Biographies Characteristics Analysis

demonstrative: here, there, this. Service parts of speech are categories of words that serve to express the relationship between concepts that express significant words, and are used only in conjunction with them.

Graphic analysis

1. Indicate the name of the letter (grapheme), its sound meaning in the given word (the number and quality of the designated sounds).

2. Determine whether the given sound value of the letter is the main (alphabetic) or secondary (non-alphabetic, substitutive) one.

3. Indicate the number of alphabetic values ​​of this letter (it is single-digit or two-digit in the alphabet).

4. Mark spellings that violate the syllabic principle of graphics.

Spelling parsing

1. Indicate all spellings available in the word (regardless of their degree of relevance).

2. Determine which morpheme each spelling is in.

3. Specify the type of writing (checked / unchecked / unchecked).

4. Determine the spelling principles and rules governing the spelling.

5. * Etymological commentary on traditional spellings.

Orthoepic analysis

1. Indicate a word that has an orthoepic variant.

2. Determine the type of orthoepic variant: pronunciation, accentological, morphological.

3. For pronunciation options, indicate the variety (actually orthoepic or orthophonic), determine the area of ​​pronunciation variation (pronunciation of vowels, consonants or combinations of sounds).

4. * An etymological, sociolinguistic or stylistic commentary on the reasons for the appearance of the variance of a given word.

Lexico-semantic analysis of LSV

1. Analyzed word form, LSV and dictionary form (vocabulary).

2. The meaning of the word form: lexical and grammatical.

3. Interpretation of the LZ and determination of the method of interpretation (through the generating basis, descriptive (definition), synonymous-antonymous, identifying, referential, mixed).

4. Characteristics of LZ

a) main (primary) - non-main (secondary), for non-main, indicate the method of formation of LSV: narrowing, expansion, shift, transfer of meaning;

b) motivated (having an internal form) - unmotivated;



c) nominative - non-nominative (emotive);

d) free - not free (phraseologically connected, syntactically conditioned, constructively limited);

e) direct - figurative (metaphor, symphora, metonymy, synecdoche).

Seminal structure of LZ

a) hyperseme (archiseme) - differential semes;

b) * denotative-referential, significative, connotative semes.

5. Syntagmatics of LSV: realization of obligatory (obligatory) or potential valences of LZ and GZ.

Lexical analysis of the word

1. Dictionary form of the word (vocabulary); * variant of the word (if any).

2. The place of the word in the lexical system of the language.

paradigmatics

a) thematic group and lexico-semantic group

b) lexico-semantic paradigm

c) homonymous paradigm

d) paronymic paradigm

e) synonymous series

f) antonymic pair

g) derivational nest

h) lexico-grammatical class and system of word forms (morphological paradigm)

Characteristic of the word from the point of view

a) origin (originally Russian or borrowed)

b) relevance of use (active or passive reserve)

c) areas of use (common or non-common, limited in use).

d) stylistic coloring (neutral or stylistically colored).

3. The functioning of the word as a component of a phraseological unit.

Analysis of phraseological unit (PU)

1. The meaning of phraseology.

2. Dictionary form and * variant of a phraseological unit (if any).

3. The type of phraseological unit in terms of the semantic unity of its components: phraseological fusion, phraseological unity, phraseological combination, phraseological expression.

4. Structural characteristics of phraseology.

5. Phraseological paradigmatics: polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy.

6. Characteristics of a phraseological unit in terms of origin, relation to active or passive vocabulary, sociolinguistic affiliation, stylistic coloring.

7. Phraseological syntagmatics and word-formation potential.

8. The syntactic function of a phraseological unit: replaces the position of any member of the sentence; is an analogue of the proposal; forms an indistinguishable sentence.

Morphemic parsing

Determine the lexical meaning of the analyzed word (according to the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language).

Carry out structural division of the word from the end in the following order:

1. The part of speech of the analyzed word is changeable / unchangeable.

2. Ending (inflection), its types:

- by the nature of the formal expression: materially expressed / zero;

- by function: inflectional / formative / syncretic;

- by the nature of the grammatical meaning (depending on belonging to a particular part of speech);

- according to the ability to reproduce in speech: regular / irregular.

3. Base, its types:

- by function: the basis of the word form / the basis of the word;

- by structure: segmented / non-segmented, simple / complex; intermittent / continuous.

4. Root, its types:

- according to the degree of independence in the expression of meaning: free / bound / semi-bound;

- by the nature of the variation;

- by the presence / absence of alternations.

5. Suffixes, their types:

- by the nature of the formal expression: materially expressed / zero;

– by structure: non-derivative / derivative;

- by the nature of the variation;

- by function: formative / derivational / syncretic;

- by value;

- by stylistic coloring.

6. Prefixes, their types:

– by structure: derivatives / non-derivatives;

- by function: formative / derivational / syncretic;

- by the nature of the meaning: grammatical / derivational (indicate which one);

- by stylistic coloring.

7. Postfixes, their types:

- by function: formative / word-forming;

- by the nature of the meaning: grammatical (plurality, passivity) / derivational (reflexivity, indefiniteness).

8. Interfixes, their types:

- by function: connecting / insignificant "pads" that contribute to the formation of the word.

Word-building analysis

1. Determine the lexical meaning of the word.

2. Determine from which other word (the basis of a word, phrase or sentence) the given one is formed.

3. Establish the nature of the semantic and material relationship between the generating and derived words (the nature of motivational relations)

4. Indicate the means by which the word is formed.

5. Name the method and type of word formation.

6. Determine the degree of derivation of the parsed word.

Etymological analysis

1. Find out the origin of the word: original / borrowed.

2. Determine the meaning of the word in the modern language.

3. Determine the initial value by establishing what names of other objects and their features associated with this object formed the basis of its name.

4. Having established the previous family ties of the analyzed word, make its initial morphemic articulation.

5. * Mark (where possible) historical sound changes.

6. Make a morphemic and word-formation analysis of the word being parsed from the point of view of the modern Russian language.

7. Comparing the modern and original division of the analyzed word, identify the historical changes that have occurred in it - simplification, redistribution, complication, decorrelation, etc.

8. * If possible, indicate the reasons for these changes.

Morphological analysis

Noun

1. Initial form.

4. Genus, a formal indicator of the genus.

6. The form of the number.

7. Case form, * case meaning, ** variants of case endings, *** their use and origin.

8. Syntactic function, syntactic links and relations.

9. * Morphemic composition and method of word / form formation.

10. ** Features of the use, pronunciation and spelling of the word form.

11. *** Historical and morphological analysis (form formation).

12. **** Possible grammatical homonymy and transpositions.

Adjective

1. Initial form.

3. Lexico-grammatical category, grammatical features of this category.

5. Type of declension, its formal indicator, * characteristic of the paradigm.

6. Syntactic function, syntactic links.

Numeral

1. Initial form.

3. Discharge of the numeral in structure.

7. * Morphemic composition and method of word / form formation.

8. ** Features of the use, pronunciation and spelling of the word form.

9. *** Historical and morphological analysis (form formation).

10. **** Possible grammatical homonymy and transpositions.

Pronoun

1. Initial form.

3. Lexico-grammatical categories: a) by semantics, b) by correlation with other parts of speech.

5. Features of declination, * characteristic of the paradigm.

6. Syntactic function, syntactic links and relations.

7. * Morphemic composition and method of word / form formation.

8. ** Features of the use, pronunciation and spelling of the word form.

9. *** Historical and morphological analysis (form formation).

10. **** Possible grammatical homonymy and transpositions.

Verb (infinitive)

4. View (* paired, single-species, two-species), formal indicators of the species, method of speciation, * method of verbal action.

5. Transitivity, pledge and its formal indicators.

6. Syntactic function, syntactic links and relations.

7. * Morphemic composition and method of word / form formation.

8. ** Features of the use, pronunciation and spelling of the word form.

9. *** Historical and morphological analysis (form formation).

10. **** Possible grammatical homonymy and transpositions.

Verb (conjugated form)

1. Dictionary form.

3. Lexico-grammatical category.

4. Generating verb stem, its formal indicator.

6. Type of conjugation, formal indicator.

7. View (* paired, single-species, two-species), formal indicators of the species, method of speciation, * method of verbal action.

8. Transitivity, pledge and its formal indicators.

9. Inclination, tense, number, person / gender, their formal indicator.

10. Syntactic function, syntactic connections and relations.

11. * Morphemic composition and method of word / form formation.

12. ** Features of the use, pronunciation and spelling of the word form.

13. *** Historical and morphological analysis (form formation).

14. **** Possible grammatical homonymy and transpositions.

Analysis used to implement epidigmatic, paradigmatic and syntagmatic analysis.

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transcript

2 RYAZAN STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY them. S.A. Yesenina L.A. SERGIEVSKAYA GRAMMAR ANALYSIS (SCHEMES) Ryazan


3 Published by decision of the editorial and publishing council of the Russian State Pedagogical University. S.A. Yesenina L.A. Sergievskaya. Grammar analysis (schemes). - Ryazan: Publishing house of RGPU im. S.A. Yesenina, p. Schemes of multidimensional analysis of the basic units of the language are proposed, which have a teaching and control purpose. Schemes contribute to mastering the skills of grammatical analysis of specific linguistic facts. Texts are given for the practice of analysis. Designed for students of philology as a practical guide for the course "Modern Russian". Scientific editor: P.A. Lekant, Doctor of Philology. Sciences, Professor (MPU) Ryazan State Pedagogical University. S.A. Yesenina, 2000 2


4 PHONETIC ANALYSIS Phonetic analysis is the analysis of syllables, sounds, phonemes of a particular word. 1. Phonetic transcription (in accordance with the rules of literary pronunciation). 2. Stress: its place in the word; movable or immovable; primary, secondary (if any). 3. The number of syllables in a word (the division into syllables is given in the transcription). Characteristics of each syllable in order: a) initial, middle, final; b) open or closed; c) covered or uncovered; d) shock or unstressed. 4. The number of sounds, phonemes, letters. 5. Characteristics of each sound in order: 1) vowel or consonant; 2) features: a) vowel sound - rise, row, labialized or non-labialized; b) the consonant sound is sonorous or noisy; deaf or voiced (paired or unpaired); labial or lingual (specify variety); stop, fricative, stop-passage (nasal, lateral), trembling; soft or hard (paired or unpaired). 3) position: a) strong (stressed) or weak vowel sound; b) the consonant sound is strong or weak (according to deafness and sonority); strong or weak (by hardness and softness). 6. Relation of sound to phoneme: the allophone of which phoneme is the given sound. 3


5 7. Features of pronunciation (if any). STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Structural analysis is a morphemic, derivational and etymological analysis of a particular word. MORPHEMIC ANALYSIS 1. Ending: zero or materially expressed. 2. Basis: derivative or non-derivative. 3. Root: morph, allomorph. One-word words. Specify historical alternation, if any. 4. Suffix: formative, derivational, syncretic. Meaning. 5. Prefix: formative, derivational, syncretic. Meaning. 6. If there is: postfix, interfix, affixoid (prefixoid, suffixoid). DERIVATIVE ANALYSIS 1. Base: derivative (motivated) or non-derivative (unmotivated); free or bound (on a non-derivative basis). 2. Producing (motivating) basis. 3. Word-forming affix (affixes). 4. Type and method of word formation: 1) morphological: a) suffixal; 4


6 b) prefix; c) suffix-prefix; d) without affix; e) addition; e) abbreviation; 2) non-morphological: a) lexical-syntactic; b) lexical-semantic; c) morphological-syntactic. ETYMOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 1. Word: Slavic (Russian, East Slavic, Common Slavic) or borrowed (from which language: French, German, English, etc.). 2. The original structure and original meaning of the word. 3. The original form or resulting from any change in the morphological structure of the word: simplification, redistribution, complication, decorrelation, diffusion, substitution. MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Morphological analysis is the analysis of a word as a part of speech: a consistent definition of the lexico-grammatical and grammatical categories of a particular word form, assigning them to permanent or non-permanent features. Morphological analysis schemes for 12 parts of speech are proposed. 1. Part of speech. 1. NOUN 2. Initial form (nominative singular). 5


7 3. Constant signs. 1) Own or common noun. 2) Animate or inanimate. 3) Abstract (abstract), concrete (including singular), real, collective. 4) Personal or impersonal. 5) Gender (male, female, neuter, common, has no gender). 6) Type and variant of declination. 4. Inconsistent signs. 1) Case: means of expression, case meaning, main and variant case endings. 2) Number: means of expression, features. 5. Function in a sentence. 2. ADJECTIVE 1. Part of speech. 2. Initial form (nominative singular masculine). 3. Constant signs. 1) Qualitative, relative or possessive. 2) Declension type (main, additional); declension variant (hard, soft, mixed, hissing and C). 4. Inconsistent signs. 1) For qualitative: the degree of comparison (simple or complex for comparative or superlative). 2) For qualitative ones: full or short form. 3) Case. 4) Number. 5) Rod. 5. Function in a sentence. 6


8 3. NUMBER 1. Part of speech. 2. Initial form (nominative case). 3. Constant signs. 1) Simple, complex or compound. 2) Discharge: quantitative, fractional, collective, ordinal; indefinitely quantitative word. 3) Features of declination. 4. Inconsistent signs. 1) Case. 2) Genus (if any). 3) Number (if any). 5. Function in a sentence. 4. PRONOUN 1. Part of speech. 2. Initial form (nominative singular). 3. Constant signs. 1) Rank by value. 2) What part of speech does it correspond to. 3) Gender (in personal pronouns of the 3rd person). 4) Features of declination. 7


9 4. Inconsistent symptoms. 1) Case. 2) Number (if any). 3) Gender (for pronouns correlative with adjectives). 5. Function in a sentence. 5. VERB 1. Part of speech. CONJUGATED FORM OF THE VERB 2. Indefinite form (infinitive). 3. Constant signs. 1) View. 2) Return. 3) Transitivity. 4) Pledge; the shade of the value of the medium-return pledge. 5) Class (indicate the basis of the present or future simple tense and the basis of the infinitive). 6) Conjugation. 4. Inconsistent signs. 1) Inclination. 2) Number. 3) Time (if any). 4) Face (if any). 5) Genus (if any). 6) Features of the use of personal forms of the verb. 5. Function in a sentence. eight


10 NON-CONJUGABLE FORM OF THE VERB A. I N F I N I T I V 1. Part of speech. Indefinite form. 2. Permanent signs. 1) View. 2) Return. 3) Transitivity. 4) Pledge; connotation of meaning in the mid-recurrent voice. 5) Class (specify two bases). 6) Conjugation. 2. Function in a sentence. B. PRINCIPLE 1. Part of speech (special form of the verb). 2. Initial form (nominative singular masculine). 3. Constant signs. 1) Real or passive. 2) View. 3) Time. 4) Transitivity. 5) Return. 6) Pledge. A shade of medium-returnable pledge. 7th grade. 8) From what basis and how it was formed. 4. Inconsistent signs. 1) Full or short form (for passive participles). 2) Case (for participles in full form). nine


11 3) Declension type. 4) Number. 5) Rod. 5. Function in a sentence. V. D E E P I P H A S T I E 1. Part of speech (special form of the verb). 2. View. 3. Return. 4. Transitivity. 5. Pledge. A shade of medium-returnable pledge. 6. Class (specify two bases). 7. Time. 8. From what basis and how it was formed. 9. Function in a sentence. 6. ADVERB 1. Part of speech. 2. General meaning (a sign of an action, a sign or an object). 3. Rank by value. 4. Degree of comparison (if any). Source form. 5. Function in a sentence. ten


12 7. STATE CATEGORY 1. Part of speech. 2. Group by value (the state of the environment, the situation, the state of a person, living beings, etc.). 3. What part of speech does it correspond to. 4. Incline. Way of expressing inclination. 5. Time. Way of expressing time. 6. View. A way of expressing a view. 7. Degree of comparison (if any). Source form. 8. Function in a sentence. 1. Part of speech. 2. Rank by value. 8. MODAL WORDS 3. What part of speech does it correspond to. 4. Function in a sentence. 9. PREPOSITION 1. Part of speech. 2. Derivative or non-derivative. 3. Simple or compound (about derivative). 4. Meaning (relations expressed). eleven


13 5. With what case is it used? Can it be used with other cases (if so, with what)? 10. UNION 1. Part of speech. 2. Type by structure. 3. Composing or subordinating. Rank by value. 4. Type of use: single, repeated, double. 5. Function in a sentence. 11. PARTICLE 1. Part of speech. 2. Rank by value. 3. What word, phrase (or the whole sentence) refers to. 4. Position in speech: prepositive or postpositive. 12. INTERJECTION 1. Part of speech. 2. Rank by value. 3. Type by structure (primitive, derivative, composite). 4. Syntactic function. 12


14 SYNTAKING Parsing Syntactic parsing is a structural-semantic analysis of a specific syntactic unit: determining the structure, composition, function, meaning, establishing the type and means of communication of its components. 1. Phrase. PHRASE 2. Initial form (according to the initial form of the main word). 3. Simple or complex. About the complex, how is it educated? 4. Free or not free (whole). 5. Main and dependent word(s). 6. Nominal (substantive, adjectival, pronominal, with a numeral), verbal, adverbial or with the category of state. 7. Attributive, adverbial, objective, subjective or complex. 8. Grammatical meaning: subject + feature, action + subject, action + circumstance, subject + quantity. 9. Type of connection of words: 1) agreement is complete or incomplete; 2) control a) verbal, substantive, adjectival, adverbial; thirteen


15 b) prepositional or non-prepositional; c) strong or weak; d) case of the dependent word; e) the way words are connected (inflection, preposition, word order); 3) adjunction a) what part of speech adjoins; b) communication method (intonation, word order); c) strong or weak. SIMPLE SENTENCE 1. Simple sentence. 2. Narrative, interrogative or incentive. 3. Exclamatory or non-exclamatory. 4. Affirmative or negative (general negative or particular negative). 5. Two-part, one-part or indivisible. Type of one-part sentence: 1) definitely personal (form of the main member); 2) indefinitely personal (the form of the main member); 3) generalized-personal (the form of the main member); 4) impersonal (the form of the main member); 5) infinitive (form of the main member); 6) nominative (form of the main member, functional type, stylistic purpose); 7) vocative (its function). 6. Common or non-common. 7. Complete or incomplete. Type of incomplete: 1) contextual or situational; 2) monologue or dialogic; 3) elliptical. 8. Complicated or uncomplicated. fourteen


16 9. Analysis of the members of the proposal. MEMBERS OF THE SENTENCE 1. The predicative basis of the sentence: subject and predicate (in a two-part sentence) or the main member (in a one-part sentence, with which it corresponds). 2. Subject: morphologized or non-morphologized. What is expressed? 3. Predicate: morphologized or non-morphologized. Predicate type: 1) simple verb (consistent or inconsistent); 2) complicated verb; 3) compound verb; 4) compound verb; 5) compound nominal; 6) complex (polynomial). What is expressed? 4. The composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate. 5. Addition: 1) adjectival, verbal, adverbial; 2) what question is answered; 3) direct or indirect; 4) what is expressed; 5) morphologized or non-morphologized. 6. Definition: 1) agreed or not agreed; 2) what question is answered; 3) what is expressed; 4) morphologized or non-morphologized; 5) semantics. 7. Application: 1) semantics; 2) what question is answered; fifteen


17 3) agreed or not agreed; 4) what is expressed; 5) morphologized or non-morphologized; 6) punctuation marks at the application (if any). 8. Circumstance: 1) category by value (place, time, reason, etc.); 2) what question is answered; 3) what is expressed; 4) morphologized or non-morphologized. 9. Determinant: 1) indicators of the word form as a determinant (position in a sentence, undifferentiated attachment to other members of the structure, etc.); 2) semantic variety (objective, attributive, local, temporal, etc.); 3) than expressed. 10. Syncretic member of the proposal: combines the functions of 1) additions and definitions; 2) additions and circumstances; 3) definitions and circumstances; 4) additions, definitions and circumstances. Which function is dominant? COMPOUND SENTENCE 1. Compound sentence. 2. The number and boundaries of predicative parts. Each part is read in order. Binomial or polynomial. Parts are numbered in sequential order. 3. Open or closed structure. 4. Relations between parts: 1) connecting (enumeration, simultaneity or sequence of actions, causal relationships); 2) adversative (contradiction, comparison, inconsistency, etc.); 3) separating (alternation of phenomena, mutually exclusive 16


18 value, uncertainty, etc.); 4) connecting relations; explanation; clarification; 5) gradation relations. 5. Means of communication of predicative parts. 6. Specificity of punctuation (if any). 7. Scheme. COMPLEX PROPOSITION 1. Complex sentence. 2. Two-term or polynomial (parts are numbered). 3. Two-part sentence: 1) undivided or divided structure; 2) the main sentence (read out); 3) subordinate clause (read out); a) what does it refer to? b) what question is he answering? c) type (according to three classifications: school, traditional and university); d) syncretism (if any) in determining the type of clause; 4) flexible or inflexible structure; 5) single-functional or multi-functional; 6) means of communication of parts; 7) the specifics of punctuation (if any). 4. Polynomial sentence: 1) the number and boundaries of predicative parts (each unit is read in order); 2) the main sentence; 3) subordinate clauses (each in order): a) what question does it answer; b) type (according to three classifications); c) a means of communication with the main sentence; 4) the type of connection of subordinate clauses with the main one: a) sequential subordination (how many degrees?); b) homogeneous subordination; c) heterogeneous subordination. 17


19 5) punctuation specifics (if any). 5. Scheme. UNION-FREE COMPOUND PROPOSITION 1. Associative compound sentence. 2. The number and boundaries of predicative parts. Each part is read in order (parts are numbered). Binomial or polynomial. 3. Homogeneous, heterogeneous or complex composition. 4. Structural-semantic type: 1) homogeneous composition a) the general meaning of the enumeration (simultaneity, sequence, compatibility of actions); b) the general meaning of the comparison (opposition, effectiveness); 2) inhomogeneous composition a) the overall value of conditionality (direct or inverse conditionality); b) the general meaning of cause-and-effect relationships (cause in the second part or effect); c) explanatory type; d) connecting type; 3) complex composition; structural-semantic relations between all parts are determined. 4. Flexible or inflexible structure. 5. Means of communication of predicative parts: 1) intonation; 2) the order of the parts; 3) the index word in the first part; 4) incompleteness of the first part; 5) aspectual-temporal forms of verbs-predicates; 6) structural parallelism; 7) typed lexical elements. eighteen


20 6. Punctuation marks. 7. Scheme. COMPLEX POLYNOMIC SENTENCE WITH VARIOUS TYPES OF COMMUNICATION 1. A complex polynomial sentence with various types of connection: 1) with composition and subordination; 2) with an essay and union-free communication; 3) with subordination and union-free communication; 4) with composition, subordination and non-union connection. 2. The number and boundaries of predicative units. Each part is read. 3. Structural and semantic parts of a complex sentence, characterized by a closer semantic connection of predicative parts. The type of sentence according to the dominant connection between the parts. 4. Structural-semantic relations between simple sentences as part of a complex structure: 1) sentences with a coordinative connection are analyzed according to the scheme for parsing a compound sentence; 2) sentences with a non-union connection are analyzed according to the scheme for parsing a non-union complex sentence; 3) sentences with a subordinate relationship are analyzed according to the scheme of parsing a complex sentence. 5. Scheme. Notes: 1. Parts of a complex sentence are numbered in order. The analysis uses serial numbers of predicative units. 2. In the scheme of a complex sentence, all the main 19


21 features of the analyzed structure. 3. In the analysis of phrases and members of the sentence, generally accepted conventional graphic designations are used. EXERCISE 1. For phonetic analysis. I met you and all the past In the obsolete heart came to life; I remembered the golden time And my heart felt so warm (FI Tyutchev) Clouds of heaven, eternal wanderers! Steppe azure, a chain of pearls Rush you, as if, like me, exiles, From the sweet north towards the south. (M.Yu. Lermontov) The golden grove dissuaded the Birches with a cheerful tongue, And the cranes, sadly flying, Do not regret anyone else. (S.A. Yesenin) 2. For structural analysis. Painlessness, prioksky, zoo, correspondent, develop, embellish, sender, productive, get stronger, snowdrop, embroidery, foothills, quiet, delivery, dried up, delivery, fleeting, read, co-authorship, overload, crazy, shattered, savvy, canteen, exhale, attention, ice cream, drink, apology, delinquent, retraining, signboard, addition, evergreen, running start, schedule, pour, predawn, count, calculation, reality, charming, turn, find, covered, 20

22 form, focus, listen, army, agreement, truthful, reach, reddish, rejoice. 3. For morphological analysis. The secret of character is, after all, the secret of behavior, the key to that complex that affects us in another person, inspires confidence and respect for him, a thirst to follow him; and this is not born by the mind, it is deeper than the mind, and it is somehow connected with what you yourself should now strive to be (M. Shahinyan). 1) Determine the conjugation, pledge, class: fight, live, hold, sleep, pour, dress, shave, hold up, ride, make friends, want, run away, line up, draw, melt, dress, end, succeed, dream, achieve, stop , speak, squeal, slander, weave, lay, prick, catch up, draw, grow wiser, turn. 2) Form participles and gerunds from verbs: restrain, restrain, restrain, restrain; read, read; limit, limit; burn, burn; decide, decide; teach, teach. 3) Decline numerals: three hundred and eighty-five, five hundred and sixty-seventh. 4) Give an analysis of the words of the state category: Now it’s hard for me to fall in love, It’s embarrassing and funny to sigh, It’s reckless to believe in hope, It’s a sin to deceive husbands. (A.S. Pushkin) 5) Give an analysis of modal words: you will guess, of course, 21

23 Who was this unexpected guest? A little, maybe hastily The brave lover acted; But, however, taking into consideration His past patience And judging, you can easily understand Why young people take risks. (M. Lermontov) 6) Give an analysis of interjections: Farewell, free element! (A. Pushkin); Well, follow me (A. Pushkin); Ah, if the day had come sooner (I. Krylov); Oh, children, children! (A. Pushkin); Yeah, now I understand (F. Krivin); Alas, she is no more (A. Pushkin); Guard! Catch, catch (A. Pushkin); Hey, comrade, do not delay for a long time (V. Mayakovsky); Ah, youth does not come again (A. Pushkin). 7) Use and analyze the words "difficult", "quiet", "good" as an adverb, a short adjective, a word of the state category. 4. For a general analysis. It was still winter, but the sun began to rise higher and at noon, when the detachment that had set out early in the morning had already covered ten versts, it warmed so much that it became hot, and its rays were so bright that it was painful to look at the steel of the bayonets and at the sparkles that suddenly guns flashed on copper like small suns (L. Tolstoy). The outskirts of the Ryazan villages often merge with each other, the villages are densely scattered, and there is no such place where one, or even two or three still surviving bell towers (K. Paustovsky) would not be visible on the horizon. Liza admitted that her act seemed frivolous to her, that she repented of it, that this time she did not want to keep her word, but that this meeting would be the last and that she asked him to stop the acquaintance, which

24 can lead them to nothing good (A. Pushkin). PROPOSALS FOR ANALYSIS 1. If you want to be argued with and understood as you should, then you yourself must be conscientiously attentive to your opponent and accept his words and evidence exactly in the sense in which he addresses them to you (B . Belinsky). 2. Lermontov, wherever he turns his thought, always remains on the solid ground of reality, and this is what we owe to the exceptional accuracy, freshness and truthfulness of his epic poems, as well as the merciless sincerity of his lyrics, which is always a truthful mirror of his soul (A. Herzen). 3. When I see around me how people, not knowing where to put their free time, are looking for the most miserable activities and entertainment, I look for a book and say inwardly: this alone is enough for a lifetime (F. Dostoevsky). 4. When I first had to deal with the work of actors, I did not understand why the actor, who played a secondary person (two or three phrases were assigned to him in the play), pestered me with questions about what environment this hero came from, who his parents were, what he has a character, what habits and tastes and why he has a hoarse voice (K. Paustovsky). 5. No matter how powerful Chekhov's talent was, his works would never have reached such perfection of the classical form, if by the mid-eighties he had not become the owner of a subtle, sophisticated taste, which none of his contemporaries possessed (K. Chukovsky) . 6. Zhenya liked me as an artist, I won her heart with my talent, and I passionately wanted to write only for her, and I dreamed of her as my little queen, who, together with me, would own these trees, fields, fog, dawn , this nature, charming, but among which I still felt hopelessly alone and unnecessary. 23

25 7. My dear Jim, among your guests there were so many different and different ones. But the one that is quieter and sadder than all of them, didn’t accidentally come here? 24


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