Learning to read the face: forehead, eyebrows, eyes. A long nose is a pronounced individuality, great creative possibilities, often conservatism, arrogance and pride.

"People of the arc" If you carefully looked at the skin patterns on all the fingers of your hands and found only arcs on each finger of the right and left hands, know that there are few such "people of the arc", they are less than 10% of the total population in Russia. You , as they say

(os frontale), unpaired (in adults), participates in the formation of the vault and base of the skull, the walls of the orbit and the nasal cavity (Fig. 18). It distinguishes unpaired frontal scales and nasal part, paired orbital part.

Frontal scales (squama frontalis)- the largest part of the frontal bone, is formed from 2 halves connected by a frontal suture. By the age of 5, the sweat suture usually heals. In some cases, the suture does not heal and the frontal bone remains divided into 2 halves. Scales have outer and inner surfaces. Outside surface convex, smooth, paired frontal tubercle (tuber frontale). Below it on each side is a crescent-shaped cash - superciliary arch (arcus superciliaris), individually different in shape and size. Between the frontal tubercles and the superciliary arches, a smooth platform is formed - glabella (glabella).

The outer surface of the frontal scales is separated from the orbital part by paired supraorbital margin (margo supraorbitalis), approximately in the middle of which is formed supraorbital notch (incisura supraorbitalis). Inside from it is frontal notch (incisura frontalis), sometimes turning into a hole through which the corresponding vessels and nerve pass.

Laterally, the lower sections of the frontal bone are extended into zygomatic processes (processus zygomatici), which connect with the frontal processes of the zygomatic bones. Goes up from the zygomatic process temporal line (linea temporalis), delimiting temporal surface (fades temporalis) from the anterior part of the frontal scale.

Inner surface of the frontal scale concave, has arterial grooves, imprints of cerebral convolutions and in the middle frontal crest (crista frontalis), turning into sulcus of the superior sagittal sinus. At the beginning of the ridge at the bottom there is blind hole (foramen caecum). On the sides of this furrow are dimples of arachnoid granulations.

Orbital part(pars orbitalis) It is a bone plate of an irregular quadrangular shape, in which the orbital (lower) and brain (upper) surfaces are distinguished. Orbital surface (fades orbitalis) turned into the eye socket, it is smooth. In its anterolateral part is located fossa of the lacrimal gland, and in front and medially - block fossa (fovea trochlearis). cerebral surface facing into the cranial cavity convolutional impressions (finger-shaped) (impressions gyrorum) and brain elevations (juga cerebralid) between them.

Nasal part (pars nasalis) located between the orbital parts and is represented by a section of bone that limits the front and sides lattice notch (incisura ethmoidalis). Its posterior and lateral edges are connected to the edge of the ethmoid plate of the ethmoid bone, and the anterior part of the nasal part is connected to the nasal bones and the frontal process of the upper jaw. Here a sharp thorn goes down - nasal spine (spina nasalis) involved in the formation of the nasal septum. The posterior sections of the nasal part contain cells that are in contact with the corresponding cells of the ethmoid bone and form their roof (see Fig. 1).

Between the nasal spine and the edge of the ethmoid notch on each side there is frontal sinus aperture, leading to the right and left halves of the frontal sinus. The frontal sinus in adults of different sizes is lined with a mucous membrane and opens into the middle nasal passage.

Ossification: The frontal bone develops from 2 centers of ossification that occur at the end of the 2nd month of the intrauterine period near the supraorbital margin. In a newborn, the frontal bone consists of 2 separate bones that join in the 2nd year of life. The suture between both halves of the bone is usually noticeable before 5 years of age.

Rice. one.

a — topography of the frontal bone;

b - front view: 1 - frontal scales; 2 - frontal tubercles; 3 - frontal seam; 4 - temporal surface; 5 - temporal line; 6 - zygomatic process; 7 - supraorbital margin; 8 - supraorbital foramen; 9 - frontal notch; 10 - nasal spine; 11 - bow; 12 - superciliary arch; 13 - glabella;

c - inside view: 1 - groove of the superior sagittal sinus; 2 - frontal crest; 3 - blind hole; 4 - orbital part; 5 - zygomatic process; 6 - nasal spine; 7 - impressions of convolutions; 8 - cerebral elevations; 9 - arterial furrows;

d - bottom view: 1 - superciliary arch; 2 - glabella; 3 - frontal scales; 4 - bow; 5 - supraorbital foramen; 6 - block hole; 7 - fossa of the lacrimal gland; 8 - zygomatic process; 9 - temporal surface; 10 - orbital part; 11 - lattice notch; 12 - rear lattice cells; 13 - rear ethmoid opening; 14 - medium lattice cells; 15 - front lattice hole; 16 - front lattice cells; 17 - supraorbital margin; 18 - aperture of the frontal sinus

Human Anatomy S.S. Mikhailov, A.V. Chukbar, A.G. Tsybulkin

The form

In physiognomy, the shape of the forehead can say a lot about a person's thinking style and his approaches to solving problems. The forehead covers the front of the brain, so it is not at all surprising that it is an indicator of your typical thinking style. For example, your style might be to try to find a new, unique solution for every problem. Or, on the contrary, you prefer to apply what you already knew in the most effective way in a new situation.

Steep (convex)

• Imagination
• Originality
• Hate hard systems

A round, prominent forehead indicates a desire to show imagination and originality in solving problems. You try to look for alternative approaches and dislike rigid systems and procedures that limit your options. You prefer to find the best solution for the task on your own.

Sloping (leaned back)

• Good memory
• Reaction speed
• Love proven methods and procedures

A forehead of this shape indicates a well-developed memory and quickness of mind. To avoid wasting time, you prefer to use proven methods and procedures. You are able to quickly apply the facts you know and past experience to new conditions and find solutions instantly. When you see how someone else solves a problem, you remember the technology well and easily adopt it for your needs.

Straight (without deflection back and rounding)

• Rectilinear Thinking
• Stepwise approach

Your thinking is a linear, progressive process, and you find it difficult to process information if it is presented too quickly or inconsistently. You need time to get everything in your head, and therefore you do not think very well under time pressure. If you are forced to think and act without delay, you can "break". Your strength is that if you remember and learn something, then it stays with you almost forever.

Brow ridges (bone "comb" above the eyes)

• Strictly follow the rules and guidelines
• Prefer certainty and proven systems

Brow ridges indicate that you prefer the "correct", checked answers and can be completely confused if the previously established rules are violated. You love rigid systems and a strict "military" approach. Once you understand and agree with the rules, you usually follow them strictly and expect the same from others. For example, if solving a problem requires a certain tool or procedure, you will solve it that way and not otherwise.

Lack of brow ridges (flat forehead)

• Flexibility, adaptability
• Immediacy
• Openness to new ideas

The absence of brow ridges indicates a flexible, adaptable, spontaneous approach to problem solving. You are always open to new ideas. You are looking for what best suits the current moment, and you use the tools and procedures that are most suitable for that moment. For example, if you do not have the necessary tool at hand, you will use what is available, adapting what is available to your needs. You do not like to be forced into rigid and strict adherence to established procedures, and in general try to avoid verified, "mathematical" approaches.

Strong-willed bump (fleshy thickening between the eyebrows)

• Strength of will
• Determination

The space between the eyebrows is associated with willpower. If this area protrudes forward, this indicates the tremendous willpower inherent in you from birth. You are able to achieve any goals that you set for yourself. Even when you were a child, nothing could stop you if you were determined to do something.

Surgery to give the face more femininity. The face is an important element of appearance, so patients who have undergone sex reassignment surgery strive to look as feminine as possible. Plastic surgery of this kind helps to avoid many psychological traumas and problems, they help a person to adapt in society.

Differences in female and male facial types

It is known that the skeletal structure of a woman and a man differs in size and shape. This applies to the structure of the head, body and limbs. The cranial bones that form the face differ in length, thickness and size, so in men the temporal arches, jaw bones and bones in the cheekbones are much more pronounced than in women.

The differences between the face of a man and a woman are especially noticeable in its upper part. For example, a woman's forehead is more sloping, and her brow ridges are smaller than those of men. Women's eyebrows are located higher, they are slightly raised and peculiarly curved.

Specialists in the field of aesthetic plastic surgery distinguish such differences in the face of women and men:

The superciliary arches of men hang over the eyes, due to which the forehead seems heavy.

If you draw a line from the point of hair growth to the superciliary arches, then in men it will be much flatter in shape than in women.

The distance from the hairline to the superciliary arches is greater in men than in women.

Superciliary arches and bumps on the forehead

The facial cranial part consists of a pair of zygomatic and maxillary bones, as well as the bones of the lower jaw. A considerable area is occupied by the forehead bone, especially its most powerful part. On both sides on this part there are protrusions, or bumps on the forehead, under which the eyebrows are located. Under the eyebrows, the bone ends with the orbital edges, between the eyebrows there is a depression above the bridge of the nose.

In general, the eyebrows and bumps on the forehead in men stand out more clearly than in women. This is due to the greater production of testosterone in the male body during puberty. The size of the selection of the eyebrows also depends on the breadth of the airways of the forehead.

To give the appearance of more femininity to people who have changed their sex, an operation is required to change the parameters of the bumps on the forehead and eyebrows. The bumps are ground off with the help of special medical cutters. This significantly changes the appearance of the eyebrows and forehead, lifting the eyebrows and opening the eyes, thereby softening the facial features and becoming feminine.

Sometimes just changing the parameters of the eyebrows and forehead is enough to make the face feminine enough.

Frontal shape correction

The operation to change the shape of the forehead, correct the bumps on the forehead and superciliary arches is called frontoplasty. It is performed in two ways. First option- reduction of the frontal bone by grinding it and moving it forward. Second option– augmentation of depressions with the help of implants. Basically, when changing sex, the first version of the operation is used.

In some situations, eyebrow contouring is performed through an incision in the eyelid area, which makes it possible to combine eyebrow changes with blepharoplasty. This is suitable for patients with a not very protruding forehead and not very pronounced eyebrows.

The shift of the bone back is carried out without affecting the area inside the skull.

The posterior and anterior walls of the frontal sinus are composed of bone, but a thick inner wall separates the sinus from the cranial cavity. The natural purpose of the frontal sinus is to moisten and warm the air at the moment of inhalation, relieve the skull and resonate speech sounds.

Air cavities are found in many human bones, which facilitates the skeletal system and reduces the load on the spine. The skeleton of men is more powerful and heavier than that of women, therefore the volume of the air sinuses of the bones of men is greater than that of women.

Frontoplasty is able to change the forehead, superciliary arches and bumps on the forehead by 3-7 millimeters.

Surgery with coronary access

The operation is performed using a coronal approach. The surgeon makes an incision in the scalp from the right to the left auricle. Next, the doctor peels off the soft tissues with fascia in order to expose the bones of the forehead. Next, an operative osteotomy of the sinus and installation of implants is performed. At the end of the operation, the transfer fragment is fixed with special glue or plates on micro-screws.

Stages of frontoplasty

To access the forehead bone, a longitudinal incision is made in the form of a zigzag in the area of ​​hair growth.

The skin flap and periosteum are lifted to access the bones and sinuses of the forehead. The edges of the flap are limited by medical clips to prevent blood loss.

The frontal sinus is opened, the surgeon is able to see the mucous membrane and bone bridges. The bony edges must be smoothed, and the bridges must be removed.

The protrusions of the frontal bone are aligned with medical cutters. If necessary, the supraorbital nerve is released from the bone canal.

The bone fragment is placed in a new position, the nerve connections are checked. They are fixed with special glue.

The tissue flap is returned to its place, but it must be pulled a little stronger than before the intervention. Due to a decrease in the frontal volume, the excess part of the tissues is excised, and sutures are applied to the wound surface.

Before and after frontoplasty

Care after surgery

The operation to change the bumps on the forehead, forehead and eyebrows lasts from 2 to 4 hours, it depends on the degree of complexity of the operation.

After frontoplasty, there is swelling on the face for 1.5-2 weeks. Hematomas may appear, which disappear on their own in a week.

To quickly relieve swelling and bruising, rest on high pillows is necessary to avoid a rush of blood to the head.

In the first two days, you can not wet your head. On the third day, you can gently rinse your hair, but be careful not to injure the seams. Shampoo use for children

If headaches bother you, you can use painkillers as directed by your doctor. In addition, the doctor prescribes antibiotics.

The stitches are removed after 10-12 days. Gently use the comb and wash your hair as gently as possible. Even if there is itching in the area of ​​the scars, they should not be scratched.

Possible Complications

Soreness

Bleeding

Scar swelling

Skin redness

Edema and hematomas

wound infection

To avoid thrombosis, it is necessary to drink as much water without gas as possible and move. Do not sit or lie down for a long time, take regular walks or practice healthy walking.

Special Complications

Violation of muscle activity and numbness of the area of ​​operation. It passes as the wound heals, or indicates that the doctor has touched the nerve.

Psychological problems. A course of psychotherapy, rest and massage may be required if it is difficult for the patient to recognize himself in the mirror.

Disappointment after surgery. Immediately after the operation, you will not be able to enjoy your beautiful appearance, as the tissues need to recover. Don't rush things.

The appearance of rough scars and scars at the site of the sutures. It happens due to the individual characteristics of the patient's body. Surgical correction may be required.

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