Clever short form of the adjective. Full and short forms of adjectives

Most quality adjectives form a short form. Short adjectives answer the questions “what?”, “what?”, “what?”, “what?”.

*Pay attention!
After hissing short masculine adjectives b is not written: the day is good_, the wind is fresh_, the flower is fragrant_

Some adjectives in the short form have a vowel o or e (ё) in the root. This makes it easier to pronounce the word:

Some adjectives form two short forms at once (on enen and -en):
immoral - immoral, immoral
courageous - courageous, courageous
responsible - responsible, responsible
characteristic - characteristic, characteristic

Short adjectives do not change by case (they can only be in the form of I.p.), but they change by gender (in the singular) and numbers. Sometimes in set expressions you can find short adjectives not in the nominative case:
on bare feet, in broad daylight

Meaning

Some qualitative adjectives do not form a short form:

• names of derived colors: brown, lilac, orange
• animal colors: bay (horse), brown (bear)
• verbal adjectives with the suffix -l-: past, tired, obsolete
• adjectives with suffixes -sk-, -esk-: fraternal, friendly, enemy, infernal, comic
• adjectives with the suffix -ov-: advanced, business, combat (about character), circular
• adjectives of subjective assessment: hefty, thin, tiny, enormous, unpleasant

Every student knows about it. However, not everyone knows the spelling rules of this part of speech, as well as which groups it is divided into, etc.

general information

It is a part of speech that names the properties and qualities of objects (for example, old armchair), events ( incredible incident), states ( strong feeling) and other phenomena of the surrounding world ( Hard childhood). In addition, the adjective indicates that the object belongs to someone ( mother's bag, fox hole).

Main types

Depending on how the adjective is designated and what feature it has, as well as what grammatical properties it has, this part of speech is divided into the following groups:

• relative;
• quality;
• possessive.

Relative adjectives

Such a group describes the properties of any sign, action or object through its relation to another sign, action or object.

Here are some examples: bookcase, children's fun, destructive power, brazil nuts, double whammy, religious beliefs, etc.

Quality adjectives

Such a group has its own characteristics, namely:

• Indicates signs of objects: age (old), the size (sick), speed (fast), Colour (blue), human properties (evil), score (normal), physical properties (strong, dense, thick, etc.).
• Forms such as excellent ( strongest, thinnest, most important, most important) and comparative ( stronger, thinner, more important, etc.).
• have short forms (for example, fast, fat, mighty etc.). It should be especially noted that short adjectives may not be formed from all qualitative ones.

Possessive adjectives

Adjectives of this group answer the question "whose?", and also indicate that something belongs to an animal ( hare hole, cow's milk) or person ( dad's wallet, Petya's car). It should also be noted that all possessive adjectives are formed from animate nouns using suffixes such as -nin, -in, -y, -ev, -ov.

Here are some examples: grandfather - grandfather; father - fathers, etc.

short name adjective

In addition to the division into relative, qualitative and possessive groups, this part of speech also differs in special forms. So, in Russian there are:

• brief;
• full adjectives.

Moreover, the first are formed by a kind of reduction of the second. To understand what features short adjectives have, you should consider all the rules regarding their formation and spelling. After all, only this information will allow you to correctly use this part of speech in writing a text or in an oral conversation.

endings

Adjectives in the short form in the singular have the following generic endings:

• Feminine - ending -a. Here are some examples: new, thin, strong, thin, etc.
• Masculine - zero ending. Here are some examples: strong, strong, thin, new, beautiful, etc.
• neuter - ending -o or -e (beautiful, strong, strong, new, bad, skinny, etc.).

In the plural, there are no gender differences in this part of speech in this particular form. Thus, all short adjectives have endings -and or -s (strong, strong, beautiful, new, graceful, skinny, etc.).

Features of the short form

As you can see, this part of speech can be declined by gender and number. However, it should be remembered that short adjectives never change by case. In a sentence, such members usually act as a predicate.

Let's give an example: She is very smart. In this case, the word "smart" is a short adjective that acts as a predicate.

It should also be noted that some types of this part of speech with several lexical meanings can form a short form only in some of them. For example, the word "poor" does not have a short adjective if it means "wretched, miserable." In addition, some adjectives also cannot have a full form. Such words include should, glad, love and much.

What is the difference from full?

They have a short form only. Their difference from the full ones lies in the definition of morphological features. That is, as mentioned above, this form of the presented part of speech does not change in cases, but is declined only in number and gender. In addition, short adjectives differ from full ones in their syntactic role. So, in a sentence, they act not as a definition, but in or as part of it. Although in some cases they are still referred to as a definition. Most often, this phenomenon is observed in phraseological turns or in works of folk art (for example, n and a bare foot, in broad daylight, a beautiful girl, a good fellow, etc..).

Spelling of short adjectives

To use the short forms of adjectives correctly, you should definitely study the rules for their spelling.

Formation of short adjectives

Short forms from full forms. This happens by adding generic endings to them:

• zero or male;
• medium (-e or -o);
• feminine (-i or -a).

In addition, short adjectives can be plural (ending -ы or -и) or singular. So how are these forms formed? These rules are very simple:

The ratio of full and short forms of adjectives

From the point of view of lexical meanings, 3 types of ratios of short and full forms of adjectives are distinguished:

1. Coincident in lexical meaning (for example, good day and good day beautiful baby and beautiful baby).

2. Coincide only in individual values:

• "Fake" means "fake". In this case, there is no short form.
• "Fake" in the meaning of "insincere". In this case, the short form will be "false".
• "Poor" in the meaning of "unfortunate". In this case, there is no short form.
• "Poor" in the meaning of "poor". In this case, the short form would be "poor".

3. The short form is considered as a semantic synonym and differs from the full one in its meaning:

• the short form denotes a temporary sign, and the long form denotes a permanent one (for example, the baby is sick and the baby is sick);
• the short form indicates an excessive manifestation of a trait (for example, old grandmother or old grandmother);
• the full form indicates an irrelevant sign, and the short form indicates a relation to something (for example, dress tight and dress narrow).
• in some cases, the meanings of both forms of adjectives are so divergent that they are used and perceived as completely different words (for example, the purpose of the journey was quite clear and the weather was clear).

Quality adjectives
Only high-quality adjectives have a full and short form: good - choir, excellent - excellent, fresh - fresh, cute - nice.

The short form of relative adjectives is usually used as a means of expression in artistic speech.

Let's give an example: Here are the same strings. They are like copper and like cast iron.
Only full forms are used in the definition function. However, in the function of the predicate, both full and short forms of adjectives can be used: Short day. The day is short. The day is short.

Case change retain only some adjectives in expressions of a folklore nature.

Let's give an example: on bare feet.

In a sentence, short adjectives are almost always the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.
Let's give an example: He is smart; He is stately; He is cheerful.

Relative adjectives have only the full form.
Let's give an example: Iron, today's, comfortable.

Possessive adjectives with the suffixes "in" / "yn", "ov" / "ev", "iy" - in the singular form of the nominative case, they usually have only a short form.
For example: Daddy, daddy, daddy, daddy; wolf, wolf, wolf, wolf.

In indirect cases, such adjectives have:
either a short form: daddy's, wolf's;
or the full form: daddy's, wolf's.

The endings of short forms coincide with the endings of nouns.
Let's give an example: spring - daddy's; spring - daddy.

Quality adjectives usually have two forms: full and short.
Let's give an example: Cheerful - cheerful, beautiful - beautiful.

Full adjectives change by gender, singular, number and case.
Short qualitative adjectives answer the questions what? what? what is it? what are and vary by gender, in the singular and numbers.
To give an example: Happy, happy, happy, happy.

Declension of adjectives
The declension of adjectives, in comparison with the declension of nouns, is more unified. In the nominative case of the singular, adjectives have a gender difference: the case endings of the masculine, feminine and neuter genders are different. In the plural, adjectives have no gender differences, and case endings for all three genders are the same.

In modern Russian, there are three types of declensions of adjectives:
1. Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives like red, gold, summer, blue.
2. Declension of possessive adjectives such as brothers, aunts, fathers, friends.
3. Declension of adjectives into "y" such as wolf, bear.

The most productive is the first type of declension, which, by the nature of the last consonant of the stem, has three varieties: a hard declension variant (rich, stone), a soft declension variant (autumn, blue) and mixed: a) with a stem for hissing, b) with a stem for g , k, x and c) with a basis on c (pale-faced, small, smooth, long, quiet).

For adjectives with a basis on a solid consonant, the stress in declension is either only on the basis (kind, red), or only on the ending (sick, mute).

For adjectives with a base on a soft consonant and adjectives with a base on c, when declining, the stress always falls only on the base (stubby, autumn, blue).

Adjectives with a base on a solid consonant in the instrumental case of the feminine singular have a double ending: "oh" ("her") and "oh" ("her"). Their use depends on the style of speech: in a poetic language, the ending -oy ("her") is more common, which is due to the laws of poetic style (rhythm, rhyme, etc.), for example: swan.

Possessive adjectives in "in", "ov" ("ev") have a mixed type of declension: some of the case endings of these adjectives coincide with the endings of the solid declension of qualitative-relative adjectives, in some cases noun endings are used (in the nominative and accusative cases of all genders and numbers, in the genitive and dative cases of the masculine and neuter singular).

Possessive adjectives with the suffix "in" in modern Russian are increasingly inclined like full adjectives with a stem into a solid consonant (not sister, sister, but sister, sister, etc.).

Possessive adjectives for "rank" (bratnin, husband) are inclined in the same way as adjectives for "in".

Possessive adjectives in -ny (daughter, filial) are declined like full qualitative-relative adjectives of the soft declension variant (for example, near).

Possessive adjectives formed with the suffix -j- (wolf, wolf, wolf) have both full and short endings: wolf, wolf, etc., wolf, wolf, etc.

Adjectives that are used as nouns are declined according to the general rules for declension of adjectives.

Spelling of case forms of adjectives:
1. Adjectives have endings that are similar to the endings of the interrogative word what: with an excellent (what?) mood, about a beautiful (what?) bag, and the like.
Always remember that after hard consonants, vowels are written s, o, y, and after soft consonants - vowels - i, e, y.
Let's give an example: long stockings - blue stockings, in a long stocking - in a blue stocking; in a black bag - in a yellow bag.
2. Spelling o and e after hissing and c at the end of adjectives always depends on the stress: under stress - o, without stress - e, a large garden - a handsome boy.
3. In the nominative case of the masculine singular, full adjectives in the stressed position have the ending -oy, in the unstressed - "yy", "yy".
nightmare - blue ocean, early reception.
4. In all forms of possessive adjectives with the suffix "ij", except for the masculine singular form of the nominative case, a soft sign is written.
Wolf, wolf, wolf, wolf.
5. In short adjectives, a soft sign is not written after hissing.
Burning - burning, mighty - mighty.

Only qualitative adjectives have a short form. Short adjectives differ from full adjectives in certain morphological features (they do not change by case, they have only the form of gender and number) and the syntactic role (they are predicates in a sentence). For example: Molchalin used to be so stupid! (Gr.). In the role of definitions, short adjectives act only in individual phraseological phrases (in the wide world; on bare feet; in broad daylight, etc.) or in works of oral folk art (good fellow, beautiful girl).

Short adjectives, having lost the ability to change in cases and acting, as a rule, in the role of a predicate, sometimes acquire a new lexical meaning that is different from the meanings of full adjectives.

Adjectives prominent and visible, right and right, able and capable, etc. can become different in meaning. Moreover, such adjectives as much, necessary, glad, and some others are used only in a short form: Hello, Balda-man, what quitrent do you need? (P.), But is the handsome Lel really good at songs? (A. Ostr.).

The adjective must in separate phraseological units is used in the full form: in due measure, properly, etc., but has a different meaning.

In modern Russian, short adjectives are formed from full ones. In the singular, generic endings are: for the masculine gender - zero ending (strong - strong, new - new, skinny - skinny, etc.); for the feminine, the ending is -a (strong, new, skinny); for the middle gender - the ending -o, -e (strong, new, skinny). There are no gender differences in the plural: all short adjectives end in -s, -i (strong, new, skinny).

If the stem of a full adjective has two consonants at the end, then when short masculine adjectives are formed, a fluent vowel o or e sometimes appears between them (sharp - sharp, eternal - eternal, etc.). Short forms are also formed from full adjectives into -ny and -ny (-enny, -anny). In the masculine gender, they end in -en or -nen (red - red, honest - honest, muddy - muddy, hungry - hungry and modern - modern, fragrant - fragrant).

If the short form of adjectives is formed from passive participles into -ny, then it ends in -en (-an, -yan) (confident - sure, second-hand - second-hand).

There are fluctuations in the use of these forms. For example, along with the -en form, the -enen forms are also used (natural and natural, related and related). The -en forms are more productive for the modern Russian language.

In modern Russian, they do not have short forms:

• 1. Qualitative adjectives that are relative in origin, as evidenced by their word-building connections with nouns: fraternal, tragic, comradely, enemy, friendly, blood, whole, efficient, slanderous, gift, combat, draft, advanced, etc.
• 2. Adjectives that are part of terminological names of a qualitative nature: deep rear, fast train, urgent mail, etc.
• 3. Some polysemantic adjectives in their individual meanings. For example: glorious in the meaning of "pleasant, good": Nice song, matchmaker! (G.); round in the meaning of "full": The second misfortune of the prince was his round loneliness (Ch.); bitter in the meaning of "unfortunate": Nothing, Fields, you are laughing at your happiness, bitter widow (Trenev); poor in the meaning of "unfortunate": Oh, poor Snow Maiden, savage, come to me, I will love you (A. Ostr.) and some others. The same adjectives, acting in a different meaning, can also have a short form. For example, glorious in the sense of “famous, worthy of glory”: Kochubey is rich and glorious ... (P.); round in the meaning of "having the shape of a ball": She [Olga] is round, red-faced ... (P.); bitter in the meaning of "sharply unpleasant in taste": Without me, jumble begins in the house: that is not so; the other is not for you; either the coffee is bitter, or the dinner is late ... (A. Ostr.); poor in the sense of "having a lack of something": Her [Gorchakova's] low voice was deaf and poor in shades (Shol.); poor in the meaning of "inexpensive, miserable": The candle is dull and somehow blindly illuminates the room. Its environment is poor and bare... (S.-Shch.).
• 4. Adjectives with the suffix -l-, formed from verbs and retaining a connection with them: experienced, emaciated, backward, skillful, etc. The short forms of such adjectives would coincide with the forms of the past tense of the verb: I used to, grew thin, lagged behind, knew how. When the connection with verbs is lost, adjectives get the opportunity to form short forms: flabby - flabby, dull - dull, etc.
• 5. Separate adjectives that receive the meaning of an enhanced degree of quality (without changing the main lexical meaning), with prefixes pre- and raz- and with suffixes -usch-, -yusch-, -enn-: kind, clever, cheerful, thin, hefty and other.

Short forms of qualitative adjectives differ from truncated adjectives, i.e. those formed by cutting off the final vowel of the full form. Compare, for example: The fields were covered with a gloomy night (Lom.). - My soul is gloomy (L.). The first adjective is truncated, the stress in it falls on the stem, in the sentence it performs the function of a definition (like all truncated adjectives in general). The second adjective is short, the stress falls on the ending, and it acts as a predicate. Truncated forms were widely used in the poetic language of the 18th-19th centuries.

When choosing one of the two named forms in the function of the predicate, the differences between them should be taken into account.

1. The semantic difference is expressed in the fact that some short forms of adjectives sharply diverge in their meaning from the corresponding full ones. Wed: deaf from birth - deaf to requests; the child is very alive - the old man is still alive; the method is very good - the guy is good-looking. Wed also the disuse in short form of individual adjectives expressing a permanent property of objects or serving as a terminological designation of features: The opposite wall is blank; live flowers in a vase etc.

   Some short forms are used to a limited extent. So, usually they are not used when designating the weather, for example: the days were warm, the wind will be cold, the weather is beautiful.

   The names of some colors or are not used at all in short form ( blue, brown, pink, purple etc.), or are used with known restrictions. So, there are almost no masculine forms at all. drill, blue, black(with the use of feminine and neuter and plural forms).

   In phraseological units, in some cases, only full forms were fixed, in others - only short ones. Wed:

   a) the situation is hopeless, the time is hot, the hand is light and etc.;

   b) everyone is alive and well, bribes are smooth, things are bad, dear to the heart, hands are short, conscience is unclean and etc.

2. Full forms usually denote a constant feature, a timeless quality, and short ones -
   temporary sign, short-lived condition; compare: sick mother - sick mother; his movements are calm - his face is calm etc.

   This position is not categorical. Wed:

   1) At that moment he was very worried, his face was red(the full form, although a temporary sign is indicated, is affected by the limited use of the short form of the adjective denoting color, see above);
   

   2) Our land is rich, there is only no order in it(short form, although a constant feature is indicated; such constructions are used in scientific provisions, definitions, descriptions, for example: space is infinite; our youth is very talented, the girl is young and beautiful; these requirements are unacceptable etc.).

   The third option is the full form in the instrumental case, indicating, like the short form, a temporary sign, but between the last two forms in the context, shades of semantic differences are revealed. Wed:

   He was old(permanent feature).

   He was old when I met him(a sign in relation to the present moment).

   He was old when I knew him(a sign limited to a certain period).

3. In other cases, the full form denotes an absolute feature that is not associated with a specific situation, and the short form denotes a relative feature, in relation to a specific situation. Usually this difference appears in adjectives denoting size, weight, etc., with the short form indicating insufficiency or excess. Wed: room low(sign in general) - the room is low(for high furniture); heavy note(regardless of who will carry it) - the note is heavy(for a weak person, for a child). Wed also: shoes are small, gloves are large, corridor is narrow, coat is short etc.
4. The grammatical (syntactic) difference between both forms is that the short form has the ability of syntactic control, while the full form used in the nominative case does not have such an ability, for example: he is capable of music, we are ready to leave, the child is prone to colds, she was sick with the flu(the use of the full form in these examples is not possible). The constructions encountered in fiction with the presence of controlled words in the full form are associated with a stylistic task (introducing colloquial coloring into the statement), for example: I am no longer capable of such a burden; The old man ... the language is light and entertaining.
5. The stylistic difference between both forms is expressed in the fact that the short form is characterized by a tinge of categoricalness, while the full form has a tinge of softened expression. Wed: he is cunning - he is cunning, she is brave - she is brave etc. The short form is often inherent in the bookish language, the full one - in the spoken language. Wed: The conclusions and conclusions of the author of the study are clear and accurate. – Student responses are clear and precise. Wed the use of a short form in book and written speech: Each field of activity is infinitely diverse ...(Belinsky); True wisdom is laconic(L. Tolstoy); Our speech is mostly aphoristic ...(Bitter).

   It is possible to choose between the short form and the long form in the instrumental case, for example: became rich - became rich, became famous - became famous.

   Wed with some linking verbs:

   I would like to be of service to you. – I can't be of any use to your son..

   His babble became unintelligible. – He quickly got tipsy, became talkative.

   Grandfather became visibly greedy. – The silence became painful.

   The corporal turned out to be extremely naive in his admiration for the activities of the captain. – The stock of raw materials in the laboratory turned out to be quite significant.

   In modern language, the second option prevails. But with a linking verb be the construction with a short form is more common. Wed: he was young - he was young, she was beautiful - she was beautiful.

6. As homogeneous predicates, as a rule, either only full or only short forms of adjectives act, for example:

   a) October was unusually cold, rainy(Paustovsky); I was young, hot, sincere, not stupid ...(Chekhov);

   b) The open neck is thin and delicate(A. N. Tolstoy); The strength of sailors is unstoppable, persistent, purposeful(L. Sobolev).

   Violation of the norm are constructions: “He is kind, but weak-willed”; “The views are original, although fundamentally primitive” (in both cases, the forms of adjectives should be unified).

   Only under special conditions of context or with a stylistic task is it possible to combine both forms as syntactically homogeneous, for example: How cute she is, how smart(Turgenev) - in the presence of words as and So only the short form is used, in the presence of words which and such- full form only.
   

7. When politely addressed to "you", either a short form is possible (you are kind, you are persistent), or complete, agreed in gender with the real gender of the person to whom the speech is addressed (you are kind, you are so persistent).

§ 160. Variant forms of short adjectives

1. From doublet forms of short adjectives (on -en and on -enen ) formed from full forms with unstressed -enny , in neutral styles of speech, the form is increasingly fixed on -en . These are, for example:
   
2. There are short adjectives -enen and short participles -en . Wed:

   the case is well defined(clear) - departure date already set(established, planned);

   the old man is very respectable(worthy of respect) - the hero of the day is honored by our attention(he was honored with attention).
   

3. Some adjectives in short form have a fluent vowel between the final consonant of the root and the suffix, while others do not have a fluent vowel in these cases. Wed:

   a) sour - sour, light - light, warm - warm;

   b) round - round, wet - wet, swarthy - swarthy, rotten - rotten.

   Possible doublet forms: sharp - sharp and sharp(colloquial); full - full and full(bookish, obsolete).

§ 161. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives

1. The simple form of the comparative degree is used in all speech styles, in particular in colloquial speech, and the complex form is mainly characteristic of book (scientific and business) speech. Wed household: brother is taller than sister, this house is taller than the next one; and bookstores: foreign trade growth this year is higher than last year. Wed also: Olya was more serious than Nina. – Further experiments were more difficult than previous ones..
   

   Book and colloquial versions of a simple form of a comparative degree are possible, for example: smarter - smarter, louder - louder, dexterous - dexterous, sweeter - sweeter, biting - lashing. From the word young form is formed younger (younger has the meaning "lower in position, in rank, in rank"). Clearly colloquial is the form prettier.

   Conversational character is inherent in expressions living better than ever(meaning "better than before"), tired more than yesterday(“more than yesterday”), etc.

   Comparative degree form on -her (hurry, dare etc.) is used in colloquial language and in poetic speech.

   The combination in one construction of a simple and complex form of a comparative degree of the type “more interesting” does not correspond to the norms of the literary language; cf. fairly common expressions better position, worse habits etc. There is no objection to the combination older.

   Forms with prefix on- , which introduces an additional value of a small degree of increase or decrease in quality, are characteristic of colloquial speech, for example: do better, get taller, wake up early etc. (cf. in business speech: a little better, a little higher, a little earlier). Unjustified combinations of the type: tell a little more(in the form "in more detail" the meaning "several, a little" is already included). The forms of the comparative degree with the prefix on- and in other meanings: 1) in the meaning of "to a greater extent than usual", for example: My business, if you figure it out, is more important than this piano(Paustovsky); 2) in the meaning of "as far as possible", for example: Having chosen a more spacious porch, they settled down on it(Soloukhin).
   

   In adverbial pairs more - more, less - less, further - further, earlier - earlier first options (for -her ) are characteristic of book speech, the latter (in -she ) are used in neutral styles. Wed: the more it needs to be emphasized, to speak more than seriously - to wait more than two hours. The same distinction is made in pairs later - later.
   

2. The simple form of the superlative degree (unlike the same form of the comparative degree) has a book character, and the complex form is used in all styles of speech; compare: the highest peaks of knowledge are the highest houses in the city; the strictest penalties - the strictest teachers in the boarding school.

   An outdated connotation is inherent in structures formed by the combination of the word most with the superlative degree of the adjective (in the form of -most – -most the expression of the limiting sign is already concluded); such constructions were found among writers of the 19th century, for example: at the best price(Gogol); one of the most honest people(Aksakov); the most compelling evidence(Belinsky); most honored guest(Dostoevsky). They were used less frequently in the later era: most precious energy(Bitter); in the most brazen way(Novikov-Priboy); citizens of the most remote places(Mayakovsky); the oldest of our circle(Surkov). Singular expressions of this type persist today: the closest way, the shortest way, the closest way and a few others.

   It is necessary to distinguish between the complex form of the superlative degree, which has in its composition the pronoun most(in cases where a high degree of quality is expressed beyond comparison, the so-called absolute superlative degree), and a form with adverbs most, least(relative superlative; the latter form is characteristic mainly of scientific and journalistic speech), for example: the most suitable conditions - the most suitable conditions. Unfortunately, therefore, the option in the proposal was chosen: “All this requires the meeting participants to take the most serious approach to business” (instead of: ... the most serious approach, since a high degree is expressed without comparing the carriers of the attribute).

§ 162. Use of possessive adjectives

To express possessiveness (the meaning of belonging), there are several forms that differ in semantic and stylistic shades.


1. -ov(-ev), -in(-yn) are not used in scientific and journalistic language and are found only in colloquial speech and in fiction, for example: Morgunok himself, like everyone else, at first did not believe in grandfather's words(Twardowski); Twenty minutes later these neighbors were summoned to the old woman's hut.(Kazakevich).

   Wed vernacular expressions with a double expression of ownership: a genitive case of a noun and a possessive adjective ( to Uncle Petin's house, in Aunt Masha's jacket) or two possessive adjectives ( Aunt Lizin's husband).

   Possible endings in the genitive and dative cases of masculine and neuter adjectives in -in ; compare: near the grandfather's house - near the grandfather's house; to the neighbor's son - to the neighbor's son. Short forms (with endings -a, -y ) are obsolete and have long been supplanted in the literary language by forms with a full ending ( ooh, ooh ).

   Outdated forms on -ov(s) , formed from surnames: instead of Marx's "Capital", Hegel's "Logic", Dalev's "Dictionary" combinations with the genitive case of a noun are used - Marx's "Capital", Hegel's "Logic", Dahl's "Dictionary". The specified forms are saved, as well as the forms on -in in formations from personal names ( Ivan's childhood, Vera's dolls) and in stable phraseological combinations fixed in the language ( Adam's apple, Anton's fire, Pansies, Ariadne's thread, Achilles' heel, Judas kiss, Prometheus fire, Sisyphean labor, Solomon's decision and etc.).
   

2. When choosing options in synonymous constructions father's house - father's house It should be noted that adjectives -sky (-ovsky, -insky) more often express a qualitative value; compare: fatherly care, motherly love.
3. Possessive adjectives in -new, -other denote not individual, but group affiliation - belonging to a whole class or breed of animals, for example: whalebone, ivory, snake venom, bee sting. Such forms easily lose their possessive value and acquire a qualitative or relative meaning (an expression of property, similarity, attitude towards someone, etc.), for example: beaver collar, mink coat, snake cunning, eagle vigilance. Wed phraseological units: night blindness, swan song and etc.
4. Adjectives in -y, -ya, -ye also express group membership or property, attitude, etc., for example: Cossack village, fishing village, camel hair, swan down, bear fat. These forms often acquire a qualitative-relative meaning, for example: wolfish appetite, hare cowardice, fox cunning, hunting dog, shepherd's horn.

§ 163. Synonymous use of adjectives and oblique cases of nouns

Adjectives and nouns cognate with them in indirect cases without prepositions or with prepositions can act in the same function of definition, for example: fathers house - father's house, mountain peak - mountain top, bookcase - bookcase, spelling exercises - spelling exercises. When choosing one of the two parallel structures, one should take into account the shades of meaning and stylistic features inherent in them in the conditions of the context (bookish or colloquial version, shade of obsolescence, expressive coloring).

1. In pairs factory workers - factory workers, student work - student work, garden trellis - garden trellis the first combinations have a more specific meaning (meaning the workers of the factory in question, the work of a particular student, the lattice of a certain garden), and the second are more general; in the first version, two objects are named, in the second - the object and its attribute. Wed in the context:

   Factory workers finished their shift. – Factory workers make up a high percentage of manual workers;

   The student's work was rated as good. – The story under review is far from a mature work, it is still a student work;

   Garden trellis painted green. – Garden trellis encloses and protects green spaces.

   Help brother was very timely. – They gave me truly brotherly help.

2. Adjectives-definitions have the meaning of a qualitative characteristic, indicate a distinctive feature of an object, characteristic and stable, and nouns in oblique cases highlight any specific meaning (belonging, origin, purpose, etc.). Wed:

   father's house father's house(belonging);

   company commander - company commander(relationship between objects);

   water pipe - water pipe(relation of the part to the whole);

   emerald color - emerald color(defining relations);

   morning exercises - exercises in the morning(circumstances);

   Moroccan oranges - oranges from Morocco(origin);

   laboratory equipment - laboratory equipment(appointment);

   bronze chandelier - bronze chandelier(material);

   raspberry jam - raspberry jam(substance);

   watch chain - watch chain(separate relations: one object is called in isolation from another).

   Depending on the context, one of the above options is chosen. In a generalized form, it can be indicated that combinations of an adjective with a noun are used more often than combinations of two nouns.

   So, the usual constructions woolen scarf(and not "muffler made of wool"), leather gloves(rather than "leather gloves"), allowing you to indicate the characteristic feature of the object, and not just the material.

   Combinations are also common. Georgian wines(and not "wine from Georgia"), Pacific herring(and not "herring from the Pacific"), Orenburg shawl(rather than “a handkerchief from Orenburg”), since it is more important to give a qualitative description of the object than to indicate its origin. Wed breaking this last connection in combinations such as Riga bread, Poltava sausage, safety pin etc.

   More common combinations Kids toys(and not "toys for children"), writing paper(and not "writing paper"), Desktop(and not a “table for work”), since they show not only the purpose, but also the distinguishing feature of the object.

   However, it should be pointed out that in some cases each of the two options has its own advantages. Yes, as a couple climb with the dexterity of a monkey - climb with the dexterity of a monkey its broader applicability speaks in favor of the first construction (the concept of "monkey dexterity" is wider than the concept of "monkey dexterity", since both a person and an animal can show this dexterity); the imagery speaks in favor of the second construction: we not only define the word dexterity, but also evoke the idea of ​​the bearer of the attribute - a monkey. In addition, the second construction has richer expressive possibilities, since it allows you to more fully and more accurately characterize the dependent noun with the help of the adjective that determines it; compare: howl of wolves - howl of hungry wolves(which cannot be done when combined wolf howl).

   Wed also the validity of each option in the pair: Knocking, I grabbed the doorknob. – There was a door handle on the table..

3. Parallel revolutions can differ in their meanings, express a different meaning. Wed:

   In the enlarged village there are real city streets(and not "city streets"). - Before the advent of electricity in Moscow, city streets were lit by gas jets.(and not "city streets");

   A new urban center has been created in the region. – After reconstruction, we have created a new city center.

4. Combinations with adjective-definition can have a figurative meaning (cf. the body was covered with goose bumps, his crane-like gait is ridiculous, move with a snail's step), metaphorical usage ( man on thin, bird-like legs).