The use of always in the present perfect. Using the Present Perfect - Squeeze

Present perfect (Present Perfect)- the tense of English verbs, which connects the past with the present - the present complete tense. This is where some confusion begins for a Russian person. There is no such tense in our language.

How to use Present Perfect

Let's watch a video in which Irina Shipilova, as always very cheerfully, dynamically, explains in detail this rather complicated construction for us - a present perfect.

A clear link between the past and the present. Place Present Perfect

Rules for constructing a present perfect (Present Perfect)

Auxiliary have/has + Past Participle. Instead of the full form have/has very often the British use the abbreviated (contracted) option ‘ve /’s - I’ve been there, She’s been there.

Pay special attention to abbreviations she has=she's, he has = he's - here it is important not to confuse with another form - she is, he is, which in the abbreviated version looks and sounds exactly the same. Can be distinguished by application Past Participle after she has,he has, as well as out of context.

Table of Education Present Perfect (Present Perfect)

Present Perfect means: before present moment, no matter when specifically. If there were a specific time, we would have to use

Use Present perfect. Examples and text.

1. To express a past action that has a result in the present.

The action usually took place recently:

We 've lost our key. (We haven't got it now) - We lost our key (now we don't have it) What have you done to your dress? (It looks strange) - What did you do with your dress? (It looks weird) Jane ‘s had her baby! Jane has a baby! I 've ruined the meal. It's burnt. — I ruined the food. She burned out. The train hasn't arrived. (We are still waiting for it) - The train has not arrived (We are still waiting for it)

The present perfect is often used with indefinite adverbs that help remember the acronym JEANY

Here it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that these adverbs are placed before Past Participle Besides YET, which is placed after Past Participle:

I haven't done my work yet(Negative) - I haven't done my job yet She hasn't been to Harrods yet(Negative) - She hasn't been to Harrods yet Has doctor been yet? (Question) Was there already a doctor? I ‘ve already done my homework— I have already done my homework

2. To express an action that started in the past and is still going on.

Often used in this for, since and how long

We ‘ve lived in the same flat for twenty years - We have been living in the same apartment for twenty years He has worked as a teacher since 2010 - He has been a teacher since 2010 How long has she known him? How long has she known him?

3. To express the experience that we once gained in life.

The action was committed in the past and has already been completed, but the effect of it remains. Again, it doesn't matter when this action was performed, the time is not specified, otherwise you need to use the Past Simple.

He ‘s written a book - He wrote a book have you ever had an operation? - Have you ever had an operation? Irina has lived in China. — Irina lives in China How many times have you been married?- How many times have you been married?

Text

Exercises, tests.

1. Present Perfect

elementary level

Start Quiz

affirmative form Present Perfect is formed using the auxiliary verb to have in the corresponding person and number (has - for the 3rd person singular, have - for all other persons in the singular and all persons in the plural) and the past participle (Participle II - participles II) semantic verb.

to have + Participle II

I have translated the text. I translated the text.
He has written two letters. He wrote two letters.

Interrogative form formed by moving the auxiliary verb, which is placed before the subject. If there is a question word, it is placed before the auxiliary verb.

have did you translate this text? Have you translated this text?
What have you translated? What did you translate?

Have I cooked?	Have we cooked?
Have you cooked?	Have you cooked?
Has he/she/it been cooked?	Have they cooked?

Abbreviations:

Along with the full form, abbreviated versions of the affirmative, negative and interrogative-negative forms are also used, especially in colloquial speech.

1. In the affirmative form, the spelling and pronunciation of the auxiliary verb have / has changes:

I've = I have
He's = He has
We've = We have

2. In negative form - two abbreviations:

a) negative particle not remains unchanged, only the auxiliary verb is reduced:

I've not = I have not
He's not = He has not
We've not = We have not

b) negative particle not loses the letter o and merges with the auxiliary verb:

I haven't= I have not
He hasnt= He hasn't

The same change occurs in the interrogative-negative form:

Haven't you worked?
Hasn't he written?

Using Present Perfect

Present Perfect is used:

1. To express an action that has already taken place in the previous period before the moment of speech, but which has a direct connection with the present moment. This connection to the present moment manifests itself:

a) as a result of an action that is present at the moment of speech:

I've read this article. I have read this article. (I know its content, I can tell you.)
Has not written a letter. He wrote a letter. (The result is a letter that can be read and sent.)

b) in sentences with words denoting an unfinished period of time: today - today, this morning - this morning, this week- this week, this month - this month etc., as well as with adverbs of indefinite time: ever - ever, never - never, often- often, already- already, yet- Bye, more, just- just now, late- recently(for the last days, weeks), recently - recently(for the last months or years), recently, up to now - still, seldom- rarely, once - once, once upon a time and others (most of them are more often used in interrogative and negative sentences).

I haven't seen her this week. I haven't seen her this week.
I've never seen her before. I had never seen her before.
Has she come back yet? Is she back already?
She has published a new book recently. She recently published a new book.
Have you ever been to London? Have you ever been to London?

Note:
In the above cases, the verb in Present Perfect is translated into Russian as a verb in the past tense.

2. To express an action that began in the past, but has not yet ended (ongoing), often with verbs that are not used in the Continuous form. At the same time, an unfinished period of time is often indicated by the circumstances of time with the preposition for - during(for years - for many years, for ages- for ages, for three weeks - within three weeks etc.), with the preposition since - with(Since Sunday - from sunday, since 10 o'clock - from 10 o'clock since 1990- since 1990 etc.), as well as a subordinate clause with the union since - since then.

I haven't seen you for ages. We haven't seen each other for ages.
Hasn't been here for three weeks already. He's been here for three weeks now.
I haven't heard from him since August. I haven't heard from him since August.
We have known her since 1990. We have known her since 1990.

Note:
In this case, the verbs in the Present Perfect can be translated into Russian by verbs in the past or present tense, depending on the context.

Note also the following:

The difference in the use of Present Perfect and Simple Past/Past Indefinite is that Simple Past/Past Indefinite is always associated with a past period of time (which can be indicated or clear from the context) and expresses an action-fact, while Present Perfect is always associated with hereby and expresses the action-result or the experience gained as a result of the action.

Compare:

Present Perfect is not used if there is an exact indication of the time in the past (yesterday, last night, etc.), because in this case the connection with the present moment is broken. The presence of this connection is a prerequisite for using the Present Perfect. If there is no such connection, then Simple Past / Past Indefinite is used.

Compare:

a) I have heard his speech and I liked it. I heard his performance and I liked it.
b) I heard his speech last night. I heard him speak last night.

In the first case (a), the time of the action is not indicated, but it happened in the past and the connection with the present is expressed by the fact that it (the performance) is liked even now - the Present Perfect is used. In the second case (b), the time of action is indicated, and therefore Simple Past / Past Indefinite is used.

Compare also:

a) I have seen her this morning. I saw her this morning.
b) I saw her this morning. I saw her this morning.

In the first case (a), it can be said that if the conversation takes place in the morning, the morning time has not yet expired. In the second case (b), it can be said that if the conversation takes place in the afternoon or in the evening, the morning time has already expired. With the expression this morning, the Present Perfect can only be used if the action took place before one o'clock in the afternoon. If it happened later, for example, at one thirty (13.30), then Simple Past / Past Indefinite is used, since, according to the English, “morning” lasts only until one in the afternoon.

3. Present Perfect is also used in sentences in which the action, although it happened in the past, can be repeated.

I have seen wolves in this forest. I have seen wolves in this forest. (It is assumed that they can be found there and now.)
I saw wolves in this forest. I have seen wolves in this forest. (The use of the Simple Past expresses a statement of fact.)

Compare also:

a) Pushkin wrote many wonderful poems. Pushkin wrote many wonderful poems.
b) Yevtushenko has written many wonderful poems. Yevtushenko wrote many beautiful poems.

In the first sentence (a), they used Simple Past/Past Indefinite - wrote, since Pushkin is not alive and the possibility of repeating the action, that is, writing more poetry, is excluded. In the second sentence (b), the verb in Present Perfect - has written is used, since the author is alive and, perhaps, will write many more beautiful poems.

4. Present Perfect is used in response to a question that is asked in Present Perfect (unless the time is specified in the answer). If the action time in the answer is specified, then it is given in Simple Past/Past Indefinite.

Have you seen the new English film? Have you seen the new English film?
Yes, I have (seen the new English film). Yes, I saw (new English film).
But: Yes, I saw it yesterday. Yes, I saw him yesterday.

Note:

If the dialogue is not limited to one question and answer, but continues, then the first one or two questions and answers are used in Present Perfect, and the conversation continues in Simple Past / Past Indefinite, because. The main thing is not actions, but circumstances.

Husband: Where have you been? Husband: Where have you been?
Wife: I've been at the sales. Wife: I was in the store (at a discount sale).
Husband: What have you bought? (What did you buy?) Husband: What did you buy?
Wife: I've bought (I bought) yellow pajamas. Wife: I bought yellow pajamas.
Husband: Why did you buy yellow? I told you never to buy yellow for me. Husband: Why yellow? I told you never to buy yellow for me.
Wife: I couldn't resist it. They were very much reduced. Wife: I couldn't resist. They were so cheap. (They were greatly discounted).

The place of adverbs in sentences when used with the Present Perfect form

1. Adverbs ever, never, often, seldom, just, as a rule, are placed before the semantic verb.

I have never read that book. I have never read this book.
Has not often been there. He went there often.
They have just left the house. They just left.

2. Adverb already also placed before the semantic verb in affirmative sentences, and in interrogative sentences, as a rule, at the end of the sentence and usually expresses surprise in the latter case (already with a hint of the meaning "so soon").

Have you translated the article already?
Have you already (so soon) translated the article?

3. Adverbs lately, recently, once and combinations up to now, many times are usually placed at the end of a sentence.

I haven't received any letters from him lately. I haven't received any letters from him lately.
We have seen him recently. We saw him recently.

4. Adverb yet is used in negative sentences in the meaning of "still" and is usually placed at the end of the sentence. In interrogative sentences, it has the meaning "already" and is also placed at the end of the sentence.

Hasn't finished his work yet. He hasn't finished his work yet.
Have they come back yet? Are they back already?

The concept of the present tense in English does not always coincide with ours. One of the most striking examples of such a difference is the Present Perfect.

In this article, we will understand what the Present Perfect is, how it is formed, in what cases it is used, what rules it obeys, and we will consolidate knowledge on real examples of sentences with translation.

What is Present Perfect Tense?

Present Perfect Tense (Present Perfect) is the present perfect tense in English. It denotes an action that has completed at the present time.

This is the main difficulty of Present Perfect time for students. In Russian, there is no time similar to Present Perfect. For us, if something is happening now, this is the present, and if it has happened, this is already the past.

But not for the British. They perceive time a little differently. According to the logic of native speakers, the action may well end in the present or close to the present moment. To express such a connection between the past and the present, the Present Perfect exists.

Because of these features in understanding actions and time, Present Perfect is usually translated into Russian as a verb in the past tense.

I have already done my homework - I have already done my homework

In this example, the Present Perfect tense (have done) is used, because we are talking about the fact that the action (work on homework) ended quite recently.

But we translate the sentence into Russian using the past tense (already done).

How is the Present Perfect formed?

The Present Perfect tense is formed using the auxiliary verb have / has and Past Participle (the third form of the semantic verb: V3).

The auxiliary verb changes depending on the subject:

I / You / We / They → have (for 1st, 2nd person and plural forms)
She / He / It → has (for 3rd person singular)

The construction of the Present Perfect tense is completed by a semantic verb in the third form (V3).

If the semantic verb is of the correct form, then its third form (V3) is formed using the ending -ed.

If the semantic verb is irregular, then we take its third form (V3) from the table of irregular verbs.

For example:

to try → tried (try) to cook → cooked (cook) to finish → finished (finish)
to get → got (to receive) to keep → kept (to store) to see → seen (to see)

Statement:

An affirmative sentence in the Present Perfect is formed using the auxiliary verb have / has and the semantic verb with the ending -ed for regular verbs or the third form of an irregular verb (V3) according to the formula:

I / You / We / They + have + Ved (V3)
She / He / It + has + Ved (V3)

I have decided - I decided

You have played - You played

He has done - He did

It has turned on - It turned on

In sentences and everyday speech, you can often find the abbreviated form of the auxiliary verbs have / has. It is formed by adding ‘ve (for have) or ‘s (for has) to the subject:

I have = I've
You have = You've
We have = We've
They have = They've

She has = She's
He has = He's
It has = It's

I've done my tasks - I completed my tasks

He's washed the dishes - He washed the dishes

Negation:

Negative sentences in the Present Perfect are formed by adding the particle not after the auxiliary verb have / has, but before the main semantic verb. The formula looks like this:

I / You / We / They + have not + Ved (V3)
She / He / It + has not + Ved (V3)

I have not done my homework - I didn't do my homework

They have not come - They did not come

She has not finished her tasks - She did not complete her tasks

It has not turned on - It has not turned on

In negation, the particle not can be shortened by attaching it to the auxiliary verb have / has:

Have not = haven't
Has not = hasn't

I haven't washed my hair - I haven't washed my hair

She hasn't been to London yet - She hasn't been to London yet

Question:

An interrogative sentence in the Present Perfect is formed by placing the auxiliary verb have / has at the beginning of the sentence. The formula will be:

Have + I / You / We / They + Ved (V3)
Has + She / He / It + Ved (V3)

Have I bought all the presents? - I bought all the gifts?

Have you finished the classes? - Have you finished your classes?

Has she just arrived home? - Did she just come home?

Has it turned on? - Did it turn on?

Special questions are formed using question words (question words). Such as when (when), how (how), what (what), where (where) and others. The following is the same word order as in the question.

QW + have + I / You / We / They + Ved (V3)
QW + has + She / He / It + Ved (V3)

What has he just said? - What did he just say?

How long have you been knocked on the door? How long have you been knocking on the door?

When is the Present Perfect used?

And now let's look at the most common cases of using and using the Present Perfect tense in speech:

Completed action in the present

In this case, the focus is on the result of the completed action. In other words, when the result of an action is visible in the present.

I have cooked a good dinner - I cooked a good dinner (the action is completed, the result is a good dinner)

I know Nina. We have already met - I know Nina. We have already met (the meeting took place in the past, but we are interested in the result in the present)

Incomplete action in the present

The Present Perfect tense is used when we describe an action that started in the past, has not yet ended in the present, but the result is obvious.

I’ve written five pages of the new book this morning - I wrote five pages of a new book this morning (the morning is not over yet, he can write a few more pages)

She has finished watching “Harry Potter” this week - She has finished watching “Harry Potter” this week

Fact of action / personal experience

If it is important for the speaker to emphasize the fact of some accomplished event without an exact indication of the time, the Present Perfect also comes to the rescue. Often this tense is used when we talk about our past experience or when we ask our interlocutor about it.

I have been to Bratislava - I have been (been) to Bratislava

In a question, when we are interested in a fact from someone's life, we also use the Present Perfect:

Have you ever been to France? - Have you ever been to France?

Time Markers Present Perfect

Present Perfect is used with imprecise expressions and words that indicate a period of time that has not yet ended.

never (never)
ever (ever)
already (already)
yet (yet) / not yet (not yet)
often (often)
lately (lately)
just (just now)
once (once)
recently (recently)
before (before)
today (today)
this week (this week)
this year (this year)
for an hour (within an hour)
for a long time (long time)
since two o'clock - from two o'clock
ince December - from December

Examples of Present Perfect sentences with translation

Affirmative:

I’ve studied English since my childhood - I have studied English since childhood

She has visited this beauty shop recently

People have walked on the Moon - People have walked on the moon.

We've just eaten, so we don't want to go to the cafe - We just ate, so we don't want to go to the cafe

I have just cut my finger - I just cut my finger

Negative:

He has not returned from school yet - He has not returned from school yet

I haven't bought the new car. This is my old one - I didn't buy a new car. It's old

Jane hasn't been to Asia yet - Jane hasn't been to Asia yet

I have not been at university this week because of the flu

I haven't replaced the batteries in the doorbell - I haven't replaced the batteries in the doorbell

Interrogative:

Have you seen this film about space? - Have you seen this film about space?

Has Jimmy bought the tickets yet? - Has Jimmy bought the tickets yet?

How many deals has she made at the moment? How many deals has she made so far?

How much coffee have you drunk today? - How much coffee did you drink today?

How long have you known Mary? How long have you known Mary?

From the school desk, students are frightened by difficult-to-understand times of English that need to be crammed, otherwise you will not communicate and understand the language even at a minimal level. In fact, the stiff English have only three times, as in our great and powerful language: present, past and future. However, it should be understood: each time has its own characteristics, in other words, types. In this article, we will consider the present tense and its form Present Perfect Simple.

English present tense

The present tense in English has 4 types:

present perfect.
present simple.
Present Perfect Continuous.

Exercises usually help to consolidate all the complexities of using these forms. It should be understood that these are not disparate rules, they have a certain system. The main thing in learning is to understand the essence of each tense, when it needs to be put into practice in writing, and when in a live conversation.

Time formula

The name of the temporal form Present Perfect Simple is translated as "present perfect tense". The perfect form is one of the most commonly used in communication among the inhabitants of England and America, although in the speech of the latter we will hear it less often. This type of present tense is formed according to the following formula: auxiliary + main verb in form 3.

The third form for regular verbs is formed by adding and for irregular verbs there is a form, which is usually given in dictionaries.

For example:

I have already cleaned my room. - "I have already cleaned my room" (the verb clean is correct).

He has already drunk his tea. - "He has already drunk his tea" (the verb drink is incorrect).

Thus, we can say that the present perfect tense is quite simple in education, the main thing is to know whether you use the correct form of the verb or not.

The third part of the table in dictionary editions and textbooks contains the third form of the verb. For example: the verb be (translated as to be, to exist) has the following forms: be/was (were)/been.

Using the present perfect tense

Present Perfect Simple is used when it is necessary to express exactly the result of an action that has already been completed. With the help of this tense, attention is focused on the result and thus it is clear that the action has already been completed. We also use Simple when talking about an action that happened in an unfinished period of time. Remember that the main thing for understanding the perfect is the connection with the present moment and the fact that the action is completed. For example: " I have already eaten melon." - I have already eaten melon. That is, it means the result of the action itself, the actual result.

These two types of temporary forms refer to the present time, but have different meanings. Present Simple is used when it comes to events that occur usually and everyday. The main pointers for it are the following words: always (always), usually (usually), seldom (rarely), often (often). Present Perfect expresses an action that has already been completed and there is a certain result at the time of the speaker's speech. Also, these two tenses have different education formulas. Simple tense is used in live communication much more often than the perfect. He has many words - pointers, that is, words that directly say that it is necessary to use the perfect tense.

The difference between Present Perfect and Past Simple

In learning English, the question always arises when it is necessary to use the Present Perfect, and when the Past Simple. It is necessary to understand the basic postulates of the use of these forms of time. The most important thing to remember: "Past simple" is the past tense, it talks about those events that have already happened. "Present perfect" - present tense, it talks about what was started earlier and has not yet been completed, or finished, but has a relationship with today. Sometimes you can understand from the meaning of the text itself that it is necessary to use the perfect. You should choose the time depending on what you need to say to the speaker, based on the situation that has arisen.

Timing Rules

If the situation or time period in question is over and has no connection with the present, then you should use "Paste simple". When using the Past Simple time, this may mean that the person can no longer carry out any action. If you do not say in more detail about the reason for choosing this time in a conversation, then you might think that the person is no longer alive.

She always loved watching TV. - "She always liked to watch TV" (meaning that now she doesn't watch it anymore, because she died).

She has always loved watching TV. - "She always liked to watch TV" (she loved before and still loves).

Etymology of the word

The word perfect comes from the Latin language and is translated as "completion", and the meaning of "perfection", in the sense of the absence of flaws, acquired much later. In fact, the word perfect acquired the meaning of "perfect" by expanding its former meaning, because something created is completed when it no longer has flaws. Perfect tenses are so named because they refer to actions that are completed relative to the present, for example: "I ate bread" is an action that is currently completed. However, not every use of the present perfect is associated with the idea of completion. In fact, there is a perfect form in many European languages, including our Russian.

English is not difficult. The rules are easy to remember and there aren't many of them.

Not everything in a foreign language can be mastered the first time. This is especially true of grammar rules, of which there are many in English. More than once, students, in their quest to master a foreign language, have to return to the same topic and analyze it again and again. Today we propose to consider the aspect of the perfect present tense, and to do this not only from the theoretical side, but also in close tandem with practice. For each present perfect rule, we will give examples that will act as a visual example. Thanks to the methodical development of constructions, knowledge of the rules will be acquired subconsciously, it remains only to consolidate it with training exercises.

In order to understand the meaning of this aspect, it is necessary to rethink the Russian approach to the system of times. In our speech, completed actions automatically refer to the past. In English, it is not the fact of completion that is important, but the relevance of the action. Therefore, the perfect can be both in the past, and in the present and in the future.

By now, the present perfect includes those actions, the result of which is relevant at the moment. Accordingly, the events of this aspect:

were perfect recently;
happened once, and the result appeared only now;
express life experience;
are long-term (started in the past, are happening now and will continue in the future).*

* The last paragraph uses verbs that, by their meaning, cannot be used with Perfect Continuous, or can be used equally in both tenses.

Let's move on to mastering the values in practice, with which the next section will help us.

Present perfect sentence examples

Predicates in this form are grammatical constructions consisting of two elements. Let us examine in detail each type of sentence in the present perfect.

Statement

Affirmative phrases that carry a positive result of an action are formed using the auxiliary have and the past participle. Moreover, the auxiliary verb has different forms: for the 3rd person singular. (he, she, it) - has, for everyone else - have. We derive a generalized scheme.

Nick(1) has(2) bought(3) anewdressforme(4) – Nick bought me a new dress.

This is the main form from which other types of statements are formed. To work it out, we give examples of 10 affirmative sentences with translation in the present perfect.

They have finished theprojectA-20 thisweekThey completed the A-20 project this week.
I have used thiscomputersince2010 - I have been using this computer since 2010.
She has lived in England for three monthsShe islivedinEngland 3month.
We have just cooked potatoes with vegetablesWe just cooked potatoes with vegetables.
You have already been in Prague -YoualreadywereinPrague.
I have seen a koala in the local zoo three times. It has always slept I saw a koala at the local zoo three times. She isalwayssleeping.
They have owned this building since they bought it in 1999 –They areownthisbuildingwiththosesince,asboughthisin 1999year.
He has always liked such films -Himalwayslikedsuchfilms.
We have never flown byamilitaryplaneWe have never flown in a military aircraft.
It is the first time she has painted someone's portraitShe isfor the first timedrewwhose-thenportrait.

Please note that the phrases of the present perfect are translated into Russian both by perfective verbs and imperfective constructions.

Negation

For the negative result of the action, as in all English aspects, the particle not is responsible. It is worth adding it to the corresponding form of have, and the affirmative statement turns into a negation.

Children(1) have not (2) done (3) their homework yet (4) – Childrenmorenotdonemyhomework.

Much more often, both in colloquial speech and in writing, the abbreviated hasn't / haven't are used.

He hasn't been in Africa for five monthsHenotwasinAfrica 5months.
I haven 't feed mydogyetI haven't fed my dog yet.
We haven't packed our suitcasesWenotpacked upoursuitcases.
She hasnt seen her best girlfriend for many yearsShe isnotsawmythe bestgirlfriendlotyears.
You haven 't passed thisexamYou didn't pass this exam.

Being derived from statements, negative sentences are not fraught with difficulties. The only thing worth mentioning is that if there are negative adverbs in the expression, then the second negation (not) is no longer put, because There can't be two negatives in a sentence in English!

She has never played footballShe has never played football.
She hasn 't played footballthisweekShe didn't play football this week.

Keep this rule in mind when using negative adverbs.

Questions

To create a general question, it is necessary to perform a syntactic permutation of the verb have, moving it to the beginning of the phrase.

Has(1) she (2) answered(3) all your questions already (4)? – She isalreadyansweredon theallyourquestions?

have you ever cooked a Caesar salad? -Youwhen-somedaypreparedsaladCaesar?
have they gone to the city's museum two times? -Did they go to the city museum twice?

These questions can be answered using short constructions. Yes, shehas/ wehave or no, shehasn't/wehaven't. In place of she / we, any pronoun corresponding to the statement is inserted.

A more precise answer requires alternative questions that provide a choice of the two indicated options. Outwardly, they are similar to general questions, but have an additional (alternative) part attached by the union or.

have you been friends since 2004 or since 2005? -Yoube friendssince 2004of the yearorsince 2005?
Has she studied Japanese or Chinese for 7 years? -She issevenyearsteachesJapaneselanguageorChineselanguage?

When using special interrogative words, general sentences for the present perfect change their construction, skipping significant words ahead.

Where has he bought such a dictionary? -Whereis heboughtsuchvocabulary?
how long have we known each other? -How long have we known each other?
A separate type of special combinations is a question to the subject.
Who has written it on the blackboard? -WhowroteThison theboard?
Who has just used mysmartphone? Who just used my smartphone?

By the way, short phrases can be used to answer such a question: Ihave, shehas etc.

Interrogative sentences with a negative construction carry a special emotional coloring. They are used only in colloquial speech.

Hasn 't he called hismotheryet? Hasn't he called his mother yet?
Haven 't I told themaboutthatsituation? Didn't I tell them about that situation?

And the last type is disjunctive questions. At first glance, they look like statements, but looking closely at them, you can distinguish an interrogative tail with a pronoun and the verb have. It is noteworthy that the additive will always be opposite in meaning to the main phrase.

You have played basketball this week haven't you? – Youplayedinbasketballon thethisweekunlessNo?
She has ridden an elephant, hasn't she? – She rode an elephant, didn't she?
They haven 't been inthejungle, have they ? They weren't in the jungle, were they?
Jack hasn 't visited you, has he ? Jack hasn't visited you yet, has he?

So, we have considered all possible types of the perfect present in statements of various types. Before moving on to the exercises, let's summarize the information received and recall once again what grammatical constructions of the present perfect and examples of sentences can be found in the speech of native English.

Statement		Negation
We have had this cat for 10 years already. We have had this cat for 10 years.		She hasnt cooked a cake this week. She didn't make a cake this week.
Questions
General	Alternative		Special
have they seen this performance? They watched thisspectacle?	Has he bought a scooter or a bicycle? Did he buy a scooter or a bike?		When have we been in Berlin? When were we in Berlin?
To the subject	Negative		Dividing
Who has opened the door? Who opened the door?	Haven't they gone to the club? Didn't they go to the club?		She has read this book, hasn't she ? She has read this book, hasn't she?