The use of words in the literal and figurative sense. Metaphor as a way of transferring meaning

Language is a multifaceted and multifunctional concept. To determine its essence requires careful consideration of many questions. For example, the device of the language and the ratio of the elements of its system, the influence of external factors and functions in human society.

Definition of portable values

Already from the elementary grades of the school, everyone knows that the same words can be used in different ways in speech. A direct (main, main) meaning is one that is correlated with objective reality. It does not depend on the context and on the allegory. An example of this is the word "collapse". In medicine, it means a sharp and sudden drop in blood pressure, and in astronomy, the rapid contraction of stars under the influence of gravitational forces.

The figurative meaning of words is their second meaning. It arises when the name of a phenomenon is consciously transferred to another in connection with the similarity of their functions, features, etc. For example, the same “collapse” occurred. Examples relate to public life. So, in a figurative sense, "collapse" means the destruction, the collapse of the association of people as a result of the onset of a systemic crisis.

scientific definition

In linguistics, the figurative meaning of words is their secondary derivative, associated with the main meaning of metaphorical, metonymic dependence or any associative features. At the same time, it arises on the basis of logical, spatial, temporal and other correlative concepts.

Application in speech

Words with a figurative meaning are used when naming those phenomena that are not an ordinary and permanent object for designation. They approach other concepts by emerging associations that are obvious to speakers.

Words used in a figurative sense can retain figurativeness. For example, dirty insinuations or dirty thoughts. Such figurative meanings are given in explanatory dictionaries. These words are different from the metaphors invented by the writers.
However, in most cases, when there is a transfer of meanings, the figurativeness is lost. Examples of this are expressions such as the spout of a teapot and the elbow of a pipe, the clock and the tail of a carrot. In such cases, imagery decays in

Changing the essence of a concept

The figurative meaning of words can be assigned to any action, feature or object. As a result, it goes into the category of main or main. For example, the spine of a book or a doorknob.

Polysemy

The figurative meaning of words is often a phenomenon caused by their ambiguity. In scientific language, it is called "Polysemy". Often a single word has more than one stable meaning. In addition, people who use the language often need to name a new phenomenon that does not yet have a lexical designation. In this case, they use the words they already know.

Questions of polysemy are, as a rule, questions of nomination. In other words, the movement of things with the existing identity of the word. However, not all scientists agree with this. Some of them do not allow more than one meaning of a word. There is another opinion. Many scientists support the idea that the figurative meaning of words is their lexical meaning, realized in various variants.

For example, we say "red tomato". The adjective used in this case is a direct meaning. "Red" can also be said about a person. In this case, it means that he blushed or blushed. Thus, a figurative meaning can always be explained through a direct one. But to give an explanation, linguistics cannot give. It's just the name of the color.

In polysemy, there is also the phenomenon of non-equivalence of meanings. For example, the word “flare up” can mean that an object suddenly caught fire, and that a person blushed with shame, and that a quarrel suddenly arose, etc. Some of these expressions are found more often in the language. They immediately come to mind when the word is mentioned. Others are used only in special situations and special combinations.

There are semantic connections between some meanings of the word, which make understandable the phenomenon when different properties and objects are called the same.

trails

The use of a word in a figurative sense can be not only a stable fact of the language. Such usage is sometimes limited, fleeting, and carried out within the framework of only one utterance. In this case, the goal of exaggeration and special expressiveness of what was said is achieved.

Thus, there is an unstable figurative meaning of the word. Examples of this use are found in poetry and literature. For these genres, this is an effective artistic device. For example, in Blok one can recall “the deserted eyes of the wagons” or “the dust swallowed the rain in pills.” What is the figurative meaning of the word in this case? This is evidence of his unlimited ability to explain new concepts.

The emergence of figurative meanings of words of a literary-stylistic type are tropes. In other words,

Metaphor

In philology, a number of different types of transfer of names are distinguished. One of the most important among them is metaphor. With its help, the name of one phenomenon is transferred to another. Moreover, this is possible only with the similarity of certain signs. Similarity can be external (by color, size, character, shape and movements), as well as internal (by assessment, sensations and impressions). So, with the help of a metaphor, they talk about black thoughts and a sour face, a calm storm and a cold reception. In this case, the thing is replaced, and the sign of the concept remains unchanged.

The figurative meaning of words with the help of metaphor takes place at various degrees of similarity. An example of this is a duck (a device in medicine) and a tractor caterpillar. Here, transfer is applied in similar forms. The names given to a person can also carry a metaphorical meaning. For example, Hope, Love, Faith. Sometimes the transfer of meanings is carried out by similarity with sounds. So, the whistle was called a siren.

Metonymy

It is also one of the most important types of name transfers. However, when using it, the similarities of internal and external features are not applied. Here there is a contiguity of causal relationships, or, in other words, the contact of things in time or space.

The metonymic figurative meaning of words is a change not only in the subject, but also in the concept itself. When this phenomenon occurs, only the connections of neighboring links of the lexical chain can be explained.

The figurative meanings of words can be based on associations with the material from which the object is made. For example, earth (soil), table (food), etc.

Synecdoche

This concept means the transfer of any part to the whole. Examples of this are the expressions “a child goes after a mother’s skirt”, “a hundred heads of cattle”, etc.

Homonyms

This concept in philology means identical sounds of two or more different words. Homonymy is a sound match of lexical units that are not semantically related to each other.

There are phonetic and grammatical homonyms. The first case concerns those words that are in the accusative or sound the same, but at the same time have a different composition of phonemes. For example, "rod" and "pond". Grammatical homonyms arise in cases where both the phoneme and the pronunciation of the words are the same, but separate ones are different. For example, the number "three" and the verb "three". When the pronunciation changes, such words will not match. For example, "rub", "three", etc.

Synonyms

This concept refers to words of the same part of speech that are identical or close in their lexical meaning. The sources of synonymy are foreign language and their own lexical meanings, general literary and dialectal. There are such figurative meanings of words and thanks to jargon (“to burst” - “to eat”).

Synonyms are divided into types. Among them:

absolute, when the meanings of words completely coincide (“octopus” - “octopus”);
conceptual, differing in shades of lexical meanings (“reflect” - “think”);
stylistic, which have differences in stylistic coloring (“sleep” - “sleep”).

Antonyms

This concept refers to words that belong to the same part of speech, but at the same time have opposite concepts. This type of figurative meanings can have a difference in structure (“take out” - “bring in”) and different roots (“white” - “black”).
Antonymy is observed in those words that express the opposite orientation of signs, states, actions and properties. The purpose of their use is to convey contrasts. This technique is often used in poetry and

Direct and figurative meaning of the word

Each word has a basic lexical meaning.

For example, desk- this is a school table, green- color of grass or foliage, there is- it means to eat.

The meaning of the word is called direct if the sound of a word accurately indicates an object, action or sign.

Sometimes the sound of one word is transferred to another object, action or feature based on similarity. The word has a new lexical meaning, which is called portable .

Consider examples of direct and figurative meanings of words. If a person says a word sea, he and his interlocutors have an image of a large body of water with salt water.

Rice. 1. Black Sea ()

This is the direct meaning of the word sea. And in combinations sea of lights, sea of people, sea of books we see the figurative meaning of the word sea, which means a lot of something or someone.

Rice. 2. City lights ()

Gold coins, earrings, goblet are items made of gold.

This is the direct meaning of the word gold. The phrases have a figurative meaning: goldenhair- hair with a brilliant yellow tint, skillful fingers- so they say about the ability to do something well, goldena heart- so they say about a person who does good.

Word heavy has a direct meaning - to have a significant mass. For example, heavy load, box, briefcase.

Rice. 6. Heavy load ()

The following phrases have a figurative meaning: heavy task- complex, which is not easy to solve; hard day- a hard day that requires effort; hard look- gloomy, severe.

girl jumping and temperature fluctuates.

In the first case - direct value, in the second - figurative (rapid change in temperature).

boy running- direct meaning. Time is running out- portable.

Frost bound the river- figurative meaning - means that the water in the river is frozen.

Rice. 11. River in winter ()

House wall- direct meaning. Heavy rain is: rain wall. This is a portable meaning.

Read the poem:

What is that wonder?

The sun is shining, the rain is falling

By the river is big beautiful

The rainbow bridge rises.

If the sun shines bright

The rain is pouring mischievously,

So this rain, children,

called mushroom!

Mushroom rain- figurative meaning.

As we already know, words with multiple meanings are polysemantic.

A figurative meaning is one of the meanings of a polysemantic word.

It is possible to determine in what meaning a word is used only from the context, i.e. in a sentence. For example:

Candles were burning on the table. direct meaning.

His eyes burned with happiness. Figurative meaning.

You can turn to the explanatory dictionary for help. The first is always given the direct meaning of the word, and then the figurative.

Consider an example.

Cold -

1. having a low temperature. Wash hands with cold water. A cold wind was blowing from the north.

2. Translated. About clothes. Cold coat.

3. Translated. About color. Cold shades of the picture.

4. Translated. About emotions. Cold look. Cold meeting.

Consolidation of knowledge in practice

Let's determine which of the highlighted words are used in a direct and which in a figurative sense.

At the table, the mother said:

- Enough chatting.

And son carefully:

- BUT dangle your feet can?

Rice. 16. Mom and son ()

Let's check: babble- figurative meaning; dangle your feet- direct.

Flocks of birds fly away

Away, beyond the blue sea,

All the trees are shining

in multicolored attire.

Rice. 17. Birds in autumn ()

Let's check: blue ocean- direct meaning; multi-colored tree decoration- portable.

The breeze asked as it flew by:

- Why are you rye, golden?

And in response, the spikelets rustle:

- Golden us arms are growing.

Let's check: golden rye- figurative meaning; golden hands- figurative meaning.

Let's write down the phrases and determine whether they are used in a direct or figurative sense.

Clean hands, an iron nail, a heavy suitcase, a wolf's appetite, a heavy character, Olympian calmness, an iron hand, a golden ring, a golden man, a wolf's skin.

Let's check: clean hands- direct, iron nail- direct, heavy bag- direct, wolfish appetite- portable, heavy character- portable, Olympian calm- portable, iron hand- portable, gold ring- direct, Golden man- portable, wolf skin- direct.

Let's make phrases, write down phrases in a figurative sense.

Evil (frost, wolf), black (paints, thoughts), runs (athlete, stream), hat (mother's, snow), tail (foxes, trains), hit (frost, with a hammer), drumming (rain, musician).

Let's check: an evil frost, black thoughts, a stream runs, a cap of snow, a tail of a train, frost hit, rain drums.

In this lesson, we learned that words have a direct and figurative meaning. The figurative meaning makes our speech figurative, vivid. Therefore, writers and poets are very fond of using figurative meaning in their works.

In the next lesson, we will learn what part of the word is called the root, learn how to highlight it in the word, talk about the meaning and functions of this part of the word.

Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.

Openclass.ru ().
Festival of pedagogical ideas "Open Lesson" ().
sch15-apatity.ucoz.ru ().

Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012. Part 2. Do ex. 28 p. 21.
Choose the correct answer to the following questions:

1. The vocabulary of the language is studied by science:

A) phonetics

B) syntax

C) lexicology

2. The word is used in a figurative sense in both phrases:

A) stone heart, build a bridge

B) the heat of the sun, stone edition

C) golden words, make plans

3. In which row are the words polysemantic:

A) star, artificial, stone

B) single, blinds, jockey

C) rocky, caftan, composer

* Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, come up with 4-6 sentences with words field and to give, where these words are used in direct and figurative meanings.

Words, phrases, phrases and sentences - all this and much more is embedded in the concept of "language". How much is hidden in it, and how little we really know about the language! Every day and even every minute we spend next to him - whether we speak our thoughts aloud or conduct an internal dialogue, read or listen to the radio ... Language, our speech is a real art, and it should be beautiful. And its beauty must be genuine. What helps in finding the true beauty of language and speech?

The direct and figurative meaning of words is what enriches our language, develops it and transforms it. How does this happen? Let's understand this endless process, when, as they say, words grow from words.

First of all, you should understand what the direct and figurative meaning of the word is, and what main types they are divided into. Each word can have one or more meanings. Words with the same meaning are called monosemantic words. In Russian, there are much fewer of them than words with many different meanings. Examples are words such as computer, ash, satin, sleeve. A word that can be used in several meanings, including figuratively, is a polysemantic word, examples: a house can be used in the meaning of a building, a place for people to live, a family way of life, etc.; the sky is the air space above the earth, as well as the location of the visible luminaries, or divine power, conduction.

With ambiguity, a direct and figurative meaning of a word is distinguished. The first meaning of the word, its basis - this is the direct meaning of the word. By the way, the word “direct” in this context is figurative, i.e. the main meaning of the word is “something even, without bends” - is transferred to another object or phenomenon with the meaning “literal, unambiguously expressed”. So there is no need to go far - you just need to be more attentive and observant in what words we use, when and how.

From the above example, it already becomes clear that the figurative meaning is the secondary meaning of the word, which arose when the literal meaning of the word was transferred to another object. Depending on what feature of the object was the reason for the transfer of meaning, there are such types of figurative meaning as metonymy, metaphor, synecdoche.

The direct and figurative meaning of a word can overlap with each other based on similarity - this is a metaphor. For example:

ice water - ice hands (by sign);

poisonous mushroom - poisonous character (by sign);

a star in the sky - a star in the hand (according to the location);

chocolate candy - chocolate tan (based on color).

Metonymy is the selection in a phenomenon or object of some property, which, by its nature, can replace the rest. For example:

gold jewelry - she has gold in her ears;

porcelain dishes - there was porcelain on the shelves;

headache - my head is gone.

And, finally, synecdoche is a type of metonymy, when one word is replaced by another on the basis of a constant, really existing ratio of part to whole and vice versa. For example:

He is a real head (meaning very smart, the head is the part of the body that houses the brain).

The whole village sided with him - every inhabitant, that is, the "village" as a whole, which replaces its part.

What can be said in conclusion? Only one thing: if you know the direct and figurative meaning of a word, you will not only be able to use certain words correctly, but also enrich your speech and learn how to convey your thoughts and feelings beautifully, and maybe one day you will come up with your own metaphor or metonymy ... Who knows?

What is the direct and figurative meaning of the word

The multiplicity of meanings of a word is that aspect of linguistics and linguistics that attracts the close attention of researchers, since each language is a mobile and constantly changing system. Every day new words appear in it, as well as new meanings of words already known. For their competent use in speech, it is necessary to monitor the processes of formation of new semantic shades in the Russian language.

Polysemantic words

These are lexical items that have two or more meanings. One of them is direct, and all the rest are portable.

It is important to note what place in the Russian language is occupied by polysemantic words. Direct and figurative meanings are one of the main aspects of the study of linguistics, since the phenomenon of polysemy covers more than 40% of the vocabulary of the Russian language. This happens because no language in the world is able to give its own specific designation to each specific subject and concept. In this regard, there is a discrepancy between the meanings of one word for several others. This is a natural process that occurs under the influence of factors such as associative thinking of people, metaphor and metonymy.

Aspects of polysemy: relations of meaning

Polysemy implies a certain system of meanings of a word. How does this system come about? How do such two components appear as the direct and figurative meaning of a word? First of all, any lexical unit is formed in the language with the formation of a new concept or phenomenon. Then, due to certain linguistic processes, additional meanings appear, which are called figurative. The main influence on the formation of new meanings is provided by the specific context in which the word is located. Many researchers note that polysemy is often impossible outside the linguistic context.

Words with direct and figurative meanings become such by linking to the context, and their use depends on the choice of meaning in each specific situation.

Aspects of polysemy: semantic relations

It is very important to distinguish between such concepts as polysemy and homonymy. Polysemy is a polysemy, a system of meanings attached to the same word, related to each other. Homonymy is a phenomenon of linguistics, covering words that are identical in form (spelling) and sound design (pronunciation). At the same time, such lexical units are not related in meaning and do not have a common origin from one concept or phenomenon.

The direct and figurative meaning of a word in the light of the semantic relationships between the various meanings attached to a particular word are the object of study by many scientists. The difficulty of studying this group of lexical units is that it is often difficult to find a common initial meaning for polysemantic words. It is also difficult to separate completely unrelated meanings that have many common features, but are only examples of homonymy.

Aspects of polysemy: categorical connection

Of particular importance for scientists in the aspect of the study of the topic "Direct and figurative meaning of the word" is the explanation of polysemy in terms of cognitive categorization. This theory suggests that the language system is an extremely flexible structure that can change due to the acquisition of new concepts about a phenomenon or object in the human mind.

Many researchers are inclined to believe that polysemy appears and develops according to certain laws, and is not due to spontaneous and unsystematic processes in the language. All the meanings of this or that word are initially in the mind of a person, and are also a priori embedded in the structure of the language. This theory already affects not only aspects of linguistics, but also psycholinguistics.

Direct value characteristic

All people have an intuitive idea of what the direct and figurative meaning of the word is. Speaking in the language of the inhabitants, the direct meaning is the most common meaning that is embedded in a word; it can be used in any context, directly pointing to a specific concept. In dictionaries, the direct meaning always comes first. The numbers are followed by figurative values.

All lexical units, as mentioned above, can be divided into single-valued and multi-valued. Single-valued words are those that have only a direct meaning. This group includes terms, words with a narrow subject relatedness, new, not yet very common words, proper names. Perhaps, under the influence of the processes of development of the language system, the words of these categories may acquire additional meanings. In other words, lexical units, representatives of these groups, will not necessarily always be unambiguous.

Portable value characteristic

This topic will definitely be chosen by any teacher of the Russian language at school for certification. “The direct and figurative meaning of the word” is a section that occupies a very important place in the structure of the study of Russian speech, so it is worth talking about it in more detail.

Consider the figurative meaning of lexical units. A figurative is an additional meaning of a word that has appeared as a result of an indirect or direct nomination. All additional meanings are associated with the main meaning metonymically, metaphorically or associatively. For figurative meanings, blurring of meanings and boundaries of usage is characteristic. It all depends on the context and style of speech in which the additional meaning is used.

Particularly interesting are cases when a figurative meaning takes the place of the main one, displacing it from use. An example is the word "balda", which originally meant a heavy hammer, and now - a stupid, narrow-minded person.

Metaphor as a way of transferring meaning

Scientists distinguish different types of figurative meanings of a word depending on the way they are formed. The first one is a metaphor. The main meaning can be transferred by the similarity of features.

So, they distinguish similarities in shape, color, size, actions, feelings and emotional state. Naturally, this classification is conditional, since similar concepts can be metaphorically subdivided into the categories listed earlier.

This classification is not the only possible one. Other researchers distinguish metaphorical transfer by similarity, depending on the animation of the subject. Thus, the transfer of the properties of an animate object to an inanimate one, and vice versa, is described; animate to animate, inanimate to inanimate.

There are also certain models according to which metaphorical transfer occurs. Most often, this phenomenon refers to household items (a rag as a tool for washing the floor and a rag as a weak-willed, weak-willed person), professions (a clown as a circus performer and a clown as one who behaves stupidly, trying to seem like the soul of the company), sounds characteristic of animals (mooing like a sound that a cow makes, and like a slurred speech of a person), diseases (an ulcer as a disease and as satire and evil irony in human behavior).

Metonymy as a way of transferring meaning

Another aspect that is important for studying the topic “Direct and figurative meaning of a word” is metonymic transfer by adjacency. It is a kind of substitution of concepts depending on the meanings inherent in them. For example, documents are often called papers, a group of children at school is called a class, and so on.

The reasons for this transfer of value can be as follows. Firstly, this is done for the convenience of the speaker, who seeks to shorten his speech as much as possible. Secondly, the use of such metonymic constructions in speech may be unconscious, because in Russian the expression "eat a bowl of soup" implies a figurative meaning, which is realized with the help of metonymy.

The use of words in a figurative sense

In practical classes in Russian, any teacher will certainly require examples to be given to the section being studied. “Polysemantic words: direct and figurative meanings” is a topic that is replete with visual illustrations.

Take the word "burdock". The direct meaning of this concept is a plant with large leaves. This word can also be used in relation to a person in the meaning of "narrow", "stupid", "simple". This example is a classic use of metaphor to convey meaning. Adjacency transfer is also easily illustrated by the phrase "drink a glass of water." Naturally, we do not drink the glass itself, but its contents.

So, the topic of figurative meanings is intuitively clear to everyone. It is only important to understand how the direct meaning of the word is transformed.

Direct and figurative meaning of the word. What examples can you give?

The direct meaning of the word strictly correlates with a certain thing, attribute, action, quality, etc. A word may have a figurative meaning at points of contact, similarity with another object in form, function, color, purpose, etc.

Examples of the meaning of words:

table (furniture) - address table, table No. 9 (diet);

black color - back door (auxiliary), black thoughts (cheerless);

a bright room - a bright mind, a bright head;

dirty rag - dirty thoughts;

cold wind - cold heart;

golden cross - golden hands, golden heart;

heavy burden - heavy look;

heart valve - cardiac reception;

gray mouse - gray man.

Zolotynka

A large number of words and figures of speech in Russian can be used both in the direct and figurative (figurative) sense.

The direct meaning usually completely coincides with the original meaning, the narrator means exactly what he says.

We use words in a figurative sense in order to give figurativeness to our speech, to emphasize some quality or action.

The examples below will help you "feel the difference":

The language is in constant development, those words that a few decades ago were used only in the literal sense, can begin to be used figuratively - a birdhouse - a starling's house, a birdhouse - a traffic police post, a zebra - an animal, a zebra - a pedestrian crossing.

Nelli4ka

The direct is the primary meaning of a word, the figurative is the secondary. Here are some examples:

Golden earrings - direct meaning.

My husband has golden hands - figurative meaning.

Rain worm- direct.

Book worm- portable.

Silver ring - straight.

Silver century - portable.

Burning in the sky star- direct.

Star screen - portable.

Icy sculpture - direct.

Icy smile is portable.

Sugar buns - straight.

Mouth sugar- portable.

Woolen a blanket- direct.

Winter covered everything around with snow blanket- portable.

mink fur coat- direct.

Herring under fur coat- portable.

Marble plate - straight.

Marble cupcake - portable.

Black suit - direct.

Leave for black day - portable.

Any word in Russian initially has one or more direct meanings. That is, the word Key can mean how we close the lock on the front door and can mean water spouting from the ground. In both cases, this is the direct meaning of a polysemantic word. But almost every word in Russian can be given a figurative meaning. For example, in the expression key to all doors, not a word key, not a word doors are not used in their direct meaning. Here the key is the possibility of solving the problem, and the doors are the very problem. The figurative meaning of words is often used by poets, for example, in the famous poem by Pushkin, every word has a figurative meaning:

Or here is the famous young man at Bryusov, who had a burning eye, of course, burning in a figurative sense.

There are a lot of words with direct and figurative meaning in Russian. And as a rule, all these meanings are reflected in dictionaries. Periodically it is very useful to look there.

Examples of words and phrases with a figurative meaning:

to step on a rake, figuratively - to get a negative experience.
prick up your ears - become very attentive,
reel fishing rods - leave, and not necessarily from fishing,
stone heart - an insensitive person,
sour mine - a displeased expression.
work hard - work hard
sharp tongue - the ability to formulate accurate, well-aimed and even caustic information.

Here, I remembered.

Moreljuba

But in fact, the fact is very interesting that words can have not only a direct meaning, but also a figurative one.

If we talk about the direct meaning, then in the text we mean exactly the lexical meaning of a particular word. But the figurative meaning means the transfer of the meaning of the lexical initial in the consequence with comparison

And here are some examples:

Eugenie001

In Russian, words can have both direct and figurative meanings. Under direct meaning understand words that name an object of reality or its property. At the same time, the meaning of such words does not depend on the context, we immediately imagine what they call. For example:

Based on the direct meaning, the word may have additional lexical meanings, which are called portable. The figurative meaning is based on the similarity of objects or phenomena in appearance, properties or actions performed.

Compare: "stone house" and "stone face". In the phrase "stone house", the adjective "stone" is used in the literal sense (solid, motionless, strong), and in the phrase "stone face", the same adjective is used in a figurative sense (insensitive, unkind, harsh).

Here are some examples of the direct and figurative meaning of words:

Many stylistic figures or literary tropes are built on the basis of figurative meaning (metonymy, personification, metaphor, synecdoche, allegory, epithet, hyperbole).

Sayans

Examples of words and expressions with a figurative meaning:

As we can see, words acquire a figurative meaning when they are used together with certain words (which do not have such a quality in the literal sense). For example, nerves cannot literally be made of iron, so this is a figurative meaning, but iron ore just consists of iron (the phrase has a direct meaning).

virgin virginia

Sweet tea - sweet kitty, sweet music.

Crying in pain - the prison is crying (for someone).

Soft plasticine - soft light, soft heart.

Sunny day - sunny soul, sunny smile.

A plastic bag is a social package (about vacations, sick leave).

Wolverine skin is a venal skin.

Garden flowers - flowers of life (about children).

Green fruits - green generation.

Woodpecker (bird) - woodpecker (informer).

To poison with pills - to poison with moral violence.

Marlena

The direct meaning of a word is when the word is used in the sense it originally was. For example: sweet porridge.

The figurative meaning of the word is when the word is not used in the literal sense, such as sweet deception.

Need to give examples of words with a figurative meaning .. help?

give examples please

Diana Klimova

Portable (indirect) meanings of words are those meanings that arise as a result of the conscious transfer of a name from one phenomenon of reality to another based on the similarity, commonality of their features, functions, etc.

So, the word table is used in several figurative meanings: 1. An item of special equipment or part of a cold-form machine (operating table, raise the machine table); 2. Food, food (rent a room with a table); 3. Department in an institution in charge of a special range of cases (reference desk).

The word black has the following figurative meanings: 1. Dark, as opposed to something lighter, called white (black bread); 2. Took on a dark color, darkened (black from sunburn); 3. In the old days: chicken (black hut); 4. Gloomy, bleak, heavy (black thoughts); 5. Criminal, malicious (black treason); 6. Not the main one, auxiliary (back door in the house); 7. Physically difficult and unskilled (menial work).

The word boil has the following figurative meanings:

1. Manifest to a strong degree (work is in full swing); 2. Show something with force, to a strong degree (boil with indignation); 3. Randomly move (the river was seething with fish).

As you can see, when transferring the meaning, words are used to name phenomena that do not serve as a constant, ordinary object of designation, but come close to another concept through various associations that are obvious to speakers.

Figurative meanings can retain figurativeness (black thoughts, black betrayal). However, these figurative meanings are fixed in the language; they are given in dictionaries when interpreting words. In this figurative-figurative meanings differ from the metaphors that are created by writers.

In most cases, when transferring meanings, imagery is lost. For example: a pipe elbow, a teapot spout, a carrot tail, a clock. In such cases, one speaks of extinct figurativeness in the lexical meaning of the word.

The transfer of names occurs on the basis of the similarity in something of objects, signs, actions. The figurative meaning of a word can be attached to an object (sign, action) and become its direct meaning: a teapot spout, a door handle, a table leg, a book spine, etc.

Anton Maslov

The direct (or main, main) meaning of a word is a meaning that directly correlates with the phenomena of objective reality. For example, the word table has the following main meaning: "a piece of furniture in the form of a wide horizontal board on high supports, legs."

The figurative (indirect) meanings of words arise as a result of the transfer of a name from one phenomenon of reality to another on the basis of similarity, commonality of their features, functions, etc. Thus, the word table has several figurative meanings: 1. An item of special equipment or a part of a machine of similar shape (operating table, raise the machine table). 2. Food, food (to rent a room with a table). 3. Department in an institution in charge of some special range of affairs (reference desk).

Depending on the basis and on what grounds the name of one object is transferred to another, there are three types of transfer of word meanings: metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche. Some linguists also distinguish transfer by the similarity of functions.

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The word can be in both direct and figurative meaning. Such words are called polysemantic.

The direct meaning of the word

In order to directly designate an object, its action or the attribute that it possesses, the direct meaning of the word is used. Such lexical units do not raise doubts about the designation and do not change the semantic load or emotional coloring of the text. Examples:

There is a table in the middle of the room with textbooks on it.

The hare jumps along the edge of the forest among trees and bushes.

The sun's rays reflected in the window, creating glare.

Many words are used in speech only in their direct meaning: with eun, apartment, sun, sad, famous.

The direct meaning of the word is its main lexical meaning.

The emergence of the figurative meaning of the word

The main lexical meaning can serve as a basis for the formation of other secondary meanings. Such values are called figurative meanings and give it a completely different meaning. The basis for using the word in a different sense is the similarity of one object with another, their signs or actions.

For example, when using the word " gold» in the phrase « gold ring”, the meaning of the adjective is clear, denoting a precious metal that determines the cost and value of an item.

In another example - golden hands", word " gold» acquires a figurative meaning, since it is used in a figurative lexical meaning and denotes "skillful", "active", "indispensable".

The replacement is explained by common features in meaning, external similarity. In this example, both direct and figurative meanings can be used as a synonym " precious". This justifies the ambiguity. Words that can be used not only in the literal sense are called ambiguous. Examples:

soft carpet - soft character - soft light;
iron door - iron will - iron discipline.

Examples of words in a figurative sense

the heart muscle is the friend of the heart;
earthworm - bookworm;
hit with a stick - thunder struck;
door handle - ballpoint pen;
red language - English;
an idea was born - a daughter was born;
wave crest - hair comb;
artistic brush - hand;
the column of the building is a column of demonstrators;
the sleeve of the garment is the sleeve of the river.

The figurative meaning allows you to add emotionality, figurativeness to artistic speech. Thanks to him, tropes are formed - the ambiguous use of words in fiction (litote, metonymy, comparison, epithet, metaphor).

Words, phrases, phrases and sentences - all this and much more is embedded in the concept of "language". How much is hidden in it, and how little we really know about the language! Every day and even every minute we spend next to him - whether we say our thoughts aloud or we read or listen to the radio ... Language, our speech is a real art, and it should be beautiful. And its beauty must be genuine. What helps in the search for true beauty

First of all, you should understand the figurative meaning of the word, and what main types they are divided into. Each word can have one or more meanings. Words with the same meaning are called monosemantic words. In Russian, there are much fewer of them than words with many different meanings. Examples are words such as computer, ash, satin, sleeve. A word that can be used in several meanings, including figuratively, is a polysemantic word, examples: a house can be used in the meaning of a building, a place for people to live, a family way of life, etc.; the sky is the air space above the earth, as well as the location of the visible luminaries, or divine power, conduction.

without bends” - is transferred to another object or phenomenon with the meaning “literal, unambiguously expressed”. So there is no need to go far - you just need to be more attentive and observant in what words we use, when and how.

From the above example, it already becomes clear that the figurative meaning is the secondary meaning of the word that arose when the literal meaning of the word was transferred to another object. Depending on what feature of the object was the reason for the transfer of meaning, there are such types of figurative meaning as metonymy, metaphor, synecdoche.

Direct and can overlap with each other based on similarity - this is a metaphor. For example: