zka), normative-chronological ( midwife e r - Akush ë R(outdated), hopeless ë zhny - hopeless e zhny(obsolete) and others).

Pronunciation of the combination CHN. The combination of CHN requires special attention, because. mistakes are often made in its pronunciation.

In modern Russian, the combination CHN is pronounced in most cases as [Ch"N], especially in words of book origin: al [h "n] th, anti \ h "n \ th, por [h" n \ th, removable [h "n] th, interpersonal [h" n] ostny, commander [h" n] th, matrix [ h "n] th and etc.

In some cases, the same word can be pronounced differently depending on the figurative meaning that appears in stable combinations: heart disease and friend heart [shn] th, kopee [h "n] th coin and kopee [shn \ th soul.

Back at the beginning of the 20th century, many words with the combination [CHN] were pronounced with [shn], and not [h "n]: bulo [shn] th, weekday [shn] yy, youthful [shn \ yy, brusni [shn] yy etc., in the modern language such pronunciation is characterized as obsolete or even colloquial.

Now the pronunciation of this combination corresponds to the spelling [h "n]. Only in some words should only [shn] be pronounced: kone[shn] o, boring [shn] o, naro[shn] o, yai[shn] \ ica, square [shn] ik, laundry [shn] th, very [shn] ik, bitter [shn] ik, empty [sh] th. The same pronunciation is preserved in female patronymics: Ilyini[shn]a, Lukini[shn]a, Nikiti[shn]a, Savvi[shn]a, Fomini[shn]a. This is a traditional deviation from the general norm, which is legalized by dictionaries, so it should be followed in your speech.

The pronunciation of the combination Th. Combination thu usually pronounced as it is written, for example: ma thu a, by thu about thu and and etc.; but only combination [PCS] pronounced in a word what and its derivatives (with the exception of the lexeme something). In the word nothing double pronunciation is allowed.

Pronunciation of double consonants. It is necessary to correctly pronounce double consonants in Russian and borrowed words. The following recommendations should be followed here: 1) double consonants in Russian words at the junction of morphemes are usually preserved in pronunciation, for example: be zz clean, centuries erh, to nn oh, be ss ovestny etc.; the same in prefixed passive participles: conceived nn oh, except nn oh, defuse nn th etc. In non-prefixed participles, one sound is pronounced n : wound nn th in the leg, the heat nn fried potatoes; the exception is those cases where words like purchase nn oh, brooch nn ouch, yes nn th etc. are used as adjectives; 2) in borrowed words and in Russian words with foreign morphemes, the double consonant is usually pronounced for a long time if it comes after the stressed syllable: va nn a, ka ss a, ha mm ah, cape ll a, ma nn a (celestial) etc. A double consonant is not pronounced in cases where it stands: a) before a stressed syllable: a ss ambleya, co pp respondent, mi ll yard, gra mm atika, and kk reditive; b) at the end of a word: meta ll, gra mm, gri pp ; c) before a consonant: grue pp ka, cla ss ny, program mm ny etc. In some words, variant pronunciation is allowed, for example: a nn aly, and nn otation, and ss imitation, di ff uzia, ka ss eta and etc.

Pronunciation of vowels and consonants in borrowed words. Certain difficulties are caused by the pronunciation of vowels and consonants in borrowed words: 1) in some words of foreign origin (including in proper names), an unstressed sound is preserved about , For example: wet about, credit about, with about no, fl about ber, Z about la and etc.; at the same time, in most well-learned words, akanye is observed: R about man, ar about checkmate, to about comfort etc. In some cases, variant pronunciation of unstressed about : in about calism, p about Asia and etc.; 2) in place of letters uh, e after vowels in foreign words, a sound is pronounced [e](no previous [th]): about e kt, piru uh t, by uh zia, audi e nation and etc.; 3) labial consonants before e in most cases pronounced softly ( b engali, b enefis, P elerin, in spruce in no etc.), but in some cases labial before e stay solid: b eta, business m en, Kar m yong, sho P en etc. Dental consonants t, d, h, s, n, r more often than others retain firmness before e (en t enna, ge n ethics, polo n ez, fo n ema, gro t esk, d e t active etc.), but only soft teeth are pronounced before e in words: bulletin t en, clar n no, t enor, f n era, shi n spruce, o d essa etc. In many words before e possible variant (hard and soft) pronunciation of consonants: d ekan, pre t enzia, t therapy, t error, t rivers and etc.

Accentological norms (stress norms). stress - highlighting a syllable in a word by various means: intensity (in Czech), duration (in Modern Greek), tone movement (in Vietnamese and other tonal languages). In Russian, the stressed vowel in a syllable is distinguished by its duration, intensity, and tone movement. In many languages, setting stress does not cause any difficulties, because. their accent is fixed. In Polish, Latin, the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, in French - on the last; in English - on the first syllable. Russian accent is various places , since it can fall on any syllable, for example, on the first - etc a fork, On the second - walls a , on the third - beauties a etc. Diversity allows you to distinguish between grammatical forms of words: st e us - walls s, R at ki - hands and, us s pat - embankment a be etc. Stress in Russian can be characterized as mobile and fixed. motionless is called such an accent that falls on the same part of the word: G about hospital, g about hospital, g about hospital, g about hospital, oh about hospital - the stress is attached to the root; ringing Yu, ringing and m, ringing and those ringing and shh, ringing and t, ringing I t - the stress is attached to the ending. An accent that changes place in different forms of the same word is called mobile : start a t, n a started, started a; right, right a you are right a; could at, m about chew, m about gut; Mon I t, p about understood, understood a.

Within the literary norm, there are a significant number of stress options. There are, for example: 1) equal options (interchangeable in all cases, regardless of style, time, etc.): hw a vet and rusty e be, tv about horn and creation about G, b a rust and barges a ; t e fteli and teft e whether; at the same time e exactly and at the same time e no and etc. There are about 5000 such words in Russian. 2) unequal: a) semantic (differ in meaning): jokes a (blades) and acute about that(witty expression); tr at sit(afraid) - coward and be(to run); burial at feminine(placed in transport) - dip e ny(lowered into the water); b) stylistic (refer to different language styles), in particular bookish and colloquial ( points a be and b a catch, great danes about R and d about dialect), common and professional ( to about mpas and comp a with, and scar and sparks a, a languid and at about many; excited about and excitation at born); in) normative-chronological (manifested in the time of their use), for example, modern and obsolete: apartments e nts and apart a cops, steal and nsky and Ukrainian a indian.

A certain difficulty is the setting of stress in derivative forms of words. Here you should be guided by some rules.

Noun

1. A number of nouns have a fixed stress on the stem in all forms: St. a t – St. a you, t about rt – t about mouths, shr and ft – shr and ft etc.

2. Many monosyllabic masculine nouns have an accent on the ending in the genitive case of the singular: b and nt - bandage a, with e rp - sickle a, h about nt - umbrella a etc.

3. Feminine nouns in the accusative singular have an accent or on the ending ( troubles at, wine at, plates at, nor at etc.), or based on ( b about kind, in about du, s and mu, p about RU etc.).

4. Some monosyllabic nouns of the 3rd declension when used with a preposition in and on the have an accent on the ending: in chest and, in honor and, in connection and, at night and .

5. Nouns of the 3rd declension in the genitive plural have the accent then on the basis ( raise s shennosti, ch at posts, m e ness etc.), then at the end ( news e th, queues, shadows and etc.); double emphasis: about trasley and industry e y, p I dey and span e th, statement e th and in e houses.

Adjective

1. If in the short form of the feminine the stress falls on the ending, then in the short forms of the middle and masculine gender the stress is placed on the basis, while it usually coincides with the stress in the full form: b e ly - white a, b e l, b e lo; I sleepy - clear a, I sen, I clear etc.

2. In the plural form, double stress is possible: b e ly - white s, bl and zki - close and, P at sta - empty s, n and zki - low and etc. But only easily and, etc a you.

3. If in the short form of the feminine the stress falls on the ending, then in a comparative degree - on the suffix: long a- long e e, visible a- visible e e, full - full e e and etc.

4. If in the short form of the feminine gender the stress falls on the basis, then in the comparative degree the stress is also placed on the basis of: lil about wah lil about wow, beautiful and wa - beautiful and Vee, linen and va - linen and in her etc.

Verb

1. The stress in the forms of the past tense can be on the basis and on the ending. There are three groups of words: a) verbs with stress on the basis in all forms: blow - blew, d at la, d at lo, d at whether; put - put, cl a la, cl a lo, cl a whether and etc.; b) verbs with stress on the basis in all forms, except for the feminine form, in which it passes to the ending: take - took, took a, br a lo, br a whether; swim swam swam a, pl s lo, pl s whether etc.; c) verbs with stress on the prefix in all forms, except for the feminine form, in which it passes to the ending: to take - a took, took a, h a noo, s a nyali; start - n a started, started a, n a chalo, n a chali and etc.

2. In short passive participles of the past tense, the stress in the feminine form in some cases falls on the ending, in others - on the prefix: a) taken - taken a, started - started a, accepted - accepted a ; b) in participles on - swearing, - tattered, - called the accent falls on the prefix: h a bran, pr e torn, pr and rank etc.

3. Among the verbs in -ing two groups are distinguished: a) with an emphasis on and (cop and rove, debate and rove, adviser and rovat); b) with emphasis on a (standards a th, premium a th, ice cream a b). Passive past participles formed from verbs in -ing , are divided into two groups: a) form on -and rove corresponds to the form on -and roved (block and rove - block and forged, planned and rove - plan and roved); b) form on -irov a be- form on -ir about bathroom (premier a t - premir about bathroom, shaping a t - shaper about bathroom).

Variation and mobility of stresses lead to errors. The main reasons for the occurrence of errors include the following.

1. Ignorance of the origin of the word. Words that come from French will have the stress on the last syllable. These include: apostre about f, blinds and, quart a l, coccle Yu sh, fet and sh, exp e rt.

2. The absence of the letter Y in the printed text, because it is always under stress: bewitched, newborn, fastened, taken away, condemned.

3. Poor knowledge of morphology. In case of incorrect formation of case forms, errors are made, for example: keychain a instead of wandered about ka, towels instead of canvas e net, rake e th instead of gr a linen.

TASKS ON THE THEME

Exercise 1. Place the stress on the following nouns:

Gas pipeline, contract, leisure, nap, sign, invention, flint, chunk, garbage chute, thinking, intention, bowl, dowry, beetroot, statue, petition, sorrel.

Apostrophe, bureaucracy, gastronomy, diopter, significance, icon painting, rubber, aches, libel, funeral, convocation, consolidation, extravaganza, phenomenon.

Asymmetry, gas pipeline, religion, bungalow, genesis, dispensary, life support, catalogue, quarter, obituary.

Dialogue, game, spark, pantry, colossus, ailment, parterre, bonuses, purple, angle, carpenter, legalization, Christian.

Task 2. Explain the meanings of words with different stresses, make up a phrase with each of them.

BUT tlas - atl a s, br about nya - bron I, in and denia - view e nie, and rice - ir and s, cl at would - club s, acute about ta - sharpness a, st a rina - old a, tr at sit - coward and th, at naked - ug about linen.

Task 3. Form the genitive singular from the following nouns and place the stress on them. What is the reason for setting the stress in this or that case?

Screw, coat of arms, hump, mushroom, goose, tourniquet, wand, tuft, hook, layer, fruit, pond, rod, cake, pole, barley.

Task 4. Put the stress in the genitive plural of 3rd declension nouns.

Insolence, posts, poles, brushes, fortresses, whips, planes, stories, sermons, tablecloths, canes, pranks, cracks.

Task 5. Place the stress in the initial forms of adjectives.

Peanut, rampant, gross, stamp, long-standing, cousin, notched, sparkling, cedar, miserly, simultaneous, wholesale, statutory.

Task 6. Form all short forms from these adjectives and stress them.

Lively, hungry, proud, bitter, rough, cheap, long, miserable, green, strong, right, rare, bright, well-fed.

Task 7. Point out the stress in the adverbs. Are there forms with variant stress among them?

Incessantly, cleanly, masterfully, enviably, for a long time, long time ago, gradually, at exorbitant prices, at great prices, backhanded, obliquely, for a long time.

Task 8. Place the stress on the following verbs.

Pamper, memorize, stick, jam, clog, rust, call, spoil, exhaust, cough, start, began, ease, borrow, voice, vulgarize, cheer, force, notify, deepen, aggravate, intercede.

Task 9. Form all possible forms of the past tense from these verbs and place the stress in them. What rules determine the placement of stress in the forms of the past tense?

Shave, heed, lie, pester, ask, freeze, steal, pour, acquire, hire, hug, transfer, submit, understand, arrive, tear, be known, disappear, sew.

Task 10. Form short passive participles from the following verbs and stress them. Indicate what determines the placement of stress in participial forms.

Take, take away, borrow, get rid of, recruit, name, hire, recall, re-elect, pick up, give, cover, accept, live, distribute, convene, sew.

Task 11. Place the stress in the following verbs on -ing. Determine which two groups these words fall into depending on the place of stress.

Ballot, block, bombard, waltz, gas, guarantee, engrave, make-up, debate, graduate, disqualify, distill, drape, inform, compromise, compete, copy, lacquer, liquidate, mask, march, furnish, polish, reward, rehabilitate, register, summarize, transport, exaggerate, form, formulate, force.

Task 12. From the above verbs to –ing(task 10) form the full passive past participles and stress them. What rule should be followed in this case?

Task 13. Rewrite the words, distributing them into two groups: 1) with b to indicate the softness of a consonant; 2) without b. Make a conclusion about the peculiarities of pronunciation and spelling of the words of each group.

Walking, wedding, carving, request, mowing, bridge, shyness, nanny, nurse, tempting, bathhouse, attendant, tinker, lamplighter, take, Kuzmich, horses, people, Lyudmila, four, help, helper, helplessness, ice floe, in the dark , in a dream.

Task 14. Point out incorrect statements.

1. Orthoepic norm regulates word usage.

2. The orthoepic norm regulates stress.

3. The orthoepic norm regulates the use of case forms.

5. Within the literary norm, there are a number of stress options.

6. To clarify the norms of pronunciation, you should refer to the etymological dictionary.

In a position before the sound [e], denoted by the letter e, both soft and hard consonants are pronounced in borrowed words. The lack of softness is more often characteristic of dental [d], [t], [h], [s], [n] and sound [p]. However, the consonant before e in words academy,cream,press, museum,tenor and many others. See below for lists of such words.

Words with strongly pronounced consonants before e

adept [de]

detective [dete]

adequate [de]

anesthesia [ne, te]

annexation [ne] [ add. not]

antiseptic [se]

atheism [te]

atheist [te]

take-take [be, be]

business [ne]

businessman [ne] [ add. not, me]

hetaera [te]

grotesque [te]

landing stage [de, der]

devaluation [de] [ add. de]

degradation [de]

degression [de]

dehumanization [de]

dezabile [de]

disavow [de]

disintegration [dezinte]

misinformation [deza] [ add. misinformation]

disorganization [de] [ add. de]

disorientation [de] [ add. de]

decahedron [de]

dequalification [de]

neckline [de, te]

low-cut [ add. de]

decompensation [de]

decor [de]

delicacy [te]

demarche [de]

demos [de]

dumping [de]

dendrologist [de]

denomination [de]

denunciation [de]

dermis [de]

desegregation [de]

detective [dete]

detector [dete]

determinism [dete]

de facto [de]

deflector [de]

deflation [de]

decibel [de]

decimeter [de]

de-escalation [de]

de jure [de, re]

indexing [de]

computer [te]

condensate [de]

capacitor [de]

consensus [se]

confidential [de] [ add. de]

corps de ballet [de]

cosecant [se]

crater [te] [ add. those]

creed [re] [ add. re]

crepe de chine [de] [ add. re]

laser [ze]

manager [ne] [ add. me, ne]

management [ne] [ add. me, ne]

minstrel [re] [ add. ne]

to model [de]

nonsense [se]

orchid [de]

pantheon [te]

panther [te] [ add. those]

parterre [te]

reverence [ie] [ add. ie]

pretentious [te]

providential [de]

producer [se]

protege [te]

prosthesis [te]

protection [te]

rendezvous [de]

requiem [re, uh]

reputation [me] [ add. re, me]

secant [se]

St. Bernard [se]

maxim [te] [ add. ce]

sepsis [se]

setter [se, te]

synthesis [te]

sonnet [ne] [ add. not]

stress [re]

teza (anti-) [te]

thesaurus [te]

thesis (anti-) [te]

timbre [te]

tempera [te]

trend [te, de]

tender [te, de]

tennis [te]

T-shirt [te]

thermos [te]

terms [te]

terracotta [te]

tercet [te]

third [te]

tete-a-tete [tatatet]

tetrahedron [te]

track [re] [ add. re]

phoneme [ne]

phonetics [ne]

maid of honor [re]

meatball [de]

cicherone [ne]

showman [me]

psychic [se]

Words with softly pronounced consonants before e

academy [not de]

takes [not bere]

degenerate

tasting [ de and de]

deduction [ add. de]

disinfection, disinfect

deodorant [ de and de]

decade [ add. de]

decadent [ add. decade]

recitation

declaration

decoration

demilitarization [ add. de]

demi-season

dismantling [ add. de]

depression [ add. de, re]

leatherette

definition [ add. de]

hyphen [ add. de]

deformation [ add. de]

dividend

kinescope

competent

competence

congress [ add. re]

congressman [ add. re, me]

context

correct

cream [ add. re]

compartment, but: coupe [ pe]

legionary

mixer [ add. se]

policeman

mystery

cologne

cop

press conference

pressing

progression [ add. re]

register [ add. es]

referent

safe [ add. ce]

sexology [ add. ce],but: sex [se]

serverat [ add. ce]

service [ add. ce]

session [ add. ce]

athlete [rc]

therapist [ add. te]

Terminator

thermonuclear [ add. te]

terror [ add. te]

fashionable [ add. ne]

shrapnel

express [ add. re]

expression [ add. re]

epidemic

essence

jurisprudence