Fish catch by country. Development of fish farming in various countries of the world

V.P. MAKSAKOVSKY

Table 1 Distribution of world fish and seafood catches by oceans, %

Year Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean

Fishing can be considered as one of the types of nature management, which consists in the extraction of fish and other seafood (sea animals, invertebrates, algae), although perhaps it should be divided into fishing itself and marine fishing. There are commercial, amateur and sport fishing, but the first of them, of course, is of primary importance.

Fish and fish products are a very important element of a balanced diet, a source of about 1/4 of the protein food of animal origin. No wonder that 72-75 % of the world's catch is destined for human nutrition, the rest is processed into fishmeal, nutritional supplements, fish oil, livestock feed or pharmaceuticals.

The following data speaks of the scale of world fisheries. Fishing provides employment for more than 120 million people, and the annual income from it in the early 90s was $ 55 billion. There are approximately 3.5 million fishing vessels in the world with a total tonnage of 13-14 million tons.

Fishing is one of the oldest crafts of mankind. It is known that in the times of Ancient Rome, the inhabitants of the Atlantic coast of Europe and the Mediterranean were engaged in fishing, and Russian sailors went out to fish in the White Sea and to the shores of Greenland as early as the 10th-11th centuries. But only at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, when the fishing fleet shifted from sailing to steam vessels, industrial fishing arose. It covered primarily the North Atlantic, the Caspian Sea. After the First World War, fishing developed rapidly. The use of increasingly larger and well-equipped vessels contributed not only to an increase in catches, but also to the development of new fishing areas. To an even greater extent, this applies to the period after the Second World War, when, along with coastal fishing, the importance of expeditionary fishing increased - off the coast of other countries or in the open ocean.

But the development of world fisheries throughout the 20th century. was not uniform. The pre-war level of fisheries was restored by 1950, and then within 20 years a very rapid rise was observed: in 1950-1970. catches increased by 3.3 times with an average annual increase of 2.4 million tons. It is not surprising that in the literature this period is sometimes called the golden age of fishing. This rise can be explained by several reasons - both the modernization of the trawler fleet, and the transition from coastal fishing to distant expeditionary fishing, and the fact that during the years of the Second World War the biological resources of the oceans - especially the Atlantic - managed to recover naturally. However, already in the 1970s, the results of overfishing led to a sharp reduction in the rate of development of the industry, which was then restored with great difficulty, but, one might say, with a loss in quality.

This term should primarily be understood as changes in the composition of the world catch, in which fish account for about 85 %, on invertebrates - 10, and on mammals and other aquatic animals and aquatic plants - the remaining 5 %. During the Golden Age, the main catch of fish was provided by 10 of its most valuable families - herring, cod, horse mackerel, mackerel, anchovy, etc. But as a result of significant overfishing and depletion, the share of the most valuable biological resources in the total catch has greatly decreased, and fish species less valuable in terms of nutritional qualities (capelin, pollock, mackerel, hake). It can be added that the ratio between marine and freshwater fisheries has also changed somewhat: the share of the latter, which previously amounted to about 10%, increased to 15% by the mid-1990s. % .

table 2 The first ten countries in terms of fish catch and seafood production in the mid-90s.

The country Total catch, million tons Including offshore, mmt Indonesia Norway

All these structural changes are accompanied by significant shifts in the geography of the world's marine fisheries. You can trace them on several levels.

First, we can talk about the ratio of fisheries in the shelf and deep sea areas of the World Ocean. Recently, the share of deep-sea areas has slightly increased, but still remains relatively small (10%), while 90% of fish and seafood are harvested within the continental shelf.

Secondly, the proportion of fisheries in the three zones of the World Ocean is gradually changing - northern (north of 30 ° N), tropical and southern (south of 30 ° S). In 1948, the first of them gave 85% of all catches, the second - 13, the southern - 2%, while today this ratio reaches approximately 52:30:18. There is a clear shift in global fisheries from north to south.

Thirdly, the distribution of world catches between the oceans continues to change, as evidenced by Table. 1. The Atlantic Ocean, which for many centuries has been the main marine fishery, has moved into second place, giving way to the Pacific Ocean. Incidentally, this is yet another example of the growing role of the Pacific Basin in the life of the modern world.

Fourth, the ratio between the main fishing areas of these oceans is changing. As on land, there are biologically highly productive water areas in the World Ocean, which V.I. Vernadsky called "condensations of life", and low-productive. The first of them are located where the processes of photosynthesis are most active and accumulations of biomass are formed - food for the nekton. At the same time, such factors as geographical location, depths, the nature of vertical and horizontal movements of water masses, the composition of the ichthyofauna, and the nature of its nutrition are also important.

Two such regions have long been known in the Atlantic Ocean - the Northeast, off the coast of Europe, and the Northwest, off the coast of America. Back in the early 1950s, the North-Eastern region provided a third of all world catches, but then production here sharply decreased due to overfishing and competition from the oil industry. So, the once very fishy North Sea now provides only 2.5% of the world's catch. Catches also decreased in the North-Western region, where the main fish production is carried out by the USA and Canada.

There are three main fishing areas in the Pacific Ocean. The northwestern region off the coast of Asia, where Russia, Japan, China, South Korea and the DPRK are fishing, is currently the largest not only in the Pacific Ocean, but also in the world. It stands out both in fish catches and in the extraction of other seafood - mollusks, crustaceans, algae. The North-Eastern region off the coast of North America is generally similar in terms of catch structure to the North-Western region, but is inferior to it in terms of their volumes. Finally, another fishing area - Southeast - is located off the coast of Peru and Chile. The main object of fishing here is the Peruvian anchovy.

These are the five main fishing areas of the world. Along with them there are a number of other areas, smaller ones. However, over time, almost all of them underwent severe exhaustion. On the fish banks of the North Atlantic (Dogger Bank, Newfoundland Bank, etc.), stocks of herring and cod have become scarce, off the coast of North America - the Californian sardine, off the coast of Peru and Chile - the Peruvian anchovy, in the eastern part of the Central Atlantic - cephalopods (octopuses, squids ), near the Aleutian Islands - the Alaskan king crab. The impoverishment also affected estuaries, such as the Chesapeake Bay in the United States, which has earned the name "protein factory". All this led to a drop in catches in the 70s.

Finally, fifthly, major changes have recently taken place in the composition of the top ten fishing countries. In order to evaluate them, it is enough to compare the top ten, as it was, say, in the mid-1950s (Japan, USA, USSR, China, Norway, Great Britain, India, Canada, Germany, Denmark) with the modern one presented in Table . 2.

Analyzing the data in the table, it is easy to see that out of the old composition of the top ten, six countries remained in it - Japan, the USA, Russia, China, India and Norway. However, their order in this group has noticeably changed. Thus, back in the early 1990s, China came out on top, and its catches are dominated not by sea, but by freshwater fish, which is not so common. Among the four newcomers are only the developing countries of Asia and Latin America, which, by the way, absolutely prevail in the second ten. According to some reports, developing countries now account for 60% of the world's catch.

Curiously, the top ten countries and territories in terms of fish production per capita look completely different. In the first place is Iceland (6500 kg!), the Danish Faroe Islands are in second (5560), and Greenland also belongs to Denmark (2065 kg) is in third. And then follow the Falkland Islands (780 kg), Norway (650), Chile (460), Kiribati (390), Maldives (385), Peru (370) and Denmark (345 kg).

Over the past decades, the volume of world trade in fish products has increased many times over. Back in the early 90s, about 2/5 of the total catch was supplied to the international market. At the same time, developed countries accounted for 1/2 of exports and 9/10 of imports of seafood.

As for the prospects for growth in global catches, they, according to most calculations and forecasts, look rather limited. Although estimates of the possibilities of using marine biological resources vary widely (from 70 million to 200 million tons), most experts still consider annual catches of 110-120 million tons to be the maximum allowable. And this level has already been reached.

In Russia, fish catches in the 1990s first fell sharply, but then began to increase again, albeit slowly. In terms of fish production per capita (26 kg), Russia exceeds the world average (16 kg). Fishing is carried out in rivers, lakes, and especially in marine areas, the main of which were and remain the seas of the Far East.

* Essay from the forthcoming new edition of the book "Geographical Picture of the World".

FISHING

Fishing is one of the oldest crafts of mankind. The significance of fishing today is determined primarily by the fact that fish and fish products are the most important element of a balanced diet, a source of valuable proteins. During the second half of the XX century. the catch of fish and seafood (they account for a little more than 1/10 of the total catch) gradually increased, reaching a level of 100 million tons by the beginning of the 90s. But then this figure stabilized, which is due to many reasons, but primarily the threat depletion of fish resources. Between the oceans, the fish catch and seafood production are distributed as follows: the Pacific Ocean accounts for 64%, the Atlantic - 27% and the Indian - 9%.

The main fishing areas of the world are located within the continental shelf of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

In the Pacific Ocean, these are its northwestern and northeastern marginal parts, to which the territories of Russia, Japan, China, Korea, the USA, Canada, as well as the coastal regions of South America. In the Atlantic Ocean, it is also the northwestern part, located off the coast of the United States and Canada, and the northeastern part, located off the coast of Western Europe. It is within these zones that the main fishing countries of the world are located.

Table 17. Top ten countries in the world in terms of fish catches and seafood production

Recently, aquaculture, which also includes mariculture, that is, the cultivation of aquatic organisms in the marine environment, has begun to play an increasingly important role in world fisheries. In the early 90s, world aquaculture production already exceeded 15 million tons. Approximately 4/5 of it is provided by Asian countries - China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, India, the Philippines, where mainly carp are bred in freshwater reservoirs, and on marine farms and plantations - fish, shellfish, shrimp, crabs, mussels, algae. Aquaculture has also gained some development in Europe and North America.

Leading ideas: deepen and confirm the main provisions of topic 4 geography of the world economy.

Basic concepts:"upper and lower floors" of industries, commercial, consumer agriculture, plantation, farming, "green revolution", agribusiness, global transport system, regional transport system, port industrial complex, transport hubs, containerization.

Skills and abilities: be able to analyze and explain the nature of the location of the sectors of the world economy, using knowledge about the factors and principles of location, technical and economic features of the industry, industries of international specialization; to systematize, compare and generalize according to the materials of the topic; to characterize the industry according to the plan, to characterize the natural prerequisites for the development of industry and agriculture of the country (region) according to the plan.

>> World fisheries

§ 4. World fisheries

Fishing is one of the oldest crafts of mankind. The significance of fishing today is determined primarily by the fact that fish and fish products are the most important element of a balanced diet, a source of valuable proteins. During the second half of the XX century. fish catch and seafood production (they account for a little more than 10% of the total catch) gradually increased, reaching by the beginning of the 1990s. 100 million tons. But then the growth slowed down, which is due to many reasons, but above all the threat of depletion of fish. First of all, this applies to marine fisheries, which have stabilized at the level of 80-85 million tons per year.

Fishing has its own geography. Between the oceans, the catch of fish and the production of seafood are distributed as follows: on the Pacific ocean accounts for 64%, Atlantic - 27% and Indian - 9%. The main fishing areas of the world are located within the continental shelf of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

In the Pacific Ocean, these are its northwestern and northeastern marginal parts, to which the territories of Russia, Japan, China, Korea, the USA, Canada, as well as the coastal regions of South America. In the Atlantic Ocean, it is also the northwestern part, located off the coast of the United States and Canada, and the northeastern part, located off the coast of Western Europe. It is within these zones that the main fishing countries of the world are located (Table 36).

Table 36

Top ten countries in the world by size of fish catches and seafood production, 2005

It can be seen from the data in the table that developing countries are leading in the field of fisheries. They provide up to 70% of the world's catches. But it was not always so. Even in the middle of the XX century. the top ten fishing countries included Japan, USA, USSR, China, Norway, Great Britain, India, Canada, Germany and Denmark. China came to the fore in the early 1990s. and now firmly holds it. It follows from the table that in China, inland, freshwater fisheries are almost equal to marine ones. In all other countries, marine fishing predominates. And in Russia, fish catches tend to decrease.

The list of countries with the largest per capita catch of fish and seafood mainly includes completely different countries. In first place is Iceland (4500 kg), followed by Denmark's Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Of the countries included in table 36, only Norway (about 700 kg) and Chile (330 kg) fall into this list.

Recently, aquaculture has begun to play an increasing role in world fisheries, including also mariculture, i.e. the cultivation of aquatic organisms in the marine environment. At the beginning of the XXI century. world aquaculture production has already exceeded 45 million tons. It is provided by Asian countries for about 4 years, and China again occupies the first place, along the sea coast of which marine farms are located in an almost continuous series. In addition to China, the group of leading countries in the development of aquaculture includes other Asian countries - India, Japan, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, Bangladesh, and Vietnam. The only difference is that in most of them, aquaculture is run by small-scale peasant farms using traditional methods. And in Japan and the Republic of Korea, large and well-organized farms based on advanced technologies.

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Mankind no longer lives by hunting and gathering as it once did - with one important exception. Fish are the only wild animal that we hunt in large numbers. And yet, we may be the last generation to take up this trade.

Entire species of marine life will never again see the light of day in the Anthropocene (human age), let alone be tasted, unless we curb our insatiable gluttony for fish. Last year, world fish consumption reached a record high of 17 kg per person per year, and this is despite the continued decline in world fish stocks. On average, people now eat four times as much fish as they did in 1950.

About 85 percent of the world's fish stocks are overexploited, depleted, depleted or recovering from exploitation. Just this week, one report suggested that there could be fewer than 100 cod over 13 years of age in the North Sea between the UK and Scandinavia. This is a worrying sign that we are losing fish that are old enough to produce offspring that replenish the population.

Large areas of the seabed in the Mediterranean and North Seas are now like a desert - the seas are freed from fish using increasingly effective methods, such as bottom trawling. And now these generously subsidized industrial fleets are also cleaning up the tropical oceans. A quarter of the EU's catch is now taken outside European waters, mostly in the once-rich seas of West Africa, where a single trawler can scoop hundreds of thousands of pounds of fish in a day. All West African fisheries are now overexploited, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and coastal fisheries have declined by 50 percent over the past 30 years.

Tropical catches are expected to fall another 40 percent by 2050, yet some 400 million people in Africa and Southeast Asia rely on fish (mainly through traditional forms of fishing) for protein and minerals. Given the expected adverse impacts of climate change on agricultural production, people will rely more than ever on fish to meet their nutritional needs.

The policy of subsidizing huge fishing fleets to catch ever-decreasing stocks is unsustainable from an environmental point of view. For example, in Spain, one in three fish caught is paid for by subsidies. Governments concerned with saving fishing jobs in the short term are essentially paying people to give up on their long-term job prospects - not to mention the consequences for the next generation of fishermen. Traditional fisheries account for half of the world's fish and provide 90 percent of the industry's jobs.

Exhaustion Protection

Of course, the industrialized countries are not thinking of going back to traditional methods. However, the disastrous management of the industry needs to be reformed if we are to restore the fisheries to a self-sustaining level. In the EU alone, the recovery of stocks would result in larger catches, estimated at 3.5 million tons per year, worth £2.7 billion.

Instead of a system in which EU members work hard to get bigger quotas - which are already being set at levels far beyond what the biosphere can bear - fisheries experts suggest that national governments set quotas based on the level of stocks in the surrounding their waters. Fishers should be made responsible for the fish they catch - after all, they will have a vested interest in increasing stocks - and this could take the form of individual, marketable shares of the catch quota. Such a course would put an end to the situation of the tragedy of the commons (a game theory term for the problem of the overuse of the public good by members of the community; approx. mixednews.ru), when everyone is raking in the ocean as much as they can, until the last fish has got into the net of their competitors, and a similar practice has been successfully used in countries from Iceland to New Zealand and the USA. Research results show that managing fisheries in this way means they have twice the chance of avoiding collapse compared to fisheries with unrestricted access.

In extremely depleted zones, the only way to restore stocks is to establish nature reserves when any fishing is prohibited. In other areas, appropriate quota enforcement is required - fishing vessels may be subject to licensing and tracking devices to prevent them from straying into legally protected areas; spot checks of fish for size and species composition may be carried out; fish can even be tagged so that authorities and consumers can be sure that the way they are caught is safe for the environment.

The other way out is to adopt the usual method by which humanity has dealt with food shortages, and move from hunting-gathering to farming.

At the moment, half of the fish we eat already comes from farms - in China this figure is at least 80 percent - but there are problems in commercializing this option. Farms are filled with wild fish, which then have to be fed - larger fish like salmon and tuna eat at least 20 times their own weight in the form of smaller fish like anchovies and herring. This has led to overfishing of this small fish, but if farmed fish are kept on a vegetarian diet, they lack the valuable omega-3s that make them nutritious, so they look and taste no match for their wild-caught varieties. habitat. Scientists are working on creating an artificial version of omega-3 - existing synthetic versions are created from natural fish oils.

Fish farms are also a factor in increased environmental pollution. They exude poisonous waste - slurry - which is a fertilizer for algae in the ocean, reducing the amount of oxygen available to other species and leading to the formation of dead zones. For example, the salmon fish industry in Scotland produces the same amount of nitrogen waste as the untreated sewage of 3.2 million people, i.e. over half of the country's population. The result has been campaigns to ban aquaculture from coastal areas.

dangerous predator

Humanity's impact on the environment is not limited to fish, which is most often found on the menu. Exotic sea creatures from turtles to manta rays and marine mammals are hunted to extinction. Shark populations worldwide, for example, have declined by 80 percent, with a third of shark species now on the brink of extinction. The main marine predator is no longer a shark - it is ourselves.

A decline in shark numbers has a significant impact on the health of the marine ecosystem: it can lead to an increase in the number of fish located lower in the food chain, which in turn can lead to catastrophic consequences for the population of such a very small form of marine life as plankton. In the absence of the smallest creatures, the entire system is at risk.

One of the consequences is an increase in the number of jellyfish, but the marine ecosystem is also being hit by overfishing, and pollution, and climate change and acidification. Warmer waters are pushing species into different habitats, causing some to die out while others adapt by creating entirely new hybrid species. Meanwhile, trawlers collect by-catch in nets that end up with marine mammals and even seabirds - at least 320,000 seabirds are killed each year by fishing gear, pushing albatross and petrel populations to the brink of extinction.

Some ways to solve a problem are easier than you might think. Seabirds can be protected by the use of weighted lines (to sink baited hooks into the water more quickly; note) and by scaring birds away with lines with long, narrow streamers attached to them - these methods alone, when used, have reduced seabird mortality by more than 85 -99 percent.

A call for environmental conservation

There is a long way to go to strengthen and expand protected marine reserves to protect species. Less than 1 percent of the ocean is currently protected, although the international community has agreed to raise that figure to 10 percent. Reserves, if properly patrolled and monitored, do conserve marine life, and one state after another is choosing this path. For example, the tiny islands of the Pacific Ocean (we are talking about the Cook Islands; approx.) have united to create a giant conservation area of ​​​​1.1 million square kilometers. Not wanting to be left behind, Australia has created the world's largest marine protected area, and countries from around the world from Britain to New Zealand are joining this effort.

However, marine reserves that are useful as such - often built around points such as coral reefs and rocky islands - are only effective if the state has the resources to patrol and protect them. In addition, many marine creatures, from whale sharks to whales, are migratory - they do not stay in protected areas, making them easier for anglers to hunt. What is needed, many argue, are mobile reserves that follow migratory animals, as well as those that change their habitat due to currents or climatic events like El Niño.

These areas are subject to careful selection and must not adversely affect the livelihoods of anglers. For example, one study found that designating just 20 sites - 4 percent of the world's oceans - as protected areas could protect 108 species (84%) of the world's marine mammals.

By the middle of the 20th century, the rivers in many European cities were subjected to such merciless fishing, were so polluted and blocked by dams that there were almost no fish left in them, and many species disappeared on a local scale.

In most countries, industrial fishing is currently developed. More than 7 million fishermen are employed in this sector of the economy, and the fleet has over 2 million vessels, the total tonnage of which in 2000 exceeded 7 million gross reg. t.

In a comparative assessment of the fleets of different states, one should take into account not only the number of ships and their total tonnage, but also the qualitative composition of the fleet. For example, out of 40 thousand fishing vessels in Norway, 29 thousand vessels, or 72%, are small deckless boats and only 23; thousand relatively large trawlers. In addition, more than 75% of the 13,000 deck ships are over 40 years old. In the US fleet, 97% of ships with a tonnage of up to 50 tons and only 3% of over 50 tons. 85% of all ships are boats with a tonnage of less than 5 tons, and there is a further downward trend in the average tonnage of one vessel. In terms of service life, the American fleet is one of the oldest in the world. This is explained by the fact that American industrialists consider the renewal of ships not profitable enough, since the cost of building ships in the United States is very high (almost twice as expensive as in many other countries). Basically, small vessels are also part of the fleet of Spain, France, Pakistan, India, Italy and a number of other states.

Most of the countries of the world are now moving towards reducing the total number of fishing vessels, while simultaneously increasing the tonnage and capacity of new vessels. The construction of large-tonnage trawlers with a stern slipway is being increased; tuna ships are being built; the number of combined vessels is growing: trawlers, trawlers, drifters, which makes it possible to reduce the effect of seasonality on the operation of the fleet.

Many countries are striving to equip ships with fish-freezing, fish-meal, filleting and canning equipment. On fishing vessels, the latest search and navigation equipment is installed, as well as mechanisms to facilitate the extraction and processing of fish: capstans, winches, net-picking and net-shaking machines, etc.

Federal Republic of Germany

In 2000 in the production of fish and non-fish objects, Germany ranked seventeenth in the world and eighth in Europe. In recent years, there has been a stabilization and even some decrease in catches. Almost all fish are caught by German fishermen in the waters of the North Atlantic, where they account for about 6% of all catches, including: cod - 6.5%, herring - 5%, sea bass up to 40%.

In connection with the deterioration of the fishing situation in the regions of the North-East Atlantic, the center of gravity of the marine fisheries of the FRG in recent years has increasingly shifted to the North-Western Atlantic. The catches of the FRG fell sharply in the North Sea (from 3.8 million centners in 1959 to 1.8 million centners in 1965), in the Norwegian Sea (from 958 thousand centners in 1956 to 222 thousand centners in 1965). Stopped West German fishing in the Barents Sea and in the area of ​​the islands of Svalbard and Bear

Shrimps are harvested from coastal shallow waters and on the banks of the North Sea. There are few natural mussel jars left, and they are under state protection. The main mussel breeding areas are the coast of Schleswig-Holstein and the Flensburg fjord. There are five artificial jars here. At present, new ones are being created near the Elbe and Ems estuaries. In 2004, the production of mussels from artificial jars amounted to 150 thousand centners. Most of the production is exported. The extraction of algae has almost no commercial value. The fishing fleet of Germany in 2002 consisted of 171 trawlers, 83 loggers, 1771 cutters. The total tonnage of the fishing fleet in 2002 amounted to 113 thousand tons.

The main type of trawler are freezing trawlers-fish factories with a large navigation autonomy; in 2002, there were more than 40 of them. In recent years, a radical reconstruction of the fishing fleet has been taking place, the size and capacity of vessels have a sharp tendency to increase. In 2002, the average age of trawlers was 7 years. More than half of the trawlers have a displacement of more than 700 tons. The modernization of trawlers has led to a decrease in their total number due to the decommissioning of obsolete vessels and, at the same time, to the rejuvenation of the fleet and its replenishment with ships equipped with the latest technology. The modernization of the trawl fleet contributed to the rapid development of the fishery in remote areas of the Northwest Atlantic. The main bases of the trawl fleet are Bremerhaven, Cuxhaven, Hamburg and Kiel.

The logger fleet, engaged in drift-net fishing in the North and Norwegian Seas and in other relatively nearby areas of the North-East Atlantic, consists of small vessels with a displacement of 200-300 GRT. t. Some of these ships are still pre-war construction. The logger fleet is based at the fishing ports in Bremen Vegesack, Emden; Gluckstadt and Leere.

The coastal fishing fleet consists of relatively small (up to 18 l long) and low-power (up to 100 hp) cutters, as well as motor boats and non-self-propelled vessels engaged in fishing in the coastal regions of the North and Baltic Seas.

The main type of marine fishery in Germany is trawling. In 2002, 80% of all catches were caught using this method. Trawlers operate autonomously, independently catching fish, processing and delivering it to coastal bases...

Catches by drift nets in 2002 amounted to 5.5% of the total catch, and by other fishing gear 14.5%.

The capacity of fish processing enterprises in Germany is relatively small, since the bulk of fish products are consumed fresh and frozen. In 2002, there were 326 mainly small fish processing enterprises in the FRG with a total number of workers of about 17.5 thousand people.

A significant part of fish products is imported from other countries. Thus, Germany is the main importer of Danish fish products (up to 26% of the value of all Danish fish exports).

The most important fishing ports and fleet bases:

Bremen is located on the river. The Weser is 67 miles from the sea and 34 miles above Bremerhaven. Vessels with a draft of up to 9.1 m can pass in the middle high water in Bremen. In winter, navigation is supported by icebreakers. The port has 13 swimming pools for ships. The total length of the berths is more than 10 km with depths from 6.5 to 9.5 m. There are refrigerators with a capacity of more than 5500 m3.

Bremen is the base of the logger fleet. Shipyards produce about 1/4 of the total tonnage of shipbuilding enterprises in Germany. There are 4 large and 9 smaller ship repair enterprises with floating docks with a carrying capacity of up to 16,000 tons. A school of navigation is located in the city.

Bremerhaven - the outport of Bremen, is located on the right bank of the river. Weser, 32 miles from the mouth. The city of Bremerhaven merged with the city of Wesermünde, the largest fishing port in Germany. The depth of entry into low water is 8.9 m, the maximum allowable draft of vessels is 10.6 m. The total length of the berths is more than 10 km (of which about 5 km are located in the Fishing harbor). The fishing port is the third largest in the world (after Murmansk and Great Grimsby). Base of the trawl fleet. Large shipyard, four shipyards with dry docks.

Hamburg - on the river. Elbe, 76 miles from the sea and 56 miles above Cuxhaven. Depth at the approaches is up to 11.8 m. Tide amplitude is up to 2.2 m. Depths in the port are from 4.8 to 10 m. The total area of ​​the port is 7400 ha, the water area is 3300 ha. as well as berths near the pile bushes 19 km. There are also 28 basins for river vessels with a total length of berths at the walls of 21 km and at pile bushes - 24 km.

The fishing port is the base of the trawl fleet. There is a special fish auction hall with an area of ​​about 27 thousand m2 and a dismantling embankment. 35% of the capacity of all fish processing enterprises in the country is concentrated in Hamburg, about 1/3 of the capacity of shipbuilding enterprises with 45 stocks and 20 floating docks with a carrying capacity of up to 22 thousand tons. 53 different enterprises are engaged in ship repair. There is a hydrographic institute.

Cuxhaven is an outport. Hamburg in the Elbe estuary. Base of a large trawl fleet. Of the 7 harbors, 4 are designed for fishing vessels, the depth in them is from 4 to 6 m. Two ship repair yards have seven slipways. Large fish cannery.

Kiel - in the depths of the Kiel Bay, the entrance to which is from the sea through the narrow passage of Friedriksort - the channel. The port is 2 miles from the entrance lock of the Kiel Canal. The total length of the berths is about 8 km with depths from 4 to 9.5 m. The port has a fish market on the southern bank of the river. Šventinė, an auction hall with an area of ​​6,000 m2 with packaging facilities, an artificial ice plant, a refrigerator, and mechanized fish moorings. There are large fish factories, shipyards and three ship repair yards with four floating docks, two dry docks and two slipways. Keel is the base of a large trawl fleet.

Emden - in the estuary of the river. Ems. Depths on the sea channel in full water are 9.7 m, the tide is 3 m. The total length of the berths is more than 6 km, the depth is from 7.6 to 11.5 m. There are shipbuilding and four ship repair yards with five floating docks and a dry dock for vessels up to 38 thousand tons. Emden is the base of the logger fleet.

Large bases of the logger fleet are also Gluckstadt in the Elbe estuary, Leer in the estuary of the river. Ems.

Large fishing ports - Flensburg, Heiligenhafen, etc.

As of July 1, 2002, according to Lloyd's Register, the merchant marine tonnage was 5.77 million gross reg. t .

Norway

Norway is an advanced fishing country in Europe. In 1938, in terms of fish and non-fish production (excluding whales), Norway ranked sixth in the world. After the Second World War, fishing began to develop especially rapidly. In 1956, catches reached 22 million centners (without whales), and then began to decline and in 2002 amounted to 13 million centners. Such a sharp decrease in catches is explained by the deterioration of the raw material base in the traditional areas of the Norwegian fishery. For example, capelin catches fell from 2.17 million centners in 1961 to 4 thousand centners in 1980 to. Since 2002, catches have been increasing.

Fishing in Norway is by its nature coastal, fjord-based and is concentrated in the "Blue Norway", based on massive entries into the fjords of spawning herring and cod.

The main herring fishing area is the coast of the country south of Kristiansund; to the north of it, in the area of ​​the Lofoten Islands, are the main fishing grounds for cod, another cod fishing area is Finnmarken (Northern Norway). Only in recent years, Norwegian fishermen began to go to remote areas: to Western Greenland, Newfoundland, to the areas of Iceland and the islands of Svalbard and Bear. Nevertheless, about 80% of the total fish catch is still caught in the coastal regions of Norway, although the importance of the remote regions of the North-West Atlantic is constantly increasing.

The extraction of mussels does not exceed 1 thousand centners. Experiments are underway to harvest aggregations of krill into the light in fjords and coastal areas. Algae in Norway is used as fertilizer and livestock feed.

The catch of freshwater fish is insignificant - it does not exceed 5 thousand centners.

Since 1960, Norway has begun to develop West African waters. In 2002, three freezing vessels were built, specially adapted for operation in tropical regions.

Hunting is traditional in Norway.

Norway is the only whaling country.

The Norwegian fishing fleet in 2002 consisted of 39,746 vessels with a total tonnage of over 400,000 gross register tons. t. Of this number, 28493 (72%) are small deckless boats. The composition of the fleet corresponds to the coastal, fjord character of the Norwegian fishery. There are few large vessels in Norway due to the predominance of small capital in the fishing industry. Fleet renewal is very slow. Norway has only 23 trawlers (of the Soviet SRT type) suitable for operations in remote areas. The rest of the ships are smaller. A significant role in the fishery is played by vessels of the MRT type with a displacement of 100 g and an engine of 120-150 hp. with. The most numerous ships are of the RB type with an engine of 40-60 hp. with

The whaling fleet has 9 floating whaling bases with a displacement of 20-25 thousand gross reg. tons and 100 whalers. There are also about 200 whaling boats hunting small whales off the coast of Norway. The slaughter fleet consists of more than 60 small vessels with an average capacity of 260 GRT. tons and an average engine power of 520 liters. with.

For servicing fishing vessels, 17 refrigerated transport vessels with a displacement of 6-7 thousand gross register tons are used. t.

The average age of fishing vessels in Norway is from 10 to 15 years, but all vessels are kept in good condition, equipped with mechanization, radio acoustics, and GPS. .

The number of people engaged in fishing in Norway is steadily declining. This is explained both by a decrease in catches and a certain increase in labor productivity due to the introduction of new equipment in the fishery.

The main fishing gear is a purse seine. Trawl fishing is used to catch not only bottom fish, but also herring. For the share of this type of fishing in 1999. accounted for 11% of all catches. Drift nets and fixed nets are used for spawning herring in Norwegian fjords from mid-January to mid-February. This method gave in 1961 about 9% of all catches. The same amount was accounted for by tiers and hook tackle. In this way, as well as fixed nets and purse seines, spawning cod is caught off the Lofoten Islands in February March.

For better use of seiners in purse fishing, more than 500 vessels of this type are equipped with power blocks suspended on a boom at a height of 6-8 m. However, the lack of necessary calculations when installing the blocks led to a decrease in stability and the death of a large number of seiners. To reduce the overload of ships in Norway, experiments are being carried out to tow catches in plastic floating shells with a capacity of several tons. To combine purse and trawl fishing, special seiner-trawler vessels are built.

Fish processing in Norway employs about 2 thousand enterprises located along the entire coast, including about 300 enterprises for the production of frozen products. All major fishing ports and fish processing centers - Molle, Varde, Fredrikstad, etc. Bases of whaling fleets 1 - Sandefjord, Tønsberg, Larvik, Tromso.

France has always been one of the leading countries in the world in fisheries. In 1938, in terms of fish and non-fish production (5.3 million centners), France ranked eighth in the world and fourth in Europe. During the war, the country's fishing industry suffered greatly, and the pre-war level was reached only by 1956. In 1959, the catches stabilized at the level of 7.3-7.5 million centners and increased slightly. By the end of the XX century. France lost its positions. The main water fishing areas of the North Atlantic, especially the North Sea, the coast of England, the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay. One of the oldest fishing areas in France Northwest Atlantic (banks of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New England, West Greenland coast).

France pays great attention to the fishery off the western coast of Africa, especially the extraction of tuna in the waters from Morocco to the Congo. More than 50 French vessels produce here 300-350 thousand tons of tuna annually, based in Dakar. In addition, about 50 vessels are engaged in fishing for sardines and rock lobsters off the western coast of Africa. Up to 50 French vessels fish in the territorial waters of Mauritania. Catches of freshwater fish in France do not exceed 10-13 thousand centners per year (pike, perch, zander, trout).

In terms of production of non-fish objects, France ranks third in Europe, including: in the extraction of oysters, the third place in the world, mussels, the third place in the world, spiny lobsters, the first place in Europe, lobsters, the third place in the world and the first place in Europe.

In France, for about 200 years they have been engaged in artificial breeding of mollusks, this method in 2002 gave about 1.14 million centners of production. A large number of mollusks are imported from Belgium and Holland. They are mainly consumed raw.

Algae harvested in small quantities are used as fertilizer and livestock feed.

The fishing fleet of France has more than 15 thousand vessels with a total tonnage of about 300 thousand gross register tons: 1577 trawlers, 125 motorboats and clippers and 13536 smaller vessels, including 11700 with a displacement of less than 10 tons.

The number of fishermen in France is about 130 thousand. Consumption of fish products per capita is about 9 kg.

The main fishing gear is a trawl and a purse seine. Longlines and drift nets are also used. When fishing for sardine in the Mediterranean Sea and the Bay of Biscay, electric light is used, and in catching freshwater reservoirs - In 2002, 7.37 million centners of raw fish were sent for processing. Of this amount, 3.12 million centners (more than 42%) were sold fresh and sent for freezing, 1.24 million centners (about 17%) for salting, drying and smoking, and 0.9 million centners for the production of canned food (about 12%), for the manufacture of flour, fat and other fish products - 2.11 million centners (about 29%).

In France, there are over 200 fish canning plants of relatively small capacity. 60% of the total catch of tuna and mackerel is directed to the production of canned food.

France has located a large number of fish processing enterprises on the territory of independent African states. In Port-Etienne, the center of the Mauritanian fishing industry, several French companies are engaged in fish processing, and they receive 90% of fresh fish from Canarian fishermen working in the waters of Mauritania, about 8% of the fish are provided by French ships and only 2% are received from Mauritanian fishermen. powerful refrigeration and freezing enterprises, ice factories, canning factories. Similar enterprises owned by French capital exist in Sierra Leone, Congo (Brazzaville) and other African countries.

A prominent place in the industrial production of France is occupied by shipbuilding. In 2002, seagoing vessels with a total tonnage of 510 thousand gross register tons were launched. g (fifth place in the world) The main centers of shipbuilding are Saint Nazaire, Marseille. Dunkirk, Bordeaux, Le Havre, Rouen. In 2000, the French shipbuilding industry employed over 40,000 people.

Major fishing ports and fleet bases.

Boulogne - at the Pas de Calais. The depth of entry is 7.9 m into full spring water, the tide is up to 3 m. Inside the harbor, the depth is up to 10 m. The water area of ​​the inner harbor is 13 hectares with depths of more than 4.3 m. The total length of the berths is 2.1 km. The largest fishing port, the base of the drifter and trawl fleet. The city has fish processing enterprises, three docks for ship repair.

Dieppe is a fishing port on the coast of the English Channel, the base of the fleet that fishes in the North-West Atlantic. The width of the entrance channel between the piers is 100 m, the length is 400 m, and the minimum depth is 4 m. The total length of berths and dock basins is about 3 km, some of them are intended for fishing vessels.

The port has ship repair enterprises with three docks, fish processing enterprises.

La Rochelle is an African fishing base on the coast of the Bay of Biscay. The port consists of an outer harbor and an outer dock, an inner dock and an inner harbour. Almost half of the port is dedicated to fishing vessels. The port has three berths with depths of more than 4.5 m. There is a repair shipyard with a dock. The most important port for the export of oysters.

Lorian is the largest fishing port in the south of the Brittany peninsula, the base of the fishing fleet. Vessels with a draft of up to 8.5 m can enter the port in full water. The depth in the port is more than 4 m. There are ship repair enterprises with three docks.

Port-Vendres - the base of tuna and sardine fishing vessels on the southwestern coast of the Gulf of Lion; The entrance depth is 16 m, at the berths - from 6 to 8 m.

Set-base of tuna and sardine fishing vessels on the northern coast of the Gulf of Lion. Entry depth 9.1 m; There are 12 berths in the port.

Fécamp is a major fishing port on the coast of the English Channel, the base of the fleet that fishes in the Northwest Atlantic. The length of the approach channel is 320 m, the width is 70 m, the maximum depth is 6.4 m. The port consists of the old outer harbor, the new outer harbor and three dock basins. There are several ship repair enterprises in the port.

Saint-Malo, LaPallice, Arcachon, Bayonne, Marseille and others are also major fishing ports and fleet bases.

Peru is located along the Pacific coast of South America, has a coastline of about 2 thousand km. The shores of Peru are washed by the cold Peruvian current with a temperature of 15-20°C. A sharp contrast in the temperatures of the waters of this current and neighboring warm equatorial waters, the rise of deep waters, the high saturation of the waters of the current with biogenic elements - all this contributes to the creation of a zone of high productivity and the formation of the largest accumulations of anchovy feeding on phytoplankton. This zone covers surface water to a depth of 50 m, it begins at a distance of 10-20 miles from the coast and extends to a width of 100 miles or more. Experts believe that the number of anchovies off the coast of Peru reaches 200 million centners.

Until 1955, Peru's fishing was of a primitive nature: small motor or sailing vessels predominated (there were several thousand of them). By the end of the twentieth century. Peru's role increased dramatically.

The presence of a huge resource base in the coastal zone, combined with a large demand for fishmeal on the world market, led to a sharp increase in Peru's catches, which in 2002 amounted to 91.31 million centners, i.e. increased by more than 190 times. Of this amount, 88.63 million centners, i.e. over 97% was anchovy.

In 2002, the fishing fleet consisted of 1109 medium-tonnage self-propelled vessels with a total tonnage of more than 66 thousand gross reg tons, including: 10 trawlers, 1070 seiners and 29 tuna clippers. Almost all 1070 seiners of relatively recent construction, from 12 to 25 m long, are equipped with power blocks and fish pumps. In 2002, 1009 seiners were engaged in anchovy fishing, 31 were catching bonito and .30 other fish. Peru has dozens of small fishing boat building companies, but most of the boats are purchased from Canada, Japan and the United States.

The main fishing gear for anchovy is the purse seine. Fish pumps are widely used both for pumping the catch from the purse into the hold, and when unloading it ashore. Anchovy stocks exist along the entire coast of Peru, but 95% of the catch is from the area south of the port of Chimbote to the border with Chile. Fishing does not depend on the season. Vessels make 14-17 trips to the sea every month. The efficiency of fishing is very high. The average monthly catch per one seiner exceeds 10 thousand centners, and the weight of landings per fisherman is 706 centners (second place in the world after Iceland).

Other fish species in Peru are croaker tuna, sharks and rays. Sardine catches are 80-190 thousand centners. per year, mackerel - 100 - 120 thousand centners, skipjack - 200-260 thousand centners, mullet - about 20 thousand centners. The production of bonito is especially large - more than 1 million centners. The catch of crustaceans in 2002 amounted to 4 thousand centners, including 3 thousand centners of shrimp and 1 thousand centners of crabs. In 2002, 1 thousand centners of oysters, 30 thousand centners of mussels, 1 thousand centners of squid, and 2 thousand centners of gastropods were harvested.

The catch of freshwater fish in the rivers of Peru in 2002 amounted to 833 thousand centners. It is fully used by the local population.

In recent years, the anchovy fishery has also been developing at a rapid pace near the main fishing ports and fleet bases. Ilo Mollendo is a port in the south of the country. The anchorage is 0.3 kbt from the coast, the depth is 29 m. Vessels with a displacement of up to 8 thousand tons can moor to the pier. 27 anchovy seiners are based at the port. There is a fish cannery and three fish meal plants.

Callao is the largest fishing port located in the bay of Callao Bay, one of the best harbors in South America. The depth at the inlet is 10.9 m, in the port - 10.3 m. The tide is 1.2 m, four piers are 183 m long. There are 30 shipbuilding enterprises in the city specialized in the construction of fishing vessels. There are ship repair enterprises with a dry dock, 30 fish meal plants produce 40% of all fish meal produced in the country.

Pimentel is the base of the ships that fish for tuna and bonito. The depth of the entrance to the port is 9 m, near the embankments - 5.4 m; berths at the pier - 529 m long and 3.6 m deep. There is a fish cannery.

Supe is the base of 73 anchovy seiners. The length of the cargo berths is 255 m. The anchorage is 12 m deep, 0.5 miles from the shore. There are 11 fish meal plants in the city.

Huacho is the base of 48 anchovy seiners. Depth at the berth 3 m. Anchor place - 18 meters deep, 0.5 miles from the coast. There are seven fish-meal plants in the city.

Chimbote is the second largest (after Callao) base of the anchovy fleet (190 seiners are based on the port). Steel pier - 244 m long with a depth of 7.3 to 9.7 m. Anchor place - 11 m deep, 2 miles from the coast. There are fish canning enterprises in the city, as well as 48 fish meal factories that produce 30% of all fish meal.

Large bases of anchovy seiners are the ports of Chankai (72 vessels, 19 fish-meal plants), Warmey (40 vessels, five plants), Samanko-Kasma (31 vessels, three plants) and others.

USA

The United States of America is one of the largest fishing countries in the world. By 2000, in terms of catches of fish and non-fish objects (22.53 million centners), the United States ranked third in the world

Marine fisheries provide up to 97% of the total US catch. Before the Second World War, the waters of the Atlantic Ocean provided 40-45% of all marine catches, while the Pacific basin accounted for about 60% of the catches. After the war, catches in the Pacific decreased markedly, and in the Atlantic Ocean they increased to 75-76% of all marine catches. I

A distinctive feature of the US marine fisheries is its coastal nature. In 2002, of the total marine catch, 90.6% was taken in coastal waters and only 9.4% (mainly tuna) in the open sea. The state of coastal resource stocks has prevented further increases in production, which is partly responsible for the slowdown in catch growth in the United States. In 2002, the catches were distributed among the fishing areas as follows: Atlantic coast - 18.51 million centners (76.2%); Pacific coast - 5.11 million c (21.1%); Hawaiian Islands - 60 thousand centners (0.2%). Freshwater areas (Great Lakes and the Mississippi River basin) - 612 thousand centners (2.5%).

Catches in 2002 were distributed in different areas of the Atlantic coast as follows.

New England (Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut) - 3.8 million centners (15.6% of all US catches). The main objects of fishing in this area are herring, marine, perch, haddock, silver hake, flounder, cod, pollock, lobsters, scallops. New England is the center of the American trawl fishery; this area contributed 66.3% of the area's total catch. Fisheries in the more remote areas of the Northwest Atlantic (the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Nova Scotia and the Great Bank of Newfoundland) are hardly used by American fishermen.

Mid-Atlantic region (states of New York, New Jersey, Delaware) The main objects of fishing are herring, scap, flounder, oysters; 85-90% of all catches are the menheden herring variety, which is entirely used for processing into flour and fat. The area is the center of fat and flour production in the USA.

Chesapeake Bay (Maryland and Virginia) - 2.22 million centners (9.1%) The main commercial objects are menheden herring, croaker, crabs, oysters. The basis of the craft is also menheden, processed into flour. The Chesapeake Bay is the main oyster mining and cultivation area in the US, which contribute up to 8% of the area's production; up to 16% of the area's catches are crabs.

South Atlantic region (the states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and the east coast of Florida) - 1.58 million centners (6.5%). The main object of fishing is menheden (up to 65% of all catches in the area). The rest of the fishing objects are mullet, crabs (up to 12% of all catches), shrimps.

Gulf of Mexico (west coast of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas) 6.25 million centners (25.7%). This area began to develop rapidly only in the last 10-15 years. "

The most important fishery objects are menhaden (72% of all catches of the area) and shrimp (11% of catches), the Gulf of Mexico ranks first in the production of mullet (82% of the total US catch) and second in the extraction of oysters. More than 2% of all catches are crabs.

The Pacific coast is divided into two fishing areas.

The Pacific region (California, Oregon, Washington) is the only area where fishing is carried out in the open ocean.

In freshwater areas, catches are stable at the same level, experiencing only minor fluctuations. The region of the Great Lakes (Ontario, Erie, Michigan, Upper) also includes several closely spaced small lakes in terms of fisheries. In 2002, the catches of these lakes amounted to 299 thousand centners. 43% of the catches come from salmon and whitefish. River basin Mississippi in 2002 gave 313 thousand centners. fish.

The share of non-fish species in US catches is increasing from year to year and in 2002

The US fishing fleet in 2002 consisted of 75,733 vessels. A characteristic feature of the fishing fleet is the presence of a huge number of small vessels with a tonnage of less than 5 tons, of which there were 64,222 in 2002, i.e. about 85% of the total number of vessels. The total tonnage of 11,444 larger motorized vessels was 394.4 thousand gross register. t, i.e. the average tonnage of one ship was 34.5 gross reg. tons. Vessels with a tonnage of more than 200 gross reg. there were only 177 tons. Over the past 10 years, both the total tonnage of the fishing fleet and the average tonnage of one vessel have decreased.

The cost of building fishing boats in the US is almost twice as expensive as in other countries. These are the reasons for the slow renewal of the US fishing fleet. In 2002, there were 4135 fish processing enterprises in the United States, of which 2897 (70%) were located on the Atlantic coast and in the Gulf of Mexico, 583 (14.1%) - on the Pacific coast, 636 (15.4%) - in the region the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Basin and 19 (0.5%) in the Hawaiian Islands.

The United States has a highly developed refrigeration industry. The production of chilled and frozen fillets is concentrated mainly on the Atlantic coast. About 25% of the total catch of food fish goes to the fillet. In recent years, the production of fish sticks and fish portions has grown rapidly, with 40 enterprises engaged in the production of these. The center of production of frozen shrimp is the Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic states.

Canned food is in high demand among the American consumer. In 2002, there were 366 fish canning plants in the United States (including 114 on the Pacific coast and 91 in Alaska), which produced 1,360 million cans of canned food in a year. 95% of the total catch of tuna, mackerel and salmon goes to the production of canned food; 60% of all canned food is produced on the Pacific coast; 30 factories on the Gulf Coast produce canned shrimp. In the production of canned food, the United States ranks first in the world.

In 2002, 151 enterprises were engaged in the development of technical fish products in the USA. The raw material for fat and flour production is whole fish (mostly menheden). In 2002, 10 million centners were sent for processing for flour. herring menhaden. Waste from the cutting of fish makes up about 18% of the total raw material. .

The United States ranks first in the world among countries in terms of gross consumption of fish products. However, due to the large proportion of technical fish products, the consumption of aquatic products per capita does not exceed 5 kg per year.

The USA is the largest importer of fish products. In 2002, US imports accounted for 5% of the world catch (with own catch of 6% of the world catch). In 2002, about 65% of all consumed fish products were imported, and technical - 71.3%. The import is not expanding. only ready-made fish products, but also semi-finished products, which are then processed at American enterprises. The main suppliers of fish products are Canada (24.4%), Japan (22%), Mexico, Peru, South Africa, Norway. Exports to other countries are canned food and fish oil, as well as shrimp and seal skins; The total export of fishery products does not exceed 800,000 centners per year.

The most important fishing ports and fleet bases

Boston is located at the confluence of the river. Charles in Massachusetts Bay. The port consists of outer and inner harbors. The outer harbor is covered from the sea by islands, between which there are three navigable inlet fairways with depths from 8.2 to 10.7 m in low water. m. The amplitude of the tides is 2.9 m. The depth at the berths is from 9.1 to 12.2 m. The total length of the berths is 22.4 km. The water area of ​​the port is 120 km2. Base of the trawl fleet. The port has shipyards, a number of dry and floating ship-repair docks, and large fish processing enterprises.

Gloucester is the largest fishing port in the north-east of the country, the base of the trawl fleet, the center for the production of fodder canned food. The harbor is well protected and can accommodate large boats. Entrance width 0.7 miles depth 11 m, depths in the port from 3.7 to 9.1 m Spring tide magnitude 4.3 m New fish pier 274 m long and 5.2 m deep Six ship repair slipways can accommodate ships displacement up to 400 tons.

Norfolk - on the river. Elizabeth, in Hampton Road Bay at the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay. Oyster center. The depth of the sea channel is 12.2 m, the width is from 137 to 228 m. The tide is 0.9 m. The port does not freeze.

Los Angeles is in the southwest of the country. the water area of ​​the anchorage of the outer harbor is 356 ha, the water area of ​​the inner harbor is 320 ha. The width of the main fairway is 305 m, the depth is 10.7 m. The center of the sardine fishery. The port has powerful shipbuilding and ship repair yards, fish canning enterprises.

San Diego is a base for tuna vessels near the border with Mexico, 72 vessels are based at the port. The harbor is well protected. The water area of ​​the harbor is 56 km2. The width of the sea channel is from 91 to 762 m, the depth is from 5.5 to 21.3 m in low water. The total length of the berths is over 2.5 km. The city has a special fish berth, shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises, fish canning plants.

San Francisco is on San Francisco Bay, 65 miles long and 4 to 10 miles wide. The water area for safe anchorage is 200 km2 with depths from 5.5 to 24 m. The entrance to the bay is through the Golden Gate Strait, 1.1 miles wide, with a depth of 15 to 115 m. There are 42 piers in the port, the total length of berths is 29 km. Fishing center for flounder and tuna. The port has large shipbuilding, ship repair and fish canning enterprises, powerful refrigerators.

Seattle is a center for salmon, halibut, and flatfish fishing, with a convenient and safe harbor in Puget Sound. The port consists of marine and freshwater parts. The water area of ​​the main seaport in Eliot Bay is about 8.5 miles2. There are 80 different berthing facilities here. The large inner harbor consists of the freshwater lakes Washington and Union, connected to the Puget Sound by a channel with a minimum depth of 8.8 m, 8 miles long. The port has large shipbuilding, ship repair and fish canning enterprises, refrigerators.

Major fishing ports on the Atlantic coast are New Bedford (base of the trawl fleet), Point Judith (base of the trawl fleet), Portland, Baltimore; on the Pacific coast - San Pedro (28 tuna vessels are based on it), Monterey (the base of vessels operating in the sardine fishery), etc.

In addition, 17 tuna seiners are based in Puerto Rico, 8 in Peru and 2 in Mexico. Several dozen tuna vessels are based in the ports of West African states.

Japan occupies a leading position in the world fisheries. In 1938, in terms of catches of fish and non-fish objects (35.62 million centners), Japan was in first place in the world. In the postwar years, the fishing fleet of Japan, which suffered heavy losses in the war, began to recover rapidly. Already in 1951, Japan surpassed pre-war production. By the end of 2002, the fishing fleet of Japan consisted of more than 443 thousand vessels with a total displacement of 1.21 million gross reg. tons. 900 thousand people were employed in fishing. In 2002, Japan's catches reached 11 million tons. Progress in the development of the fishing industry became possible thanks to the modernization of old and the construction of new fishing vessels adapted for fishing in the open ocean. The increase in production occurred mainly as a result of the development of ocean fisheries, which account for more than half of the catch, while before the war 60% of the catch came from coastal waters. Japanese vessels fish in almost all the most important fishing areas of the world: in the Pacific Atlantic and Indian Oceans, off the coasts of America and Africa, and in the waters of the Antarctic.

One of the main remote areas of Japanese fishing is the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. Before the war in the Bering Sea, the Japanese mined about 400 thousand centners. fish In 1998, 33 base vessels and 380 fishing vessels were fishing here (including five fleets for fat and flour production). The total catch amounted to 6.28 million centners. In subsequent years, Japanese catches in these areas declined due to the import of large quantities of fishmeal from other countries at low prices, as well as due to the insufficient capacity of mother ships.

In 2002, production in the Bering Sea. amounted to 4.11 million centners. The main objects of fishing are pollock, (1.78 million centners - 43.3%), flounders, (643 thousand centners - 15.6%), herring (429 thousand centners - 10.4%), sea bass ( 426 thousand -10.4%), halibut (350 thousand centners), cod (193 thousand -4.7%), as well as shrimp, or pink shrimp (209 thousand centners).

In 2000, 13 expeditionary flotillas consisting of 13 bases and 214 fishing vessels operated in the Bering Sea, including 2 specialized fat and flour flotillas, and the rest were freezing and combined ones.

Japanese fishermen were among the first to develop tuna fishing in the Southeast Atlantic. In the mid-fifties, Japan established a large receiving base for its ships in Recife (Brazil). In 2002, about 200 Japanese tuna vessels operated in the codes of the Central-East Atlantic, which were based in the West African ports of Los Palmas, Dakar, Freetown, Abidjan, Takoradi, Tema, Lagos.

In the near regions, in addition to fish, fishing for non-fish objects is of great importance. So, along the Japanese Islands, near the South Kuril Islands (Shikotan, Kunashir), in the East China Seas, the object of intensive fishing is squid, the production of which in 2002 amounted to 6.52 million centners.

In the open waters of the Yellow, East China and South China seas, shrimps are caught, the catch of which in 2002 amounted to 868 thousand centners.

After the Second World War there were great changes in the species composition of Japanese catches. Before the war, the main objects of fishing were sardine, herring, cod, salmon; in the post-war period, anchovy, mackerel, horse mackerel, saury, squid, tuna came to the fore.

Japan ranks first in the world in the production of squid (more than 87% of world production), octopuses (about 75%), cuttlefish (47%), gastropods (28%), tuna (more than 53%), algae (76%).

The second place in the world (after the USA) is occupied by Japan in the extraction of oysters (33% of world production), crabs (27%), shrimp (14%), scallop (8%).

In 2002, the fishing fleet of Japan consisted of 404,035 vessels with a total tonnage of about 1.8 million gross register tons. t. Of this number, 20,981 vessels were engaged in coastal fishing and 383,054 - sea. The self-propelled marine fleet consisted of 188,538 vessels.

Japan has the most powerful shipbuilding industry in the world, highly technically equipped, building ships better, faster and cheaper than most countries. In 2002, Japanese shipyards built sea vessels (with a displacement of more than 100 GRT) with a total tonnage of 3.76 million GRT. t. In 1998. In Japan, there were 274 shipbuilding enterprises, of which 4 are extra-large, 10 large and 20 medium-sized. In addition, there are many hundreds of small shipbuilding and ship repair yards. The shipbuilding industry in Japan employs more than 150 thousand people.

The main fishing gear in Japan are trawls, which caught 39.1% of all fish in 2002. Loop fishing gear (purse nets) accounted for 21.5% of catches, hook gear (tuna longlines and longline gear) - 17.3%, gill nets - 5.3%, saury side traps - 4.2 %. Hook fishing is used to fish for tuna, mackerel, mackerel and squid. In the tuna fishery, both longline and purse fishing are effectively used. Saury is mined with on-board traps using electric light. Squids are caught with the help of hook tackle, set nets and trawls; In recent years, electric light fishing for squid has become widespread. Expeditionary fishing is increasingly being used, including in the shrimp fishery, where fishing vessels are based on industrial refrigerators. Used in the Bering Sea. a scheme in which two more are attached to trawlers-fish factories. trawlers handing over their catch to a large freezing trawler.

Of great importance is the artificial cultivation of oysters, which gives ¼ of the world production of oysters. At the same time, artificial cultivation of pearls is carried out on a large scale.

Occupying the first place in the world in the extraction of algae, Japan not only uses natural resources, but also cultivates them. In 2000, 68,700 workers were engaged in artificial breeding of algae, who raised 870 thousand centners. Algae are eaten and used to make agar. In the production of agar, Japan ranks first in the world.

In Japan, pond fish breeding is also very well established. There are 85 thousand small fish farms in the country. In 2002, 1.2 million centners of fish were grown in pond farms, of which eel accounted for 41%, carp - 29%, trout - 16%, crucian carp - 9%, mullet - 3%. There are a large number of enterprises in the fish processing industry in Japan, but most of them are small, often handicraft. There are about 500 more or less large canning factories, 1600 refrigerators, 1500 artificial ice factories. In recent years, a number of large enterprises have been built.